Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'SPDS'

The present society is highly dependant on complex electronics systems, which have a low damage threshold level. Therefore, there is a high risk of partial or total loss of the system’s electronics when they are exposed to a thunderstorm environment. This calls for a deep understanding on the mechanism related to the interaction of lightning generated electromagnetic fields with various large distributed/scattered systems. To accurately represent the interaction of lightning electromagnetic fields with electrical networks, it is necessary to have return stroke models capable to reproduce the electromagnetic field signatures generated by a lightning flash. Several models have been developed in the recent past to study the field-to-wire coupling mechanism. The most popular, simple and accurate among the available models is the Agrawal et al. model. On the other hand, ATP-EMTP is a well-known transient simulation package widely used by power engineers. This package has various built-in line models like Semlyen, Marti and Noda setups. There is a difficulty in applying the Agrawal et al. model with the built-in line models of ATP-EMTP, as the voltage source due to the horizontal component of electric field in Agrawal et al. model is in series with the line impedance and not in between two transmission line segments. Furthermore, when the electromagnetic field is propagating over a finite conducting ground plane, the soil will selectively attenuate the high frequency content of the electromagnetic field; causing a change in the field wave shape. A finite conducting ground will also produce a horizontal field component at the ground level. Several approximations are available in the literature to obtain the horizontal electric field; namely the wave-tilt and the Cooray-Rubinstein approximation. Consequently, it is important to investigate the change on the induced voltage signature when the power line is located over a finitely conducting ground. Additionally, to provide protection from lightning induced transients it is necessary to use Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) capable of diverting the incoming transients and provide protection level necessary to avoid damage in the equipment. However, standard test procedures of the SPDs do not take into account sub-microsecond structure of the transients. Therefore, to provide the required protection level to sensitive equipments connected to the low voltage power network, it is essential to understand the response of SPDs subjected to high current derivative impulses. This thesis is aimed to investigate the research problems as addressed above. Special attention will be given to a new proposed return stroke model, a simple circuit approach for efficient implementation of Agrawal et al. model using ATP-EMTP, the effect of the soil conductivity on the lightning induced overvoltage signatures and the response of surge protective devices subjected to high current derivative impulses.

The main objective of this thesis is to study how the structures of a sell dialog, via a web shop, should be designed in order to support and inspire the customer. To get the answer to this question I use a qualitative and quantitative method. The qualitative method is applied in connection with different interviews. The quantitative method is used to analyze different answers given from those who are interviewed. I also use the deductive method due to my interest of studying how reality can relate to the theories with the choice of the subject.

Moreover, this thesis is structured by three main perspectives; company, customers and techniques. The theoretical part of the thesis includes definitions and theories about electronic business, customers’ behaviour and technique, UML (Unified Modelling Language), which is a visual syntax for visualising, specifying, constructing and documenting system engineering, and UP (Unified Process), which is a method that complements UML. Furthermore, the empirical part of the thesis includes interviews with Chris Jangelöv and Patrik Cardell (Visma Spcs), who are representing the companys’ perspective on a sell dialog via a web shop. For the customers’ perspective on the subject, I collect and outline the interviews from Visma Spcs customers. Moreover, I review the interview with David Nadel, where he discusses the UML and UP techniques and also electronic business in general.

As for the results, I come to the conclusion that a web shop should be structured from a customer´s perspective and his/her inquiries concerning the products and services. UML and UP, however, are techniques that focus on the structuring of data and processes without taking the developing dialogue with the customer into serious account. These techniques do not address issues of why a web shop is used as it is, UML and UP only apply what a web shop can look like and how it could be used. Therefore, I argue that there is a lack of connection between the UML and UP techniques and the real live user and actual use. I also reached the conclusion that there should be three main building blocks when structuring a sell dialog via a web shop. These are; structure, information and navigation.

Målet med vårt examensarbete har varit att på uppdrag från United Computer Systems skapa ett program som kopplar samman Visma SPCS och MS Outlook. Anledningen till detta program har varit att utöka den begränsade kontakthanteringen som finns i Visma SPCS. I större affärssystem blir det allt vanligare att så kallade CRM system integreras. Dock saknas oftast bra kontakthantering i lösningar som riktar sig till mindre företag. Genom att koppla samman SPCS med Outlook, ger det användaren möjligheter att lagra mer djupgående information om kunder, deras kontaktpersoner och leveransadresser.

Programmet har utformats i Borland Delphi och vi beskriver i denna rapport hur vi gått till väga för att skapa ett program som uppfyller vår uppdragsgivares önskemål vad gäller användbarhet och användarvänlighet.

Vi beskriver även några av de grundläggande begreppen för vårt projekt, så som Screen scraping och API för SPCS och Windows.

Det statistiska kvalitetsverktyget Statistisk Processtyrning, SPS, introducerades på BT Products AB i Mjölby utifrån en specifik implementeringsprocess. Introduktionen utfördes i en målningsprocess och genom detta arbete kunde aktuell process utvärderas och orsaker bakom eventuell urskiljbar variation eftersökas. I gällande process målas gods till eldrivna truckar svarta genom elektrostatisk pulvermålning, där eftersträvad färgskikttjocklek är 70 µm. Målningen utförs automatiserat av fyra robotar och för att erhålla kunskap om processens uppförande studerades och analyserades utfallet statistiskt utifrån en bestämd kvalitetsindikator, färgskikttjockleken. Data samlades in utifrån denna indikator genom kontinuerlig mätning på utvalt objekt och med hjälp av en mätmall för att erhålla jämförbara observationer. Tillförlitligheten hos insamlad data analyserades och observationerna uppvisade en normalfördelning och slumpmässighet. En hög grad av autokorrelation sågs dock, varför transformation av data krävdes innan fortsatta studier kunde utföras. I och med denna transformation erhölls oberoende och därmed tillförlitliga residualer, vilka studerades i styrdiagram för att information om processens uppförande över tiden skulle erhållas. Observationerna är individuella och anges som variabeldata, varför stora skiftningar i processen studerades i x‑ och MR-diagram och små skiftningar i EWMA-diagram. Vid studie av dessa diagram kunde såväl alarm som trender identifieras och processen ansågs därmed vara instabil. Dessa företeelser antogs vara resultatet av urskiljbar variation, orsakad av kontrollerbara faktorer. I den efterföljande processutvärderingen kom därför arbetet att fokusera på identifikation av dessa faktorer. För denna identifikation sattes en fokusgrupp samman, vilka listade möjliga faktorer i ett Ishikawadiagram utifrån de sju M:en.

Uppkomna faktorer testades utifrån främst tre olika metoder; tvåfaktorförsök, enfaktorförsök och loggning. Faktorförsöken genomfördes genom målning av testplåtar, där skillnad i färgskikttjocklek beroende på vald faktornivå studerades. Loggning av faktorer utfördes parallellt med produktion, varpå dessa värden ställdes mot registrerade värden på färgskikttjockleken i en ANOVA- eller korrelationsanalys. Utifrån resultatet av dessa tester delades undersökta faktorer in i Signifikanta, Delvis signifikanta, Eventuellt signifikanta och Ej signifikanta. De faktorer som ansågs vara signifikanta är Fluidisering och Pulverbatch, vilka kan vara bidragande orsaker bakom den urskiljbara variationen som identifierats. Fluidiseringen har periodvis varit undermålig i ett av de pulverkök som förser robotarna med pulver, något som kan förklara uppvisad låg korrelation mellan robotarna och den höga nivå av autokorrelation som skådats. Vid ett test med fyra olika säckar från två olika batcher sågs även en varierad batchhärkomst påverka resultatet, med en skillnad i färgskikttjocklek på mellan 10 och 20 µm på testplåten. De Delvis signifikanta faktorerna, så som injektorplugg, elektrod och munstycken, kan påverka utfallet vid en hög grad av förslitning och troligen fås störst inverkan i de fall då dessa samverkar. Genom att utföra rekommenderade åtgärder beträffande de signifikanta faktorerna, med avseende på att minska variationen, kan processen åter studeras och utredas. Beroende på utfall kan en stabil process förbättras och i annat fall söks nya källor till variation.

The statistical quality tool Statistical Process Control (SPC) was introduced at BT Products AB in Mjölby following the process of SPC implementation. The current process is a powder coating process where parts for powered trucks are painted black. The electrostatic powder coating is performed by four automatized robots and the desired layer thickness is 70 µm. The process has been evaluated from a quality characteristic, specified as the layer thickness, and special causes behind variation were identified. Data has been collected continuously from the process by measuring objects in the production, using a self-developed measurement template to receive comparable data. Statistical tools have been used to evaluate whether the data were reliable or not. A normal probability plot confirmed that the observations were normally distributed and a scatter plot established randomness. Autocorrelation was detected and the data had to be transformed, why the independent and reliable residuals were used in the subsequent analysis. Control charts were used to study the process over time, where individual x- and MR-charts detected large shifts in the process, while EWMA-charts detected small shifts. Alarms, trends and abnormal patterns were identified in these control charts, which led to the conclusion that the process could be considered out of control. The special causes behind this variation were assumed to stem from controllable factors and the work was therefore focused on identifying these special causes.

Factors were listed in an Ishikawadiagram by a focus group and tested using mainly three different methods. Design of experiments was used to test a two factorial design, and single factors were tested by one-factor-tests. A sheet metal was painted in both test methods and the difference in layer thickness, dependent on chosen level of the factor, was studied. Other factors were logged parallel to the production. Additional observations were compared to the registered layer thickness on parts and the relation analysed using ANOVA- or correlation analyses. Examined factors from these tests were divided and categorized into Significant, Partially significant, Possibly significant and Not significant. Fluidisation and powder batch were identified as significant factors and thereby possible causes behind the identified variation. The fluidisation in one of the powder containers has at times been misbegotten, something that can explain the high level of autocorrelation and the low level of correlation between the robots. When testing the batches, four sacks from two different batches were used and a large difference in layer thickness was observed depending on powder origin. A high degree of wear of the partially significant factors, as injector nozzle, electrode and gun nozzle, could affect the result, but they likely have the largest impact when collaborating. By performing recommended actions, in an attempt to reduce the variation on the basis of the significant factors, the process once again can be studied and evaluated. Depending on the result, a stable process can be improved, alternatively, new sources behind variation identified.