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Bártová, Julie. "Evropská soukromá společnost (SPE)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76573.
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The diploma thesis evaluates the possible status of the European private company (SPE),once becomes valid. It describes the legislative procedure and evaluates the impact of the SPE once it exists. At the end, differences between Czech legal form of "Spolecnost s rucenim omezenym" and SPE are discribed.
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Gyarmati, Erik, and Per Stråkendal. "Software Performance Prediction : using SPE." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för programvaruteknik och datavetenskap, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2833.
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Performance objectives are often neglected during the design phase of a project, and performance problems are often not discovered until the system is implemented. Therefore, there is a need from the industry to find a method to predict the performance of a system early in the design phase. One method that tries to solve this problem is the Software Performance Engineering (SPE) method. This report gives a short introduction to software performance and an overview of the SPE method for performance prediction. It also contains a case study where SPE is applied on an existing system.
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Mao, Ni Ni. "Exploration of SPE practice situation and SPE information requirements of individual investors : case in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2004. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1641482.
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Ljunge, Christian, and Lisa Warström. "SPE-förordningens förväntade genomslagskraft i Sverige." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-7594.
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För att harmonisera handeln, skapa en långsiktig utveckling samt öka sysselsättningen för små och medelstora företag, presenterade Europeiska kommissionen den 25 juni 2008 ett förslag till ny förordning (SPE-förordningen), angående en ny europeisk privat associationsform. Förslaget möjliggör grundande av ett privat europabolag (SPE-bolag). I praktiken skulle föreslagen bolagsform betyda att entreprenörer erbjuds en möjlighet att etablera samma bolagsform inom hela EU och dessutom underlätta för gränsöverskridande verksamhet.
Redan 2004 öppnades möjligheten att bedriva en europeisk bolagsform, europabolaget (även kallat SE-bolag), som till skillnad från SPE-bolaget i första hand är utformat för publika bolag. Fyra år efter förordningens ikraftträdande, har knappt 60 europabolag registrerats inom hela EU och bolagsformens misslyckande kan konstateras.
Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda vilket genomslag föreslagen förordning förväntas erhålla bland små och medelstora företag i Sverige. Genomslagskraften skall bedömas utifrån två olika perspektiv, dels dess effekt på näringslivet och dels dess rättspolitiska påverkan.
Den grundläggande förutsättningen för att förordningen skall få genomslag är att det föreligger ett behov av förändring av bolagsrätten för små och medelstora företag. Om ifrågavarande företag inte har ett behov, vilket enligt författarna är en stor anledning till europabolagets fiasko, kommer även denna förordning att gå en misslyckad framtid till mötes.
Författarnas åsikt är att svenska små och medelstora företag har ett behov av förändring. Behovet identifieras vara ett lämpligare och mer anpassat regelverk för aktuella företag i Sverige. ABL är inte anpassat för mindre företag och tillämpningen resulterar i hinder och administrativa kostnader av olika slag. Nationella utredningar om att regelverket måste förenklas är bra men föreslagna metoder löser inte problemen. Lagstiftaren har stirrat sig blind på trenderna i Europa istället för att i första hand koncentrera sig på vad företagssfären i Sverige är i behov av.
Enligt författarna möter föreslagen förordning det identifierade behovet av förändring, i alla fall teoretiskt sett. Med referens till tidigare erfarenheter av överstatliga initiativ skiljer sig dock teorin många gånger från praktiken. Dock har författarna kommit fram till att förordningen kan bli ett konkurrenskraftigt alternativ till andra bolagsformer i Sverige. Därutöver förväntas även en viss rättspolitisk påverkan på ABL.
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Flaig, Katrin. "Die Satzung der Societas Privata Europaea (SPE)." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Burxelles new York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1003710506/04.
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Metz, Ludwig. "Kanadas bolagsrättsliga utveckling och SPE-förordningens framtid." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-95805.
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Martens, Jan Henning [Verfasser]. "Managementstrukturen in der SPE / Jan Henning Martens." Frankfurt : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1060005700/34.
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Johansson, Elias. "Pressure-based clog detection in SPE-columns." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för elektroteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446697.
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The concept of integrated sensors in the Biotage® Extrahera™ system to perform live-monitoring of pressure inside SPE-columns is investigated. A test-rig containing the components necessary to simulate the pressure-cycle in the system is constructed and a printed-circuit board assembly is designed and implemented into its 24-column format. Liquid samples with varying viscosity are then synthesized using water and glycerol, which are used in a simplified 2-step SPE-process during which the pressure inside the columns is logged. The results obtained showed that the concept is viable and methods for clog detection as well as state assessment are discussed. However, it was established that the solution needs further testing involving complete SPE-processes with real samples before any detailed algorithms can be presented. A pre-study is finally done regarding solutions for minimizing the design to allow for implementation into the system's more spatially restricted 96-column format.
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Yamasaki-Meythaler, Aya. "Functional Characterization of the Presenilin Homologue SPE-4." Diss., lmu, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-61500.
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Waldschmidt, Annekatren [Verfasser]. "Die SPE als Baustein transnationaler Konzerne / Annekatren Waldschmidt." Berlin : Fachinformationsdienst für internationale und interdisziplinäre Rechtsforschung Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1139170201/34.
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Kneisel, Katharina [Verfasser]. "Die Europäische Privatgesellschaft (SPE) im Konzern / Katharina Kneisel." Frankfurt : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1042422834/34.
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Michaels, W. C. "Microheterogeneous solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) membranes for electrocatalysis." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52934.
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Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The deposition of platinum catalyst on cation-exchange membranes was achieved by a counter diffusion deposition method known as the Takenaka- Torikai method. The morphology of the platinum catalyst on the membranes were controlled by varying the conditions of the platinum deposition process, such as, temperature, type of reducing agent and concentration of the platinic acid solution. The effect of the sonication of platinic acid solution and the pre-treatment of membranes on the morphology of a platinum catalyst was also investigated. Platinum loading on cation-exchange membranes was determined by UV spectrophotometric and gravimetric analyses. Suitable conditions for the quantitative determination of the platinum loading on membranes by UV spectrophotometric analysis was established through the development of a protocol. Membranes were characterised using different techniques such as, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Infrared spectrometry (IR), Dielectric analysis (DEA) and Brunauer Emmett Teller adsorption (BET). The roughness profile of a platinum catalyst embedded on a membrane was explored by various statistical methods. The statistical analysis of various data sets for a surface of a platinum-containing membrane was investigated using the Hurst exponent. The effect of surface modification of membranes on the deposition process, as well as the morphology of the platinum catalyst, was investigated. Membranes were modified with ethylene diamine (EDA) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant. Modification of membranes with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant resulted in a unique textured platinum catalyst. The electrochemical "switching" phenomenon was investigated for EDAmodified membranes and EDA-modified membranes embedded with platinum catalyst. The "switching" phenomenon was observed in i-V cyclic curves, which were obtained by galvanodynamie measurements. The application of electro catalytic membrane systems in the anodic oxidation of water was investigated by electrochemical techniques such as galvanostatic and cyclic voltammetric measurements.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die deponering van 'n platinum katalis op katioon-uitruil membrane is suksesvol gedoen d.m.v. die Takenaka-Torikai metode. Die morfologie van die platinum katalis op die membrane is gekontrolleer deur variasie van die kondisies van die platinum deponeringsproses, bv. temperatuur, tipe reduseermiddel gebruik en konsentrasie van die platiensuuroplossing, asook die ultrasonifikasie van die platiensuuroplossing en voorafbehandeling van die membrane. UV spektrofotometriese asook gravimetriese analitiese metodes is gebruik om die platinumlading op katioon-uitruil membrane te bepaal. Geskikte kondisies vir die kwantitatiewe bepaling van die platinumlading op membrane d.m.v. UV spektrofotometriese analise is ontwikkel deur die skep van 'n protokol. Membrane is gekarakteriseer d.m.v. die volgende tegnieke: Atoomkrag Mikroskopie, Skanderingselektron Mikroskopie, Infrarooi Spektrometrie, di-elektriese analise en Brunauer Emmett Teller adsorpsie. Die skurtheidsprofiel van 'n platinum katalis op 'n membraan is ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van verskeie statistiese metodes. Statistiese analises van verskeie data stelsels van 'n platinum-bevattende membraan is ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van die Hurst eksponent. \ Die effek van oppervlakmodifikasie op membrane sowel as die deponeringsproses en morfologie van die platinum katalis is ondersoek deur die modifikasie van membrane met etileen diamien (EDA) en setieltrimetielammonium bromied as versepingsmiddel Die elektrochemiese omswaai van EDA-gemodifiseerde membrane sowel as gemodifiseerde platinum bevattende membrane is ondersoek d.m.v. galvanodinamiese metings. Die gebruik van elektro-katalitiese membraansisteme in die anodiese oksidasie van water is ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van elektrochemiese tegnieke, bv. galvanostatiese en sikliese voltammetriese metings.
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Schoenemann, Andreas [Verfasser]. "Die Organisationsverfassung der Societas Privata Europaea (SPE) / Andreas Schoenemann." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1107611016/34.
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Pettersson, Magnus. "On SIMD code generation for the CELL SPE processor." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, PELAB - Laboratoriet för programmeringsomgivningar, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-60320.
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This thesis project will attempt to answer the question if it is possible to gain performance by using SIMD instructions when generating code for scalar computation. The current trend in processor architecture is to equip the processors with multi-way SIMD units to form so-called throughput cores. This project uses the CELL SPE processor for a concrete implementation. To get good code quality the thesis project continues work on the code generator by Mattias Eriksson and Andrzej Bednarski based on integer linear programming. The code generator is extended to handle generation of SIMD code for 32bit operands. The result show for some basic blocks, positive impact in execution time of the generated schedule. However, further work has to be done to get a feasable run time of the code generator.
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Wendt, Andreas Sascha. "Bestimmung von Aflatoxinen und Patulin mittels online-SPE-LC /." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/533997496.pdf.
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Leonco, Daniel siao-Loung. "Développement méthodologique pour l'analyse d'une large gamme de composés dans le milieux aquatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0809/document.
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Il est maintenant avéré que les contaminants présents dans les milieux aquatiques peuvent être toxiques à l’état de traces voire d’ultra traces. Il est donc important de développer des méthodes d’analyse performantes et sensibles pouvant atteindre ces niveaux de concentration. Dans cette optique, les techniques chromatographiques couplées à la spectrométrie de masse (GC-MS et LC-MS/MS) sont généralement utilisées pour l’analyse des polluants organiques. Les composés présents dans les milieux aquatiques possèdent des propriétés physico-chimiques très variées, d’apolaires à très polaires. Ainsi, développer une analyse simultanée pour toutes ces molécules représente un challenge analytique. Dans ce travail de thèse, plusieurs étapes du processus analytique ont été évaluées : la préparation de l’échantillon par extraction sur phase solide (SPE), la séparation par chromatographie et la détection par spectrométrie de masse. Une liste de composés modèles couramment retrouvés dans les milieux aquatiques a été établie pour conduire ces essais. Les méthodes d’extraction en phase solide hors ligne et en ligne ont été développées dans une optique d’analyse multirésidus à un niveau de traces. Les méthodes chromatographiques, gazeuse et liquide, couplées à la spectrométrie de masse ont été étudiées pour favoriser une analyse exhaustive et sensible. La dernière partie a consisté à appliquer les méthodes développées pour une approche d’analyse non cibléeIt is now widely recognized that contaminants present in aquatic environments can be toxic at traces or even ultra-traces level. Therefore, it is important to develop efficient and sensitive analytical methods to reach these levels of concentration. In that respect, chromatographic techniques coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS and LC-MS / MS) are commonly used for the analysis of organic pollutants. The substances encountered in aquatic environments display a large range of physico-chemical properties, from apolar to very polar. Thus, developing a simultaneous analysis for all these molecules represents an analytical challenge. In this pHD work, several steps of the analytical process have been investigated: sample preparation by solid phase extraction (SPE), chromatographic separation and the detection by mass spectrometry. A list of model compounds commonly determined in aquatic environments was established to conduct the tests. Solid phase extraction methods, offline and online, were developed in a multiresidue analysis aim at traces level. Chromatographic methods, gaseous and liquid, coupled to mass spectrometry were studied to obtain an exhaustive and sensitive analysis. The last part consisted to apply the developed methods for a non-targeted analysis approach
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Medina, Casanellas Sílvia. "Anàlisi de biomarcadors neuropeptídics en fluids biològics per SPE-CE-MS." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/128569.
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La determinació de biomarcadors peptídics en fluids biològics resulta de gran interès pel diagnòstic, la monitorització i el pronòstic de nombrosos desordres. En aquesta tesi doctoral s’han explorat diverses metodologies d’extracció en fase sòlida acoblada en línia amb l’electroforesi capil•lar amb detecció per espectrometria de masses (SPE-CE-MS) per a l’anàlisi de biomarcadors peptídics, que es troben a baixa concentració en matrius complexes. S’han estudiat principalment pèptids opiacis que estan relacionats amb desordres neurològics i síndromes de dolor crònic.
S’han avaluat diverses fases estacionàries comercials per a l’anàlisi de pèptids opiacis per SPE-CE emprant preconcentradors amb frits i la fase estacionària C18 és la que ha proporcionat millors resultats per a l’anàlisi de mostres de plasma humà. La saturació del preconcentrador s’ha previngut mitjançant un tractament de mostra previ que consta de dues etapes, una precipitació amb acetonitril seguida d’una filtració per centrifugació. Com que l’etapa de filtració és crítica per tal d’obtenir les màximes recuperacions dels anàlits i eliminar la matriu de la mostra, s’han provat filtres de diversos talls moleculars i diverses condicions de filtració. L’acoblament de la SPE-CE a un espectròmetre de masses amb analitzador de temps de vol (TOF-MS) mitjançant una interfase amb líquid auxiliar convencional ha permès disminuir els LOD per a la majoria dels pèptids opiacis en mostres de plasma humà. Per tal de poder detectar concentracions inferiors, s’ha demostrat que la combinació de la SPE-CE amb la tècnica de separació electroforètica isotacoforesi transitòria (tITP) és una bona alternativa.
També, s’ha comparat el comportament de preconcentradors amb i sense frits per a l’anàlisi de pèptids opiacis per C18-SPE-CE-UV i C18-SPE-CE-TOF-MS. S’ha avaluat un prototip recentment desenvolupat d’una interfase nanoelectroesprai (nanoESI) sense líquid auxiliar basada en una punta porosa per a l’anàlisi de pèptids opiacis per CE-MS i també, s’ha establert una metodologia de C18-SPE-CE-TOF-MS emprant un innovador preconcentrador sense frits compatible amb les dimensions específiques del capil•lar de separació requerit per a la interfase nanoESI sense líquid auxiliar.
Una altra possibilitat per a millorar la detecció de pèptids és utilitzar fases estacionàries amb una selectivitat més elevada que el C18, com les fases estacionàries d’immunoafinitat. S’han explorat dos procediments de preparació d’aquest tipus de fases estacionàries: la immobilització d’anticossos intactes oxidats (immunoglobulina G, IgG) a través dels carbohidrats a partícules de sílice activades amb grups hidrazida i la immobilització de fragments d’IgG (fragment d’unió a l’antigen, Fab’) a partícules de sílice activades amb grups succinimidil. Seguint els procediments establerts, s’ha preparat una fase estacionària amb IgG i una altra amb Fab’ contra les endomorfines 1 i 2 (End1 i End2). S’han optimitzat i avaluat metodologies d’IA-SPE-CE-TOF-MS per a l’anàlisi de mescles de patrons d’End1 i d’End2 i s’han analitzat mostres de plasma humà. També, s’ha explorat l’aplicabilitat d’una fase estacionària d’immunoafinitat amb IgG per a l’anàlisi de biomolècules d’elevat pes molecular per IA-SPE-CE-TOF-MS emprant la glicoproteïna transferrina com a model.The determination of peptide biomarkers in biological fluids has become crucial for the diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis of numerous disorders. This doctoral thesis explores several on-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (SPE-CE-MS) methodologies for the analysis of peptide biomarkers that are found at low concentration in complex matrices, such as opioid peptides. Several commercial sorbents have been compared for the analysis of opioid peptides by SPE-CE using microcartridges with frits and the C18 sorbent has provided the best results for the analysis of human plasma samples. The saturation of the on-line SPE microcartridge has been prevented by a double-step sample clean-up pretreatment that consists of precipitation with acetonitrile and centrifugal filtration. The coupling of SPE-CE with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) by a conventional sheathflow interface has provided better LODs. In order to detect lower concentrations, the combination of SPE-CE with the electrophoretic preconcentration technique transient isotachophoresis (tITP) has demonstrated to be a good alternative. The performances of frit and fritless microcartridges have been compared for the analysis of opioid peptides by C18-SPE-CE-UV and C18-SPE-CE-TOF-MS. A recently developed sheathless nanoelectroespray (nanoESI) interface based on a porous tip has also been evaluated for the analysis of opioid peptides by CE-TOF-MS and a C18-SPE-CE-TOF-MS using a novel fritless microcartridge. Finally, two different procedures for the preparation of immunoaffinity sorbents (IA) have been explored: the immobilization of intact antibodies (immunoglobulin G, IgG) or IgG fragments (antigen binding fragment, Fab’) to silica particles. Two IA sorbents against Endomorphins 1 and 2 have been prepared following the established procedures. IA-SPE-CE-TOF-MS methodologies have been optimized and evaluated for the analysis of standards solutions of End1 and End2 and human plasma samples. The suitability of an immunoaffinity sorbent with IgG has also been explored for the analysis of large biomolecules by IA-SPE-CE-TOF-MS using the glycoprotein transferrin as a model.
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Heinig, Andreas. "Execution of SPE code in an Opteron-Cell/B.E. hybrid system." Master's thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200800863.
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It is a great research interest to integrate the Cell/B.E. processor into an AMD Opteron system. The result is a system benefiting from the advantages of both processors: the high computational power of the Cell/B.E. and the high I/O throughput of the Opteron.
The task of this diploma thesis is to accomplish, that Cell-SPU code initially residing on the Opteron could be executed on the Cell under the GNU/Linux operating system. However, the SPUFS (Synergistic Processing Unit File System), provided from STI (Sony, Toshiba, IBM), does exactly the same thing on the Cell. The Cell is a combination of a PowerPC core and Synergistic Processing elements (SPE). The main work is to analyze the SPUFS and migrate it to the Opteron System.
The result of the migration is a project called RSPUFS (Remote Synergistic Processing Unit File System), which provides nearly the same interface as SPUFS on the Cell side. The differences are caused by the TCP/IP link between Opteron and Cell, where no Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) is available. So it is not possible to write synchronously to the local store of the SPEs. The synchronization occurs implicitly before executing the Cell-SPU code. But not only semantics have changed: to access the XDR memory RSPUFS extends SPUFS with a special XDR interface, where the application can map the XDR into the local address space. The application must be aware of synchronization with an explicit call of the provided ''xdr\_sync'' routine. Another difference is, that RSPUFS does not support the gang principle of SPUFS, which is necessary to set the affinity between the SPEs.
This thesis deals not only with the operating system part, but also with a library called ''libspe''. Libspe provides a wrapper around the SPUFS system calls. It is essential to port this library to the Opteron, because most of the Cell applications use it. Libspe is not only a wrapper, it saves a lot of work for the developer as well, like loading the Cell-SPU code or managing the context and system calls initiated by the SPE. Thus it has to be ported, too.
The result of the work is, that an application can link against the modified libspe on the Opteron gaining direct access to the Synergistic Processor Elements.
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Heinig, Andreas Mehlan Torsten. "Execution of SPE code in an Opteron-Cell/B.E. hybrid system." [S.l. : s.n.], 2008.
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Vicente, Gustavo Henrique Lourenço. "Desenvolvimento e validação de um método analítico para determinação dos fármacos Diclofenaco, Nimesulida e Paracetamol em águas superficiais da cidade de São Carlos-SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75132/tde-17042012-115050/.
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Residuos de fármacos estão presentes em diversas matrizes ambientais e estudos focados na determinação destes tem ganhado grande importância nos últimos anos, devido ao aumento do consumo de medicamentos pela população. A questão do controle de resíduos de compostos farmacologicamente ativos no meio ambiente aquático foi reconhecida como uma das questões emergentes na Química Ambiental, e tem-se dado maior importância visto que os fármacos são encontrados em matrizes em estudos em concentrações de μgL-1 e ngL-1. Nesta pesquisa estudou-se três fármacos antiflamatórios que são amplamente consumidos pela população: diclofenaco, nimesulida e paracetamol. O método analítico foi desenvolvido e validado para a determinação destes fármacos em amostras de águas superficiais da cidade de São Carlos (SP). Inicialmente foi feita a validação do método proposto segundo a Resolução DOQ-CGCRE-008 do INMETRO. Os limites de detecção, e de quantificação e inferior de quantificação do método para a determinação do diclofenaco, nimesulida e paracetamol, foram, respectivamente, 0,5; 1,1 e 1,1 μgL-1. A linearidade, desvio-padrão relativo, exatidão e recuperação média para o diclofenaco foram, respectivamente, R de 0,99, 3,03%, 100,55% e 97,94%. Para a nimesulida, os valores de linearidade, desvio-padrão relativo, exatidão e recuperação, foram, R de 0,98, 2,43%, 101,46% e 100,67%. Já para o paracetamol obteve-se os seguintes valores para linearidade, desvio-padrão relativo, exatidão e recuperação, R de 0,99, 3,50%, 97,94% e 93,17%, respectivamente. Na segunda etapa deste estudo aplicou-se o método validado na análise de amostras de águas coletadas na cidade de São Carlos (SP). Para o método de extração utilizou-se a extração em fase sólida (SPE) e como técnica analítica utilizou-se o HPLC/DAD. Os resultados não indicaram a presença dos fármacos diclofenaco, nimesulida e paracetamol até o limite de detecção do método empregado.Residues of drugs are present in various environmental matrices and studies focused on the determination of these have gained in importance in recent years, due to increased drug consumption by the population. The issue of control of residues of pharmacologically active compounds in the aquatic environment was recognized as one of the emerging issues in environmental chemistry, and has given greater importance since the drugs are found in studies in matrices at concentrations μgL-1 and ngL-1. In this study was studied three drugs that are widely consumed by the population: diclofenac, nimesulide and acetaminophen. The analytical method was developed for the determination of these drugs in surface water samples from São Carlos (SP). Initially, made a validation of the method proposed second resolution DOQ-008-CGCRE INMETRO. The detection, quantification and lower quantification limits of method for determining of diclofenac, nimesulide and paracetamol were 0.5, 1.1 and 1.1 μgL-1, respectively. The linearity, relative standard , accuracy and average recovery of the method for diclofenac were, respectively, R equal to 0.99, 3.03%, 100.55% and 97.94%. For nimesulide, the values of linearity, relative standard, accuracy and recovery were R equal to 0.98, and 2.43%, 101.46% and 100.67%. For acetaminophen obtained the following values for linearity, relative standard, accuracy and recovery, R equal to 0.99, 3.50%, 97.94% and 93.17% respectively. In the second stage of the study applied the validated method in the analysis of water samples collected in the São Carlos (SP). For extracting the drugs, SPE cartridges were used followed by HPLC / DAD. The results indicate the absense of the studied drugs diclofenac, nimesulide and acetaminophen down to the detection limits of the method employed.
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Salazar, Vania Cristina Rodríguez. "Desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas para a identificação e quantificação de anatoxina-A em amostras de água e florações algais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-07022007-163018/.
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A poluição dos corpos d\'água é de grande preocupação mundial, pois a maioria da população utiliza a água doce de reservatórios, represas ou rios como principal fonte de água potável. A presença no Brasil de florações de cianobactérias capazes de produzir anatoxina-a, revela a necessidade de métodos simples e rápidos que permitam sua detecção e monitoramento. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos, otimizados e validados dois métodos analíticos por GC/MS para identificação e quantificação de anatoxina-a em amostras de água e florações, respectivamente. A norcocaína foi usada como padrão interno em ambos os métodos. Os íons escolhidos para serem monitorados foram (íons quantificadores sublinhados): anatoxina-a: 191,164, 293 e norcocaína: 195, 136, 168. As curvas de calibração dos métodos mostraram-se lineares nas faixas de 2.5-200 ng.mL-1 e 13-250 ng.mg-1. Os limites de detecção obtidos foram 2 ng.mL-1 e 10 ng.mg-1. Os métodos demonstraram sensibilidade e especificidade adequada para seu uso no monitoramento ambiental da anatoxina-a.The water pollution is a big concern around the world, since the most of cities use freshwater reservoirs, dams or rivers as the main drinking water suppliers. Cyanobacterial blooms capable to produce anatoxin-a are regularly present in Brazilian waters. Therefore, there is a necessity of simple and rapid analytical methods to monitor this cyanotoxin. In the present work, two analytical methods by GC/MS for identification and quantification of anatoxin-a in water and algae bloom samples were developed, optimized and validated. Norcocaine was used as internal standard in both methods. The ions chosen to be monitorated were (quantification ions underlined): anatoxin-a 191, 164, 293 and norcocaine: 195, 136, 168. Both method calibration curves showed linearity in the ranges of: 2.5-200 ng.mL-1 and 13-250 ng.mg-1. The obtained limit of detection were: 2 ng.mL-1 and 10 ng.mg-1. The methods showed sensitivity and specificity enough to be used routinely as a tool for anatoxin-a monitoring.
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Pedrobom, Jorge Henrique [UNESP]. "Especiação de urânio em águas tratada de drenagem ácida de mina usando a técnica de difusão em filmes finos por gradiente de concentração (DGT)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/141920.
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Um dos fatores mais preocupantes na área de mineração de urânio é a drenagem ácida de mina (DAM), tal processo ocorre de maneira espontânea e descontrolada no complexo minério industrial de Poços de Caldas (CIPC). A DAM pode gerar espécies de urânio acima dos valores permitidos para lançamento em corpos hídricos. Durante o processo de DAM, o urânio, possivelmente, esta na forma de óxidos e hidróxidos de uranilo, ao atingir os corpos hídricos, sua forma pode mudar para espécies contendo grupos carbonato e sulfato. A concentração e labilidade dessas espécies são importantes para avaliação da biogeodisponibilidade do metal para o sistema aquático. A técnica de difusão em filmes finos por gradiente de concentração (DGT) tem sido utilizada para quantificação de metais na sua forma lábil e especiação de metais em diferentes tipos de amostra. Nesta pesquisa a técnica DGT foi utilizada em laboratório com diferentes fases ligantes para avaliar a aplicação em águas de DAM tratada e afluentes no entorno de mineração de urânio. A partir de imersões in situ, a técnica DGT foi utilizada juntamente com a técnica de extração em fase sólida (SPE) para avaliar a labilidade das espécies de urânio presente no sistema. Os resultados mostraram que grande parte do urânio presente nas amostras está na forma lábil. Por sua vez estes resultados se mostraram concordantes com a especiação via software MINTEQ. Por outro lado, os resultados obtidos pela SPE não foram concordantes com a técnica DGT, isso pode ser oriundo da saturação da fase ligante ou devido os diferentes tempos de residência dos íons nas diferentes técnicas.
One of the major concerns in uranium mining areas is the Acid Mine Drainage (AMD). This process occurs spontaneously and uncontrollably in Poços de Caldas Ore Industrial Complex (CIPC). DAM can generate levels of uranium species higher than the maximum allowed values for water bodies discharge. During the DMA process, uranium is possibly in the form of uranyl oxides and hydroxides and after reaching water bodies, it changes to species which contain carbonate and sulfate groups. The determination of concentration and lability of these species is important to evaluate the metal biogeoavailability to the water system. The Diffusion Gradients in Thin Films Technique (DGT) has been used for the quantification of labile metals and their speciation in several types of sample. In this research, DGT technique was used in lab with different binding layers to evaluate its suitability to DAM waters and uranium mining surrounding tributaries. Therefore, the developed method was performed in situ along the solid phase extraction technique (SPE) to assess the lability of uranium species present in the system. The results obtained by DGT technique showed that a large part of the uranium present in the samples is its labile form. Also, these results were consistent with speciation via the MINTEQ software. Moreover the results obtained by SPE were not consistent with those from DGT technique, probably because of the saturation of the binding phase or due to the different residence times of ions in different techniques.
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Weber, J??rgen Wolfgang Photovoltaic & Renewable Engergy Engineering UNSW. "Design, construction and testing of a high-vacuum anneal chamber for in-situ crystallisation of silicon thin-film solar cells." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Photovoltaic and Renewable Engergy Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24847.
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Thin-film solar cells on glass substrates are likely to have a bright future due to the potentially low costs and the short energy payback times. Polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si, grain size > 1 pm) has the advantage of being non-toxic, abundant, and long-term stable. Glass as a substrate, however, limits the processing temperatures to ~600??C for longer process steps. Films with large grain size can be achieved by solid phase crystallisation (SPC), and especially by solid phase epitaxy (SPE) on seed layers, using amorphous silicon deposited at low temperatures as a precursor film. With SPC and SPE, the amorphous silicon film is typically crystallised at ~600??C over hours. During this anneal at atmospheric pressure -depending on the properties of the amorphous silicon film- ambient gas can percolate the film and can negatively affect the crystallisation. In this work, a high-vacuum anneal chamber was designed and built to allow the in-situ crystallisation of amorphous silicon films deposited on glass in a PECVD cluster tool. An important aspect of the design was the comfortable and safe operation of the vacuum anneal chamber to enable unattended operation. This was realised by means of a state-of-the-art, programmable temperature controller and a control circuit design that incorporates various safety interlocks. The chamber interior was optimised such that a temperature uniformity of 2-3K across the sample area was achieved. The chamber was calibrated and tested, and SPC and SPE samples were successfully crystallised. In initial SPC crystallisation experiments with solar cell structures, after post-deposition treatments, a 1 -sun open-circuit voltage of 465 mV was obtained, similar to furnace-annealed samples. In initial experiments with SPE solar cell structures, difficulties regarding the characterisation of the unmetallised solar cells with the quasi-steady-state open-circuit voltage method (QSSVOC) were encountered after post-deposition hydrogen treatment. A possible explanation for these difficulties is the contact formation with the metal probes. Furthermore, limiting factors of the QSSVOC method for the characterisation of unmetallised cells with high contact resistance values were investigated and, additionally, the accuracyof the QSSVOC setup was improved in the low light intensity range.
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Jeppsson, Linn. "Har Sverige behov av en ny bolagsform? Fyller SPE-bolaget Sveriges behov?" Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12262.
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Hübner, Anne Sophie [Verfasser], and Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Teichmann. "Mustersatzungen in der SPE (Europäische Privatgesellschaft) / Anne Sophie Hübner. Betreuer: Christoph Teichmann." Würzburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Würzburg, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1018163263/34.
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Falk, Emil. "GEOMETRISKA FORMER I KARAKTÄRSDESIGN : Geometriska formers inverkan på karaktärsroller inom MOBA-spe." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-11078.
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Denna undersökning syftade till att undersöka om Larson m.fl. (2012) teori om kantiga och runda former kan appliceras på silhuetter i ett ovanifrånperspektiv, samt om de kan förmedla hotande eller lättsammare intryck för betraktaren. Kan betraktaren uppfatta vilken roll karaktären är ämnad att inneha inom ett MOBA-spel och blir någon av rollerna lättare eller svårare att avläsa när dess geometri förändras? För att ge bakgrund till undersökningen går arbetet igenom tidigare arbeten och undersökningar inom geometriska former, silhuett, analys med ikonografi, strategispel och karaktärsdesign. Som artefakt till undersökningen skapades tre olika karaktärskoncept som behandlar klasserna Carry, Support och Tank. Varje koncept utvecklades till två olika versioner, ett koncept med runda former och ett med kantiga former, totalt 6 bilder. Karaktärerna tecknades i ett ovanifrånperspektiv vilket skulle simulera samma perspektiv som förekommer inom MOBA-spel. Undersökningen genomfördes genom två olika metoder. En kvantitativ metod med enkäter och en kvalitativ metod med intervjuer. Spelvana personer inom MOBA-spel fick besvara och delta i båda undersökningarna. Resultatet i arbetet visar att deltagarna kan se vilken karaktärsroll som koncepten föreställer och att geometriska former kan påverka hur karaktärers egenskaper tolkas, men att andra visuella attribut var viktigare för många deltagare. Resultatet visade också att karaktärsrollerna blir lättare eller svårare att avläsa när deras geometri förändras, men i de här exemplen ändå inte tillräckligt för att majoriteten skulle missförstå karaktärkoncepteten.
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Smith, Eileen Mary. "The determination of alkylphenols in natural waters by SPE-HPLC-fluorescence detection." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366072.
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Gulamussen, Noor Jehan. "Electrospun sorbents for solid phase extraction (SPE) and colorimetric detection of pesticides." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013241.
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The thesis presents the evaluation of polysulfone sorbents for solid phase extraction (SPE) and the development of colorimetric probes for pesticides analysis in water. Through electrospraying and electrospinning techniques, different morphologies of sorbents (particles, beaded fibers and bead-free fibers) were fabricated. The sorbents were morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Adsorption capacities of sorbents were evaluated by conducting recoveries studies for model pesticides; atrazine, chlorpyrifos and DDT using batch and column SPE modes. Better recovery results were achieved by employing the batch mode of fibers, as values ranged from 98 to 105percent. Further sorbent evaluation was conducted using breakthrough experiments and static experiments. The breakthrough studies indicated that 1700 μL was the sample volume that could be percolated with no breakthrough of the analyte that correspond to a concentration of 150 mg/g of sorbent that can be extracted without any loss of analyte. From static studies, quantities of each model compound adsorbed into the fiber at the equilibrium time were evaluated. The adsorbed atrazine was 65, chlorpyrifos 250 and DDT 400 mg/g of sorbent. Kinetic studies suggested retention mechanism following pseudo first and second order model observed by high correlation coefficients (> 0. 96), demonstrating the fiber affinity to retain both polar and non-polar compounds opening a possibility to be used as sorbent for sample preparation of different classes of pesticides in water. For the second part of the study simple strategies for colorimetric sensing based on silver nanoparticles and polivinylpyrrolidone capped nanoparticles were developed, respectively for atrazine and chlorpyrifos detection. The limits of detection of the methods were 3.32 and 0.88 mg/L for atrazine and chlorpyrifos respectively. The applicability of the probe in real samples was demonstrated by the recoveries studies of tap water varying from 94 to 104 percent. The versatility of the probe was demonstrated by affording a simple, rapid and selective detection of atrazine and chlorpyrifos in the presence of other pesticides by direct analysis without employing any sample handling steps. Attempt to incorporate the probes in a solid support was achieved by using nylon 6 as solid support polymer proving to be fast and useful for on-site detection.
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Messina, Kari Lynn. "SPE-7, a Novel Regulator of MSP Assembly in C elegans Spermatocytes." W&M ScholarWorks, 2012. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626928.
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Suzzi, Elia <1995>. "Nec metu nec spe. Origine e sviluppo della tranquillità d'animo in Seneca." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16541.
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Questa tesi ha l'obiettivo di creare un'idea il più chiara possibile riguardo la tranquillità d'animo in Seneca, attraverso la lettura, in primo luogo, delle opere di prosa del filosofo, portando poi a sostegno della nostra tesi le riflessioni e i contributi della letteratura specialistica. A tale scopo, si cercherà innanzitutto di rintracciarne le fonti nel pensiero greco: sicuramente stoico, ma anche epicureo, aristotelico, socratico. In secondo luogo, andremo a percorrere le tappe lungo le quali Seneca articola la descrizione della "tranquillitas" e del suo opposto: le passioni. Sarà anche interessante rinvenire nella biografia senecana occasioni di incoerenza e riflettere su come esse si possano rapportare col pensiero stoico.
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Čirvidas, Mindaugas. "Popiežiaus Benedikto XVI enciklikos "Spe Salvi" praktinio pritaikomumo teorinės galimybės šiuolaikinės Lietuvos visuomenėje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110622_153021-14122.
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Šiais laikais ne tik Lietuvoje, bet ir pasaulyje yra juntama vilties stygiaus problema. Šiame darbe yra nagrinėjama vilties trukumo problema, remiantis popiežiaus Benedikto XVI enciklika „Spe Salvi“. Čia išryškinama ne tik vilties trūkumo priežastys, bet taip pat svarstomos ir ugdymo galimybės. Pirmojoje šio darbo dalyje yra nagrinėjama vilties teologija, remiantis enciklika „Spe Salvi“. Čia yra paryškinama keletą bruožų, kas būdinga vilčiai. Pirmiausiai, viltis yra į ateitį nukreipta. Bet ji svarbi yra ir dabarčiai. Taip pat labai svarbus vilties gelbėjantis pobūdis. Ir pirmame skyriuje taip pat pateikiama keletas pavyzdžių, kaip viltis gelbėja. Bet bene svarbiausia, kad tikroji viltis yra tik Dieve. Antroje dalyje apžvelgiama beviltiškumo priežastys Lietuvoje. Kas Lietuvos žmonėms trukdo stipresniam vilties reiškimuisi. Nemažai antropologinių žaizdų yra Lietuvoje, kurių šaknis būtų galima įvardinti vilties stoka. Mūsų tautoje yra įsišakniję alkoholizmas, esame viena iš pirmaujančių valstybių pagal savižudybių skaičių. Trečioje dalyje buvo praktiškai pamėginta pritaikyti Benedikto XVI enciklikoje siūlomi vilties ugdymo kriterijai. Popiežius siūlo, maldą, kančią, veiklumą ir iniciatyvos skatinimą, bei teismą, kaip vilties ugdymo galimybes. Tas buvo mėginta daryti, atsižvelgiant į šiandieninę Lietuvos situaciją, pasiremiant tyrimo metu gauta medžiaga.Nowadays Lithuania, as well as the rest of the world faces the problem of the lack of hope. The current thesis explores the problem of the lack of hope and the possibilities for the cultivation of hope on the basis of Pope Benedict XVI’s encyclical Spe Salvi. Part One of the thesis analyses the theology of hope with a particular focus on the encyclical Spe Salvi. Although hope is directed towards the future, it is also vitally important in the present. Similarly significant is the redeeming character of hope. Chapter One provides some examples which disclose the redeeming character of hope. Yet, probably the most significant thing is that true hope can be found only in God. Part Two features the reasons for hopelessness in Lithuania with a particular focus on the obstacles that prevent any stronger expression of hope among the Lithuanians. Lithuanian people bear a considerable number of anthropological wounds the roots of which can be traced in the second Soviet occupation. Those wounds, those factors depriving people of hope lie in alcoholism and Lithuania’s top position in the list of world suicide rate. Part Three is an attempt to apply the criteria for the cultivation of hope as proposed in Benedict XVI’s encyclical Spe Salvi in the situation of the present day Lithuania. Pope offers prayer, suffering, activity, promotion of initiative and the Last Judgment as the fields for exercising hope.
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Pereira, Leandro Alves 1980. "Desenvolvimento de um metodo de extração em fase solida molecularmente impressa (MISPE) para a determinação de fenitrotiona em tomate." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249421.
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Orientador: Susanne RathDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Resumo: Resíduos de agrotóxicos presentes em alimentos podem exceder os limites máximos de resíduos, quando as boas práticas agrícolas não são respeitadas. Conseqüentemente, a determinação dos resíduos de agrotóxicos é extremamente importante para avaliar o uso apropriado dessas substâncias e os riscos à saúde humana decorrentes da sua presença nos alimentos. A determinação de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos requer etapas de preparo de amostras que consistem, geralmente de etapas de extração, remoção de interferentes e concentração do analito anterior análise cromatográfica. Para tanto, tem sido largamente empregada a extração em fase sólida. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a síntese e caracterização de polímeros de impressão molecular (MIP) para uso em cartuchos de extração em fase sólida, visando a determinação de fenitrotiona (FNT) em tomates. O polímero foi sintetizado a partir do ácido metacrílico (monômero funcional), etileno glicoldimetilacrilato (reagente de ligação cruzada), 2'2azo-bis-iso-butironitrila (iniciador radicalar) em diclorometano (solvente porogênico), usando a FNT como molécula molde. Também foi sintetizado um polímero de controle (NIP). O MIP foi caracterizado por técnicas de infravermelho de transformada de Fourier, ressonância magnética nuclear do estado sólido, microscopia de varredura eletrônica e porosimetria de sorção de nitrogênio. O modelo de Langmuir-Freundlich foi o que apresentou o melhor ajuste para descrever a adsorção da FNT no polímero. O MIP foi empregado em cartuchos de extração em fase sólida e as etapas de condicionamento, carregamento, lavagem e eluição otimizadas. A extração em fase sólida molecularmente impressa foi aplicada na determinação de FNT em amostras de tomates, usando a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência associada a um detetor de arranjo de diodos. A eficiência de extração, para amostras branco de tomates fortificadas com 5mg g de FNT, foi de 65 %. Nenhum interferente foi observado nos cromatogramas no tempo de retenção da FNT, indicando a seletividade do polímero
Abstract: Pesticide residues present in food can exceed maximum residue level when good agricultural practices are not followed. Consequently, the determination of pesticide residues is extremely important to evaluate the appropriate use of theses substances and risks to human health due to their presence in food. The determination of pesticide residues in food requires sample preparation steps that consist mainly of extraction, clean-up, and concentration of the analyte prior to chromatographic quantitation.. For this purpose, solid-phase extraction has been widely employed. The aims of this work were the synthesis and characterization of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) to be employed as a sorbent in solid phase extraction cartridges for the determination of fenitrothiom (FNT) in tomatoes. The polymer was synthesized using FNT as the template molecule, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linking monomer, and 2,2-azobis-isobutyronitrile as the initiator. Dichloromethane was used as the porogenic solvent. Also, a non-imprinted polymer was synthesized. The MIP was characterized using the following techniques: FT-IR, NMR, electronic microscopy and BET. The adsorption of FNT on the polymer was fitted to the Langmuir-Freundlich model. The polymer was used in the solid-phase extraction cartridges and the conditioning, sample loading, clean-up and elution steps were optimized. The molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction was used for the determination of FNT in tomatoes, using high performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. For extraction efficiency, for a fortified blank tomato sample (5 mg g FNT), was 65 %. No interferences were observed in the chromatograms at the retention time of FNT, indicating the selectivity of the polymer
Mestrado
Quimica Analitica
Mestre em Química
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Muhlrad, Paul, Jessica Clark, Ubaydah Nasri, Nicholas Sullivan, and Craig LaMunyon. "SPE-8, a protein-tyrosine kinase, localizes to the spermatid cell membrane through interaction with other members of the SPE-8 group spermatid activation signaling pathway in C. elegans." BioMed Central, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610393.
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BACKGROUND:The SPE-8 group gene products transduce the signal for spermatid activation initiated by extracellular zinc in C. elegans. Mutations in the spe-8 group genes result in hermaphrodite-derived spermatids that cannot activate to crawling spermatozoa, although spermatids from mutant males activate through a pathway induced by extracellular TRY-5 protease present in male seminal fluid.RESULTS:Here, we identify SPE-8 as a member of a large family of sperm-expressed non-receptor-like protein-tyrosine kinases. A rescuing SPE-8::GFP translational fusion reporter localizes to the plasma membrane in all spermatogenic cells from the primary spermatocyte stage through spermatids. Once spermatids become activated to spermatozoa, the reporter moves from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. Mutations in the spe-8 group genes spe-12, spe-19, and spe-27 disrupt localization of the reporter to the plasma membrane, while localization appears near normal in a spe-29 mutant background.CONCLUSIONS:These results suggest that the SPE-8 group proteins form a functional complex localized at the plasma membrane, and that SPE-8 is correctly positioned only when all members of the SPE-8 group are present, with the possible exception of SPE-29. Further, SPE-8 is released from the membrane when the activation signal is transduced into the spermatid.
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Grossi, Paula. "Desenvolvimento e aplicação de técnicas miniaturizadas de preparo de amostras para análises ambientais via GC-MS." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75132/tde-07102009-103813/.
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Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e aplicação de técnicas miniaturizadas de preparo de amostras para análises ambientais via GC-MS. Dentre elas aplicou-se a técnica de Extração em Fase Sólida (SPE) na análise do regulador de crescimento de plantas, paclobutrazol (PBZ), em amostras de solo. Um método foi desenvolvido, otimizado e validado para o emprego da técnica acoplada à cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massas (GC-MS) na análise de PBZ em solo. Foram desenvolvidas também barras in-house, para Extração por Sorção em Barras de Agitação (SBSE), preparadas com PDMS, otimizadas, validadas e aplicadas na extração de pesticidas organoclorados no modo headspace acoplado a GC-MS. Adicionalmente, novos recobrimentos para SBSE a partir da modificação do PDMS comumente utilizado visando mudanças nas características de polaridade das fases sortivas foram desenvolvidos. Seguindo a tendência de miniaturização desenvolveu-se um novo sistema nomeado de Extração Sortiva Refrigerada (RSE), a qual considera a teoria de equilíbrio da HSSE e da SPME refrigerada. A técnica foi otimizada e aplicada em amostras de água do rio de Atibaia, coletadas na região de Paulínia-SP.This study describes the development and application of different miniaturized sample preparation techniques for environmental analysis via gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among those techniques, the Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) was applied to the analysis of plant growth regulator, called paclobutrazol (PBZ), in soil samples. A method was developed, optimized and validated for the application of the technique coupled to GC-MS for the analysis of PBZ in soil. In-house Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE) was also developed, optimized, validated and applied to organochlorine pesticides extraction in water samples in headspace mode followed by GC-MS. Additionally, new coatings for SBSE based on the PDMS modification commonly used to change the polarity characteristics of the sorptive phases were developed. Following the miniaturization trend, a new system called Refrigerated Sorptive Extraction (RSE) was successfully developed. This system was built with similar refrigerated SPME and HSSE equilibrium. Such technique was optimized and applied on water samples from Atibaia´s river, collected in the region of Paulínia-SP.
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Karlsson, Tufuga Anna. "Extraction efficacy of oil samples in forensic investigations using solid phase extraction (SPE)." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-84464.
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This study aims to complement the internationally implemented method “CEN/TR 15522-2: 2012 WATERBORNE PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS - PART 2” (CEN). It is a method for forensic investigations on oil spill identification using gas chromatography coupled with low resolution mass spectrometry in electron ionisation mode (GC-EI-MS), in single ion monitoring mode (SIM). The method uses hydrocarbon fingerprints and biomarker abundances to compare oils from spill sources with oil from suspected sources. This method is implemented by the national forensic centre (NFC) with their main object to perform and develop forensic investigations for successful law enforcement. The experiment uses four different matrices common within the NFC department: wood ash, soil, fabric and cotton swabs. The method evaluates how different sample preparation and clean-up techniques can extract crude oil and heavy fuel oil without losing important information such as the relative abundance of so-called biomarkers typically looked for in international standard praxis in forensic investigations. In conclusion the implemented CEN method showed a reasonably good extraction from matrixes. Extraction of biomarkers were generally quantitative. Extractions of PAHs worked best in soil and cotton swab matrices. In ash samples, the extraction was not very efficient (between 20-80%). It seems that the PAHs strongly bind to active coal in the ash and cannot be extracted fully. It was also evident that the fabric matrix used was problematic for PAH extraction. The fabric itself seemed to release compounds which interfere with the analysis. In soil samples, 31abR (a biomarker compound) was a reoccurring interference from the matrix. Furthermore, analysis of isoprenoids and alkanes had a very broad analytical variation, seen by that the analytical response for these compounds vary greatly among different samples. SPE-extractions did not work well enough following the protocol in this study to be included as a sample preparation step at the moment. More optimization would be needed before the method could be included as an implemented method.
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Tariq, Javid, and Sohail Sajid. "Robust Home Care Access Network." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering (IDE), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-2616.
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Critical networks e.g. telecare services, telemonitoring, are implemented to provide the information security and reliability that the end user desires, especially during an emergency. Unlike business carrier systems that are planned for the general public’s use, critical communication systems are designed particularly for public protection and other serious communication situations. Availability and reliability of such networks is highly desirable. The following thesis works to compare and analyze a variety of communication access technologies to find out the best primary means of data transportation for health critical services and model reliable communication link by using redundancy. This study also provides an efficient failover mechanism to implement redundant links. This strategy is intended to provide the reliable communication and to protect the established communication link.
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Less, Melanie. "Bestimmung aromatischer Amine mit On-line-SPE-HPLC sowie mit GC-ECD nach Derivatisierung." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2001/0397/.
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Wall, Anna. "Kan förslaget om SPE-Bolag vara en lösning på problematiken kring etableringsfriheten inom EU?" Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12182.
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Inom gemenskapen pågår idag ett harmoniseringsarbete beträffande både de nationella bolagsstiftningarna, men även vad gäller utvecklingen av överstatliga bolagsformer, där ibland det liggande förslaget om SPE-bolag. I det gemenskapsrättsliga fördraget regleras genom art. 49 samt 54 EUF den grundläggande etableringsfriheten. Denna har under ett flertal år varit uppe för diskussion då det är oklart hur långtgående denna frihet skyddas av fördraget.
Inom gemenskapen bygger medlemsstaterna idag sina bolagsstiftningar antingen på inkorporations- eller sätesprincipen. Det är skillnaden vid dessa principers tillämpning som har givet upphov till problematiken på området. Problemen rör huruvida ett bolag ska få separera sitt registrerade- och faktiska säte med bibehållande av rättslig status. Vid sidan av detta problem har även en annan problematik uppkommit som rör forum shopping. Vilken innebär att regelkonkurrens har skapats mellan medlemsstaternas lagstiftningar, som en följd av att det råder valfrihet för bolag att inkorporera sig under den medlemsstats nationella lagstiftning vilken de finner förmånligast.
Det liggande förslaget om SPE-bolagsförordning rör införandet av överstatlig bolagsform som kommer, vid ett eventuellt införande, verka som ett alternativ till de inhemska bolagsformerna. Bolaget har formen av ett aktiebolag och riktar sig mot de små och medelstora bolagen, det vill säga SMEs. Bolagsformen har till syfte att verka för att SMEs ska bli mer aktiva på den inre marknaden och därför är en viktig del i förslaget reglerna som berör bolagets etableringsmöjligheter.
Förslaget om SPE-bolag bereder bestämmelser som gäller dess bildande, men även vad gäller bolagets verksamhet. För att göra denna bolagsform mer attraktiv har bl.a. kapitalkravet endast satts till 1€. Då förslaget inte omfattar alla relevanta rättsliga områden kommer dessa även fortsättningsvis regleras av den nationella lagstiftning där bolagets säte är beläget, däribland skattelagstiftning. Förslaget bereder även bolaget med förflyttningsrätt inom gemenskapen, hur långtgående denna skyddas av den förslagna förordningen förefaller vara tvetydigt ur dess ordalydelse. Det finns dock starka indikationer på att denna förflyttningsrätt måste anses gå i linje med inkorporationsprincipen.
Huruvida ett eventuellt införande av SPE-bolagsförordningen skulle kunna lösa den problematik som finns på etableringsfrihetens område är diskuterbart. Den problematik som föreligger vid tillämpningen av inkorporations- och sätesprincipen kommer på ett rent teoretiskt plan kunna lösas genom ett sådant införande. Vad gäller problematiken med forum shopping kommer denna i viss mån endast kunna komma att begränsas genom ett sådant införande.
Förordningen är således endast en teoretisk lösning, men den är även alternativ till sin utformning, vilket innebär att den endast presenterar sig som ett alternativ till de inhemska bolagsformerna. Jag tror inte att förordningen vid ett införande, på ett praktiskt plan, skulle kunna få tillräcklig genomslagskraft för att lösa problematiken på etableringsfrihetens område. Det krävs andra åtgärder av mer direkt natur för att lösa dessa.
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Monteiro, Sérgio Henrique. "Ocorrência de antibióticos e estudo de resistência microbiana em sistemas aquaculturais do Rio Paraná, Reservatório de Ilha Solteira, na região de Santa Fé do Sul, estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-06112014-104508/.
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A aquicultura teve um aumento significativo em todo o mundo nos últimos anos. Muitas classes de antimicrobianos são usadas na aquicultura para o tratamento de infecções causadas por bactérias patogênicas. Entretanto, a contaminação do ambiente, do alimento e a ocorrência de resistência microbiana decorrentes da intensa utilização dos antimicrobianos são motivos de preocupação. Com o objetivo de se saber a ocorrência de antimicrobianos e possíveis formação de resistência microbiana em pisciculturas paulistas, um método rápido, sensível e simples de extração em fase sólida acoplada à cromatografia líquida e espectrometria de massas sequencial (SPE-LC-MS/MS), foi desenvolvido e validado para a determinação simultânea de 12 antimicrobianos (oxitetraciclina, tetraciclina, clortetraciclina, ciprofloxacina, enrofloxacina, sarafloxacina, norfloxacina, florfenicol, cloranfenicol, sulfatizol, sulfadimetoxina e sulfametazina) em água superficial e sedimento. Outro método, utilizando LC-MS/MS, foi elaborado para a determinação dos antimicrobianos em peixes. Paralelamente, também, foi avaliada a seleção de resistência microbiana dessas classes de antimicrobianos em peixe. Os antimicrobianos foram extraídos do sedimento com acetonitrila e tampão citrato, a fase orgânica foi eliminada e a purificação do extrato realizada com cartuchos SPE Strata SAX 500 mg Phenomenex. Os extratos de sedimento e as amostras de água (sem pré-tratamento) foram injetadas em um sistema analítico, pela primeira vez utilizado no Brasil, que consistia em uma pré-concentração com um amostrador automático equipado com um loop de 900 ?L, uma válvula usada para alternar entre os modos de carregamento ou eluição, duas bombas e um sistema de MS/MS. Os extratos de peixe foram purificados por filtração utilizando cartuchos Captiva ND. Sulfadimetoxina-d6 foi utilizado como padrão interno para aferir a precisão dos resultados. Os métodos desenvolvidos foram validados baseados na decisão da União Europeia 2002/657/CE. As amostras foram coletadas de 4 pisciculturas localizadas na represa da usina hidrelétrica de Ilha Solteira, Brasil. Foram feitas 4 amostragens no período de abril de 2013 a janeiro de 2014, totalizando 144 amostras de água, 144 de sedimento e 126 amostras de peixe. Resíduos de oxitetraciclina, tetraciclina e clortetraciclina foram encontrados em sedimentos e oxitetraciclina, tetraciclina e florfenicol foram identificados nas amostras de água e peixe; à medida que aumentava a distância dos tanques e o tamanho do peixe as quantidades encontradas nas amostras diminuíam. Isolou-se bactérias resistentes a quinolonas, tetraciclinas, sulfonamidas em 36 cepas e o índice de resistência múltipla a antibióticos (MAR), variou entre 0 e 0,86, ou seja, cepas sensíveis a 100% dos antimicrobianos testados e outras resistentes a 86%. De acordo com os resultados encontrados considera-se que ações mais restritivas são necessárias quanto ao uso intensivo de antibióticos na produção de peixesThe aquiculture has had a sharp increase worldwide in the last years. Many classes of antibiotics have been used in aquaculture to treat infections caused by a number of pathogenic bacteria. However, environmental and food contamination and bacterial resistance are the main concerns arisen by these intense uses. In order to know the occurrence of antibiotics and possible antimicrobial resistance in fish farms in São Paulo, a fast, sensitive, and simple on-line solid phase extraction to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for simultaneous assessment of 12 drugs (chloramphenicol, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, sulfadimethoxine, sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and sarafloxacin) in surface water and sediment. Another method using LC-MS/MS was elaborated to determine antibiotics in fish. In parallel, the selection of antimicrobial resistance of these classes of antibiotics in fish was evaluated. The antibiotics were extracted from sediment with acetonitrile and citric buffer, the organic phase was eliminated and the clean-up was made by Strata SAX 500 mg of Phenomenex. The water phase of sediment and water samples (without pre-treatment) was injected in the analytical system, which consisted of a pre-concentration with an automated liquid sampler fitted with a 900 ?L injection loop; a valve is used to switch between the load or elution modes, a pair of pumps and a MS/MS system, it is the first time that this system is used in Brazil. The fish extracts were cleaned by filtration by Captiva cartridges. Sulfadimethoxine-d6 was used as an internal standard to obtain more reliable results. The developed method was validated based in the European Union Decision 2002/657/EC. The samples were collected from 4 fish farms located in Ilha Solteira hydroelectric dam, Brazil. Four sampling were made in the period April/2013 until January/2014, totalizing 144 samples of water and sediment and 126 fish samples. Residues of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline, were found in sediment and oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and florfenicol have been identified in water and fish samples, with increasing distance from the tanks and the size of the fishs the quantities of residue found in the samples decreased. Bacteria were resistant to quinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides in 36 strains and the multiple antibiotic resistance index (MAR) values ranged between 0 and 0.86, that is, strains with a sensitivity of 100% to the tested antimicrobials and others resistant of 86% to the tested antimicrobials. According to the results it is believed that more stringent measures are needed concerning the intensive use of antibiotics in fish production
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Padovan, Rodrigo Nogueira. "Degradação de hormônios em águas de abastecimento público por fotocatálise heterogênea solar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75135/tde-18082015-104331/.
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Vários compostos utilizados ou produzidos pelo homem quando lançados no meio ambiente, ou mesmo em estações de tratamento de esgoto, não são facilmente degradados ou removidos. Desse modo, acabam voltando às estações de tratamento de água, que em sua maioria utilizam métodos que não são capazes de remover tais compostos, podendo até aumentar o efeito biológico destes. A detecção destes compostos é um desafio para a Química Analítica, já que ocorrem em baixas concentrações. Degradou-se uma mistura de quatro hormônios ¾ três naturais, 17 β-estradiol (E2), estrona (E1) e estriol (E3), e um sintético, 17 α-etinilestradiol (EE2) ¾ em água de abastecimento público pela fotocatálise heterogênea solar, utilizando-se o fotocatalisador dióxido de titânio suportado em um reator de placa plana operado com reciclo. Foi também desenvolvido e validado um método analítico totalmente automatizado que possibilitou detectar e quantificar baixas concentrações dos quatro hormônios. Foram obtidos limites de quantificação de 10 μg L-1, com a extração de 125 μL de amostra, com coeficiente de variação (< 20%) e exatidão (todos entre 80 a 120%) dentro dos limites aceitáveis para este tipo de análise. Foi possível verificar que a eficiência de degradação atingiu mais de 90% em menos de 4 horas para todos os hormônios. Mesmo com esse nível de degradação não foi possível a remoção da atividade estrogênica. Só houve uma redução significativa após 9 h de degradação. Possivelmente, a atividade estrogênica foi mantida pela concentração restante dos hormônios e/ou pela formação de produtos de degradação que também apresentavam atividade biológica. Alguns desses compostos foram propostos, sendo alguns conhecidos na literatura. No entanto, com as análises realizadas, não foi possível se ter certeza de que os compostos gerados no tratamento são realmente os sugeridos.Several compounds used or produced by man, when released into the environment, or even in sewage treatment plants, are not easily degraded or removed. Thus, these compounds eventually return to water treatment plants, which mostly use methods incapable of removing them, and may even enhance their biological effect. The detection of these compounds is a challenge to Analytical Chemistry, as they occur at low concentrations. A mixture of four hormones were degraded ¾ three of them of natural origin, 17β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and estriol (E3) and a synthetic one, 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) ¾ in public water supply by solar heterogeneous photocatalysis, using supported titanium dioxide as the photocatalyst in a flat-plate reactor in recycling mode. A fully automated analytical method was developed and validated making it possible to detect and quantify low concentrations of the four hormones. Quantification limits of 10 μg L-1 were achieved with the extraction of a 125 μL-sample, with coefficients of variation (< 20%) and accuracy (all between 80 and 120%) were acceptable limits for this type of analysis. It was possible to observe that the degradation performance reached more than 90% in less than 4 hours for all hormones. Even with this level of degradation it was not possible to remove the estrogenic activity. There was only a significant reduction after 9 h of degradation. Possibly, the estrogenic activity was maintained by the remaining concentration of the hormones and/or by degradation by-products which still present biological activity. Some of these compounds were proposed, some of which have been already published in the literature. However, with the performed analyses, it was not possible to ascertain that the generated compounds during treatment are actually the ones here suggested.
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Khouri, Adibe Georges. "ANÁLISE DE RESÍDUOS DE ATRAZINA E SIMAZINA EM ABACAXI NO ESTADO DE GOIÁS." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2007. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2571.
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Previous issue date: 2007-01-31A cultura do abacaxi sempre se destacou na fruticultura, graças não só às qualidades deste fruto, bastante apreciado em todo mundo, mas principalmente pela rentabilidade da cultura, responsável por sua grande demanda e importância econômica. A necessidade e a ambição de se ter uma produção cada vez maior e melhor fazem com que haja o emprego, por vezes de forma errônea ou irresponsável, de determinados pesticidas, esperando assim, realizar de forma satisfatória a defesa da matéria de origem agrícola, e provocando algumas reações adversas ao consumidor desse produto. Entre os malefícios mais comumente detectáveis existem os diversos processos de manifestações alérgicas e em longo prazo, o desenvolvimento de alguns tipos de câncer. Neste ensaio preocupou-se em identificar a atrazina e simazina, agrotóxicos utilizados na agricultura do abacaxi. Foi realizado o estudo a partir da aplicação de técnicas mais modernas como: extração por solvente, extração em fase sólida (SPE) e cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução (HRGC). Observou-se que amostras consideradas do grupo orgânico apresentaram picos aproximados dos picos de retenção dos pesticidas atrazina e simazina. Os abacaxis comprados em supermercados não apresentaram nenhum resíduo desses pesticidas, o que pode indicar que as exigências de controle de qualidade nestas empresas estão sendo seguidos com mais rigor, enquanto nos abacaxis ditos como orgânicos, parece faltar inspeção por grupos competentes.
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Green, Caroline Elizabeth. "An experimental and modelling investigation into the solid-phase extraction of pollutants from water." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322408.
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Lukačková, Dagmar. "Stanovení reziduí chloramfenikolu v biologickém materiálu, vodě a krmivech metodou GC/MS." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216480.
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This diploma thesis addresses the presence and determination of chloramphenicol residues in biological materials. The theoretical part presents the literature retrieval containing information about veterinary medicaments with the banned use in food producing animals and also the sum of the legislative requirements concerning the presence of these substances in foodproducts and raw food materials of animal origin. The comparison was carried out between the existing analytical methods used for the determination of chloramphenicol residues in different biological materials, which are altogether based on the solid phase extraction for the extract cleaning and the new procedures for sample preparations using columns where the sorbent performs on the molecularly imprinted polymers principle.
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Ostrihoňová, Katarína. "Sledování obsahu organických kyselin v alkoholických nápojích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-295683.
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The aim of the thesis is determination and optimization of organic acids in beers using the methods of capillary isotachophoresis (CITP) and high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC/UV). Beer is a complicated matrix therefore the samples need pretreatment using solid phase extraction (SPE). The diploma thesis discusses the optimization of the analytical methods (HPLC/UV and CITP) and optimization of SPE. In the theoretical part, history, characterization and technology of beer production are presented. Further, characteristics of organic acids and methods for organic acid determination are also discussed. The experimental part deals with the preparation of solutions, tested samples, calibration samples. Parameters and procedures of analytical methods (HPLC/UV and CITP) and pretreatment using the solid phase extraction are also described in the experimental part. All results are summarized and compared with the current literature in discussion and conclusion. Eleven beer samples from the retail stores were analyzed. In all samples, six organic acids (lactic, oxalic, succinic, acetic, citric, benzoic) were determined by CITP and five organic acids (lactic, oxalic, succinic, acetic, citric) by HPLC/UV were determined. Results of this study give an overview of the organic acid contents in beer samples.
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Ferreira, Tanare Cambraia Ribeiro. "Identificação e pré-concentração dos produtos da fotodegradação de antimicrobianos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75135/tde-12022015-112950/.
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A identificação de intermediários formados durante os processos de tratamentos de efluentes tem se tornado alvo de estudos. Entretanto, uma das questões mais importantes nos estudos de intermediários formados durante a fotólise ou degradação de fármacos por processos oxidativos avançados publicados atualmente é a concentração inicial utilizada. Altas concentrações dificultam a compreensão da real situação que ocorre na natureza, onde esses compostos são encontrados em baixas concentrações. Dentro deste contexto, o presente estudo, avaliou a pré-concentração de intermediários formados durante a fotólise em solução aquosa e em esgoto sintético da sulfametazina (SMZ), do ciprofloxacino (CIP) e do enrofloxacino (ENR) em diferentes concentrações (25 mg L-1 e 250 μg L-1 para SMZ; 10 mg L-1 e 100 μg L-1 para CIP e ENR) utilizando espectromatria de massas sequencial de alta resolução (Q-ToF e LIT-Orbitrap MS). Foram identificados oito intermediários da fotodegradação da SMZ, dentre estes os de m/z nominal 140 e 229 ainda não relatados na literatura. A metodologia desenvolvida para a SMZ foi aplicada a análises de produtos de transformação vindos de reator anaeróbio. As análises da biodegradação da SMZ permitiram a identificação de três produtos de transformação. O m/z 295 foi comum aos dois processos, fotólise e biodegradação. O m/z 227 foi descrito pela primeira vez como produto de biodegradação anaeróbia da SMZ. Tanto para o CIP quanto para o ENR foram identificados 10 intermediários, apesar da similaridade entre os dois fármacos, apenas um produto de degradação foi comum aos dois, o m/z 346, além do próprio CIP que é intermediário do ENR. Dentre as fases extratoras avaliadas, a Oasis HLB se mostrou mais eficiente na recuperação dos intermediários. A pré-concentração de intermediários formados durante a fotodegradação dos antimicrobianos estudados permitiu a avaliação da degradação destes em concentrações menores do que aquelas atingidas pelos trabalhos já publicados que abordaram rotas de degradação. Os perfis de degradação em diferentes concentrações e em diferentes matrizes apresentam indícios de serem diferente, tanto no perfil quanto na composição proporcional entre os produtos formados. Esses resultados são promissores, visto que permitem uma aproximação às concentrações ambientalmente relevantes.Identification of intermediate products formed during effluent treatment has become the focus of some studies. However, one of the most important issues during the photolysis of drugs or degradation by advanced oxidation processes is the high and invariable initial concentration of the treated drug. High concentrations, used in currently publications, potentially hinder the understanding of the real situation that occurs in nature, where low concentrations of these drugs are usually found. Here we focused in the identification of the degradation products of sulfamethazine (SMZ), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and enrofloxacin (ENR) obtained by photolysis in aqueous and synthetic wastewater medium. Solid-phase pre-concentration and chromatographic separation of the products obtained during the degradation process at different concentrations (25 mg L-1 and 250 μg L-1 for SMZ ; 10 mg L-1 and 100 μg L-1 for CIP and ENR) was developed in association with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (Q-ToF and LIT-Orbitrap MS). Eight photodegradation products of SMZ, among them those of nominal m/z 140 and 229 not reported yet in the literature, were identified. The methodology developed for SMZ was applied to transformation products analysis coming from anaerobic reactor. The biodegradation analysis of SMZ allowed the identification of three transformation products. The m/z 295 was common to processes, photolysis and biodegradation. The m/z 227 was first described as a product of anaerobic biodegradation of SMZ. Both for the CIP as well as for the ENR, ten intermediates have been identified, despite the similarity between the two drugs, only one degradation product is common to both, the one with nominal m/z 346, besides the CIP itself which is an intermediate of ENR. Among the evaluated extracting phases, the Oasis HLB was more efficient in recovering the intermediaries. The pre-concentration of intermediates formed during the photochemical degradation of antimicrobials allowed the evaluation of the degradation at lower concentration than the previously published papers that addressed routes for degradation. The degradation profile at different concentrations and matrices showed evidences of being different, both profile and regarding proportional composition of the products formed. These results are promising, as they provide an approach for application at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Li, Winton. "Hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis in solid polymer electrolyte (spe) reactors with and without power co-generation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62136.
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For applications that require small amounts of H₂O₂ or have economically difficult transportation means, an alternate, on-site H₂O₂ production method to the current industrial anthraquinone auto-oxidation process is needed. Thus far neutral production of H₂O₂ has been limited to bench-top laboratory scaled research with low yield of H₂O₂ [1]. To produce neutral H₂O₂ on-site and on-demand for drinking water purification, the electroreduction of oxygen at the cathode of a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) cell could be a possible solution. The work presented here has utilized a SPE cell operating in either fuel cell mode (power generating) or electrolysis mode (power consuming) to produce H₂O₂. The SPE cell reactor is operated with a continuous flow of cathode carrier water flowing through the cathode to remove the product H₂O₂. Two catalysts were chosen for further study in this work, one is the inorganic cobalt-carbon composite catalyst, to be used in both fuel cell mode and electrolysis mode operation. The other is the riboflavin-anthraquinone-carbon composite catalyst, to be used in only the electrolysis mode operation.
Through parametric experiments in both modes of operation, the Co-C catalyst was able to achieve peroxide production rate of ~200 μmol hr-¹ cm-² and 4 mW cm-² operating at a cell temperature of 60°C with a current density of 30 mA cm-² and 30% current efficiency in fuel cell mode operation. Long term recycle experiments over a period of 72 hours showed an accumulated H2O2 concentration of over 1400 ppm. Investigation of both catalysts in electrolysis mode operation showed that the AQ-C catalyst achieved maximum H₂O₂ production of 580 μmol hr-¹ cm-² operating at 40°C and a current density of 240 mA cm-² with an 8% current efficiency; while the Co-C catalyst had a maximum H₂O₂ production rate of 360 μmol hr-¹ cm-² operated at 240 mA cm-² with 8% current efficiency. Long term recycle study of both catalysts in electrolysis mode generated maximum H₂O₂ concentrations of over 3000 ppm in 72 hours. Water sample analysis showed no degradation of the catalysts in either mode of operation.Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Flores, Hernández José Roberto. "Optimization of membrane-electrode assemblies for SPE water electrolysis by means of design of experiments /." Stuttgart : Fraunhofer-IRB-Verl, 2005. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014175428&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Denis, Francis. "La tension eschatologique dans la vie spiritelle chrétienne dans l'encyclique « Spe Salvi » de Benoît XVI." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30037/30037.pdf.
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Ce mémoire de maîtrise présente, en trois parties, les différents rôles de la « tension eschatologique » dans la vie spirituelle chrétienne selon Spe Salvi, deuxième encyclique de Benoît XVI. Dans un premier temps, ce travail en théologie spirituelle présente les résultats d’une recherche exploratrice du contenu argumentatif de l’encyclique en mettant en évidence les rôles de l’espérance chrétienne dans la vie spirituelle, l’authenticité de ces rôles étant vérifiée à l’aide d’une définition reconnue de la vie spirituelle. Dans un deuxième temps est proposée une herméneutique de ces résultats selon le critère de « tension eschatologique » puisé à même l’encyclique. Les deuxième et troisième parties proposent une analyse comparative des résultats obtenus avec deux corpus concernant l’eschatologie: d’une part différents écrits de Joseph Ratzinger et, d’autre part, les grandes lignes de la doctrine de Jürgen Moltmann. Comme application et confirmation des résultats de la recherche, la conclusion met brièvement en évidence d’éventuelles conséquences doctrinales et pastorales.
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Vidal, Carla Bastos. "Desreguladores endÃcrinos presentes em matrizes ambientais: anÃlise por SPE-HPLC e remoÃÃo com argila pilarizada." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15701.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorAs substÃncias denominadas desreguladores endÃcrinos (DE) sÃo uma categoria recente de poluentes ambientais que interferem nas funÃÃes do sistema endÃcrino, sendo encontradas no meio ambiente em concentraÃÃes na ordem de μg L-1 e ng L-1. Os efluentes de ETEs sÃo importantes fontes de lanÃamento desses compostos no ambiente aquÃtico uma vez que os processos convencionais de tratamento de Ãgua e esgoto nÃo removem totalmente esses micropoluentes. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a eficiÃncia da argila pilarizada utilizando o diÃxido de estanho como agente pilarizante para remoÃÃo de DE (de diferentes classes) em matrizes ambientais. Foi utilizado o planejamento experimental para avaliaÃÃo dos fatores que afetaram o processo adsortivo. Para etapa de otimizaÃÃo do mÃtodo analÃtico anteriormente validado foi estudada a eficiÃncia de trÃs cartuchos SPE comerciais. Foram obtidas concentraÃÃes afluentes, efluentes e eficiÃncias de remoÃÃo em duas estaÃÃes de tratamento de esgotos que operavam em escala real (UASB + cloraÃÃo). Por fim, foram realizados experimentos de adsorÃÃo de DE em sistemas mono e multicomponentes, assim como de regeneraÃÃo do adsorvente. Os cartuchos Oasis e Strata-X mostraram elevada eficiÃncia e capacidade seletiva, entretanto apenas o cartucho Strata-X foi o selecionado neste trabalho, uma vez que o mesmo mostrou maiores valores de recuperaÃÃo (%) de 50 (Sulfamethoxazol); 83 (Trimetoprima); 171 (Diclofenaco); 183 (Estrona); 14 (17β-estradiol) e 82 (Bisfenol-A). O mÃtodo cromatogrÃfico mostrou-se seletivo para todos os compostos estudados, exceto para o hormÃnio estriol. Os valores de limite de quantificaÃÃo (1,28-29,97 ng L-1) e limite de detecÃÃo (0,42-9,89 ng L-1) obtidos neste trabalho foram considerados baixos. A maioria dos valores de recuperaÃÃo encontrados foi menor que 100%. Foi possÃvel observar que o esgosto afluente Ãs ETEs estudadas ainda apresentam em seus efluentes quantidades considerÃveis de DE, com valores mÃdios efluentes entre 21,94-311,79 ng L-1 para ETE Aracapà e 4,41-123,47 ng L-1 para ETE Mondubim, o que evidencia a necessidade de uma etapa de pÃs-tratamento nas ETEs estudadas. Foram encontradas maiores eficiÃncias de tratamento para os compostos bisfenol A (90,8%) e 17α-etinilestradiol (76,6%) na ETE Mondubim. Jà para os compostos sulfametoxazol e estrona foi observado um incremento nos valores efluentes de 18,9 e 28,6%, respectivamente para a ETE AracapÃ. A argila pilarizada mostrou maior capacidade de adsorÃÃo quando comparada à argila natural, devido ao alargamento do espaÃo interlamelar da argila e aumento no volume de mesoporos como comprovado pelas tÃcnicas de caracterizaÃÃo. ApÃs anÃlise dos resultados do planejamento fatorial foi fixado os valores Ãtimos encontrados das variÃveis no processo para compor os estudos de cinÃtica e isoterma de adsorÃÃo, os quais foram Temperatura â 25 ÂC; AgitaÃÃo â 300 rpm; Massa do adsorvente: 300 mg e pH â 3. O estudo cinÃtico indicou tempo de equilÃbrio de 1 hora, sendo o modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem o que melhor se ajustou aos dados. O mecanismo de difusÃo intrapartÃcula nÃo foi a etapa determinante da velocidade e no processo de transferÃncia de massa. A maioria dos compostos DE estudados obteve maior remoÃÃo em sistema multicomponente quando comparados aos estudos monocomponentes. Os dados experimentais de isoterma de adsorÃÃo melhor se ajustaram ao modelo de Freundlich com exceÃÃo aos referentes aos compostos TMP e BPA. Os testes de regeneraÃÃo do adsorvente indicaram significante reduÃÃo da capacidade de adsorÃÃo da argila pilarizada no 2 ciclo de adsorÃÃo para os compostos TMP e BPA, com reduÃÃo de 99,5 e 79,2 %, respectivamente. Para os compostos E2 e E1, a adsorÃÃo foi afetada apÃs o 3 ciclo.
The substances called endocrine disruptors (ED) are a new category of environmental pollutants that interfere in the functions of the endocrine system, being found in the environment at concentrations in the order ug L-1 and L-1 ng. The WWTP effluent release are important sources of such compounds in the aquatic environment since the conventional methods of water treatment and sewage not completely remove these micropollutants. In this study we assessed the efficiency of pillared clay using tin dioxide as an agent for removing pilarizante DE (of different classes) in environmental matrices. Experimental design was used to evaluate the factors affecting the adsorptive process. For optimization step of the previously validated analytical method it was studied the effectiveness of three commercial SPE cartridges. Tributaries concentrations were obtained, effluents and removal efficiencies of two sewage treatment plants operating in full scale (UASB + chlorination). Finally, DE adsorption experiments were performed in single and multicomponent systems as well as regenerating the adsorbent. The Oasis and Strata-X cartridge efficiency showed high and selective ability, however, only Strata-X cartridge was selected in this study, since it showed higher recovery values (%) 50 (Sulfamethoxazol); 83 (Trimethoprim); 171 (diclofenac); 183 (estrone); 14 (17β-estradiol) and 82 (Bisphenol A). The chromatographic method was selective for all compounds studied, except for the hormone estriol. The quantification limit values (1.28 to 29.97 ng L-1) and detection limit (from 0.42 to 9.89 ng L-1) obtained in this study were low. Most of the recovery values was less than 100%. It was observed that the esgosto tributary of the studied WWTPs still present in their waste considerable amounts of DE, with average values of effluents from 21.94 to 311.79 ng L-1 for ETE Aracapà and 4.41 to 123.47 ng L 1 to ETE Mondubim, which highlights the need for a step of post-treatment in the studied WWTPs. They have found greater efficiencies treatment for compounds bisphenol A (90.8%) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (76.6%) ETE Mondubim. As for the compounds sulfamethoxazole and estrone it was observed an increase in effluent values of 18.9 and 28.6% respectively for the ETE AracapÃ. The pillared clay showed higher adsorption capacity compared to the natural clay, due to enlargement of the interlayer space of the clay and increased volume of mesopores as evidenced by the characterization techniques. After analyzing the results of the factorial design was set optimum values of the variables found in the process to make the studies of kinetics and adsorption isotherm, which was temperature - 25  C; Agitation - 300 rpm; Mass of adsorbent: 300 mg and pH - 3. The kinetic study indicated 1 hour equilibration time, with the model of pseudo-second order which best fit to the data. The intraparticle diffusion mechanism was not the determining step of the speed and mass transfer process. The majority of the DE compounds obtained greater removal in multicomponent system when compared to single-component studies. The experimental data better adsorption isotherm set the model Freundlich except to refer to the TMP and BPA compounds. The sorbent regeneration tests indicated a significant reduction in the adsorption capacity of pillared clay in the 2nd adsorption cycle for TMP and compounds BPA, with a reduction of 99.5 and 79.2%, respectively. For E2 and E1 compounds, adsorption was affected after the 3rd cycle.
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Sebben, Viviane Cristina. "Análise de efedrinas e anfetamina em urina empregando spe e spme por cg/em/em." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/12004.
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O Brasil ocupa posição de destaque no consumo mundial de anfetaminas, contrariamente à tendência mundial de retração. Devido aos efeitos colaterais e ao alto potencial de abuso, a produção e comercialização de anfetaminas vêm sendo controladas no mundo inteiro. Com a restrição de uso, houve um retorno a procura pelos equivalentes naturais, especialmente as efedrinas presentes em diversas especialidades farmacêuticas, utilizadas no tratamento de doenças respiratórias. São componentes de vários compostos emagrecedores, suplementos alimentares e dietéticos utilizados para perda de peso e ganho de massa muscular. Face ao uso indiscriminado e a grande incidência de resultados falso-positivos nos testes de triagem para anfetaminas por imunoensaio enzimático homogêneo, fazem-se necessários testes confirmatórios. Neste sentido, este trabalho se propôs a desenvolver um método confirmatório simples e rápido para detecção, identificação e quantificação de efedrinas (efedrina/pseudoefedrina) em amostras de urina por por cromatografia a gás / espectrometria de massas-massas (CG/EM/EM), passível de ser adotado na rotina de laboratórios de análises toxicológicas. Devido à complexidade da matriz e as peculiaridades do analito, inicialmente procedeu-se o estudo do tratamento da amostra, considerando as etapas de derivatização, extração, pré-concentração e purificação, de modo a fornecer um extrato límpido, livre de impurezas, interferentes e com melhor sensibilidade, linearidade e seletividade analítica. Os métodos de extração usados foram extração líquido-líquido (ELL), extração em fase sólida (SPE) e microextração em fase sólida (SPME). Os resultados indicaram que o reagente de derivatização ciclohexanona foi o que apresentou melhor desempenho, menor custo e promoveu maior seletividade dos diasterômeros EF/PEF em colunas normais de CG. Sendo que o método mais apropriado para a detecção e identificação de efedrinas/anfetamina por CG/EM é a SPME levando em consideração características como simplicidade, rapidez, custo, recuperação e ausência de interferentes. Entretanto, considera-se valido o uso de SPE para a quantificação, devido à possibilidade de pré-concentração do analito.Brazil is one of the biggest amphetamine consumers in the world, going against the worldwide retraction tendency. Due to serious adverse effects and high abuse potential, the production and commercialization of amphetamines has been controlled around the world. With the restriction of its use, there was a return in the search of natural equivalents, especially the ephedrines found in many medicines utilized in the treatment of respiratory diseases. Furthermore, they are components of dietary supplements used to lose weight and muscular mass gain. Because of the indiscriminate use and the high incidence of false-positive results in the amphetamines screening tests by enzyme immunoassay technique, it is necessary confirmatory tests. In this way, the aim of this work is to develop a confirmatory simple and quickly method for the detection and quantification of ephedrines (ephedrine and pseudoephedrine) gas chromatography / mass-mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS), with possibility to be adopted in toxicological analyses laboratorial routine. Due to the complexity of the matrix and analyte peculiarities, initially proceeds the study of sample treatment, considering the derivatization, extraction, pre-concentration and purification steps, obtaining a limpidous extract, free of impurities, interferents and with better sensitivity, linearity and analytical selectivity. The extraction method used were liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The results indicate that cyclohexanone was the derivatization agent with the best performance, lower price and good selectivity in diasteromers EF/PEF separation in normal GC columns. The most appropriate method for detection and identification of ephedrines/amphetamine by GC/MS is SPME, considering characteristics as simplicity, speed, cost, recovery and absence of interferents. However, the use of SPE must be considered to quantification, since it allowed analyte pre-concentration.