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1
Schwarczinger, I., and L. Vajna. "First Report of St. John's-Wort Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Hungary." Plant Disease 82, no. 6 (June 1998): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.6.711b.
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In 1997, we observed high incidence of severe disease symptoms in a plantation of St. John's-wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) that has been cultivated as a medicinal plant in Hungary. Symptoms were characterized by brown, 2- to 15-mm-diameter, sunken lesions that girdled the stems and, when occurring near the base, killed the plants. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. was consistently isolated from lesions. Acervuli containing conidia and dark setae emerged from the lesions. Perithecia of the teleomorph Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk also appeared on stems. Plants were inoculated with conidial suspension of the fungus (2 × 107/ml), then incubated in a moist chamber for 24 h, and subsequently transferred to the greenhouse. The first symptoms appeared on stems and leaves 7 days after inoculation. Chlorotic spots grew into circular and buff-colored lesions that coalesced and then desiccated. The fungus caused severe defoliation and plant death within 2 weeks. Koch's postulates was completed by consistently reisolating the pathogen from inoculated plants. This disease on St. John's-wort has not previously been reported in Hungary. However, an anthracnose disease caused by Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk var. migrans Wollenweber (Gloeosporium orbiculare Berk. & Mont.) was reported in Germany in 1949 (1). Reference: (1) H. W. Wollenweber and H. Hochapfel. Z. Parasitenkd. 14:181, 1949.
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Rybak-Mikitiuk, Teresa. "Z badań nad biologią Glomerella cingulata (Stonem). Spauld. et v. Schrenk na wierzbach koszykarskich [A study of the biology of Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld. et v. Schrenk on the basket willow]." Acta Agrobotanica 11 (2015): 93–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1962.005.
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Moline, Harold E., and James C. Locke. "Comparing Neem Seed Oil with Calcium Chloride and Fungicides for Controlling Postharvest Apple Decay." HortScience 28, no. 7 (July 1993): 719–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.7.719.
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The antifungal properties of a hydrophobic neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) seed extract (clarified neem oil) were tested against three postharvest apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) pathogens—Botrytis cinerea (pers.) ex Fr. (gray mold), Penicillium expansum Thom. (blue mold rot), and Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. & Schrenk. (bitter rot). The antifungal activity of neem seed oil also was compared to that of CaCl2. A 2% aqueous emulsion of the clarified neem seed oil was moderately fungicidal to B. cinerea and G. cingulata in inoculated fruit, but bad little activity against P. expansum. Ethylene production was reduced 80% in fruit dipped in 2% neem seed oil compared to wounded, inoculated controls. Neem seed oil was as effective an antifungal agent as CaCl2, but the effects of the two combined were not additive.
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Denardi, F., L. F. Hough, and A. P. Camilo. "‘Primícia’ Apple." HortScience 23, no. 3 (June 1988): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.3.632.
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Abstract The principal area of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) production in Brazil is in the south in the states of Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraná. In these states, apples are grown using modern technology, and trees are propagated on size-controlling rootstocks (1). Apple production areas are limited because present cultivars have inadequate climatic adaptation and a high level of susceptibility to fungal diseases, including apple scab [Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint.], powdery mildew [Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. & Ev.) Salm.], and bitter rot [Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld & Schrenk] (2). There is a need to develop early ripening cultivars that would make it possible to reduce the cost of chemical protection against diseases and also reduce the length of time that late-maturing apples must be stored until the beginning of the next summer's harvest.
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Mónaco, M. E., S. M. Salazar, A. Aprea, J. C. Díaz Ricci, J. C. Zembo, and A. Castagnaro. "First Report of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on Strawberry in Northwestern Argentina." Plant Disease 84, no. 5 (May 2000): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.5.595c.
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Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was isolated from symptomatic strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. ‘Chandler’) growing in Lules (Tucumán, Argentina). Isolates were characterized based on several criteria. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was used to evaluate cultural and morphological characteristics of the isolates. After 10 days on PDA at 28°C under continuous white light, colonies showed abundant aerial, cottony white to pale beige growth, with orange asexual fruiting bodies in older colonies. Isolates displayed cylindrical conidia, rounded at both ends, averaging 10.4 × 3.9 µm (length by width). A sexual phase (perithecia) was observed in all isolates in 2-month-old cultures on PDA at 28°C under continuous white light. Pathogenicity tests were conducted with healthy plants of cvs. Pájaro and Chandler. Spray inoculation with conidial suspensions (106 conidia per ml) resulted in disease symptoms (petiole and crown lesions with wilting of crown-infected plants) 7 days after inoculation. Infection progressed at a higher rate in Pájaro than in Chandler. Reisolations from infected strawberry lesions yielded isolates with characteristics identical to the isolate used to inoculate the host. Based on morphological and cultural characteristics, isolates were identified as C. gloeosporioides Penz. & Sacc. (teleomorph Glomerella cingulata Spauld & H. Schenk) (1). This is the first report of C. gloeosporioides causing strawberry anthracnose in northwestern Argentina. Reference: (1) P. S. Gunnell and W. D. Gubler. Mycol. 84:157, 1992.
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Oros, Gyula, László Vajna, Klára Balázs, Zoltán Fekete, Zoltán Naár, and Eszter Eszéki. "Sour cherry anthracnose and possibilities of the control with special regard to resident Glomerella population in sour cherry plantations of East Hungary." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 39 (November 10, 2010): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/39/2731.
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Anthracnose is considered one of the most destructive diseases for sour cherry production due to the rapid development of the disease on fruits. Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk (anam.: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz.) has been the fungal pathogen responsible for anthracnose in last decades. Yield losses greater than 90% may occur under epidemic conditions. C. acutatum (J.H. Simmonds, 1968) strains were isolated of sourcherry plantations in East Hungary and this pathogen, new for Hungarian microbiont became recently dominant. Contrarily to the former species it is certainly transmitted with ants during fruit ripening. About third of strains proved to be cutinase producers that enable them to actively penetrate via cuticule, and these strains infect directly berries of blackberry, grape and tomato as well as plum and apple. Most of cutinase negative strains could also infect these fruits after mechanic injury. All strains of both species produce amylase, cellulase, lecithinase, lipase, polyfenoloxydase and protease in vitro, although the activity of these enzymes highly varied in the medium. The only C. acutatum strains produced noticeable amount of chitinase. Strains, tolerant to recently applied fungicides to control the anthracnose, could be isolated of sour cherry plantations that might be the cause of ineffectiveness of control measures in 2010. The mycofungicide containing mixture of three Trichoderma species in oil carrier could efficiently depress the development of anthracnose in ripening sour cherry.
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Debrunner, N., A. L. Rauber, A. Schwarz, and V. V. Michel. "First Report of St. John's-Wort Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Switzerland." Plant Disease 84, no. 2 (February 2000): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.2.203c.
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In Switzerland, the increase in St. John's-wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) production was accompanied by the appearance of anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. The disease was first observed in 1995. In 1999, most of the 20 ha of St. John's-wort planted in Switzerland were grown organically, at an average gross income per hectare per year of 30,000 U.S. dollars. Anthracnose can destroy this perennial crop in the first year of cultivation, especially when it is grown in more humid areas and heavy soils. The restriction of fungicide use in organic farming can lead to a complete loss of the crop in such cases. Typical symptoms observed in the field were brown, sunken stem-girdling lesions and the reddish color of infected plants. In a later stage, aerial plant parts dried completely causing death. Acervuli that formed on stem lesions were sparsely setose. No saete occurred when the pathogen was grown on potato dextrose agar and ascospores of the teleomorph Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & Schrenk were observed. Strain AN16 was sent to CABI Bioscience Identification Services (Egham, U.K.) who confirmed our identification. A conidial suspension (107 spores per ml) of AN16 was prepared and used to inoculate two St. John's-wort accessions, Hp 7 and Hp 9. Inoculation occurred under highly conducive conditions in the greenhouse. Symptoms developed on all infected plants 1 week after inoculation. One week later, the more susceptible Hp 9 was killed, whereas the more resistant Hp 7 showed only occasional stem lesions. Koch's rules were completed by reisolating the pathogen from infected plants.
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Lewers, K. S., W. W. Turechek, S. C. Hokanson, J. L. Maas, J. F. Hancock, S. Serçe, and B. J. Smith. "Evaluation of Elite Native Strawberry Germplasm for Resistance to Anthracnose Crown Rot Disease Caused by Colletotrichum Species." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, no. 6 (November 2007): 842–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.132.6.842.
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Anthracnose crown rot of cultivated strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier) has been a major disease problem in the strawberry producing regions of the southeastern United States since the early 1970s. Chemical controls are often inadequate, but use of resistant cultivars is seen as a credible option for managing this disease. Only a small portion of Fragaria L. germplasm has been screened for resistance to anthracnose crown rot. A core subset of the Fragaria collection maintained at the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Clonal Repository in Corvallis, OR, has been constructed to contain an elite group of native F. virginiana Mill. and F. chiloensis (L.) Mill. This collection, referred to as the “core collection,” has been characterized for many horticultural traits, including reactions to several common foliar diseases, resistance to black root rot (causal organisms unknown), and resistance to northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood) and root-lesion nematode [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & Shuurmans Stekhoven]. Our objective was to evaluate the core collection for resistance to a selection of isolates of three Colletotrichum Corda species known to cause strawberry anthracnose, Colletotrichum fragariae A.N. Brooks, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. [teleomorph Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk], and Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds (teleomorph Glomerella acutata J.C. Guerber & J.C. Correll). No Fragaria subspecies or geomorph was more resistant than any other; rather, individual genotypes within these groups were identified as sources from which resistance can be obtained. Collecting germplasm in areas of intense disease pressure may not be as beneficial as one might assume, at least where anthracnose crown rot disease is concerned.
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Schwarczinger, I., L. Vajna, and W. L. Bruckart. "First Report of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on Russian-thistle." Plant Disease 82, no. 12 (December 1998): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.12.1405b.
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A pathogen identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. was isolated from foliar and stem lesions on Russian-thistle (Salsola tragus Torner ex L.) collected in Bugac, Hungary, in 1996. Symptoms on leaves and stems began as discrete, sunken, 2- to 10-mm-diameter chlorotic spots, followed by formation of circular buff-colored lesions that eventually coalesced, desiccated, and caused plant tissue death above the lesions. Lesions that occurred near ground level usually killed the plant. Salmon-colored spore masses developed in setose acervuli in the center of the necrotic lesions. Conidia were hyaline, one-celled, falcate to nearly straight, and measured 15 to 25 × 5 to 6 μm. The teleomorph stage of the pathogen (Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk) was not observed in the field or on inoculated plants. These morphological characteristics of the isolate were consistent with the description of C. gloeosporioides (1). Pathogenicity was proved by completing Koch's postulates in Hungary and the U.S. Inoculation with conidial suspension (106 conidia per ml) sprayed on S. tragus plants in the greenhouse at the three- to four-leaf stage caused severe necrosis and wilting within 6 days and plant death in 2 weeks. Symptoms did not appear on control plants inoculated with sterile, distilled water. Inoculation test was repeated on 6-week-old plants and at the stage of flowering. All treated plants were killed at both stages within 4 weeks. Because of high virulence and host specificity of this isolate of C. gloeosporioides in preliminary pathogenicity tests it is being evaluated for use as a mycoherbicide for Russian-thistle control in the U.S. This is the first report of C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose on S. tragus. Reference: (1) B. C. Sutton. Pages 1–27 in: Colletotrichum Biology, Pathology and Control. J. A. Bailei and M. J. Jeger, eds. CAB Int., Wallingford, UK, 1992.
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Carranza, M., S. Larran, and B. Ronco. "First Report of Glomerella cingulata on Common Guava in Argentina." Plant Disease 86, no. 4 (April 2002): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.4.440b.
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In Argentina, common guava (Psidium guajava L.) is frequently planted in gardens, but commercial production is limited. In February 2001, anthracnose symptoms were detected on fruits of common guava in La Plata, Buenos Aires Province. Symptoms of grayish, circular, sunken spots approximately 5 cm long were observed only on the surface of green unripe fruits. In humid conditions, acervuli containing salmon-pink masses of spores and dark setae were found within lesions. Symptomatic tissue was surface-disinfested, placed on potato dextrose agar, and incubated at 20°C. Cultures were obtained with abundant, gray, aerial mycelium and one-celled, hyaline, oblong, or cylindrical conidia with rounded ends (9.7 to 14.5 × 3.2 to 5.2 μm). Scarce dark brown perithecia developed in 2-month-old cultures but were not observed on fruit tissues. Asci were not conspicuous and contained straight or slightly curved ascospores (11.5 to 25.3 × 4 to 7 μm). The pathogen was identified as Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & Schrenk (anamorph Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz), based on morphological characteristics (1,2). Ten healthy, immature, attached fruits of common guava were inoculated with 3 × 106 conidia per ml of each of six isolates of G. cingulata, and ten were left untreated. Individual fruits were enclosed in plastic bags and kept at 15 to 20°C. After 72 h, bags were removed, and after 20 days, anthracnose symptoms were observed only on inoculated fruits. G. cingulata was reisolated from fruit lesions, and Koch's postulates were fulfilled. To our knowledge, this is the first report of G. cingulata on common guava in Argentina. References: (1) B. C. Sutton. The Coelomycetes. CMI, Kew, England, 1980. (2) J. A. von Arx. Phytopathol. Z. 29:413, 1957.
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González, E., and T. B. Sutton. "First Report of Glomerella Leaf Spot (Glomerella cingulata) of Apple in the United States." Plant Disease 83, no. 11 (November 1999): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.11.1074b.
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In August 1998, severe leaf spot, resulting in extensive defoliation, was observed on cv. Gala apple trees in two orchards in eastern Tennessee. Symptoms were similar to those reported in Brazil for Glomerella leaf spot on Gala (1), and Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk was observed fruiting in lesions. Single-ascospore isolates were obtained by placing individual perithecia from different lesions on microscope slides in a drop of sterilized distilled water. Perithecia were crushed, and the spore and mycelial suspension was distributed on the surface of petri dishes containing acid-water agar (AWA). Petri dishes were incubated at 24°C in light for 24 h. Germinated ascospores were transferred to petri dishes containing AWA. Cultures were transferred to potato dextrose agar and grown at 24°C in light for 14 days to induce sporulation. Four isolates (TN-1A, TN-1B, TN-2A, and TN-2B) were selected for pathogenicity tests. Three virulent isolates from Brazil (FK6, R-11, and 2VGE) also were included. Trees of apple cvs. Gala and Golden Delicious were placed in humidity chambers before inoculation. After 24 h, shoots on three trees of each cultivar were sprayed with an aqueous spore suspension of each isolate (1× 105 spores per ml) and maintained at 100% relative humidity (RH) and ≈22°C for 2 days. Shoots on three trees sprayed with sterilized distilled water and maintained at 100% RH served as a control. All isolates from Brazil and isolates TN-1A and TN-1B caused symptoms characteristic of Glomerella leaf spot on both cultivars after 2 days. Five days after inoculation disease severity on each leaf was visually rated on a scale of 0 to 5 (where 0 = no lesions and 5 = 25 to 50% of leaf surface covered with lesions). FK6 and R-11 were the most aggressive isolates on both cultivars. 2VGE and TN-1B were the least aggressive isolates. Reference: (1) T. B. Sutton and R.M. Sanhueza. Plant Dis. 82:267, 1998.
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Smith, Barbara J. "Epidemiology and Pathology of Strawberry Anthracnose: A North American Perspective." HortScience 43, no. 1 (February 2008): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.1.69.
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Three Colletotrichum species—Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds (teleomorph Glomerella acutata J.C. Guerber & J.C. Correll), Colletotrichum fragariae A.N. Brooks, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. [teleomorph Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk]—are major pathogens of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa). Strawberry anthracnose crown rot has been a destructive disease in commercial strawberry fields in the southeastern United States since the 1930s. The causal fungus, C. fragariae, may infect all aboveground plant parts; however, the disease is most severe when the fungus infects the crown, causing crown rot, wilt, and death. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was responsible for an epidemic of anthracnose crown rot in strawberry nurseries in Arkansas and North Carolina in the late 1970s. The anthracnose fruit rot pathogen, C. acutatum, was first reported in 1986 on strawberry in the United States. Since the 1980s, increased losses due to anthracnose fruit and crown rots in the United States may be related to changes in cultivars and to widespread use of annual plasticulture production rather than the matted-row production system. Anthracnose investigations in the United States have concentrated on its epidemiology and differences among the three causal Colletotrichum spp. in their cultural, morphological, and molecular characteristics; their infection processes; and their pathogenicity. Results from these studies have resulted in a better understanding of the diseases and have led to better disease control. Strawberries grown in soils with high nitrogen levels are more susceptible to anthracnose than are those grown in soils with lower nitrogen levels or those amended with calcium nitrate. Anthracnose is spread more rapidly in fields that have overhead irrigation and plastic mulch than in fields where drip irrigation and straw mulch are used. Fungicide efficacy has been determined in in-vitro, greenhouse, and field studies, and pathogen resistance to some fungicides has been detected. Anthracnose-resistant cultivars are a major objective of most strawberry breeding programs in the southern United States.
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Mwanza, E. J. M., S. K. Waithaka, R. K. Mibey, G. Kariuki, and S. A. Simons. "First Report of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides as a Foliar and Die-back Pathogen of Prunus africana in Kenya." Plant Disease 83, no. 1 (January 1999): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.1.79a.
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During tree disease surveys between February 1996 and March 1998 in highland forests of Kenya, leaves of Prunus africana (Hook f.) Kalkman collected from regeneration wildings in natural forests and seedlings raised in nurseries were found to be consistently heavily infected with a leaf spot and shot-hole disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz., anamorph of Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk. The pathogen was identified by sectioning sub-epidermal acervuli on the leaf and also by plating infected tissue segments on 2% malt extract agar. The cultural and conidial morphologies were characteristic of C. gloeosporioides. The isolate is maintained at Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) culture collection (No. 069-63) and identity ascertained by the International Mycological Institute (IMI) (ref. W5794). To confirm pathogenicity, leaves of 3-month-old seedlings of P. africana were sprayed to run-off with a conidial suspension adjusted to 105 conidia per ml or sterile water as a control. Following inoculation, the seedlings were covered with transparent plastic bags for 48 h and kept in a glasshouse at 23 ± 3°C under natural light conditions and relative humidity of 80%. Leafspot symptoms similar to those found on leaves of wildings in natural forests and nursery seedlings were evident on the inoculated leaves within 3 weeks. Five weeks later the necrotic spots on the leaves measured 2 to 6 mm in diameter. The spots were circular or irregular usually surrounded by a zone paler than the healthy tissue. Later the centers of the spots fell, leaving clean shotholes. C. gloeosporioides was consistently reisolated from all inoculated plants. When infection was severe, the pathogen caused premature leaf fall and die-back of the leader shoot. P. africana, formerly known as Pygeum africanum, is a widespread tree species in moist tropical Africa and produces durable timber; extracts from its bark are used for the treatment of prostrate gland disorders. This is the first report of which we are aware of C. gloeosporioides emerging as an important pathogen of P. africana. Reference: (1) M. H. Tsingalia. Afr. J. Ecol. 27: 207, 1989.
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Xu, C. N., Z. S. Zhou, Y. X. Wu, F. M. Chi, Z. R. Ji, and H. J. Zhang. "First Report of Stem and Leaf Anthracnose on Blueberry Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in China." Plant Disease 97, no. 6 (June 2013): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-12-1056-pdn.
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Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is becoming increasingly popular in China as a nutritional berry crop. With the expansion of blueberry production, many diseases have become widespread in different regions of China. In August of 2012, stem and leaf spots symptomatic of anthracnose were sporadically observed on highbush blueberries in a field located in Liaoning, China, where approximately 15% of plants were diseased. Symptoms first appeared as yellow to reddish, irregularly-shaped lesions on leaves and stems. The lesions then expanded, becoming dark brown in the center and surrounded by a reddish halo. Leaf and stem tissues (5 × 5 mm) were cut from the lesion margins and surface-disinfected in 70% ethanol for 30 s, followed by three rinses with sterile water before placing on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Plates were incubated at 28°C. Colonies were initially white, becoming grayish-white to gray with yellow spore masses. Conidia were one-celled, hyaline, and cylindrical with rounded ends, measuring 15.0 to 25.0 × 4.0 to 7.5 μm. No teleomorph was observed. The fungus was tentatively identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (PenZ.) PenZ & Sacc. (teleomorph Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk) based on morphological characteristics of the colony and conidia (1). Genomic DNA was extracted from isolate XCG1 and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA (ITS1–5.8S-ITS2) was amplified with primer pairs ITS1 and ITS4. BLAST searches showed 99% identity with C. gloeosporioides isolates in GenBank (Accession No. AF272779). The sequence of isolate XCG1 (C. gloeosporioides) was deposited into GenBank (JX878503). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 2-year-old potted blueberries, cv. Berkeley. Stems and leaves of 10 potted blueberry plants were wounded with a sterilized needle and sprayed with a suspension of 105 conidia per ml of sterilized water. Five healthy potted plants were inoculated with sterilized water as control. Dark brown lesions surrounded by reddish halos developed on all inoculated leaves and stems after 7 days, and the pathogen was reisolated from lesions of 50% of inoculated plants as described above. The colony and conidial morphology were identical to the original isolate XCG1. No symptoms developed on the control plants. The causal agent of anthracnose on blueberry was identified as C. gloeosporioides on the basis of morphological and molecular characteristics, and its pathogenicity was confirmed with Koch's postulates. Worldwide, it has been reported that blueberry anthracnose might be caused by C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides (2). However, we did not isolate C. acutatum during this study. To our knowledge, this is the first report of stem and leaf anthracnose of blueberry caused by C. gloeosporioides in China. References: (1) J. M. E. Mourde. No 315. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971. (2) N. Verma, et al. Plant Pathol. 55:442, 2006.
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Frencel, I. M. "Report on First Detection of Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) on Lupins in Poland." Plant Disease 82, no. 3 (March 1998): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.3.350b.
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A previously unreported lupin disease—anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk; anamorph Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz.)—was first encountered in Poland in July 1995 on white lupin (Lupinus albus L.), grown in experimental fields of the Plant Breeding Station at Wiatrowo. Initially the disease was observed on a few plants or small clusters of plants distributed randomly within the field. Distinct symptoms of anthracnose, including bending of the plant terminal and pinkish-brown lesions on stems, were first observed at the early flowering stage. Diseased stems collapsed, displaying characteristic necrotic, crook-shaped distortions. Field surveys in 1996 indicated the rapid spread of the pathogen within white lupin inbred lines, apparently from natural infection in 1995. Later in the season, symptoms of anthracnose also appeared on yellow (L. luteus L.) and narrow-leafed (L. angustifolius L.) lupins in close proximity to white lupin plots. A fungal pathogen was consistently isolated by plating surface-disinfected symptomatic stem segments on water agar. After 7 to 10 days, heavy sporulation was observed from which a single-spore subculture was made on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Conidia were one-celled, hyaline, and oblong with obtuse or rounded ends, and were 16 to 20 μm in length, consistent with the conidial descriptions of C. gloeosporioides (1). Acervuli were mostly single and setae inconspicuous. Six fungal isolates were selected to complete Koch's postulates. Conidia from PDA cultures were suspended in sterile water agar and injected into surface wounds on the main stem of white lupin plants. Moist cotton was fastened to the inoculation area for 24 h, then plants were placed in a glasshouse. Within 5 to7 days, typical lesions resembling natural symptoms developed. Symptoms did not appear on control plants. The teleomorph stage of the pathogen was not observed in the field or on inoculated plants. The potential risk of lupin seed infection by C. gloeosporioides is indicated from our preliminary bioassays. Blotter tests were done by plating surface-disinfected seeds of three white lupin seed lot (super-elite) samples, collected from experimental fields in two consecutive years. The seed-borne infection by C. gloeosporioides in samples from 1996 ranged from 9 to 12%, in comparison with no detection of seed-borne infection in 1995 samples examined. In many phytosanitary inspections of seed production fields in 1997, a high level of anthracnose, including total epiphytotics and widespread disease in lupin crops countrywide, was observed. This is the first documented report of C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose on lupins in Poland. Reference: (1) J. A. von Arx. 1987. Plant Pathogenic Fungi. Beihefte zur Nova Hedvigia. Vol. 87. J. Cramer, ed. Berlin. pp. 218, 220.
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JANKAUSKAITĖ, VAIDA. "SĄJŪDŽIO SPAUDOS PAVELDAS LIETUVOJE." Knygotyra 59 (January 1, 2012): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/kn.v59i0.1108.
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Vilniaus universiteto Knygotyros ir dokumentotyros institutasUniversiteto g. 3, LT-01513 Vilnius, LietuvaEl. paštas: vaida.jankauskaite@vpu.ltLietuvos Persitvarkymo Sąjūdžio spauda turėjo įtakos Lietuvos nepriklausomybės atkūrimui. Jos leidybos materialinių išteklių apribojimai lėmė kiekvieno leidinio egzemplioriaus išskirtinumą bei fizinės būklės trapumą dėl rengėjų, leidinių pavadinimų, popieriaus, formato, išleidimo ir kopijavimo būdų nuolatinės kaitos. Straipsnyje Sąjūdžio spauda nagrinėjama kaip spausdintinis paveldas, saugomas valstybiniuose Lietuvos archyvuose, bibliotekose, muziejuose ir privačių asmenų rinkiniuose. Bibliografiniu tyrimu nustatyta, kad smulkūs instituciniai Sąjūdžio spaudos telkiniai daugiausia susidarė iš privalomojo egzemplioriaus bei spontaniškų kultūros ir mokslo veikėjų dovanų, jie nėra išsamūs. Didžiausių rinkinių (pagal pavadinimų skaičių bibliofilo Žilvino Januškos ir pagal egzemplioriškumą Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos Rankraščių skyriaus) raidos istorijos tyrimas rodo nuoseklaus, retrospektyvaus komplektavimo ir asmeninės iniciatyvos svarbą išsaugant Sąjūdžio spaudą.
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Fu, B. Z., M. Yang, G. Y. Li, J. R. Wu, J. Z. Zhang, and C. Z. Han. "First Report of Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on Chinese Bean Tree in China." Plant Disease 97, no. 1 (January 2013): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-12-0261-pdn.
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Chinese bean tree, Catalpa fargesii f. duciouxii (Dode) Gilmour, is an ornamental arbor plant. Its roots, leaves, and flowers have long been used for medicinal purposes in China. During July 2010, severe outbreaks of leaf spot disease on this plant occurred in Kunming, Yunnan Province. The disease incidence was greater than 90%. The symptoms on leaves began as dark brown lesions surrounded by chlorotic halos, and later became larger, round or irregular spots with gray to off-white centers surrounded by dark brown margins. Leaf tissues (3 × 3 mm), cut from the margins of lesions, were surface disinfected in 0.1% HgCl2 solution for 3 min, rinsed three times in sterile water, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 28°C. The same fungus was consistently isolated from the diseased leaves. Colonies of white-to-dark gray mycelia formed on PDA, and were slightly brown on the underside of the colony. The hyphae were achromatic, branching, septate, and 4.59 (±1.38) μm in diameter on average. Perithecia were brown to black, globose in shape, and 275.9 to 379.3 × 245.3 to 344.8 μm. Asci that formed after 3 to 4 weeks in culture were eight-spored, clavate to cylindrical. The ascospores were fusiform, slightly curved, unicellular and hyaline, and 13.05 to 24.03 × 10.68 to 16.02 μm. PCR amplification was carried out by utilizing universal rDNA-ITS primer pair ITS4/ITS5 (2). Sequencing of the PCR products of DQ1 (GenBank Accession No. JN165746) revealed 99% similarity (100% coverage) with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates (GenBank Accession No. FJ456938.1, No. EU326190.1, No. DQ682572.1, and No. AY423474.1). Phylogenetic analyses (MEGA 4.1) using the neighbor-joining (NJ) algorithm placed the isolate in a well-supported cluster (>90% bootstrap value based on 1,000 replicates) with other C. gloeosporioides isolates. The pathogen was identified as C. gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. (teleomorph Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld & H. Schrenk) based on the morphological characteristics and rDNA-ITS sequence analysis (1). To confirm pathogenicity, Koch's postulates were performed on detached leaves of C. fargesii f. duciouxii, inoculated with a solution of 1.0 × 106 conidia per ml. Symptoms similar to the original ones started to appear after 10 days, while untreated leaves remained healthy. The inoculation assay used three leaves for untreated and six leaves for treated. The experiments were repeated once. C. gloeosporioides was consistently reisolated from the diseased tissue. C. gloeosporioides is distributed worldwide causing anthracnose on a wide variety of plants (3). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. gloeosporioides causing leaf spots on C. fargesii f. duciouxii in China. References: (1) B. C. Sutton. Page 1 in: Colletotrichum: Biology, Pathology and Control. CAB International. Wallingford, UK, 1992. (2) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990. (3) J. Yan et al. Plant Dis. 95:880, 2011.
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Carter, David M. "George Frederic Spaul." Psychiatric Bulletin 25, no. 4 (April 2001): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.25.4.157-b.
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Palou, L., C. Montesinos-Herrero, I. Tarazona, and V. Taberner. "Postharvest Anthracnose of Persimmon Fruit Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides First Reported in Spain." Plant Disease 97, no. 5 (May 2013): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-12-1044-pdn.
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Commercial production area and yield of sweet persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) in Spain has doubled in the last 10 years to more than 5,000 ha and 50,000 tons, respectively, mainly because of the high quality and consumer demand for the Valencian autochthonous cultivar ‘Rojo Brillante’ in European markets. In a recent survey of decay on ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmons stored in commercial packinghouses, fruit were found with disease symptoms of firm brown to dark brown round spots scattered on the fruit cheeks. Isolation of the potential causal agent (isolate IVIA QCV-2) was performed by disinfecting the surface of symptomatic fruit with alcohol, aseptically cutting pieces of infected peel tissue, and then plating them onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). The fungus grew fast, covering the entire plate surface (9 mm diameter) after 7 to 10 days of incubation at 25°C with cottony grayish mycelium that darkened with time. Masses of salmon-colored conidia were apparent in the center of some colonies. Conidia were one-celled, hyaline, aseptate, ovoid to oblong with rounded or obtuse ends, and 11.5 to 15.5 × 3.0 to 6.5 μm (n = 50). The identification of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. [synonym: Vermicularia gloeosporioides Penz.; teleomorph: Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk] was performed at the Instituto Valenciano de Microbiología (IVAMI, Bétera, Valencia, Spain) by macro and micro morphological observations and confirmed with the amplification and subsequent sequencing of the ribosomal DNA regions 5.8S-ITS2-28S, using the primers ITS3 and ITS4 (4). A representative nucleotide sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KC113600) and a BLAST search showed 99% identity with the strain C1254.3 of C. gloeosporioides (JX010153) (3). To fulfill Koch's postulates, selected healthy ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmons were surface sterilized by dipping them for 2 min in a 0.5% sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution and thoroughly rinsing with fresh water. Mycelial plugs (5-mm diameter) from the edge of 7-day old colonies of isolate IVIA QCV-2 grown on PDA at 25°C were aseptically transferred to skin wounds (one plug per fruit). Wounded but not inoculated fruit were used as controls. Persimmons were placed in three humid chambers that each contained four fruit and incubated at 20°C for up to 21 days. The experiment was repeated twice. While inoculated persimmons developed anthracnose disease in all cases and C. gloeosporioides was consistently reisolated from these fruit, no decay was observed on control fruit. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. gloeosporioides causing postharvest persimmon fruit rot in Spain. Persimmon anthracnose caused by this pathogen is well known in Asian countries such as China and Korea (1). This disease was also reported in Brazil (2). References: (1) J. H. Lee et al. Plant Pathol. J. 20:247, 2004. (2) M. A. S. Mendes et al. Fungos em Plants no Brasil. Embrapa-SPI/Embrapa-Cenargen, Brasilia, Brazil, 1998. (3) B. S. Weir et al. Stud. Mycol. 73:115, 2012. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press Inc., San Diego, CA, 1990.
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Perez, B. A., E. R. Wright, and M. F. Berretta. "Glomerella Leaf Spot Caused by a Nonhomothallic Strain of Glomerella cingulata on Highbush Blueberry Nursery Plants in Buenos Aires, Argentina." Plant Disease 96, no. 5 (May 2012): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-12-0071-pdn.
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In February 2009, irregular-shaped leaf spots affected blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘Blue Crisp’, ‘Misty’, and ‘Sharp Blue’) nursery plants in Buenos Aires. Single-spore cultures on potato dextrose agar and oat agar showed aerial white mycelium that turned light and dark gray, dark brown acervuli with setae, and a salmon-to-orange conidial mass. Septate, dark brown, 62 to 78 μm long setae were abundant in the acervulus. Conidia were unicellular, hyaline, straight, cylindrical, round at the ends, and averaged 15.2 (12.1 to 16.9) × 5.4 (4.9 to 6.2) μm. Dark brown, ovate to clavate, 10.25 × 6.25 μm (9 to 12 × 5 to 8) appressoria with a noticeable pore formed on slides near the edge of the cover glass. Dark subglobose structures were recorded immersed in the culture medium. No asci or ascospores were observed, indicating a nonhomothallic condition. The fungus was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz & Sacc. (teleomorph Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk) with traits similar to those already described (1). DNA was obtained from mycelium with a standard DNA extraction kit and the ribosomal, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and ITS2 regions were PCR amplified and sequenced with primers ITS1 and ITS4 (2). A BLASTN algorithm search revealed 100% identity of the sequence (535 bp long) with G. cingulata/C. gloeosporioides from citrus and mango and one from coffee identified as C. kahawae (GenBank Accession No. JF908919). The nucleotide sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JQ340087). Pathogenicity was verified on young plants and detached leaves of highbush blueberry ‘Emerald’, ‘Misty’, ‘O'Neal’, and ‘Santa Fe’, olive (Olea europaea ‘Arbequina’), and marketed fruits of apple, mango, orange, and tomato. Disinfected healthy leaves were inoculated with a 9-mm2 mycelial block and incubated at 24°C with 12 h of light. Young plants were infected by placing the disinfected end of the branches within a micropipette tip filled with mycelium and kept under greenhouse conditions. Asymptomatic fruits of apple, mango, orange, and tomato were inoculated by placing a mycelial block on a small wound made on their surface. Detached leaves of highbush blueberry ‘Emerald’, ‘O'Neal’, ‘Misty’, and ‘Santa Fe’ showed 0.1 to 1.5 × 0.8 to 2 cm necrotic lesions after 3 days, covering 43 to 100% of the ‘Emerald’ leaf area after 8 days. Young plants of blueberry ‘Emerald’ and ‘Misty’ showed 1.5 to 3 cm necrotic lesions, acervuli, a salmon-orange conidial mass, and death of leaves at 25 days. On olive ‘Arbequina’, leaf necrotic lesions reached 0.1 to 3.5 cm after 5 days. Symptoms developed slowly on infected tomato fruits while inoculated fruits of apple, mango, and orange showed dark brown lesions that measured 2 to 7 × 1 to 3.5 cm at 5 days. No symptoms were observed on controls. The fungus was reisolated from inoculated plant parts. The disease was previously cited in Argentina (3), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of a nonhomothallic strain of G. cingulata from highbush blueberry colonizing and deteriorating fruits of apple, mango, orange, and tomato. References: (1) J. M. E. Mourde. No 315. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971. (2) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990. (3) E.R. Wright et al. OEPP/EPPO Bull. 28:219, 1998.
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Emilia, Venesa Mega, and Willy Anastasya Ilonka. "Optimalisasi Model Ipal SPALD-S dan Ipal SPALD-T (Studi Kasus Kelurahan Pajang, Kota Surakarta)." ENVIRO: Journal of Tropical Environmental Research 25, no. 1 (September 3, 2023): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/enviro.v25i1.78525.
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<p><em>Human needs for water and sanitation are intertwined, inadequate sanitation will adversely affect ecosystems and degrade water quality. Ecosystems must be preserved through effective sanitation management, as wastewater can damage ecosystems. Sanitation development is needed to manage wastewater before it is discharged into the environment/river. This research aims to determine which type of wastewater management such as septic tank, SPALD-S and SPALD-T is the best in terms of cost and quality with a case study in Kelurahan Pajang. The results of this study are expected to be useful for the community and government in determining the type of wastewater management that is environmentally friendly and efficient. It was found that the SPALD-T type is more cost-effective in terms of making and maintaining the type of wastewater network management, SPALD-T also has other advantages in terms of easier unit control and its construction is relatively safe from environmental pollution.</em></p>
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Newnham, David. "Spaced out." Nursing Standard 28, no. 37 (May 14, 2014): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.28.37.29.s28.
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Wright, Peter. "Spaced out." Physics World 34, no. 9 (December 1, 2021): 23a—24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/34/09/24.
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Wakeman, Gregory. "Spaced out." New Scientist 251, no. 3343 (July 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(21)01249-5.
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Jones, R. V. "Decisions spared." Nature 379, no. 6567 (February 1996): 686–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/379686a0.
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Clery, D. "Spaced Out." Science 317, no. 5836 (July 20, 2007): 307b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.317.5836.307b.
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Farrell, L. "Spaced out." BMJ 319, no. 7211 (September 11, 1999): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7211.717a.
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Zemelman, David. "The Spatula." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 29, no. 1 (May 1988): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001088048802900108.
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Hara, Tsutomu. "Ultrasound Spatula." Archives of Ophthalmology 107, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1989.01070010785047.
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Sirisuk, P., and A. G. Constantinides. "Blind cascaded fractionally-spaced and baud-spaced equaliser." Electronics Letters 34, no. 17 (1998): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19981158.
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Dirgawati, Mila, Mohamad Rangga Sururi, and Dhama Yudha Suhendar. "Determination of Strategy Planning of Domestic Wastewater Management System in a Commercial Area of Tasikmalaya City." Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan 20, no. 2 (May 27, 2023): 280–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v20i2.280-294.
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The domestic wastewater in Cihideung and Tawang Subdistricts as central business district (CBD) areas in Tasikmalaya City is only served by an on-site domestic wastewater management system or Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik Setempat (SPALD-S) which could deteriorate the environment. This study aims to determine the most appropriate type, strategy, and development direction of SPALD based on the existing local conditions for the next 20 years in CBD areas in big cities such as Tasikmalaya. The two methods were used: the multicriteria decision analysis method which refers to the Regulation of the Minister of PUPR Number 04 of 2017, and the Quantitative SWOT analysis method refers to the Guidelines for Preparing a Wastewater Management System Plan. The results of the analysis show that integrated SPALD (SPALD-T) must be implemented aggressively in the two sub-districts based on the key parameters of the existing SPALD conditions, potential for soil contamination, potential danger to air receiving bodies, socio-economic characteristics of the community, public health conditions, education level, financial capability, and the availability of regulations regarding SPALD. The SPALD-T development is suggested to be carried out in stages by determining priority zones for every five years of the planning period.
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Afifa Maharani, Ayu, Kiki Prio Utomo, and Ulli Kadaria. "Kesediaan Menggunakan Layanan oleh Penduduk Terhadap Fasilitas Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik Terpusat (SPALD-T) Perumahan Kosgoro Permai." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan Lahan Basah 11, no. 1 (February 3, 2023): 050. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jtllb.v11i1.58766.
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Pencemaran lingkungan akibat air limbah domestik merupakan permasalahan yang hingga saat ini masih menjadi fokus utama berbagai pihak. Berbagai upaya telah dilakukan untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, satu diantaranya ialah melalui Sistem Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik Terpusat (SPALD-T). Kesediaan penduduk menggunakan layanan penting untuk diperhatikan dalam sebuah perencanaan, sehingga penelitian dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi pembuangan air limbah domestik dan kesediaan penduduk menggunakan layanan SPALD-T Perumahan Kosgoro Permai. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif yang akan mengidentifikasi kondisi pembuangan air limbah domestik penduduk, wawasan penduduk terhadap dampak pembuangan air limbah domestik, dan kesediaan menggunakan layanan SPALD-T. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kondisi pembuangan air limbah domestik penduduk tidak memenuhi prosedur dengan grey water 13% dibuang ke septic tank, 38% ke selokan, dan 49% ke tanah serta black water 100% ke septic tank yang tidak memenuhi SNI 2398:2017. Selain itu, 66% penduduk setuju untuk menggunakan layanan SPALD-T, sedangkan 34% sisanya tidak setuju. Kurangnya wawasan penduduk mengenai dampak pembuangan air limbah domestik dan manfaat SPALD-T menyebabkan perlu adanya sosialisasi lebih lanjut mengenai rencana pembangunan SPALD-T Perumahan Kosgoro Permai.
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Ramana Kumar, B., P. Mallikarjuna Rao, and G. S. N. Raju. "Phase Only Control Radiation Patterns for Uniform Spaced Array." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 11, no. 12-SPECIAL ISSUE (December 31, 2019): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v11sp12/20193235.
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Anonymous. "GUIMARAES LASIK SPATULA." Journal of Refractive Surgery 13, no. 2 (March 1997): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1081-597x-19970301-22.
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Anonymous. "FUKASAKU LASIK SPATULA." Journal of Refractive Surgery 13, no. 2 (March 1997): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1081-597x-19970301-20.
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Yıldırım, Umut. "Spaced-Out States." Current Anthropology 62, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 717–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/718206.
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Lotate, Shulamit. "Spared Another Day." Bridges: A Jewish Feminist Journal 12, no. 2 (October 2007): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/bri.2007.12.2.108.
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Bates, Jane. "No expense spared." Nursing Standard 16, no. 38 (June 5, 2002): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.16.38.22.s37.
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Baysen, Engin. "Spaced Formula Learning." International Journal of Educational Sciences 15, no. 1-2 (September 2016): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09751122.2016.11890515.
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Treichler, J. R., I. Fijalkow, and C. R. Johnson. "Fractionally spaced equalizers." IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 13, no. 3 (May 1996): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/79.489269.
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Tuma, Rabiya S. "Spaced just right." Journal of Cell Biology 174, no. 7 (September 18, 2006): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.1747iti2.
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Sitler, Helen Collins. "The Spaced Lecture." College Teaching 45, no. 3 (August 1997): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87567559709596207.
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Spence, John C. H. "Spaced-out electrons." Nature 418, no. 6896 (July 2002): 377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/418377a.
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Johnston, Kathy. "More animals spared." Nature 328, no. 6130 (August 1987): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/328465d0.
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St-Pierre, J. "SPACED OUT MITOCHONDRIA." Journal of Experimental Biology 207, no. 11 (May 1, 2004): vii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00986.
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Stokes, Trevor. "Spaced-out tomatoes." Trends in Plant Science 6, no. 7 (July 2001): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(01)02028-3.
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Fox, Bennett L., David Goldsman, and James J. Swain. "Spaced batch means." Operations Research Letters 10, no. 5 (July 1991): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6377(91)90011-d.
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Mundy, Gregory R. "Bone Spared Myeloma." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): SCI—6—SCI—6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.sci-6.sci-6.
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Abstract Abstract SCI-6 After many years, the precise role of the bone microenvironment in the initiation and progression of myeloma is still quite poorly understood. In part, this may be because it has such a complex but important role in the natural history of myeloma. Myeloma cells have dramatic effects on bone, which are well known. These effects are mediated by the effects of myeloma cells on the cells responsible for the normal bone remodeling cycle. What is less well appreciated is the effects of bone and its cellular constituents on the myeloma cells. It is apparent that myeloma cells interact closely with osteoclasts, osteoblasts and also marrow stromal cells in the bone microenvironment and these interactions probably lead to a change in the phenotype of the myeloma cells, and the subsequent production of factors that are associated with the bone destruction which is so common in myeloma. It is also becoming more appreciated that the actual quality of bone and its rigidity and integrity may have important effects on the myeloma cells. The bone loss associated with myeloma and the interaction of myeloma cells with host cells in the bone microenvironment seem to be local effects rather than generalized effects. The bone manifestations of myeloma, even at the clinical level, are still not well understood. For example, it is extremely likely that generalized osteoporosis is far more common in myeloma than is appreciated and occurs even in the presence of lytic bone lesions, and that bone mass may continue to decline in patients in remission. In experimental preclinical models of myeloma, it is quite apparent that modulation of the bone microenvironment has quite dramatic effects on the behavior of the myeloma cells and so the notion if the bone disease of myeloma could be abrogated or removed, the natural history of the neoplastic disease may be very different. Experiments are underway in the preclinical models to investigate this intriguing possibility. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Patel, B. C. "A Lid Spatula." Archives of Ophthalmology 106, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1988.01060130134045.
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Tanawattanacharoen, Somchai. "Comparing spatula alone and spatula/cotton swabsampling for cervical cytology." Chulalongkorn Medical Journal 40, no. 1 (January 1996): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.58837/chula.cmj.40.1.5.
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