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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Spatial'
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1
Trinh, Thanh-Hai. "A constraint-based approach to modelling spatial semantics of vitual environments." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00817685.
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Within Virtual Reality Environments (VREs), spatial relationships among objects convey fundamental knowledge about the environment, namely direction ("left", "right", "front of"), distance ("near", "far"), topology ("inside", "disjoint"), and projection ("between", "surrounded by"). Modelling spatial relationships is critical in a variety of applications of VREs, such as human learning environments, virtual museums, or navigation-aids systems. However, spatial relationships have been considered as abstract information and thus, difficult to specify. Addressing this issue, this thesis proposes an approach to model spatial relationships among virtual objects in VREs. First, we formalise a formal model of spatial relationships dedicated to VREs. Second, we provide a language and a framework to specify spatial relationships at a conceptual level. Finally, we apply our model to specify spatial relations in two real applications: Virtual Physics Laboratory -- a VRE for learning physics, and BrestCoz -- an application for visiting Brest harbour in the 18th century. We claim that the proposed language is a relevant basis to specify spatial constraints related to activities of agents and users within VREs.
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Richez, Aurélien. "Perception spatiale et compétences motrice : approche développement et neuropsychologique." Thesis, Lille 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL30054/document.
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Les théories qui modélisent la perception spatiale chez l'adulte s'accordent à postuler l'existence de liens forts entre la perception et l'action(James, 1892 ; Poincaré, 1902 ; Gibson, 1979 ; Noe, 2004). Une vaste collection de données montre également que ces liens sont présents dans le développement ontogénétique. Ce travail de thèse vise à examiner les implications de tels liens dans le développement de la perception spatiale et d'en identifier les déterminants chez l'enfant. Nous avons mené une série d'expériences, basée sur l'utilisation des paradigmes d'atteignabilité et d'amorçage visuomoteur, autour de la problématique de l'élaboration et l'utilisation des représentations perceptives et sensorimotrices dans la perception spatiale. Nous avons mené ces expériences chez une population d'adultes et d'enfants âgées de 7 à 13 ans avec l'objectif d'évaluer la trajectoire développementale de la perception spatiale. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence des discontinuités dans les trajectoires développementales des différentes tâches proposées. Nous avons mis en évidence les marqueurs de ces changements développementaux dans les performances des tâches d'atteignabilité, d'imagerie motrice et également d'amorçage visuomoteur. Nous interprétons ces résultats comme relevant d'un changement qualitatif de la perception spatiale durant cette période. D'une manière générale, les travaux présentés dans cette thèse apportent des données nouvelles sur le développement de la perception spatiale chez l'enfant, et sont mis en relation avec la littérature en psychologie et en neurosciences du développement<br>Spatial perception and motor skills : a developmental approach
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Bettini, William. "Solutions innovantes pour des structures spatiales déployables." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS038/document.
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Les structures destinées aux applications aérospatiales se doivent d’être légères, rigides et compactes afin de pouvoir être stockées dans la coiffe d’un lanceur. Une solution permettant de déployer automatiquement une ossature rigide à l’aide d’énergie élastique stockée dans des liaisons souples est proposée. La solution retenue, constituant une structure annulaire polygonale, peut être utilisée dans différents types d’applications spatiales, que ce soit pour des voiles solaires, de désorbitation ou des antennes satellite. Elle a fait l’objet d’études géométriques afin d’en optimiser la compacité et la masse. La cinématique et la dynamique du déploiement ont aussi été étudiées et modélisées, à la fois analytiquement et numériquement. L’analyse de la rigidité de la structure en position gerbée (pliée dans la coiffe du lanceur) et en configuration opérationnelle est traitée et confrontée aux expérimentations vibratoires d’un prototype. L’adjonction d’un réseau tridimensionnel permettant de tendre une membrane réflectrice pour des applications de type « antenne »sera proposée, ainsi qu’un dispositif de verrouillage en phase opérationnelle<br>The structures intended for the aerospace applications have to be lightweight, stiff and compact to be able to be stored in the fairing of a launcher. A solution is allowing to deploy automatically a stiff skeleton by means of elastic energy stored in flexible connections. The reserved solution, establishing an annular polygonal structure, can be used in various types of space applications, whether it is for solar, deorbiting or satellite antennas. It made the object of geometrical studies to optimize the compactness and the mass. The kinematics and the dynamics of the deployment were also studied and modelled, at the same time analytically and numerically. The analysis of the rigidity of the structure in folded position (folded in the fairing) and in operational configuration is handled and confronted with the vibratory experiments of a prototype. The addition of a three-dimensional network allowing to tighten a reflector membrane for applications of type "antenna" will be proposed, as well as a locking device in operational phase
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Cerf, Max. "Optimisation de trajectoires spatiales : vol d’un dernier étage de lanceur, nettoyage des débris spatiaux." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066367.
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Le travail porte sur deux problèmes d’optimisation de trajectoires spatiales: le vol d’un dernier étage de lanceur, et le nettoyage des débris spatiaux. L'objectif est de développer pour ces deux problèmes des méthodes de résolution et des logiciels utilisables dans un contexte industriel. Vol d’un dernier étage de lanceur. Pour la résolution du vol d’un dernier étage de lanceur, deux approches différentes par continuation sont envisagées à partir de simplifications des modèles. La première approche consiste à résoudre le problème en Terre plate, avec un champ de gravité uniforme, puis à revenir au problème en Terre ronde par une double continuation sur la gravité et sur la courbure de la Terre. La deuxième approche consiste à résoudre le problème impulsionnel, correspondant à un niveau de poussée infini, puis à revenir au problème en poussée continue par une continuation sur le niveau de poussée. L'objectif est de définir un processus de résolution le plus automatique possible, applicable pour différent jeux de données du problème réel : caractéristiques du lanceur, orbite à atteindre. Nettoyage des débris spatiaux. La sélection des débris et de l'ordre de visite est un problème de type plus court chemin dans un graphe à coûts dépendant du temps. Une stratégie type permet de ramener le problème de contrôle optimal à un problème d’optimisation continue en dimension finie, dont la résolution peut être couplée au problème de chemin. Une linéarisation locale permet ensuite de mettre en œuvre des algorithmes de séparation-évaluation. En itérant le processus de linéarisation – résolution à partir d’une solution initiale, on pourra converger vers la solution du problème<br>The work addresses two space trajectories optimization problems : the flight of a launcher upper stage and the collecting of space debris. For these two problems the goal is to develop resolution methods and softwares usable in an industrial framework. Flight of a launcher upper stage. For the problem of a launcher upper stage flight, two continuation approaches are envisioned from models simplifications. The first approach consists in solving the flat Earth problem with uniform gravity, then to come back to the round Earth problem through a double continuation on the gravity and on the earth curvature. The second approach consists in solving the impulsive problem, corresponding to an infinite thrust level, then to come back to the continuous thrust problem through a continuation on the thrust level. The goal is to define a solving procedure as automatic as possible for various instances of the real problem : launcher configuration, targeted orbit. Space debris collecting. The selection of the debris and the visiting order is a shortest path problem in a time-dependent valuated graph. A generic strategy reduces the optimal control problem to a nonlinear programming problem of finite dimension, which can be coupled to the path problem. A local linearization around an initial solution allows to set up a Branch and Bound algorithm. The reference solution is then updated with the linearized solution. Iterating on the linearization-resolution process from the pre-optimized initialization allows converging to the solution of the global problem
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Kim, Young Ook. "Spatial configuration, spatial cognition and spatial behaviour : the role of architectural intelligibility in shaping spatial experience." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317973/.
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This thesis investigates the role of spatial configuration in shaping resident's experience of their neighbourhood. Studies to date have found that spatial configuration affects spatial behaviour and movement patterns (e.g., Hillier et al, 1993), however there has been little investigation of the cognitive processes that might underlie this relationship. Other research into cognition of the urban environment suggests that local spatial factors may play a role in cognitive processes (e.g., Hart & Moor, 1973), however these studies have not addressed global spatial configuration in quantitative terms. No studies to date have sought to integrate cognitive, behavioural and configurational factors within a single framework. Using Hillier's (1996) definition of intelligibility as the relationship between local and global configurational factors, this thesis investigates the relationship between resident's cognition, observed patterns of movement and the spatial configuration of an area. Two adjacent areas in Hampstead Garden Suburb in North London were investigated in detail. One area is relatively intelligible, the other less so. Structured interview surveys were carried out with local residents to elicit aspects of their cognition of the local area and detailed observations were made of movement patterns in the two neighbourhoods. Analysis of the spatial characteristics of the two areas using 'space syntax' methods provided a common basis for analyses of these data. The findings confirm that spatial configuration, spatial cognition and space use patterns are all related to one another. The main finding is that the degree of intelligibility of the area is the most significant intervening variable in relations between the three variables. The more intelligible area showed more powerful correlations between spatial configuration and patterns of movement, as well as giving rise to perceptions of greater legibility and increased neighbourhood size by local residents. Strong correlations were also identified between residents' cognitive maps and observed patterns of movement in the area. The correlations were again found to be stronger in the intelligible area than the unintelligible area. These findings suggest that spatial configuration may play an important role in determining people's daily spatial experience by increasing or reducing their sense of autonomy. By reducing the ability to predict either one's precise location within his/her global context, or the likely behaviour of others in space, unintelligible urban configurations may result in perceptions of a lesser sense of personal control over one's own actions in the environment. The thesis concludes that 'architectural intelligibility' may be a basic aspect in achieving human spatial needs.
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Kang, Dongwoo. "Essays on Spatial Externality and Spatial Heterogeneity in Applied Spatial Econometrics." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/560840.
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This dissertation consists of three empirical essays of which contributions consist, first, in developing spatial weight matrices based on more than just pure geographical proximity for the modeling of interregional externalities. Second, my essays propose different approaches to discover spatial heterogeneity in the data generating processes, including the interregional externalities, under investigation. This dissertation provides Economic Geographers and Regional Scientists interested in the modeling and measurement of spatial externalities a set of practical examples based on new datasets and state-of-the-art spatial econometric techniques to consider for their own work. I hope my dissertation will provide them with some guidance on how various aspects of spatial externalities can be incorporated in traditional spatial weight matrices and of how much the impact of externalities can be spatially heterogeneous. The results of the dissertation should help spatial and regional policy makers to understand better various aspects of interregional dependence in regional economic systems and to devise locally effective and place-tailored spatial and regional policies. The first essay investigates the negative spatial externalities of irrigation on corn production. The spatial externalities of irrigation water are well known but have never been examined in a spatial econometric framework so far. We investigate their role in a theoretical model of profit-maximizing farming and verify our predictions empirically in a crop production function measured across US Corn Belt counties. The interregional groundwater and surface water externalities are modeled based on actual aquifer and river stream network characteristics. The second essay examines the positive spatial externalities of academic and private R&D spending in the frame of a regional knowledge production function measured across US counties. It distinguishes the role of local knowledge spillovers that are determined by geographical proximity from distant spillovers that we choose to capture through a matrix of patent creation-citation flows. The advantage of the latter matrix is its capacity to capture the technological proximity between counties as well as the direction of knowledge spillovers. These two elements have been missed in the literature so far. The last essay highlights and measures the presence of spatial heterogeneity in the marginal effect of the innovation inputs, more especially of the interregional knowledge spillovers. The literature of knowledge production function has adopted geographically aggregated units and controlled for region-specific conditions to highlight the presence of spatial heterogeneity in regional knowledge creation. However, most empirical studies have relied on a global modeling approach that measures spatially homogenous marginal effects of knowledge inputs. This essay explains the source of the heterogeneity in innovation and then measures the spatial heterogeneity in the marginal effects of knowledge spillovers as well as of other knowledge input factors across US counties. For this purpose, the nonparametric local modeling approaches of Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and Mixed GWR are used.
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Gehman, Andrew J. "The Effects of Spatial Aggregation on Spatial Time Series Modeling and Forecasting." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/382669.
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Statistics<br>Ph.D.<br>Spatio-temporal data analysis involves modeling a variable observed at different locations over time. A key component of space-time modeling is determining the spatial scale of the data. This dissertation addresses the following three questions: 1) How does spatial aggregation impact the properties of the variable and its model? 2) What spatial scale of the data produces more accurate forecasts of the aggregate variable? 3) What properties lead to the smallest information loss due to spatial aggregation? Answers to these questions involve a thorough examination of two common space-time models: the STARMA and GSTARMA models. These results are helpful to researchers seeking to understand the impact of spatial aggregation on temporal and spatial correlation as well as to modelers interested in determining a spatial scale for the data. Two data examples are included to illustrate the findings, and they concern states' annual labor force totals and monthly burglary counts for police districts in the city of Philadelphia.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Yue, Yu. "Spatially adaptive priors for regression and spatial modeling." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6059.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 3, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Philip, Jean. "La pseudonégligence peut-elle rendre compte des asymétries de la perception de l'espace latéral en modalité tactilo-kinésthésique ?" Grenoble 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE29020.
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La pseudonegligence observee chez les normaux (bowers et heilman, 1980) consiste a repondre a gauche du centre objectif quand on demande de partager des lignes horizontales par le milieu. Certains l'expliquent par la nature spatiale de la tache qui, en activant l'hemisphere d, entrainerait un "surdimensionnement" de la partie g du stimulus. Mais son instabilite souligne aussi la puissance du biais d'orientation vers la d. D'autres pensent que le sens de l'exploration determine celui des deviations, ou invoquent un amorcage de l'attention du cote ou debute l'exploration. Nous avons teste l'hypothese de l'existence dans cette tache de composantes sensorielle et motrice s'exercant en sens inverse. Nos resultats ne confirment pas la pseudonegligence et ne montrent pas de difference entre les sujets aveugles et voyants. Chaque main devie dans l'hemiespace controlateral. D'autre part, si on impose toujours le meme sens d'exploration, les deviations suivent ce sens. Mais, lorsqu'on amorce lateralement l'attention avant l'exploration, les erreurs sont attirees du cote de l'amorcage. La discussion porte sur la theorie d'activation hemispherique et sur l'hypothese d'un decalage du referentiel egocentre<br>Bowers and heilman (1980) observed that when righthanded adults were asked to locate, in the hapic modality, the midpoint of a horizontal line, both hands tended to deviate to the left of the true midpoint. This error, called "pseudoneglect" by reference to the rightward error of patients suffering from right posterior brain lesions, was also observed in vision and has been explained by hemispheric activation theories. Because bisection is spatial in nature, it would activate the right hemisphere and would therefore induce a left lateral shift of attention. In our research on bisection in the haptic modality of normal blindfolded and totally blind adults, we first replicated bowers and heilman's results (sampaio & philip, 1991). But further studies failed to confirm the existence of pseudoneglect. Actually, each hand tended to deviate in the contralateral space. In addition, when the direction of exploration of the line to be bisected was constrained (from left-to-right only, or from right-to-left), the responses were deviated in the direction of the arm movement. Finally, attentional priming of one end of the stimulus tended to deviate the subjective midpoint in the direction of the lateral cue. These results are discussed in relation to hemispheric activation theories and to the hypothesis assuming changes in the egocentric reference frame
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Zaamoune, Mehdi. "Intégration et optimisation des grilles régulières de points dans une architecture SOLAP relationnelle." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22538/document.
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Les champs continus sont des types de représentations spatiales utilisées pour modéliser des phénomènes tels que la température, la pollution ou l’altitude. Ils sont définis selon une fonction de mapping f qui affecte une valeur du phénomène étudié à chaque localisation p du domaine d’étude. Par ailleurs, la représentation des champs continus à différentes échelles ou résolutions est souvent essentielle pour une analyse spatiale efficace. L’avantage des champs continus réside dans le niveau de détails généré par la continuité, ainsi que la qualité de l’analyse spatiale fournie par la multi-résolution. L’inconvénient de ce type de représentations dans l’analyse spatio-multidimensionnelle est le coût des performances d’analyse et de stockage. Par ailleurs, les entrepôts de données spatiaux et les systèmes OLAP spatiaux (EDS et SOLAP) sont des systèmes d’aide à la décision qui permettent l’analyse spatio-multidimensionnelle de grands volumes de données spatiales et non spatiales. L’analyse des champs continus dans l’architecture SOLAP représente un défi de recherche intéressant. Différents travaux se sont intéressés à l’intégration de ce type de représentations dans le système SOLAP. Cependant, celle-ci est toujours au stade embryonnaire. Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’intégration des champs continus incomplets représentés par une grille régulière de points dans l’analyse spatio-multidimensionnelle. Cette intégration dans le système SOLAP implique que l’analyse des champs continus doit supporter : (i) les opérateurs OLAP classiques, (ii) la vue continue des données spatiales, (iii) les opérateurs spatiaux (slice spatial) et (iv) l’interrogation des données à différentes résolutions prédéfinies. Dans cette thèse nous proposons différentes approches pour l’analyse des champs continus dans le SOLAP à différents niveaux de l’architecture relationnelle, de la modélisation conceptuelle à l’optimisation des performances de calcul. Nous proposons un modèle logique FISS qui permet d’optimiser les performances d’analyse à multi-résolution en se basant sur des méthodes d’interpolation. Puis, nous exposons une méthodologie basée sur la méthode d’échantillonnage du Clustering, qui permet d’optimiser les opérations d’agrégation des grilles régulières de points dans l’architecture SOLAP relationnelle en effectuant une estimation des résultats<br>Continuous fields are types of spatial representations used to model phenomena such as temperature, pollution or altitude. They are defined according to a mapping function f that assigns a value of the studied phenomenon to each p location of the studied area. Moreover, the representation of continuous fields at different scales or resolutions is often essential for effective spatial analysis. The advantage of continuous fields is the level of details generated by the continuity of the spatial data, and the quality of the spatial analysis provided by the multi-resolution. The downside of this type of spatial representations in the multidimensionnal analysis is the high cost of analysis and storage performances. Moreover, spatial data warehouses and spatial OLAP systems (EDS and SOLAP) are decision support systems that enable multidimensional spatial analysis of large volumes of spatial and non-spatial data. The analysis of continuous fields in SOLAP architecture represents an interesting research challenge. Various studies have focused on the integration of such representations in SOLAP system. However, this integration still at an early stage. Thus, this thesis focuses on the integration of incomplete continuous fields represented by a regular grid of points in the spatio-multidimensional analysis. This integration in the SOLAP system involves that the analysis of continuous fields must support:(i) conventional OLAP operators, (ii) Continuous spatial data, (iii) spatial operators (spatial slice), and (iv) querying data at different predefined levels of resolutions. In this thesis we propose differents approaches for the analysis of continuous fields in SOLAP system at different levels of the relational architecture (from the conceptual modeling to the optimization of computing performance). We propose a logical model FISS to optimize the performances of the multi-resolution analysis, based on interpolation methods. Then, we present a new methodology based on the Clustering sampling method, to optimize aggregation operations on regular grids of points in the relational SOLAP architecture
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White, Gentry. "Bayesian semiparametric spatial and joint spatio-temporal modeling." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4450.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (May 2, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Dimitriou-Fakalou, Chrysoula. "Statistical inference for spatial and spatio-temporal processes." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2006/.
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First, the time series analysis was widely introduced and used in the statistical world. Next, the analysis of spatio-temporal processes has followed, which is taking into account not only when, but also where the phenomenon under observation is taking place. We mainly focus on stationary processes that are assumed to be taking place regularly over both time and space. We examine ways of estimating the parameters involved, without the risk of coming up with a very large bias for our estimators; the bias is the typical problem of estimation for the parameters of stationary processes on Zd, for any d > 2. We particularly study the cases of spatio-temporal ARMA processes and spatial auto-normal formulations on Zd. For both cases and any positive integer d, we propose estimators that are consistent, asymptotically unbiased and normal, if certain conditions are satisfied. We do not only study the spatio-temporal processes that are observed regularly over space, but also those, for which we have recordings on a fixed number of locations anywhere. We might follow the route of a multivariate time series methodology then. Thus, the asymptotic behavior of the estimators proposed might be analyzed as the number of recordings over time only tends to infinity.
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Tullberg, Anna. "Spatial struktur : Påverkar den spatiala organisationen av artefakter en överrapportering?" Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-59244.
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<p>Denna studie har som syfte att undersöka hur den spatiala organisationen av artefakter påverkar överrapportering mellan sjukvårdspersonal på en intensivvårdsavdelning. Syftet äratt kunna förstå överrapporteringsprocessen mellan sjuksköterskor och de artefakter de har tillsitt förfogande och att ge förslag på strukturförbättringar så att dessa överrapporteringar kan effektiviseras både tid- och energimässigt. Det leder till studiens andra syfte, nämligen att ge förslag på hur en gemensam arbetsyta vid överrapporteringar, ett så kallat worktable, skulle kunna arbetas fram. Resultatet av denna studie visar att det inte finns en given struktur för hur överrapporteringar ska genomföras och därför finns det inte heller en bestämd ordning över artefakters spatiala organisation. I slutet av denna rapport ges det förslag på vilka funktioner ett framtida gemensamt arbetsbord borde innefatta.</p>
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Dai, Xiangyuan. "Spatial queries based on non-spatial constraints." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38436395.
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Dai, Xiangyuan, and 戴祥元. "Spatial queries based on non-spatial constraints." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38436395.
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Rodríguez, Gustavo A. (Gustavo Adolfo Rodríguez Martin) 1974. "Blurring spatial limits : photography and spatial definition." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69765.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2002.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-71).<br>The Image based space of vision has substituted functional space as a stage of contemporary life, the relationships between physical spaces are constantly being redefined by the change from function to image, forcing us to live in a state of spatial indeterminacy, in a Blurred space that lacks a specific formal, territorial or social definition. The notion of " limits" is constantly being questioned and redefined by th is transition, giving way to overlapping interpretations of the meaning, shape and function of limits and the spaces that they contain. These undetermined or Blurred limits are permeable elements that allow interaction through them at different levels of engagement (visual, tactile or spatial). The Blurred space is, then, not characterized by confusion, but by a multiplicity of interactions between its components, its visual space becomes the spatial generator of our image-based culture. The power of photography as a representational tool allows us to explore blurred representations of space to understand the spatial characteristics of the photograph's altered space and its relationship to the user. This thesis looks at the Blur's qualities and explores its conceptual possibilities as a design tool by studying the relationship between its components, its relation to vision and its spatial characteristics. The blurred space of the image becomes descriptive of the visual Blur, yielding information about the spatial characteristics of the Blur and its possible translation into architectural space.<br>by Gustavo A. Rodriguez.<br>S.M.
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Fischer, Manfred M., and Daniel A. Griffith. "Modelling spatial autocorrelation in spatial interaction data." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2007. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3948/1/SSRN%2Did1102183.pdf.
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Spatial interaction models of the gravity type are widely used to model origindestination
flows. They draw attention to three types of variables to explain variation in spatial
interactions across geographic space: variables that characterise an origin region of a flow,
variables that characterise a destination region of a flow, and finally variables that measure the
separation between origin and destination regions. This paper outlines and compares two
approaches, the spatial econometric and the eigenfunction-based spatial filtering approach, to
deal with the issue of spatial autocorrelation among flow residuals. An example using patent
citation data that capture knowledge flows across 112 European regions serves to illustrate the
application and the comparison of the two approaches.(authors' abstract)
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Risser, Mark D. "Spatially-Varying Covariance Functions for Nonstationary Spatial Process Modeling." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437409380.
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Krzanowski, Roman Marin. "Evolution of spatial evolutional algorithms for spatial modelling." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267519.
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Logan, Kevin Robert. "Spatial History: Using Spatial Memory to Recall Information." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/19211.
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Some computer users employ large displays, 6 or more monitors, in order to view a large amount of data on a single desktop at one time. This layout can be useful when the user is performing tasks in which they must view several different information sources at a time. For example, a user may be writing a paper in which they may be simultaneously typing a document, reading another paper, and view a spreadsheet. After the task is completed, the user may close all of the windows, however sometime later they may want to view a document associated with that task. A possible scenario is for the user to know that they were viewing an important document in their top left monitor, but they cannot remember which document. SpatialHistory looks to allow a user to recall which windows and documents were open at a certain time spatially. The user may query a particular region of a large display and SpatialHistory will report the windows that were open in that area. Through a user study, we conclude that i) some users organize their large displays in a spatial manner placing certain types of documents and windows in certain places and that ii) our tool has the potential to help users recall previously viewed windows based on a spatial memory of their desktop.<br>Master of Science
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Moradi, Mohammad Mehdi. "Spatial and spatio-temporal point patterns on linear networks." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664140.
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A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Information Management, specialization in Geographic Information Systems<br>The last decade witnessed an extraordinary increase in interest in the analysis
of network related data and trajectories. This pervasive interest is partly caused
by a strongly expanded availability of such datasets. In the spatial statistics field,
there are numerous real examples such as the locations of traffic accidents and
geo-coded locations of crimes in the streets of cities that need to restrict the
support of the underlying process over such linear networks to set and define a
more realistic scenario. Examples of trajectories are the path taken by moving
objects such as taxis, human beings, animals, etc.
Intensity estimation on a network of lines, such as a road network, seems to
be a surprisingly complicated task. Several techniques published in the literature,
in geography and computer science, have turned out to be erroneous. We
propose several adaptive and non-adaptive intensity estimators, based on kernel
smoothing and Voronoi tessellation. Theoretical properties such as bias, variance,
asymptotics, bandwidth selection, variance estimation, relative risk estimation,
and adaptive smoothing are discussed. Moreover, their statistical performance is
studied through simulation studies and is compared with existing methods.
Adding the temporal component, we also consider spatio-temporal point patterns
with spatial locations restricted to a linear network. We present a nonparametric
kernel-based intensity estimator and develop second-order characteristics
of spatio-temporal point processes on linear networks such as K-function
and pair correlation function to analyse the type of interaction between points.
In terms of trajectories, we introduce the R package trajectories that contains
different classes and methods to handle, summarise and analyse trajectory data.
Simulation and model fitting, intensity estimation, distance analysis, movement
smoothing, Chi maps and second-order summary statistics are discussed. Moreover, we analyse different real datasets such as a crime data from Chicago
(US), anti-social behaviour in Castell´on (Spain), traffic accidents in Medell´ın
(Colombia), traffic accidents in Western Australia, motor vehicle traffic accidents
in an area of Houston (US), locations of pine saplings in a Finnish forest, traffic
accidents in Eastbourne (UK) and one week taxi movements in Beijing (China).
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Li, Xintong. "Modeling for Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Data with Applications." Diss., Kansas State University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38749.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of Philosophy<br>Department of Statistics<br>Juan Du<br>It is common to assume the spatial or spatio-temporal data are realizations of underlying
random elds or stochastic processes. E ective approaches to modelling of the
underlying autocorrelation structure of the same random eld and the association among
multiple processes are of great demand in many areas including atmospheric sciences, meteorology and agriculture. To this end, this dissertation studies methods and application
of the spatial modeling of large-scale dependence structure and spatio-temporal regression
modelling.
First, variogram and variogram matrix functions play important roles in modeling
dependence structure among processes at di erent locations in spatial statistics. With
more and more data collected on a global scale in environmental science, geophysics, and
related elds, we focus on the characterizations of the variogram models on spheres of
all dimensions for both stationary and intrinsic stationary, univariate and multivariate
random elds. Some e cient approaches are proposed to construct a variety of variograms
including simple polynomial structures. In particular, the series representation
and spherical behavior of intrinsic stationary random elds are explored in both theoretical
and simulation study. The applications of the proposed model and related theoretical
results are demonstrated using simulation and real data analysis.
Second, knowledge of the influential factors on the number of days suitable for fieldwork
(DSFW) has important implications on timing of agricultural eld operations, machinery
decision, and risk management. To assess how some global climate phenomena
such as El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) a ects DSFW and capture their complex
associations in space and time, we propose various spatio-temporal dynamic models under
hierarchical Bayesian framework. The Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA)
is used and adapted to reduce the computational burden experienced when a large number
of geo-locations and time points is considered in the data set. A comparison study
between dynamics models with INLA viewing spatial domain as discrete and continuous
is conducted and their pros and cons are evaluated based on multiple criteria. Finally a
model with time- varying coefficients is shown to reflect the dynamic nature of the impact and lagged effect of ENSO on DSFW in US with spatio-temporal correlations accounted.
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O'Donnell, David. "Spatial prediction and spatio-temporal modelling on river networks." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3161/.
Full textAbstract:
The application of existing geostatistical theory to the context of stream networks provides a number of interesting and challenging problems. The most important of these is how to adapt existing theory to allow for stream, as opposed to Euclidean, distance to be used. Valid stream distance based models for the covariance structure have been denied in the literature, and this thesis explores the use of such models using data from the River Tweed. The data span a period of twenty-one years, beginning in 1986. During this time period, up to eighty-three stations are monitored for a variety of chemical and biological determinands. This thesis will focus on nitrogen, a key nutrient in determining water quality, especially given the Nitrates Directive (adopted in 1991) and the Water Framework Directive(adopted in 2002). These are European Union legislations that have set legally enforcable guidelines for controlling pollution which national bodies must comply with. The focus of analysis is on several choices that must be made in order to carry out spatial prediction on a river network. The role of spatial trend, whether it be based on stream or Euclidean distance, is discussed and the impact of the bandwidth of the estimate of nonparametric trend is explored. The stream distance based "tail-up" covariance model structure of Ver Hoef and Peterson (2010) is assessed and combined with a standard Euclidean distance based structure to form a mixture model. This is then evaluated using crossvalidation studies in order to determine the optimum mixture of the two covariance models for the data. Finally, the covariance models used for each of the elements of the mixture model are explored to determine the impact they have on the lowest root mean squared error, and the mixing proportion at which it is found. Using the predicted values at unobserved locations on the River Tweed, the distribution of yearly averaged nitrate levels around the river network is predicted and evaluated. Changes through the 21 years of data are noted and areas exceeding the limits set by the Nitrates Directive are highlighted. The differences in fitted values caused by using stream or Euclidean distance are evident in these predictions. The data is then modelled through space and time using additive models. A novel smoothing function for the spatial trend is defined. It is adapted from the tail-up model in order to retain its core features of flow connectivity and flow volume based weightings, in addition to being based on stream distance. This is then used to model all of the River Tweed data through space and time and identify temporal trends and seasonal patterns at different locations on the river.
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Kaimi, Irene. "Spatial and spatio-Temporal point processes, modelling and estimation." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.525335.
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Zhang, Jun. "Nearest neighbor queries in spatial and spatio-temporal databases /." View abstract or full-text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?COMP%202003%20ZHANG.
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Breuer, Lothar. "Spatial queues." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=961030135.
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Fischer, Manfred M. "Spatial Analysis." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4145/1/WSG_DP_6699.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This article views spatial analysis as a research paradigm that provides a unique set of specialised
techniques and models for a wide range of research questions in which the prime variables of interest
vary significantly over space. The heartland of spatial analysis is concerned with the analysis and
modeling of spatial data. Spatial point patterns and area referenced data represent the most appropriate
perspectives for applications in the social sciences. The researcher analysing and modeling spatial data
tends to be confronted with a series of problems such as the data quality problem, the ecological
fallacy problem, the modifiable areal unit problem, boundary and frame effects, and the spatial
dependence problem. The problem of spatial dependence is at the core of modern spatial analysis and
requires the use of specialised techniques and models in the data analysis. The discussion focuses on
exploratory techniques and model-driven [confirmatory] modes of analysing spatial point patterns and
area data. In closing, prospects are given towards a new style of data-driven spatial analysis
characterized by computational intelligence techniques such as evolutionary computation and neural
network modeling to meet the challenges of huge quantities of spatial data characteristic in remote
sensing, geodemographics and marketing. (author's abstract)<br>Series: Discussion Papers of the Institute for Economic Geography and GIScience
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Torarp, Johan. "Spatial Sustainability." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298824.
Full textAbstract:
The building sector was in 2018 responsible almost 40% of Sweden’s domestic greenhouse gas emissions. These numbers demands a lot from our profession and has made the topic of sustainability essential.In the Brundtland Reports definition of sustainability it’s called for ”Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Within these words, sustainability could be defined as that what lasts.
The project Spatial Sustainability aims to explore the architecture that lasts, based on the conclusion that this demands balance between the contradicting terms adaptability and stability.
I believe that the architecture that’s both adaptable and stable should be, re-usable and capable of being re-organised, but it should also have a strong physical presence in it’s urban situation. In the intersection of this contradiction I hope to find one path leading to long-lasting architecture.
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Knauff, Markus. "Räumliches Wissen und Gedächtnis : zur Wissenspsychologie des kognitiven Raums /." Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37083409x.
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Bécu, Marcia. "Impact of healthy aging on spatial cognition. Spatial navigation and gaze dynamics in ecological conditions." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS411.
Full textAbstract:
Ce travail de doctorat porte sur l'impact du vieillissement visuel et cognitif sur la che La nouveauté méthodologique réside dans l'utilisation d'environnements écologiques, qui permettent de tester la navigation dans des conditions naturelles et contrôlées. Nous avons montré une réorganisation spatiale liée à l'âge, où les représentations sont ancrées sur les indices objets chez les jeunes adultes et sur les indices géométriques chez les personnes âgées. L'enregistrement des mouvements du regard nous a permis d'identifier des signatures oculomotrices prédictives du codage spatial. Ces résultats remettent en cause l'opinion actuelle qui prône un déclin spécifique des stratégies allocentriques avec le vieillissement. Nous avons vérifié cette prédiction en montrant que les adultes âgés, comme les enfants, sont aussi efficaces que les jeunes adultes à utiliser des stratégies allocentriques, si les indices géométriques sont disponibles au moment de la décision spatiale. Ce travail souligne la nécessité d'enrichir le cadre allocentrique/égocentrique classiquement utilisé, en intégrant une dimension de traitement des repères spatiaux afin de mieux comprendre les effets du vieillissement. Ce cadre enrichi permet de développer des solutions innovantes visant à prévenir la perte d'autonomie induite par le vieillissement cognitif<br>This doctoral work investigates the behavioural consequences of visual and cognitive aging within a spatial cognition framework. The key novelty is the use of ecological environments, which allows to test navigation in natural, yet controlled conditions. We show an age-related spatial reorganization, in which mental representations are preferentially anchored on geometric cues in older adults and on landmarks in young adults. Recording of gaze and body dynamics allowed us to identify oculomotor signatures that were predictive of the spatial coding preference. These results challenge the current view that focuses on egocentric versus allocentric strategies in aging, and question whether it is a matter of availability of spatial cues rather than strategy per se. We verified this prediction by showing that older adults, similarly to children, are as efficient as young adults at using allocentric strategies, given that their preferred cue (i.e. geometry) is available at the time of navigation decision. This work highlights the need for enriching the allocentric/egocentric framework, classically used to interpret the impact of healthy aging on spatial cognition, by integrating the spatial cue processing dimension. This enriched framework may be useful to develop innovative solutions to prevent/counteract the autonomy loss induced by visuo-spatial cognitive aging
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Hu, Haibo. "Spatial and continuous spatial queries on smart mobile clients /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?COMP%202005%20HU.
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Paltoglou, Aspasia Eleni. "Mechanisms of spatial and non-spatial auditory selective attention." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10697/.
Full textAbstract:
Selective attention is a crucial function that encompasses all perceptual modalities and which enables us to focus on the behaviorally relevant information and ignore the rest. The main goal of the thesis is to test well-established hypotheses about the mechanisms of visual selective attention in the auditory domain using behavioral and neuroimaging methods. Two fMRI studies (Experiments 1 and 2) test the hypothesis of feature-specific attentional enhancement. This hypothesis states that when attending to an object or a feature, there should be an enhancement of the response in the sensory region that is sensitive to that object or feature. Experiment 1 investigated feature-specific attentional modulation mainly within the tonotopic fields around primary auditory cortex. Experiment 2 investigated feature-specific attentional modulation mainly around non-primary auditory cortex, when attending to frequency modulation or motion of the same auditory object. Experiment 1 showed evidence for feature-specific enhancement, while Experiment 2 did not. The role of competition among concurrent auditory objects as a necessary factor in driving feature-specific enhancement is discussed. A second hypothesis from vision research is that spatial perception and attention is much more precise in the centre than in the periphery. Experiment 3 used a masking release paradigm to investigate whether the acuity of auditory spatial attention was similarly increased in the midline. Although location discrimination of sounds segregated by inter-aural time differences was more precise at the midline than at the periphery, spatial attention was not. Therefore for this task at least there was no effect of eccentricity on auditory spatial attention. The results of these three studies are discussed in view of selective attention as a flexible process that operates in different ways according to the specifics of the task.
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Vlassopulos, Maria. "Spatial cognition and the acquisition of the spatial locative." Thesis, City University London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334459.
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Warnky, Carolyn May. "DETERMINING SPATIAL MODES OF SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS USING SPATIAL COHERENCE." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1022686630.
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Warnky, Carolyn May. "Determining spatial modes of semiconductor lasters using spatial coherence." Connect to this title online, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1022686630.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2002.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 145 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Betty Lisle Anderson, Dept. of Electrical Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (p. 140-145).
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Walker, Arron R. "Automated spatial information retrieval and visualisation of spatial data." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/17258/1/Arron_Robert_Walker_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
An increasing amount of freely available Geographic Information System (GIS) data
on the Internet has stimulated recent research into Spatial Information Retrieval (SIR).
Typically, SIR looks at the problem of retrieving spatial data on a dataset by dataset
basis. However in practice, GIS datasets are generally not analysed in isolation. More
often than not multiple datasets are required to create a map for a particular analysis
task. To do this using the current SIR techniques, each dataset is retrieved one by one
using traditional retrieval methods and manually added to the map. To automate map
creation the traditional SIR paradigm of matching a query to a single dataset type
must be extended to include discovering relationships between different dataset types.
This thesis presents a Bayesian inference retrieval framework that will incorporate
expert knowledge in order to retrieve all relevant datasets and automatically create a
map given an initial user query. The framework consists of a Bayesian network that
utilises causal relationships between GIS datasets. A series of Bayesian learning
algorithms are presented that automatically discover these causal linkages from
historic expert knowledge about GIS datasets. This new retrieval model improves
support for complex and vague queries through the discovered dataset relationships.
In addition, the framework will learn which datasets are best suited for particular
query input through feedback supplied by the user.
This thesis evaluates the new Bayesian Framework for SIR. This was achieved by
utilising a test set of queries and responses and measuring the performance of the
respective new algorithms against conventional algorithms. This contribution will
increase the performance and efficiency of knowledge extraction from GIS by
allowing users to focus on interpreting data, instead of focusing on finding which data
is relevant to their analysis. In addition, they will allow GIS to reach non-technical
people.
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Walker, Arron R. "Automated spatial information retrieval and visualisation of spatial data." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/17258/.
Full textAbstract:
An increasing amount of freely available Geographic Information System (GIS) data
on the Internet has stimulated recent research into Spatial Information Retrieval (SIR).
Typically, SIR looks at the problem of retrieving spatial data on a dataset by dataset
basis. However in practice, GIS datasets are generally not analysed in isolation. More
often than not multiple datasets are required to create a map for a particular analysis
task. To do this using the current SIR techniques, each dataset is retrieved one by one
using traditional retrieval methods and manually added to the map. To automate map
creation the traditional SIR paradigm of matching a query to a single dataset type
must be extended to include discovering relationships between different dataset types.
This thesis presents a Bayesian inference retrieval framework that will incorporate
expert knowledge in order to retrieve all relevant datasets and automatically create a
map given an initial user query. The framework consists of a Bayesian network that
utilises causal relationships between GIS datasets. A series of Bayesian learning
algorithms are presented that automatically discover these causal linkages from
historic expert knowledge about GIS datasets. This new retrieval model improves
support for complex and vague queries through the discovered dataset relationships.
In addition, the framework will learn which datasets are best suited for particular
query input through feedback supplied by the user.
This thesis evaluates the new Bayesian Framework for SIR. This was achieved by
utilising a test set of queries and responses and measuring the performance of the
respective new algorithms against conventional algorithms. This contribution will
increase the performance and efficiency of knowledge extraction from GIS by
allowing users to focus on interpreting data, instead of focusing on finding which data
is relevant to their analysis. In addition, they will allow GIS to reach non-technical
people.
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Ndiaye, Youba. "Interactions spatiales et énergie." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCG007/document.
Full textAbstract:
Au regard des dégâts environnementaux au cours des dernières années, il est important de mettre en œuvre des politiques environnementales efficaces afin de lutter contre le changement climatique, de préserver la biodiversité, et de réduire les pollutions de l'eau et de l'air. Le secteur énergétique est l'un des principaux contributeurs à la détérioration de l'environnement. Ainsi, afin d'atteindre les objectifs environnementaux, l'établissement de politiques énergétiques efficaces est primordial. A cet effet, il semble indispensable de mener une démarche inclusive et transversale en impliquant l'ensemble des acteurs des différents échelons (locaux, régionaux, nationaux, internationaux,...). Dès lors, l'identification de l’échelon optimal est cruciale dans une optique d'élaboration des politiques énergétiques efficaces. La thèse s'attache précisément à éclairer les enjeux liés à la fiscalité énergétique. Ainsi, l'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'analyser la nature des interactions environnementales, qu'elles soient entre régions ou Etats, en termes de fiscalité ou de dépenses environnementales. Les contributions de cette thèse sont à la fois théorique et empirique. D'un point de vue empirique, cette thèse s'est d'abord focalisée sur l’étude de la fiscalité énergétique sous l'angle des interactions spatiales. En particulier, le chapitre 1 teste la présence des interactions spatiales des départements français via la vignette automobile. Ce chapitre fournit une analyse empirique de la réaction de la politique fiscale d'un département français suite à un changement de la politique fiscale de ces voisins. Tout d'abord, en utilisant une approche économétrique spatiale en panel, les résultats montrent l'existence d'une dépendance spatiale positive, suggérant l'existence d'un comportement mimétique des départements français lors de la détermination des taux de la vignette automobile. Ensuite, ce chapitre met également en évidence une relation entre les impôts directs locaux et ceux indirects locaux. En particulier, les résultats des estimations montrent que le taux de la taxe professionnelle (resp. la taxe sur le foncier non bâti) et la vignette fiscale sont des substituts alors que le taux de la taxe d'habitation (resp. la taxe sur le foncier non bâti) sont des compléments à la vignette automobile. Enfin, les résultats montrent que les départements avec des populations plus grandes, plus jeunes et plus âgées fixent des montants plus élevés de la vignette automobile. D'un point de vue théorique, le but du chapitre 2 est d'analyser les interactions fiscales entre plusieurs niveaux de gouvernements (en particulier deux niveaux de décisions), dans lesquels il existe plusieurs juridictions de niveaux inférieurs identiques, telles que les États ou encore les collectivités locales, et une juridiction unique de premier plan, telle que l'Etat fédéral, un pays ou une union communautaire, toutes ces juridictions pouvant taxer deux bases fiscales à savoir, le capital et la ressource énergétique. Nous déterminons grâce à la formalisation théorique les implications en termes de distorsions fiscales de l'architecture fiscale dans le cadre d'une politique énergétique. En particulier, en recourant au jeu de Nash, nos résultats montrent d'une part une substitution entre les taxes fédérales et locales sur l'énergie impliquant que les gouvernements locaux augmentent leurs taux de taxation de l'énergie en réponse à une baisse du taux de la taxe fédérale sur l'énergie, toutes choses égales par ailleurs. D'autre part, nous constatons que les taxes locales sur l’énergie ont une incidence positive sur la qualité de l’environnement, ce qui suggère que la décentralisation de la politique énergétique peut jouer un rôle crucial pour atténuer les dommages environnementaux. Enfin, à travers le chapitre 3, nous testons d'un point de vue empirique l'existence d'une interdépendance spatiale entre les pays de l'OCDE via les dépenses environnementales<br>In the light of environmental damage in recent years, it is important to implement effective environmental policies to combat climate change, preserve biodiversity, and reduce water and air pollution. The energy sector is one of the main contributors to the deterioration of the environment. Thus, in order to achieve environmental objectives, establishing effective energy policies is paramount. To this end, it seems essential to carry out an inclusive and transversal approach by involving all actors at different levels (local, regional, national, international, etc.). Therefore, identifying the optimal step is crucial for effective energy policy development. The thesis focuses on clarifying the issues related to energy taxation. Thus, the main objective of this thesis is to analyze the nature of environmental interactions, be they between regions or states, in terms of taxation or environmental expenses. The contributions of this are both theoretical and empirical.From an empirical point of view, this thesis first focuses on the study of energy taxation from the perspective of spatial interactions. In particular, Chapter 1 tests the presence of spatial interactions of French departments via the car sticker. This chapter provides an empirical analysis of the reaction of the tax policy of a French department following a change in the tax policy of these neighbors. First, by using a spatial econometric panel approach, the results show evidence of spatial dependence, suggesting the existence of a mimetic behavior of French departments when determining the rates of the car sticker. Next, this chapter also highlights a relationship between local direct taxes and indirect local taxes. In particular, the results of the estimates show that the rate of the business tax (or the tax on undeveloped land) and the road tax sticker are substitutes, whereas the residential tax rate (or the tax rate on developed land) are complements to the road tax sticker. Finally, the results show that departments with larger, younger and older populations are setting higher amounts of the car sticker.From a theoretical point of view, the purpose of Chapter 2 is to analyze the tax interactions between several levels of government (in particular two levels of decision-making), in which there are several jurisdictions of similar lower levels, such as local authorities, and a single leading jurisdiction, such as the federal state, a country or a community union, all of which can tax two tax bases, namely, capital and energy resources. Through theoretical formalization, we determine the implications in terms of tax distortions of tax architecture in the context of an energy policy. In particular, using the Nash game, our results show, on the one hand, a substitution between federal and local taxes on energy, implying that local governments increase their energy tax rates in response to a fall in the rate of energy. of the federal energy tax, all other things being equal. On the other hand, we find that local taxes on energy have a positive impact on the quality of the environment, suggesting that decentralization of energy policy can play a crucial role in mitigating environmental damage.Finally, in Chapter 3, we empirically test the existence of spatial interdependence among OECD countries through environmental spending. To this end, we use data from 30 OECD countries for the period 1994-2014 and a wide range of economic and political control variables
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Fusco, Johanna. "Analyse des dynamiques spatio-temporelles des systèmes de peuplement dans un contexte d'incertitude : Application à l'archéologie spatiale." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE2008/document.
Full textAbstract:
L’incertitude inhérente à notre appréhension des systèmes de peuplement passés, engendrée par les modes de collecte ou d’enregistrement des données, mais aussi par nos modes de catégorisation et de réflexion spatio-temporelles sur cette information, conditionnent fortement les hypothèses et les résultats qui en découlent. Cette thèse, menée dans le cadre du projet PaléoSyr/PaléoLib, présente une chaîne de raisonnement méthodologique exploratoire destinée à révéler et formaliser par des méthodes d’analyse spatiale divers niveaux de connaissance et d’incertitude inhérents aux bases de données archéologiques, tout en proposant des alternatives destinées à s’écarter du conditionnement imposé par les catégories spatio-temporelles rigides telles que les périodes ou les limites de zones de prospection. Celle-ci est structurée en deux axes majeurs : le premier a pour objectif de clarifier et de synthétiser les niveaux d’information inhérents à une vaste base de données couvrant la Syrie occidentale et le Liban de -9600 av. J.-C. à nos jours, en adaptant des méthodes d’aide à la décision et d’analyse spatio-morphologique, et par des procédés de géovisualisation dans une optique exploratoire. Le second axe explore et évalue localement les impacts des divers niveaux spatio-temporels que révèlent les données par des méthodes d’analyse géostatistique et de statistique spatiale, et des niveaux d’incertitude sur notre perception du changement spatio-temporel, sur un espace situé au Nord-Ouest de la Syrie. Divers modèles des « passés possibles » du peuplement élaborés à l’aide de la logique floue seront proposés, en fonction des divers niveaux spatio-temporels et d’incertitude envisagés<br>The uncertainty inherent to our comprehension of past settlement systems, generated by our ways of collecting or recording data but also by our spatio-temporal categorisation and reflexion on this information, greatly condition hypotheses and results. This thesis was carried out in the framework of PaleoSyr/PaleoLib project, and develops a methodological and exploratory reasoning chain whose aim is to reveal and formalise with spatial analysis several levels of knowledge and uncertainty which are inherent to archaeological databases. It proposes alternatives to try and avoid the conditioning imposed by rigid spatio-temporal categories such as periods or survey zones. It is organised in two major axes : the first one intends to clarify and synthetize several levels of information which are inherent to a big database covering Occidental Syria and Lebanon from -9600 B.C to the present, by adapting decision making and spatio-morphological methods, and through geovisualisation processes in an exploratory dimension. The second axis explores and evaluates locally the impacts of the various spatio-temporal and uncertainty levels revealed by data with geostatistics and spatial statistics on our perception of spatio-temporal change, on a test zone situated at the North-West of Syria. Several models of the “possible pasts” of settlement with the help of fuzzy logic are then proposed, depending on the various spatio-temporal and uncertainty levels taken into account
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Zhou, Feng. "Spatial, Temporal and Spatio-Temporal Correspondence for Computer Vision Problems." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/410.
Full textAbstract:
Many computer vision problems, such as object classification, motion estimation or shape registration rely on solving the correspondence problem. Existing algorithms to solve spatial or temporal correspondence problems are usually NP-hard, difficult to approximate, lack flexible models and mechanism for feature weighting. This proposal addresses the correspondence problem in computer vision, and proposes two new spatio-temporal correspondence problems and three algorithms to solve spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal matching between video and other sources. The main contributions of the thesis are: (1) Factorial graph matching (FGM). FGM extends existing work on graph matching (GM) by finding an exact factorization of the affinity matrix. Four are the benefits that follow from this factorization: (a) There is no need to compute the costly (in space and time) pairwise affinity matrix; (b) It provides a unified framework that reveals commonalities and differences between GM methods. Moreover, the factorization provides a clean connection with other matching algorithms such as iterative closest point; (c) The factorization allows the use of a path-following optimization algorithm, that leads to improved optimization strategies and matching performance; (d) Given the factorization, it becomes straight-forward to incorporate geometric transformations (rigid and non-rigid) to the GM problem. (2) Canonical time warping (CTW). CTW is a technique to temporally align multiple multi-dimensional and multi-modal time series. CTW extends DTW by incorporating a feature weighting layer to adapt different modalities, allowing a more flexible warping as combination of monotonic functions, and has linear complexity (unlike DTW that has quadratic). We applied CTW to align human motion captured with different sensors (e.g., audio, video, accelerometers). (3) Spatio-temporal matching (STM). Given a video and a 3D motion capture model, STM finds the correspondence between subsets of video trajectories and the motion capture model. STM is efficiently and robustly solved using linear programming. We illustrate the performance of STM on the problem of human detection in video, and show how STM achieves state-of-the-art performance.
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El-Geresy, Baher. "Qualitative representation and reasoning for spatial and spatio-temporal systems." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403330.
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Jerome, Christian. "ORIENTING OF VISUAL-SPATIAL ATTENTION WITH AUGMENTED REALITY: EFFECTS OF SPATIAL AND NON-SPATIAL MULTI-MODAL CUES." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4141.
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Advances in simulation technology have brought about many improvements to the way we train tasks, as well as how we perform tasks in the operational field. Augmented reality (AR) is an example of how to enhance the user's experience in the real world with computer generated information and graphics. Visual search tasks are known to be capacity demanding and therefore may be improved by training in an AR environment. During the experimental task, participants searched for enemies (while cued from visual, auditory, tactile, combinations of two, or all three modality cues) and tried to shoot them while avoiding shooting the civilians (fratricide) for two 2-minute low-workload scenarios, and two 2-minute high-workload scenarios. The results showed significant benefits of attentional cuing on visual search task performance as revealed by benefits in reaction time and accuracy from the presence of the haptic cues and auditory cues when displayed alone and the combination of the visual and haptic cues together. Fratricide occurrence was shown to be amplified by the presence of the audio cues. The two levels of workload produced differences within individual's task performance for accuracy and reaction time. Accuracy and reaction time were significantly better with the medium cues than all the others and the control condition during low workload and marginally better during high workload. Cue specificity resulted in a non-linear function in terms of performance in the low workload condition. These results are in support of Posner's (1978) theory that, in general, cueing can benefit locating targets in the environment by aligning the attentional system with the visual input pathways. The cue modality does not have to match the target modality. This research is relevant to potential applications of AR technology. Furthermore, the results identify and describe perceptual and/or cognitive issues with the use of displaying computer generated augmented objects and information overlaid upon the real world. The results also serve as a basis for providing a variety of training and design recommendations to direct attention during military operations. Such recommendations include cueing the Soldier to the location of hazards, and mitigating the effects of stress and workload.<br>Ph.D.<br>Department of Psychology<br>Sciences<br>Psychology
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Elson, Shawn. "Spatial metaphors and spatial context on the World Wide Web." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17688.
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Borisenko, Ingrida. "Modelling of Spatial Data Using Semivariograms of Stationary Spatial Processes." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20100303_113358-73668.
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Spatial statistics is one of the youngest trends in the science of statistics. First, it has been applied in mining, during the fifth decade of the last century. In fifty years after this trend of science had been discovered, the circle of the scientists involved in it has grown drastically as well as areas of application. Also, a wide range of theoretical and practical material has been issued. Nowadays, spatial statistics methods are used in: ecology, quantity geology, image processing and analysis, epidemiology, studying global climate change and even cosmology. However, in Lithuania, the methodology of spatial data analysis has been studied only from the beginning of this Millennium. Since only few scientists (Dumbrauskas, A.; Kumetaitis, A.; Kumetaitienė, A. and others) are involved, it is very important to expand this area and develop the existing methods. Also it is essential to study the spatial dada modelling methods throughly and provide general spatial data modelling methodology.
In order to apply the methods of spatial statistics, it is necessary to know the location of data in space, which is usually expressed in geographic coordinates. Thus, one of the main distinctions of spatial statistics which makes it different from the classical is the ability to model both spatial trend and spatial autocorrelation.
One of the main objectives of spatial statistics is creating a mathematical model of spatial data, which can be used for interpolation (extrapolation) or for... [to full text]<br>Disertacijoje nagrinėjama erdvinių duomenų su stacionariomis klaidomis modeliavimo per semivariogramas ir tiesinio prognozavimo metodika.
Erdvinių duomenų skiriamasis bruožas – jų išsidėstymas erdvėje, kuris dažniausiai aprašomas geografinėmis koordinatėmis. Tokių duomenų modeliavimas semivariogramomis, ir prognozavimas krigingu yra vienas iš svarbių geostatistikos mokslo uždavinių. Krigingas yra stochastinis prognozavimo metodas, kuris prie tam tikrų salygų pateikia geriausią tiesinę nepaslinktą prognozę. Krigingo rezultatų paklaidos priklauso nuo to kaip tiksliai erdvinių duomenų sklaida aprašoma kovariacine funkcija arba semivariograma. Darbe dėmesys skiriamas semivariogramoms, nes jos aprašo platesnę erdvinių procesų klasę.
Pagrindinis disertacijos tikslas yra apibendrinti ir realizuoti vieningą erdvinių duomenų su stacionariomis klaidomis modeliavimo metodiką, pagrįstą semivariogramomis. Darbo objektai yra semivariogramos, jų modeliai, įvairūs erdvinių duomenų prognozavimo metodai bei erdvinių duomenų modeliavimo, prognozavimo etapai. Šių objektų analizė bei interpretacija prie tam tikrų sąlygų leidžia gauti geriausius erdvinių duomenų modeliavimo bei prognozavimo rezultatus.
Taip pat disertaciniame darbe empiriniam Materon‘o semivariogramų įvertiniui MoM pateikta dispersijų-kovariacijų matricos išraiška per teorines semivariogramas stacionaraus Gauso duomenų modelio atvejui.
Tiriami erdvinių duomenų vidurkio modelio parametrų bei semivariogramų vertinimo metodai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Peters, Ian Joseph. "Small business growth : spatial and non-spatial aspects of development." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236411.
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Qu, Xi. "Three Essays on the Spatial Autoregressive Model in Spatial Econometrics." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1365455610.
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Yan, Hongjia. "Statistical analysis of spatial dynamic pattern in spatial data analysis." Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4495/.
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In this thesis, inspired by the Boston House Price data, we propose a semiparametric spatial dynamic model, that extends the ordinary spatial autoregressive models to accommodate the effects of some covariates associated with the House price. A profile likelihood-based estimation procedure is proposed and the asymptotic normality of the proposed estimators are derived. We also investigate the connection between cross-validation method and AIC/BIC methods in the semiparametric family. In the proposed model, it is easier to apply the AIC/BIC method than the 'cross-validation' method. We illustrate how to identify the parametric/nonparametric components in the proposed semiparametric model. We also show how many unknown parameters an unknown bivariate function amounts to, and propose an AIC/BIC nonparametric model selection. Simulation studies are conducted to examine the performance of the proposed methods, and their results show that the methods work very well. Finally, we apply the proposed methods to analyze the Boston House Price data, which lead to some interesting findings.Although, the proposed model and methodology are stimulated by the Boston House Price data, they could be widely used in many other scientific problems.
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Bernardes, Wagner César. "Objetos digitais de aprendizagem e o desenvolvimento de habilitades especiais : um estudo de caso no 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/115212.
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Ce travail porte sur l’étude du développement des habilités spatiales comme rotation mentale, perception spatiale et visualisation spatiale à partir de l’utilisation des objets d’apprentissage numériques chez les apprenants de l’Enseignement primaire. Une expérience a été réalisée avec des apprenants de la sixième année, agée de 10 à 12 ans, qui n’avaient pas encore été exposés à des situations de manipulation des objets spatiaux. Cette expérience consiste en une séquence didactique qui a intégré des activités avec la manipulation de certains objets numériques développés par par Freudenthal Institute for Science and Mathematics Education (Universiteit Utrecht) et des activités réalisées sans la manipulation de ces objets. Le but de cette recherche a été de vérifier comment les objets numériques d’apprentissage sélectionnés peuvent aider l’apprenant à développer des habilités spatiales. Nous avons montré, à partir de l’analyse de cette expérience, à la lumière de la théorie de Voyer, Voyer e Bryden (1995), Fischbein (1993), Grande (1994) et Gutiérrez (1991), que les trois catégories d’habilités spatiales ont été exploitées et développés chez ces apprenants, à partir de l’élaboration d’une séquence didactique organisée et d’interaction des apprenants avec les activités proposées. De cette façon, nous avons pu observer qu’il est possible de commencer un travail de développement de ces habilités même à l’Enseignement primaire.<br>Este trabalho aborda o estudo do desenvolvimento de habilidades espaciais, como rotação mental, percepção espacial e visualização espacial, utilizando-se de objetos digitais de aprendizagem nos alunos do Ensino Fundamental. Foi realizada uma experiência com alunos do sexto ano do Ensino Fundamental, com idades entre 10 e 12 anos, que ainda não tinham sido expostos a situações de manipulação de objetos espaciais. Esta experiência consistia em uma sequência didática, que integrou atividades com manipulação de determinados objetos digitais desenvolvidos pelo Freudenthal Institute for Science and Mathematics Education (Universiteit Utrecht) e atividades realizadas sem a manipulação destes objetos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar como os objetos digitais de aprendizagem selecionados auxiliam o aluno a desenvolver habilidades espaciais. Mostramos, com base na análise da experiência, à luz da teoria de Voyer, Voyer e Bryden (1995), Fischbein (1993), Grande (1994) e Gutiérrez (1991), que as três categorias de habilidades espaciais foram exploradas e desenvolvidas nestes alunos, a partir da elaboração de uma sequência didática organizada e da interação dos alunos com as atividades propostas. Desta forma, observamos que é possível iniciar um trabalho de desenvolvimento destas habilidades ainda no Ensino Fundamental.<br>This work broaches the development study of spatial skills such as mental rotation, spatial perception and spatial visualization, using learning digital objects elementary-school-students. An experience was accomplished with 6th grade-elementary-school-students aged 10 to 12 years old, who had never been shown with situations of spatial objects manipulation. This experience consists in a didatics sequence that integrated activities with manipulation of certain digital objects developed by Freudenthal Institute for Science and Mathematics Education (Universiteit Utrecht) and activities done without the manipulation of these objects. The aim ot this search was to go into how selected learning digital objects support the students to develop spatial skills. We presented, based on the experience analysis, coming to light the theory of Voyer, Voyer e Bryden (1995), Fischbein (1993), Grande (1994) e Gutiérrez (1991) that the three categories of spatial skills were explored and developed with these students, from the elaboration of a organized didatics sequence and form the interaction of the students with the porposed activities. That way, we observed it is possible to start a development work of these skills yet in elementary school.
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McAvay, Haley. "Immigrants’ spatial incorporation in France : patterns and determinants of neighborhood and housing attainment." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0036/document.
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Cette thèse cherche à analyser les dynamiques résidentielles des populations immigrées et issues de l’immigration en France et leur situation face au logement. S’appuyant sur deux grandes bases de données, l’Echantillon Démographique Permanent (INSEE) et l’enquête Trajectoires et Origines (INED/INSEE), qui comptent parmi les rares bases de données en France qui permettent d’identifier les immigrés et leurs descendants à travers le temps (1990-2008), cette recherche comporte trois grands volets empiriques. En premier lieu, je propose un panorama des situations résidentielles des immigrés et de leurs descendants, en focalisant sur les caractéristiques des zones urbaines où ces groupes sont concentrés, leur statut d’occupation du logement, ainsi que la manière dont ces différentes dimensions résidentielles s’articulent. Deuxièmement, tirant profit de la dimension longitudinale des données, l’analyse porte sur la mobilité résidentielle de ces groupes, en traçant leurs trajectoires dans les quartiers et dans le logement. Finalement, je mène une analyse intergénérationnelle des inégalités résidentielles afin de déterminer à quel point les individus « héritent » les positions spatiales de leurs parents. L’analyse porte une attention particulière aux déterminants individuels et contextuels des trajectoires afin de mieux saisir les mécanismes qui structurent les inégalités face au logement et dans l’espace<br>My dissertation provides a comprehensive analysis of the neighborhood and housing outcomes of immigrants and natives in France. I draw on two large data sets, L’échantillon démographique permanent (INSEE) and Trajectoires et origines (INED/INSEE), which provide rare information about first and second generation immigrants, combine individual and contextual-level variables, and span several dates of observation (1990-2008). Drawing on classical theoretical approaches to immigrants’ spatial incorporation (spatial assimilation, place stratification), as well as insights from the social stratification and neighborhood effects literature, the analysis is rooted in a multidimensional, longitudinal and intergenerational approach to residential inequalities. First, I use a variety of indicators of the composition of neighborhoods (i.e. share of immigrants, co-ethnics, low-income households, the unemployment rate) in addition to housing tenure to explore associations between various dimensions of residential outcomes. Second, using longitudinal data and panel modelling techniques, the analysis captures patterns and determinants of residential mobility, transitions in neighborhoods, access to homeownership and moves in and out of the public housing sector. Finally, contributing to recent empirical work on the intergenerational reproduction of context, I seek to assess the extent to which residential situations are transmitted between parents and their children. The analysis seeks throughout to document the effects of individual factors (nativity, immigrant origin, socioeconomic status) and contextual factors (municipality and departmental characteristics) on shaping residential inequalities
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Luyat, Marion. "La perception visuelle de la verticale : rôle de l'activité posturale et de l'orientation du corps." Grenoble 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE29010.
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Ces recherches s'inscrivent dans le domaine de l'orientation spatiale et concernent en particulier le role de la posture dans la perception de la verticale (verticale subjective visuelle). Dans le cadre de l'approche ecologique de l'orientation spatiale (stoffregen & riccio, 1988), l'effet du controle actif de la posture sur la perception de la verticale est etudie, dans une premiere serie d'experiences, en manipulant le degre de sollicitation posturale de l'individu. Les resultats montrent que la gestion de l'equilibre n'est pas une condition indispensable pour effectuer un jugement perceptif visuel de verticalite. La position de l'axe z semble en revanche jouer un role important. De fait, d'une etude specifiquement centree sur le versant actif de la posture, ces donnees conduisent la recherche vers une prise en compte du versant statique de la posture. Afin d'etudier la contribution de l'axe z, une deuxieme serie d'experiences est realisee. La perception de la verticale est evaluee en decubitus dorsal lors de modifications de la position du corps au sol et egalement en presence de references visuelles susceptibles d'induire une inclinaison du plan median apparent. Les resultats mettent en evidence un role important de la position du corps, en particulier de la position du corps par rapport a la cible. Des deviations systematiques de la verticale sont par ailleurs observees lorsque le contexte visuel induit un deplacement subjectif du plan median. Concernant le jugement visuel de verticalite, l'ensemble des donnees suggere une implication importante de la position du corps, reelle (deviation du regard) ou fictive (deviation du plan median apparent), par rapport a la cible<br>These studies are in line with the domain of spatial orientation and concern more particularly the visual perception of the vertical (visual subjective vertical). Referring to stoffregen & riccio's theory, the role of postural activity has been tested in a first series of experiments. Results showed that postural activity was not a crucial factor to accurately perceive the vertical orientation. By contrast, the main position of the body axis (z-axis) seemed to be an important factor. To study the role of this z-axis, a second series of experiments was conducted. The perception of the vertical was estimated with real modifications of z-axis orientation in supine posture and in the dark or in the presence of a tilted frame. Results revealed important shifts of the subjective vertical both in the condition of real modification of z-axis position and in the condition of virtual modification of z-axis. Finally, the corpus of data suggested an important contribution of the position (real or virtual) of the body in space