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Casarrubias-Jaimez, Ana I., Ana Laura Juárez-López, Efraín Tovar-Sánchez, José Luis Rosas-Acevedo, Maximino Reyes-Umaña, América Libertad Rodríguez-Herrera, and Fernando Ramos-Quintana. "Dealing with the Understanding of the Dynamics Related to Multifactorial Temporal Interactions That Spatially Affect the Landscape of Coastal Lagoons." Water 13, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 2099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152099.
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Models based on multifactorial interactions are needed to deal with the dynamics taking place in the eutrophication processes of coastal lagoons. However, as the number of indirect drivers stemming from anthropogenic factors increases, temporal disorders between anthropogenic activities may increase, thus hindering the understanding of their dynamics. We have built multifactorial pathways to deal with the dynamics associated with the cultural eutrophication process of a coastal lagoon. The pathways guided the identification of potential temporal disorder patterns between anthropogenic activities, which may exert influence on the disturbances associated with eutrophication process. The identification of temporal disorder patterns derived from anthropogenic activities belonging to different pathways resulted in a valuable form of support for analyzing and evaluating relationships between public policies, technological skills and environmental culture programs. All of which exert influence on the eutrophication process, which in turn cause changes on the trophic state and on the landscape of the coastal lagoon. Pathways composed of multifactorial interactions that take into account spatial and temporal aspects, contribute to improving the understanding of the inherent dynamics of the eutrophication process of coastal lagoons. Temporal disorders between anthropogenic activities may be seen to emerge, thus exerting changes on the trophic state and spatial damage on the landscapes of coastal lagoons.
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Usov, Konstantin. "SYNDROMES OF TPO LESION AND SPATIAL FACTOR DISORDERS IN MENTAL PROCESSES." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 2022, no. 1 (May 16, 2022): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2022-1-283-284.
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Buhusi, Mona, Ioana Scripa, Christina L. Williams, and Catalin V. Buhusi. "Impaired Interval Timing and Spatial–Temporal Integration in Mice Deficient in CHL1, a Gene Associated with Schizophrenia." Timing & Time Perception 1, no. 1 (2013): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134468-00002003.
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Interval timing is crucial for decision-making and motor control and is impaired in many neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia — a neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic component. Several gene mutations, polymorphisms or rare copy number variants have been associated with schizophrenia. L1 cell adhesion molecules (L1CAMs) are involved in neurodevelopmental processes, and in synaptic function and plasticity in the adult brain. Mice deficient in the Close Homolog to L1 (CHL1) adhesion molecule show alterations of hippocampal and thalamo-cortical neuroanatomy as well as deficits in sensorimotor gating and exploratory behavior. We analyzed interval timing and attentional control of temporal and spatial information in male CHL1 deficient (KO) mice and wild type (WT) controls. In a 20-s peak-interval timing procedure (standard and reversed), KO mice showed a maintained leftward shift of the response function relative to WT, indicative of a deficit in memory encoding/decoding. In trials with 2, 5, or 10-s gaps, KO mice shifted their peak times less than WT controls at longer gap durations, suggesting a decreased (attentional) effect of interruptions. In the spatial–temporal task, KO mice made more working and reference memory errors than controls, suggestive of impaired use of spatial and/or temporal information. When the duration spent on the central platform of the maze was manipulated, WT mice showed fewer spatial errors at the trained duration than at shorter or longer durations, indicative of discrimination based upon spatial–temporal integration. In contrast, performance was similar at all tested durations in KO mice, indicative of control by spatial cues, but not by temporal cues. These results suggest that CHL1 KO mice selectively attend to the more relevant cues of the task, and fail to integrate more complex spatial–temporal information, possibly as a result of reduced memory capacity related to hippocampal impairment, and altered temporal-integration mechanisms possibly due to thalamo-cortical anomalies.
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Lopez, C., C. Hemimou, and L. Vaivre-Douret. "Handwriting disorders in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD): Exploratory study." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.494.
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IntroductionAlthough more than 85% of children with DCD are affected by handwriting disorders, their characteristics and underlying mechanisms remain poorly known.ObjectivesWe aim to better identify the nature of handwriting disorders in subtyping DCD children.MethodsSchool children aged between 5 to 15 years and exhibited a DCD (according to DSM-5) are eligible for inclusion. They were classified in three subtypes of DCD: ideomotor (IM), visual-spatial and/or constructional (VSC), and mixed (MX). They were assessed with a standardized handwriting evaluation including quality and speed and a clinical observation of motor gestual developmental and temporal-spatial organization of handwriting highlighting six qualitative criteria: irregular handwriting (criterion 1), immaturity of handwriting gesture (criterion 2), excessive pressure of the pen on the paper (criterion 3), neuro-vegetative responses (criterion 4), trembling (criterion 5), slow handwriting velocity (criterion 6). Two groups are established: children with poor handwriting (PH) and children with dysgraphia (DysG).ResultsWhile 89% of children have handwriting disorders, only 20% exhibit dysgraphia. IM DCD is characterized by an immaturity of handwriting gesture and is associated with PH. Dysgraphia appears only in VSC and MX DCD which are characterized by the association of criteria 1, 2, 3, and 4. This association appears to more than 80% in DysG. Slow handwriting velocity is constant between PH and DysG.ConclusionImmaturity of handwriting gesture is a possible underlying mechanism of poor handwriting. Dysgraphia is associated with specific impairments in spatial organization of letters and in motor control of handwriting gesture.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Kwon, Hyeokhyen, Gari D. Clifford, Imari Genias, Doug Bernhard, Christine D. Esper, Stewart A. Factor, and J. Lucas McKay. "An Explainable Spatial-Temporal Graphical Convolutional Network to Score Freezing of Gait in Parkinsonian Patients." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 4, 2023): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23041766.
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Freezing of gait (FOG) is a poorly understood heterogeneous gait disorder seen in patients with parkinsonism which contributes to significant morbidity and social isolation. FOG is currently measured with scales that are typically performed by movement disorders specialists (i.e., MDS-UPDRS), or through patient completed questionnaires (N-FOG-Q) both of which are inadequate in addressing the heterogeneous nature of the disorder and are unsuitable for use in clinical trials The purpose of this study was to devise a method to measure FOG objectively, hence improving our ability to identify it and accurately evaluate new therapies. A major innovation of our study is that it is the first study of its kind that uses the largest sample size (>30 h, N = 57) in order to apply explainable, multi-task deep learning models for quantifying FOG over the course of the medication cycle and at varying levels of parkinsonism severity. We trained interpretable deep learning models with multi-task learning to simultaneously score FOG (cross-validated F1 score 97.6%), identify medication state (OFF vs. ON levodopa; cross-validated F1 score 96.8%), and measure total PD severity (MDS-UPDRS-III score prediction error ≤ 2.7 points) using kinematic data of a well-characterized sample of N = 57 patients during levodopa challenge tests. The proposed model was able to explain how kinematic movements are associated with each FOG severity level that were highly consistent with the features, in which movement disorders specialists are trained to identify as characteristics of freezing. Overall, we demonstrate that deep learning models’ capability to capture complex movement patterns in kinematic data can automatically and objectively score FOG with high accuracy. These models have the potential to discover novel kinematic biomarkers for FOG that can be used for hypothesis generation and potentially as clinical trial outcome measures.
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BĂLĂNEAN, DENISA, EUGEN BOTA, and SIMONA PETRACOVSCHI. "CORRECTION OF LEARNING DISORDERS BY OPTIMIZING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ORIENTATION." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Educatio Artis Gymnasticae 66, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeag.66(2).15.
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Learning to read, write and calculate are proving to be some of the most significant cognitive processes in early education. The objective of this systematic review is to explore the associations between the psychomotor component and the academic achievement in writing, reading, and mathematics. An organized and methodical research of electronic databases was completed in order to determine significant studies. Twenty eligible articles were strictly evaluated, with extracted and summarized keywords. The two components of the psychomotor activity that influence reading were primarily the orientation ability and the fine motor skill, which is the one responsible for the correct spelling of “mirror-writing”. Differences in motor function were observed after intervention programmes. The results of all researchers have shown that there is a link between dysgraphia, dyslexia and the orientation ability or visual perception. Meanwhile, the role of cognitive and motor skills that underpinned mathematical performance was highlighted, and children who had a high capacity for spatial and visual orientation benefited from a better understanding and perception of geometric figures. However, the importance of students'''' spatial reasoning in relation to mathematics was identified, but only in terms of geometry. Poor quality of spatial notions has been found to be one of the causes of delay in the acquisition of reading, writing and mathematical calculation. The role of fine motor skills in the writing process was also noted, being of real importance in times when the child manipulates the writing tool and puts a word or a sentence on the page.
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Bucci, Maria Pia, Nathalie Goulème, Coline Stordeur, Eric Acquaviva, Isabelle Scheid, Aline Lefebvre, Christophe‐Loïc Gerard, Hugo Peyre, and Richard Delorme. "Discriminant validity of spatial and temporal postural index in children with neurodevelopmental disorders." International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 61, no. 1 (July 3, 2017): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.06.010.
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Lopez, C., and L. Vaivre-Douret. "Effect of the vision suppression on the graphomotor gesture in school aged children typically developed and with handwriting disorders." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1939.
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Introduction The knowledge aboutthe integration of letter motor programs during learning to write support the idea of an interdependence of visual and kinesthetic controls to direct the strokes. Objectives The objective of our study is to analyze the effect of the vision suppression both on the postural-gestural organization and on the spatial/temporal/kinematic parameters in a prescriptural task. Methods 35 school aged children with handwriting disorders (HD group) aged 6-11 years and 35 matched typical children were included in the study. They performed a prescriptural task of copying a cycloid line of loops, carried out under two conditions, with open eyes versus closed eyes. Postural-gestural measures were recorded with two video cameras allowing 2D reconstruction of the gesture. Spatial/temporal/kinematic measures were recorded with a digital pen. Results The HD group showed a significantly poorer postural control and an improvement in the spatial/temporal/kinematic parameters of the loops when they closed their eyes compared to eyes open. In typical group, the postural-gestural organization became significantly more mature but with no significant influence on the spatial/temporal/kinematic parameters of the loops. Conclusions HDs could be partly explained by a deficit in the processing of proprioceptive/kinesthetic feedback and a disruptive effect of the visual control on the quality of the prescriptural drawings. The ability to direct the strokes would remain dependent on sensory feedbacks, themselves insufficiently efficient, which would lead to difficulties in reaching a proactive control of handwriting. These results should be able to enhance clinical practices and to contribute to clinical decision making processes for handwriting disorders remediation. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Bereskin, D., and I. A. Gorbunov. "Features of Bioelectric Activity of the Cerebral Cortex and Thinking Disorders in Children with Various Borderline Disorders of Residual Organic Genesis." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 14, no. 1 (2021): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2021140107.
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The article presents the results of a study of the features of cognitive function and bioelectric activity cerebral cortex in children with borderline mental disorders of residually organic genesis. 80 children participated with the following diagnoses: organic emotionally labile [asthenic] disorder [F 06.06]; inorganic enuresis [F 98.0], encopresis [F 98.1], stereotypical motor disorders [F 98.4], other specified emotional and behavioral disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood [F 98.8]. The features of bioelectric activity of the cerebral cortex, the ability to spatial analysis and synthesis, arithmetic counting, assimilation of logical and grammatical structures, the presence of viscosity, detail and diversity intellectual activity were studied in children. Data of electroencephalographic examinations were compared with the results of psychodiagnostic methods using the methods of mathematical statistics. Differences of bioelectric activity and features of thinking in children were investigated depending on features of boundary disorder. It is shown that on the background of asthenization more pronounced cognitive impairment is observed. Children with asthenic disorders [06.06] have the largest scatter of data than patients with enuresis [F98.0], encopresis [F 98.1], stereotypical movement disorders [F 98.4], disorders of behavior [F 98.8]. At the same time, on average, they have the most significant violations of thinking, what happens against the background of increasing spectral power of low-frequency activity of delta and theta rhythms in general, as well as of delta rhythm in the frontal part of the brain. Increase of low-frequency activity in the frontal lobes of both hemispheres leads to more pronounced disorders of thinking, than similar changes in the temporal, parietal, occipital regions of the right hemisphere and speech zones of the left hemisphere. In the first case, they are manifested in violations of spatial analysis and synthesis, viscosity, detail and diversity of thinking, as well as in difficulties in the semantic and symbolic activity, in the assimilation of logical and grammatical structures and arithmetic. In the second case — only in violations of spatial analysis and synthesis, viscosity, detail and diversity of thinking.
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Hegemann, Stefan, Sabine Fitzek, Clemens Fitzek, and Michael Fetter. "Cortical vestibular representation in the superior temporal gyrus." Journal of Vestibular Research 14, no. 1 (April 27, 2004): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2004-14103.
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We present the unique case of a patient with a circumscribed solitary cerebral metastasis of a malignant melanoma extending from the medial part of the superior temporal gyrus to the lower part of the 1st long insular gyrus causing gait and stance instability and an ipsiversive tilt of the subjective visual vertical. Oculomotor disorders could not be detected. We suggest that the superior temporal gyrus is likely to be involved in spatial orientation presumably using otolithic information.
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Yaryura-Tobias, Jose A., Kevin P. Stevens, Fugen Neziroglu, and Michael S. Grunes. "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Schizophrenia: A Phenomenological Perspective of Shared Pathology." CNS Spectrums 2, no. 4 (April 1997): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900004727.
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AbstractResearch evidence attests to the parallel similarities and the reciprocal nature of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) in such a manner that OCD and SCZ may progress into one another. We explore this evidence by presenting a theoretical and empirical phenomenological perspective to account for and elucidate the shared psychopathology of thought, perception, and motor impairment between these disorders. The purpose of this paper is to communicate that OCD and SCZ, while preserving their individuality, share related accounts of their phenomenology within a temporal and spatial frame of reference.
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Sakkaki, Sophie, Sylvain Barrière, Alex C. Bender, Rod C. Scott, and Pierre-Pascal Lenck-Santini. "Focal Dorsal Hippocampal Nav1.1 Knock Down Alters Place Cell Temporal Coordination and Spatial Behavior." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 5049–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa101.
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Abstract Alterations in the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav.1.1 are implicated in various neurological disorders, including epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and autism spectrum disorders. Previous studies suggest that the reduction of Nav1.1 expression leads to a decrease of fast spiking activity in inhibitory neurons. Because interneurons (INs) play a critical role in the temporal organization of neuronal discharge, we hypothesize that Nav1.1 dysfunction will negatively impact neuronal coordination in vivo. Using shRNA interference, we induced a focal Nav1.1 knock-down (KD) in the dorsal region of the right hippocampus of adult rats. Focal, unilateral Nav1.1 KD decreases the performance in a spatial novelty recognition task and the firing rate in INs, but not in pyramidal cells. It reduced theta/gamma coupling of hippocampal oscillations and induced a shift in pyramidal cell theta phase preference. Nav1.1 KD degraded spatial accuracy and temporal coding properties of place cells, such as theta phase precession and compression of ongoing sequences. Aken together, these data demonstrate that a deficit in Nav1.1 alters the temporal coordination of neuronal firing in CA1 and impairs behaviors that rely on the integrity of this network. They highlight the potential contribution of local inhibition in neuronal coordination and its impact on behavior in pathological conditions.
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Fingelkurts, Andrew A., and Alexander A. Fingelkurts. "Brain space and time in mental disorders: Paradigm shift in biological psychiatry." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 54, no. 1 (August 3, 2018): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091217418791438.
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Contemporary psychiatry faces serious challenges because it has failed to incorporate accumulated knowledge from basic neuroscience, neurophilosophy, and brain–mind relation studies. As a consequence, it has limited explanatory power, and effective treatment options are hard to come by. A new conceptual framework for understanding mental health based on underlying neurobiological spatial-temporal mechanisms of mental disorders (already gained by the experimental studies) is beginning to emerge.
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Șunei, Mariana Cristina, Adrian Nagel, and Simona Petracovschi. "Development of the body scheme in children in primary education: a systematic narrative review of the influence of an intervention plan on this psychomotor component." Timisoara Physical Education and Rehabilitation Journal 14, no. 26 (June 1, 2021): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tperj-2021-0005.
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Abstract Aim The purpose of this review is to summarize the scientific literature that examined the importance of physical activity programs in the development of body scheme in primary school students by identifying methods and tests used to test body scheme on motor development, spatial-temporal orientation and coordination. Method Using the electronic databases Research Gate and Web of Science, we searched for articles using key words, including terms related to methods, intervention plan, children’s age and body schemes. We selected only those that followed the influences of an intervention plan on children. Results We selected 30 articles regarding the development of the body scheme, the spatial-temporal orientation and the coordination through an activity plan. The study results in the three categories show a significant influence on body scheme, spatial orientation and coordination. Following the tests applied and the results obtained, we can say that a well-structured program of physical activity influences the child’s development in terms of body scheme. If it is correctly integrated, one can avoid the existence of body diagram disorders that are quite common for children. Conclusion The harmonious physical development of the child is influenced by a program of physical activity. Early participation in these programs is recomended in order to avoid disorders of body scheme.
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Lefcort, Frances. "Development of the Autonomic Nervous System: Clinical Implications." Seminars in Neurology 40, no. 05 (September 14, 2020): 473–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713926.
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AbstractInvestigations of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate the development of the autonomic nervous system have identified critical genes and signaling pathways that, when disrupted, cause disorders of the autonomic nervous system. This review summarizes our current understanding of how the autonomic nervous system emerges from the organized spatial and temporal patterning of precursor cell migration, proliferation, communication, and differentiation, and discusses potential clinical implications for developmental disorders of the autonomic nervous system, including familial dysautonomia, Hirschsprung disease, Rett syndrome, and congenital central hypoventilation syndrome.
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Radulović, Snježana, Sowmya Sunkara, Christa Maurer, and Gerd Leitinger. "Digging Deeper: Advancements in Visualization of Inhibitory Synapses in Neurodegenerative Disorders." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (November 18, 2021): 12470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212470.
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Recent research has provided strong evidence that neurodegeneration may develop from an imbalance between synaptic structural components in the brain. Lately, inhibitory synapses communicating via the neurotransmitters GABA or glycine have come to the center of attention. Increasing evidence suggests that imbalance in the structural composition of inhibitory synapses affect deeply the ability of neurons to communicate effectively over synaptic connections. Progressive failure of synaptic plasticity and memory are thus hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. In order to prove that structural changes at synapses contribute to neurodegeneration, we need to visualize single-molecule interactions at synaptic sites in an exact spatial and time frame. This visualization has been restricted in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. New developments in electron microscopy and super-resolution microscopy have improved spatial and time resolution tremendously, opening up numerous possibilities. Here we critically review current and recently developed methods for high-resolution visualization of inhibitory synapses in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. We present advantages, strengths, weaknesses, and current limitations for selected methods in research, as well as present a future perspective. A range of new options has become available that will soon help understand the involvement of inhibitory synapses in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Zhu, Xinzhong, Huiying Xu, Jianmin Zhao, and Jie Tian. "Automated Epileptic Seizure Detection in Scalp EEG Based on Spatial-Temporal Complexity." Complexity 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5674392.
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Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures, wherein electroencephalogram (EEG) is one of the most common technologies used to diagnose, monitor, and manage patients with epilepsy. A large number of EEGs have been recorded in clinical applications, which leads to visual inspection of huge volumes of EEG not routinely possible. Hence, automated detection of epileptic seizure has become a goal of many researchers for a long time. A novel method is therefore proposed to construct a patient-specific detector based on spatial-temporal complexity analysis, involving two commonly used entropy-based complexity analysis methods, which are permutation entropy (PE) and sample entropy (SE). The performance of spatial-temporal complexity method is evaluated on a shared dataset. Results suggest that the proposed epilepsy detectors achieve promising performance: the average sensitivities of PE and SE in 23 patients are 99% and 96.6%, respectively. Moreover, both methods can accurately recognize almost all the seizure-free EEG. The proposed method not only obtains a high accuracy rate but also meets the real-time requirements for its application on seizure detection, which suggests that the proposed method has the potential of detecting epileptic seizures in real time.
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Keyes, Katherine M., and Jeffrey Shaman. "Contagion and Psychiatric Disorders: The Social Epidemiology of Risk (Comment on “The Epidemic of Mental Disorders in Business”)." Administrative Science Quarterly 67, no. 1 (December 18, 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00018392211067693.
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In their 2022 paper, Kensbock, Alkærsig, and Lomberg provide compelling evidence of an increased risk in treated depressive, anxiety, and stress-related disorders within workplaces, associated with the introduction of new hires who either have treated disorders themselves or are hired from workplaces with an increased prevalence of treated disorders. The authors interpret these findings as evidence of a “contagion” effect for psychiatric disorders, illustrative of workplace spread of disorder that may affect the mental health of employees. In this commentary, we contextualize these findings through psychiatric epidemiology. The evidence provided by Kensbock and colleagues is consistent with a long history of evidence in psychiatric and social epidemiology illustrating that many health outcomes are affected by those in our social networks and that psychiatric disorders, in particular, evidence spatial and temporal autocorrelation as well as social network spread that can be best conceptualized through well-known infectious disease principles. Thus, there is a large empirical literature that supports the findings of Kensbock, Alkærsig, and Lomberg. That said, the findings should not be overinterpreted; they fit some patterns of previous literature and known facts about psychiatric disorders, but not all. They also must be appropriately situated within the literature on workplace determinants of mental well-being more generally and, in particular, the global movements to situate the rights of workers with mental illness for employment protections and safe working conditions.
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Landin-Romero, Ramón, Erick J. Canales-Rodríguez, Fiona Kumfor, Ana Moreno-Alcázar, Mercè Madre, Teresa Maristany, Edith Pomarol-Clotet, and Benedikt L. Amann. "Surface-based brain morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging in schizoaffective disorder." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 1 (July 11, 2016): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867416631827.
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Background: The profile of grey matter abnormalities and related white-matter pathology in schizoaffective disorder has only been studied to a limited extent. The aim of this study was to identify grey- and white-matter abnormalities in patients with schizoaffective disorder using complementary structural imaging techniques. Methods: Forty-five patients meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fourth Edition criteria and Research Diagnostic Criteria for schizoaffective disorder and 45 matched healthy controls underwent structural-T1 and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging to enable surface-based brain morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging analyses. Analyses were conducted to determine group differences in cortical volume, cortical thickness and surface area, as well as in fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity. Results: At a threshold of p = 0.05 corrected, all measures revealed significant differences between patients and controls at the group level. Spatial overlap of abnormalities was observed across the various structural neuroimaging measures. In grey matter, patients with schizoaffective disorder showed abnormalities in the frontal and temporal lobes, striatum, fusiform, cuneus, precuneus, lingual and limbic regions. White-matter abnormalities were identified in tracts connecting these areas, including the corpus callosum, superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi, anterior thalamic radiation, uncinate fasciculus and cingulum bundle. Conclusion: The spatial overlap of abnormalities across the different imaging techniques suggests widespread and consistent brain pathology in schizoaffective disorder. The abnormalities were mainly detected in areas that have commonly been reported to be abnormal in schizophrenia, and to some extent in bipolar disorder, which may explain the clinical and aetiological overlap in these disorders.
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Kaipa, Ramesh, Michael Robb, and Richard Jones. "The Effectiveness of Constant, Variable, Random, and Blocked Practice in Speech-Motor Learning." Journal of Motor Learning and Development 5, no. 1 (June 2017): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2015-0044.
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In this experiment, we investigated the role of practice variability (constant versus variable practice) and practice schedule (random versus blocked practice) on spatial and temporal learning of a speech task as a function of aging. The participants were 80 healthy individuals (40–80 years) with no history of cognitive, sensory, or motor disorders. A median split was performed to divide the participants into older and younger groups. The median split was at 59 years of age, thus placing 40 participants in each age group. The participants were assigned to one of four practice groups and practiced a nonmeaningful phrase for two consecutive days. On the third day, the participants reproduced the speech phrase without practice. Data analysis revealed that older participants involved in constant practice demonstrated superior temporal learning of the speech task over participants on variable practice. Older participants on random practice demonstrated better spatial learning of the speech task than did participants on blocked practice. In contrast, there was no effect of practice conditions on spatial and temporal learning outcomes in the younger group. The findings indicate that practice variability and practice schedule influence different aspects of a complex speech-motor learning task among older adults but not among younger adults.
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Phillips, Dennis P. "Auditory Gap Detection, Perceptual Channels, and Temporal Resolution in Speech Perception." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 10, no. 06 (June 1999): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1748505.
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AbstractThis article overviews some recent advances in our understanding of temporal processes in auditory perception. It begins with the premise that hearing is the online perceptual elaboration of acoustic events distributed in time. It examines studies of gap detection for two reasons: first, to probe the temporal acuity of auditory perception in its own right and, second, to show how studies of gap detection have provided new insights into the processes involved in speech perception and into the architecture of auditory spatial perceptual mechanisms. The implications of these new data for our comprehension of some central auditory processing disorders are examined. Abbreviations: SLI = specific language impairment, VOT = voice onset time
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Orbán-Kis, K., I. Mihály, I. Lukács, Rita-Judit Kiss, Júlia Izsák, Iringó Száva, Júlia Metz, and T. Szilágyi. "Spatial memory deficits in juvenile rats with pilocarpine induced temporal lobe epilepsy." Acta Medica Marisiensis 60, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amma-2014-0040.
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Abstract One of the most frequent forms of epilepsy in humans is temporal lobe epilepsy. Characteristic to this form of the disease is the frequent pharmacoresistance and the association with behavioural disorders and cognitive impairment. The objective of our study was to establish the degree of cognitive impairment in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy after an initial epileptogenic exposure but before of the onset of the effect of long-duration epilepsy. Methods. For the experiment we used 11 rats. Status epilepticus was induced by systemic administration of a single dose of pilocarpine. The animals were continuously video-monitored to observe the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures; during weeks 9-10 we performed eight-arm radial maze testing in order to assess the cognitive impairment. Results. Animals developed spontaneous recurrent seizures after a 14-21 day latency with a daily average seizure density of 0.79±0.43 during weeks 9-10. Epileptic rats had significantly more working memory errors per session, more reference memory errors and the number of visited arms was also significantly higher. Accuracy was also lower in the pilocarpine treated group. Interestingly significant differences disappeared after six days of trials. Conclusions. Our study shows behavioural deficits occurring after 9-10 weeks of epilepsy in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy applied to juvenile rats. In contrast to previous studies, we showed that juvenile rats with short duration of epilepsy are able to learn the behavioural task, therefore a morphopathological and/or behavioural “no-return point” regarding the development of severe cognitive impairment is not reached by status epilepticus alone.
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Paul, Rudrajit, and Rathindranath Sarkar. "Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: The New Tool for Clinicians." Bengal Physician Journal 5, no. 2 (2018): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10070-5203.
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ABSTRACT Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) scan is rapidly becoming an indispensable tool for the management of various disorders. This technique has the advantages of good temporal and spatial resolution and no exposure to radiation. Various ischemic and non-ischemic conditions of the heart may be diagnosed with high sensitivity and specificity. This review article aims to introduce the clinicians to the various uses of cardiac MRI and its future potential.
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Lupu, I. R., and V. Lupu. "Prevention of Specific Learning Disorders in Early Stages." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1333.
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IntroductionSpecific learning disorders as defined in the DSM-5 are frequently diagnosed among children – 4–9% for reading deficits – (DSM-5, 2013). As any deficit can contribute not only to a child's emotional distress, it can also result in academic failure or school abandonment. Therefore, prevention measures should be considered.ObjectivesThe present study's objective was to compare the influence of a set of primary prevention measures on children's performance in reading and writing and improve their reading and writing.AimsWe aimed to prevent specific learning disorders–dyslexia and dysgraphia in children from the second to their third year in the educational system.MethodsOnly children from the second year of school were considered (grade I). Children with clear potential for developing specific learning disorders were included in the present study. Children with any other comorbidity were excluded from the data analysis. Four experimental groups were considered – one control and three interventional – 1. Control, 2. COPS method, 3. Meixner principles, and 4. COPS method combined with Meixner principles and considering improvement of reading images, image filling, graphical schema orientation and discrimination, spatial and temporal orientation, orientation of objects, fine motor skills, temporal sequences, attention for details, perception of differences.ResultsFindings indicated that the use of the combined methods significantly improved children's performance in reading and writing. Though all interventional methods improved children's performance. Results comparison was computed.ConclusionsEarly prevention programs which that target both reading and writing can improve children's performance in reading and writing.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Garcia-Alonso, Luz, Louis-François Handfield, Kenny Roberts, Konstantina Nikolakopoulou, Ridma C. Fernando, Lucy Gardner, Benjamin Woodhams, et al. "Mapping the temporal and spatial dynamics of the human endometrium in vivo and in vitro." Nature Genetics 53, no. 12 (December 2021): 1698–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-00972-2.
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AbstractThe endometrium, the mucosal lining of the uterus, undergoes dynamic changes throughout the menstrual cycle in response to ovarian hormones. We have generated dense single-cell and spatial reference maps of the human uterus and three-dimensional endometrial organoid cultures. We dissect the signaling pathways that determine cell fate of the epithelial lineages in the lumenal and glandular microenvironments. Our benchmark of the endometrial organoids reveals the pathways and cell states regulating differentiation of the secretory and ciliated lineages both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro downregulation of WNT or NOTCH pathways increases the differentiation efficiency along the secretory and ciliated lineages, respectively. We utilize our cellular maps to deconvolute bulk data from endometrial cancers and endometriotic lesions, illuminating the cell types dominating in each of these disorders. These mechanistic insights provide a platform for future development of treatments for common conditions including endometriosis and endometrial carcinoma.
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Cao, Feng, Atsushi Fukuda, Hiroshi Watanabe, and Tomohiro Kono. "The transcriptomic architecture of mouse Sertoli cell clone embryos reveals temporal–spatial-specific reprogramming." REPRODUCTION 145, no. 3 (March 2013): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-12-0435.
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Somatic cell nuclear transfer, a technique used to generate clone embryos by transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell into an enucleated oocyte, is an excellent approach to study the reprogramming of the nuclei of differentiated cells. Here, we conducted a transcriptomic study by performing microarray analysis on single Sertoli cell nuclear transfer (SeCNT) embryos throughout preimplantation development. The extensive data collected from the oocyte to the blastocyst stage helped to identify specific genes that were incorrectly reprogrammed at each stage, thereby providing a novel perspective for understanding reprogramming progression in SeCNT embryos. This attempt provided an opportunity to discuss the possibility that ectopic gene expression could be involved in the developmental failure of SeCNT embryos. Network analysis at each stage suggested that in total, 127 networks were involved in developmental and functional disorders in SeCNT embryos. Furthermore, chromosome mapping using our time-lapse expression data highlighted temporal–spatial changes of the abnormal expression, showing the characteristic distribution of the genes on each chromosome. Thus, the present study revealed that the preimplantation development of SeCNT embryos appears normal; however, the progression of incorrect reprogramming is concealed throughout development.
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Sirica, Daniel, Angela L. Hewitt, Christopher G. Tarolli, Miriam T. Weber, Carol Zimmerman, Aida Santiago, Andrew Wensel, Jonathan W. Mink, and Karlo J. Lizárraga. "Neurophysiological biomarkers to optimize deep brain stimulation in movement disorders." Neurodegenerative Disease Management 11, no. 4 (August 2021): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nmt-2021-0002.
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Intraoperative neurophysiological information could increase accuracy of surgical deep brain stimulation (DBS) lead placement. Subsequently, DBS therapy could be optimized by specifically targeting pathological activity. In Parkinson’s disease, local field potentials (LFPs) excessively synchronized in the beta band (13–35 Hz) correlate with akinetic-rigid symptoms and their response to DBS therapy, particularly low beta band suppression (13–20 Hz) and high frequency gamma facilitation (35–250 Hz). In dystonia, LFPs abnormally synchronize in the theta/alpha (4–13 Hz), beta and gamma (60–90 Hz) bands. Phasic dystonic symptoms and their response to DBS correlate with changes in theta/alpha synchronization. In essential tremor, LFPs excessively synchronize in the theta/alpha and beta bands. Adaptive DBS systems will individualize pathological characteristics of neurophysiological signals to automatically deliver therapeutic DBS pulses of specific spatial and temporal parameters.
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Marchetti, Gregory F., Susan L. Whitney, Philip J. Blatt, Laura O. Morris, and Joan M. Vance. "Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Gait During Performance of the Dynamic Gait Index in People With and People Without Balance or Vestibular Disorders." Physical Therapy 88, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 640–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20070130.
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Background and Purpose Understanding underlying gait characteristics during performance of the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) could potentially guide interventions. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics and reliability of gait performance during the level walking items of the DGI in people with balance or vestibular dysfunction. The study was a cross-sectional investigation with 2-group comparisons. Subjects and Methods Forty-seven subjects (mean age=59.2 years, SD=8.5, range=24–90) participated in the study; 26 were control subjects, and 21 were subjects with balance or vestibular dysfunction. Three trials of each level gait item were administered to subjects as they ambulated on an instrumented walkway. Test-retest reliability was determined by use of an intraclass correlation coefficient (3,1) 2-way random-effects model for gait parameters associated with continuous walking and the item requiring turning and stopping quickly. Mean gait parameter differences between control subjects and subjects with balance or vestibular disorders were compared by use of a multivariate analysis of variance for each gait task. Results The reliability of most gait parameters during DGI performance were fair to excellent between trials. Subjects with balance or vestibular disorders demonstrated differences in gait characteristics compared with control subjects. The heterogeneity of the group of subjects with balance or vestibular disorders does not permit inferences to be drawn regarding the relationship between gait and any specific balance or vestibular diagnosis. The results are most pertinent to people with chronic balance or vestibular disorders. Discussion and Conclusion Gait parameters underlying dynamic walking appeared to be relatively reliable across multiple trials and distinguished subjects with balance or vestibular disorders. Evaluating a person's performance on items of the DGI may be useful in identifying gait deviations and in evaluating gait improvements as a result of interventions.
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Lewis, Jamal S., and Riley P. Allen. "An introduction to biomaterial-based strategies for curbing autoimmunity." Experimental Biology and Medicine 241, no. 10 (May 2016): 1107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370216650294.
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Recently, scientists have made significant progress in the development of immunotherapeutics that correct aberrant, autoimmune responses. Yet, concerns about the safety, efficacy, and wide scale applicability continue to hinder use of contemporary, immunology-based strategies. There is a clear need for therapies that finely control molecular and cellular elements of the immune system. Biomaterial engineers have taken up this challenge to develop therapeutics with selective spatial and temporal control of immune cells. In this review, we introduce the immunology of autoimmune disorders, survey the current therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases, and highlight the ongoing research efforts to engineer the immune system using biomaterials, for positive therapeutic outcomes in treatment of autoimmune disorders.
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Xu, Lei, Sati Mazumdar, Philip J. Greer, and Julie Price. "Stimulant-Induced Spatial Temporal Patterns in Pet Data : Illustrations Using SPM, Manacova-CVA and PLS." Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin 56, no. 1-4 (March 2005): 209–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008068320050512.
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Summary Functional brain images arc extraordinarily rich data sets that reflect brain function such as cerebral blood flow. These images are widely applied to study brain activity after drug administration or in response to perceptual and cognitive stimuli. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) constitutes one important modality that provides functional brain images. Spatial and temporal patterns in brain activities captured from these images have helped to better understand brain dysfunction in disease and aid in diagnosis and treatment of diseases including ncurogenerative disorders. As PET provides maps consisting of average levels of activity for cuboidal voxels of tissue, it is a substantial analytic challenge to integrate the temporal, spatial and statistical signals making up these data. This paper presents a comparative analysis of three voxel-based methods for characterization of spatial-temporal patterns provided by PET images of cerebral blood flow . The methods are: (i) statistical parametric mapping (SPM) providing a voxel-wise brain map of a selected statistic; (ii) multivariate analysis of covariance jointly with canonical variate analysis (MANCOVA-CVA) identifying regions of the brain that are most responsible for global statistical significance; and (iii) partial least squares (PLS) that uses a path modeling technique with latent variables for dimension reduction. The methods are illustrated using data from sequential [Formula: see text] PET studies in baboons to examine whether amphetamine affects relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) differentially over time and over different regions of brain. The results are found to be consistent across the three methods.
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Chatzaki, Chariklia, Vasileios Skaramagkas, Zinovia Kefalopoulou, Nikolaos Tachos, Nicholas Kostikis, Foivos Kanellos, Eleftherios Triantafyllou, Elisabeth Chroni, Dimitrios I. Fotiadis, and Manolis Tsiknakis. "Can Gait Features Help in Differentiating Parkinson’s Disease Medication States and Severity Levels? A Machine Learning Approach." Sensors 22, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 9937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249937.
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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurological diseases, described by complex clinical phenotypes. The manifestations of PD include both motor and non-motor symptoms. We constituted an experimental protocol for the assessment of PD motor signs of lower extremities. Using a pair of sensor insoles, data were recorded from PD patients, Elderly and Adult groups. Assessment of PD patients has been performed by neurologists specialized in movement disorders using the Movement Disorder Society—Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS)-Part III: Motor Examination, on both ON and OFF medication states. Using as a reference point the quantified metrics of MDS-UPDRS-Part III, severity levels were explored by classifying normal, mild, moderate, and severe levels of PD. Elaborating the recorded gait data, 18 temporal and spatial characteristics have been extracted. Subsequently, feature selection techniques were applied to reveal the dominant features to be used for four classification tasks. Specifically, for identifying relations between the spatial and temporal gait features on: PD and non-PD groups; PD, Elderly and Adults groups; PD and ON/OFF medication states; MDS-UPDRS: Part III and PD severity levels. AdaBoost, Extra Trees, and Random Forest classifiers, were trained and tested. Results showed a recognition accuracy of 88%, 73% and 81% for, the PD and non-PD groups, PD-related medication states, and PD severity levels relevant to MDS-UPDRS: Part III ratings, respectively.
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Lagopoulos, Jim, Gin S. Malhi, Belinda Ivanovski, Catherine M. Cahill, Erhard W. Lang, Yugan Mudaliar, Nick Dorsch, Alan Yam, Jane Griffith, and Jamin Mulvey. "Cerebrovascular autoregulation as a neuroimaging tool." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 18, no. 2 (April 2006): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2006.00133.x.
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Functional transcranial Doppler (fTCD) sonography provides a high temporal resolution measure of blood flow and has over the years proved to be a valuable tool in the clinical evaluation of patients with cerebrovascular disorders. More recently, due to advances in physics and computing, it has become possible to derive indices of cerebrovascular autoregulation (CA) as well as cerebrovascular pressure reactivity (CR), using non-invasive techniques. These indices provide a dynamic representation of the brain's regulatory blood flow mechanisms not only in pathological states but also in health. However, whilst the temporal resolution of these regulatory indices is very good, spatially, the localization of brain regions remains very poor, thus limiting its brain mapping capacity. Functional MRI, on the contrary, is a brain-imaging technique that operates on similar blood flow principles; however, unlike fTCD, it provides high spatial resolution. Because both fTCD and fMRI determine blood flow-dependant imaging parameters, the coupling of fTCD with fMRI may provide greater insight into brain function by virtue of the combined enhanced temporal and spatial resolution that each technique affords. This review summarizes the fTCD technique with particular emphasis on the CA and CR indices and their relationship in traumatic brain injury as well as in health.
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Josefson, Rebecca, Rebecca Andersson, and Thomas Nyström. "How and why do toxic conformers of aberrant proteins accumulate during ageing?" Essays in Biochemistry 61, no. 3 (May 24, 2017): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20160085.
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Ageing can be defined as a gradual decline in cellular and physical functions accompanied by an increased sensitivity to the environment and risk of death. The increased risk of mortality is causally connected to a gradual, intracellular accumulation of so-called ageing factors, of which damaged and aggregated proteins are believed to be one. Such aggregated proteins also contribute to several age-related neurodegenerative disorders e.g. Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases, highlighting the importance of protein quality control (PQC) in ageing and its associated diseases. PQC consists of two interrelated systems: the temporal control system aimed at refolding, repairing, and/or removing aberrant proteins and their aggregates and the spatial control system aimed at harnessing the potential toxicity of aberrant proteins by sequestering them at specific cellular locations. The accumulation of toxic conformers of aberrant proteins during ageing is often declared to be a consequence of an incapacitated temporal PQC system—i.e. a gradual decline in the activity of chaperones and proteases. Here, we review the current knowledge on PQC in relation to ageing and highlight that the breakdown of both temporal and spatial PQC may contribute to ageing and thus comprise potential targets for therapeutic interventions of the ageing process.
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Subošić, Dane, Stevo Jaćimovski, and Goran Jovanov. "The use of chemical agents by law enforcement in controlling civil disorders." Zurnal za bezbjednost i kriminalistiku 4, no. 1 (2022): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zurbezkrim2201033s.
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This study seeks to determine the spatial and temporal concentration of chemical agents (specifically - orthochlorobenzylidenemalononitrile - corson & stought (CS)) used by law enforcement in controlling civil disorders, depending on meteorological conditions and the time of the day. This study was conducted using the Gaussian air pollutant dispersion model. Based on findings of this study, conclusions pertaining to distance (in meters) and duration (in seconds) of the use of chemical agents under favorable, average, and unfavorable meteorological conditions, as well as conditions determined by the time of the day, both in urban and rural areas were drawn. Based on these conclusions, recommendations were made for the management and tactics of the engagement of police units in situations where the use of chemical agents occurs. Additionally, recommendations for future research in this area have been identified.
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Persinger, Michael A. "Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LIII. Epidemiological Considerations for Incidence of Cancer and Depression in Areas of Frequent UFO Reports." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 3 (December 1988): 799–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.3.799.
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Luminous phenomena and anomalous physical forces have been hypothesized to be generated by focal tectonic strain fields that precede earthquakes. If these geophysical processes exist, then their spatial and temporal density should be greatest during periods of protracted, localized UFO reports; they might be used as dosimetric indicators. Contemporary epidemiological data concerning the health risks of power frequency electromagnetic fields and radon gas levels (expected correlates of certain tectonic strain fields), suggest that increased incidence (odds ratios greater 1:3) of brain tumors and leukemia should be evident within “flap” areas. In addition the frequency of variants of temporal lobe lability, psychological depression and posttraumatic stress should be significantly elevated. UFO field investigators, because they have repeated, intermittent close proximity to these fields, are considered to be a particularly high risk population for these disorders.
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Ferreira, O. "Cognitive Deficits in Patients Diagnosed with Schizophrenia or Other Psychotic Disorders." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73089-9.
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IntroductionCognitive deficits in patients with psychotic disorders have been described both in literature and clinical practice.Objectives/aimsAnalysis of the cognitive deficits in patients with psychotic disorders.MethodsObservation of 8 subjects performance on the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) and Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM), by the consultation of their psychological assessment clinical files. Subjects are aged between 20 and 29 years old and diagnosed with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder.ResultsThe analysis of the performance on the psychological tests indicated significant differences in the areas of remote memory, attention, calculation, immediate verbal memory, visual memory and non verbal reasoning. No significant differences in the areas of spatial and temporal orientation were observed.ConclusionsThis study confirms the presence of neuropsychological deficits in several areas of memory and non verbal reasoning ability of young patients with psychotic disorders. Neuropsychological rehabilitation is a key area of intervention in such disorders, considering the young age of these patients and the impact that these alterations can have on their social, educational and professional prospects.
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Nielsen, Charlene, Carl Amrhein, Jesus Serrano Lomelin, Osmar Zaiane, and Alvaro Osornio Vargas. "SUBNORMAL BIRTHWEIGHT AND INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTANTS – A COMPARISON OF SPATIAL-TEMPORAL HOT SPOT PATTERNS." Paediatrics & Child Health 23, suppl_1 (May 18, 2018): e38-e38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxy054.099.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight are the 2nd cause of infant death in Canada and have been increasing, especially in Alberta. Individual maternal risks are important but environmental exposures during pregnancy may restrict fetal growth. This contributes to small for gestational age (SGA: < tenth percentile weight for pregnancy duration) and low birth weight at term (LBWT: <2500 grams at ≥37 weeks-gestation). OBJECTIVES We examined the spatial-temporal patterns of SGA and LBWT with patterns of pollutants around conception, middle trimester, and birth. DESIGN/METHODS We aggregated postal code locations of mothers’ residences from the 2006–2012 birth registry in to space-time bins to analyze emerging hot spots. We applied the space-time pattern analysis on 70 industrial chemical emissions from the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) in estimated three month intervals. Then we statistically associated the classified patterns of SGA/LBWT with the pollutant patterns using the kappa statistic to determine how much the hot spot categories agree. The difference between kappa values indicated which trimester would be more important for which chemical. RESULTS There was an increasing trend for SGA (consecutive hot spots) and for LBWT (sporadic hot spots) in major urban centers. There was an increasing trend for 15 chemicals (varying hot spots). 28 chemical patterns had a kappa index greater than 0.2 with SGA or LBWT patterns. Although there is poor agreement between the space-time patterns, the maximum kappa values occurred mostly with LBWT and around birth. CONCLUSION Spatial-temporal patterns of chemicals identified in published literature (e.g. particulate matter and gases) agreed more with timing around conception; however, there were additional pollutants identified during the birth trimester. Our research is moving us toward a better understanding of the spatial-temporal link between environment and early health.
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Uyulan, Caglar, Türker Tekin Ergüzel, Huseyin Unubol, Merve Cebi, Gokben Hizli Sayar, Mahdi Nezhad Asad, and Nevzat Tarhan. "Major Depressive Disorder Classification Based on Different Convolutional Neural Network Models: Deep Learning Approach." Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 52, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550059420916634.
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The human brain is characterized by complex structural, functional connections that integrate unique cognitive characteristics. There is a fundamental hurdle for the evaluation of both structural and functional connections of the brain and the effects in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, there is no clinically specific diagnostic biomarker capable of confirming the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Therefore, exploring translational biomarkers of mood disorders based on deep learning (DL) has valuable potential with its recently underlined promising outcomes. In this article, an electroencephalography (EEG)-based diagnosis model for MDD is built through advanced computational neuroscience methodology coupled with a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) approach. EEG recordings are analyzed by modeling 3 different deep CNN structure, namely, ResNet-50, MobileNet, Inception-v3, in order to dichotomize MDD patients and healthy controls. EEG data are collected for 4 main frequency bands (Δ, θ, α, and β, accompanying spatial resolution with location information by collecting data from 19 electrodes. Following the pre-processing step, different DL architectures were employed to underline discrimination performance by comparing classification accuracies. The classification performance of models based on location data, MobileNet architecture generated 89.33% and 92.66% classification accuracy. As to the frequency bands, delta frequency band outperformed compared to other bands with 90.22% predictive accuracy and area under curve (AUC) value of 0.9 for ResNet-50 architecture. The main contribution of the study is the delineation of distinctive spatial and temporal features using various DL architectures to dichotomize 46 MDD subjects from 46 healthy subjects. Exploring translational biomarkers of mood disorders based on DL perspective is the main focus of this study and, though it is challenging, with its promising potential to improve our understanding of the psychiatric disorders, computational methods are highly worthy for the diagnosis process and valuable in terms of both speed and accuracy compared with classical approaches.
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Masselli, Gabriele. "Small Bowel Imaging: Clinical Applications of the Different Imaging Modalities—A Comprehensive Review." ISRN Pathology 2013 (May 21, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/419542.
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In the last years, MR and CT techniques have been optimized for small bowel imaging and are playing an increasing role in the evaluation of small bowel disorders. In comparison to traditional barium fluoroscopic examinations, spatial and temporal resolution is now much more improved partially thanks to modern bowel distending agents. However, there is a global interest in implementing techniques that either reduce or eliminate radiation exposure. This is especially important in patients with chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease who may require multiple studies over a lifetime. Owing to the excellent soft tissue contrast, direct multiplanar imaging capabilities, new ultrafast breath-holding pulse sequences, lack of ionizing radiation, and availability of a variety of oral contrast agents, MR is well suited to play a critical role in the imaging of small bowel disorders.
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Rasmus, Anna, and Aleksandra Błachnio. "Auditory Processing Disorders in Elderly Persons vs. Linguistic and Emotional Prosody." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 14, 2021): 6427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126427.
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Background: Language communication, which is one of the basic forms of building and maintaining interpersonal relationships, deteriorates in elder age. One of the probable causes is a decline in auditory functioning, including auditory central processing. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the profile of central auditory processing disorders in the elderly as well as the relationship between these disorders and the perception of emotional and linguistic prosody. Methods: The Right Hemisphere Language Battery (RHLB-PL), and the Brain-Boy Universal Professional (BUP) were used. Results: There are statistically significant relationships between emotional prosody and: spatial hearing (r(18) = 0.46, p = 0.04); the time of the reaction (r(18) = 0.49, p = 0.03); recognizing the frequency pattern (r(18) = 0.49, p = 0.03 (4); and recognizing the duration pattern (r(18) = 0.45, p = 0.05. There are statistically significant correlations between linguistic prosody and: pitch discrimination (r(18) = 0.5, p = 0.02); recognition of the frequency pattern (r(18) = 0.55, p = 0.01); recognition of the temporal pattern; and emotional prosody (r(18) = 0.58, p = 0.01). Conclusions: The analysis of the disturbed components of auditory central processing among the tested samples showed a reduction in the functions related to frequency differentiation, the recognition of the temporal pattern, the process of discriminating between important sounds, and the speed of reaction. De-automation of the basic functions of auditory central processing, which we observe in older age, lowers the perception of both emotional and linguistic prosody, thus reducing the quality of communication in older people.
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Augustin, Jobst, Sandra Wolf, Brigitte Stephan, Matthias Augustin, and Valerie Andrees. "Psoriasis comorbidities in Germany: A population-based study on spatiotemporal variations." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 22, 2022): e0265741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265741.
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Psoriasis is a chronic disease with high impact on patients’ health and their quality of life. Psoriasis often occurs along with other comorbidities, but it is not yet clear what role the comorbidities play in regional psoriasis prevalence. This study investigates the temporal and regional variation of the psoriasis comorbidities diabetes mellitus type II, obesity, hypertension, affective disorders in Germany and their association with psoriasis prevalence. This analysis based on the population set of ambulatory claims data (2010–2017) of the statutory health insurance (SHI) in Germany (approx. 70.3 million people in 2017). Psoriasis comorbidities rates were determined on county level. We performed descriptive spatiotemporal analyses of psoriasis comorbidity prevalence rates. In addition, we identified and compared spatial clusters and examined regional variations using spatial statistical methods. The results show strong regional variations (northeast to south gradient) and an increasing psoriasis prevalence (max. 28.8%) within the observation period. Considering the comorbidities, results indicate comparable spatial prevalence patterns for diabetes mellitus type II, obesity and hypertension. This means that the highest prevalence of comorbidities tends to be found where the psoriasis prevalence is highest. The spatiotemporal cluster analyses could once again confirm the results. An exception to this is to be found in the case of affective disorders with different spatial patterns. The results of the studies show the first spatiotemporal association between psoriasis prevalence and comorbidities in Germany. The causalities must be investigated in more detail in order to be able to derive measures for improved care.
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Gusev, E. I., G. S. Burd, A. B. Gekht, and A. N. Bogolepova. "Disorders of high psychic functions in patients in the early recovery period of the ischemic insult." Neurology Bulletin XXVI, no. 1-2 (April 20, 1994): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/nb106554.
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The state, of high psychic functions depending on the ischemic focus localization and disease gravity in the early recovery period of the ischemic insult is studied in 51 patients with left and right hemisphere insult. The neuropsychologic examination is performed using A. P. Luriyas method with tests for assessment of all kinds of praxis, gnosis, memory, speech, intellectual processes. The additional assessment of the functional state of various cerebral zones is given. The disorders of praxis (dynamic, postural, spatial), of visual-constructive activity, aural and speech memory, count, visual and acoustic gnosis prevail in the early recovery period. This suggests the disfunction of posterofrontal, temporal and parietal structures vascularized principally by the region of the middle cerebral artery.
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Liu, Xiang, Oleksandr Makeyev, and Walter Besio. "Improved Spatial Resolution of Electroencephalogram Using Tripolar Concentric Ring Electrode Sensors." Journal of Sensors 2020 (June 8, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6269394.
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The electroencephalogram (EEG) is broadly used for research of brain activities and diagnosis of brain diseases and disorders. Although EEG provides good temporal resolution of millisecond or less, it does not provide good spatial resolution. There are two main reasons for the poor spatial resolution: the blurring effects of the head volume conductor and poor signal-to-noise ratio. We have developed a tripolar concentric ring electrode (TCRE) Laplacian sensor and now report on computer simulations comparing spatial resolution between conventional EEG disc electrode sensors and TCRE Laplacian sensors. We also performed visual evoked stimulus experiments and acquired visual evoked potentials (VEPs) from healthy human subjects. From the simulations, we found that TCRE Laplacian sensors can provide approximately a tenfold improvement in spatial resolution and pass signals from specific volumes. Placing TCRE sensors near the brain region of interest will allow passage of the wanted signals and rejection of distant interference signals. We were also able to detect VEPs on the scalp surface and show that TCREs separated VEP sources better than conventional disc electrodes.
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Ketter, Terence A., Mark S. George, Tim A. Kimbrell, Brenda E. Benson, and Robert M. Post. "Functional Brain Imaging, Limbic Function, and Affective Disorders." Neuroscientist 2, no. 1 (January 1996): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107385849600200113.
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For more than a century, mesial cerebral structures have been candidate substrates for the mediation of emotional experience. Although limbic structures were originally conceived as forming a midline ring, emerging evidence suggests that emotional processes may be related more closely to anterior paralimbic (anterior limbic and nearby cortical) regions than to posterior limbic regions. In addition, basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits for various cerebral processes have been proposed, including one involving anterior paralimbic structures thought to mediate emotion. Recent brain imaging studies have advanced this thesis by demonstrating anterior paralimbic activation during affective arousal in healthy volunteers. The overwhelming majority of functional imaging studies of both primary and secondary depression has demonstrated decreased anterior paralimbic and prefrontal cortical activity, the latter of which often correlated with severity of depression and resolved with symptom remission. A few studies have noted increased activity in these same regions, which may reflect heterogeneity due to particular illness subtypes. Preliminary evidence has suggested that baseline functional abnormalities in these structures may relate to diagnostic subtypes and provide differential markers of therapeutic responses. New imaging methods with greater sensitivity, spatial and temporal resolution, and biochemical specificity promise to fuel further insights into the neurobiology of normal emotion in health, subtypes of affective disorders, and perhaps even improved targeting of therapeutic interventions.
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Lénárt, Nikolett, David Brough, and Ádám Dénes. "Inflammasomes link vascular disease with neuroinflammation and brain disorders." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 36, no. 10 (August 11, 2016): 1668–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x16662043.
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The role of inflammation in neurological disorders is increasingly recognised. Inflammatory processes are associated with the aetiology and clinical progression of migraine, psychiatric conditions, epilepsy, cerebrovascular diseases, dementia and neurodegeneration, such as seen in Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease. Both central and systemic inflammatory actions have been linked with the development of brain diseases, suggesting that complex neuro-immune interactions could contribute to pathological changes in the brain across multiple temporal and spatial scales. However, the mechanisms through which inflammation impacts on neurological disease are improperly defined. To develop effective therapeutic approaches, it is imperative to understand how detrimental inflammatory processes could be blocked selectively, or controlled for prolonged periods, without compromising essential immune defence mechanisms. Increasing evidence indicates that common risk factors for brain disorders, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, obesity or infection involve the activation of NLRP3, NLRP1, NLRC4 or AIM2 inflammasomes, which are also associated with various neurological diseases. This review focuses on the mechanisms whereby inflammasomes, which integrate diverse inflammatory signals in response to pathogen-driven stimuli, tissue injury or metabolic alterations in multiple cell types and different organs of the body, could functionally link vascular- and neurological diseases and hence represent a promising therapeutic target.
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Goodbourn, Patrick T., Jenny M. Bosten, Ruth E. Hogg, Gary Bargary, Adam J. Lawrance-Owen, and J. D. Mollon. "Do different ‘magnocellular tasks’ probe the same neural substrate?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1745 (August 15, 2012): 4263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1430.
Full textAbstract:
The sensory abnormalities associated with disorders such as dyslexia, autism and schizophrenia have often been attributed to a generalized deficit in the visual magnocellular–dorsal stream and its auditory homologue. To probe magnocellular function, various psychophysical tasks are often employed that require the processing of rapidly changing stimuli. But is performance on these several tasks supported by a common substrate? To answer this question, we tested a cohort of 1060 individuals on four ‘magnocellular tasks’: detection of low-spatial-frequency gratings reversing in contrast at a high temporal frequency (so-called frequency-doubled gratings); detection of pulsed low-spatial-frequency gratings on a steady luminance pedestal; detection of coherent motion; and auditory discrimination of temporal order. Although all tasks showed test–retest reliability, only one pair shared more than 4 per cent of variance. Correlations within the set of ‘magnocellular tasks’ were similar to the correlations between those tasks and a ‘non-magnocellular task’, and there was little consistency between ‘magnocellular deficit’ groups comprising individuals with the lowest sensitivity for each task. Our results suggest that different ‘magnocellular tasks’ reflect different sources of variance, and thus are not general measures of ‘magnocellular function’.
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Lopez, Clémence, and Laurence Vaivre-Douret. "Concurrent and Predictive Validity of a Cycloid Loops Copy Task to Assess Handwriting Disorders in Children." Children 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2023): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10020305.
Full textAbstract:
Handwriting disorders (HDs) are mainly assessed using script or cursive handwriting tasks. The most common is the scale for children’s handwriting, with a French adaptation (BHK). The present study aims to assess the concurrent validity of a pre-scriptural task (copying a line of cycloid loops) with the BHK for the diagnosis of HDs. Thirty-five primary school children (7 females, 28 males) with HD aged 6–11 years were recruited and compared to 331 typically developing children (TDC). Spatial/temporal/kinematic measures were collected using a digital pen on a paper. Posture and inter-segmental writing arm coordination were video recorded. A logistic regression statistical method, including a receiver-operating characteristic curve, was used to assess the ability of the task to predict HD. Gestural patterns were significantly less mature in HDs than in TDC (p < 0.05), and associated with poorer quality, less fluid, and slower drawing (p < 0.001). Moreover, good correlations between temporal and kinematic measures and the BHK scale were found. Number of strokes, total drawing time, in-air pauses times, and number of velocity peaks showed very good sensitivity (88%) and specificity (74%) to diagnose HDs. Consequently, the cycloid loops task is an easy, robust, and predictive tool for clinicians to identify HDs before the alphabet is mastered.
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Sigurjónsdóttir, Ólafía, Andri S. Bjornsson, Inga D. Wessmann, and Árni Kristjánsson. "Measuring Biases of Visual Attention: A Comparison of Four Tasks." Behavioral Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs10010028.
Full textAbstract:
Attention biases to stimuli with emotional content may play a role in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders. The most commonly used tasks in measuring and treating such biases, the dot-probe and spatial cueing tasks, have yielded mixed results, however. We assessed the sensitivity of four visual attention tasks (dot-probe, spatial cueing, visual search with irrelevant distractor and attentional blink tasks) to differences in attentional processing between threatening and neutral faces in 33 outpatients with a primary diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD) and 26 healthy controls. The dot-probe and cueing tasks revealed no differential processing of neutral and threatening faces between the SAD and control groups. The irrelevant distractor task showed some sensitivity to differential processing for the SAD group, but the attentional blink task was uniquely sensitive to such differences in both groups, and revealed processing differences between the SAD and control groups. The attentional blink task also revealed interesting temporal dynamics of attentional processing of emotional stimuli and may provide a uniquely nuanced picture of attentional response to emotional stimuli. Our results therefore suggest that the attentional blink task is more suitable for measuring preferential attending to emotional stimuli and treating dysfunctional attention patterns than the more commonly used dot-probe and cueing tasks.
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Yoo, So Young, and Sang Mo Kwon. "Angiogenesis and Its Therapeutic Opportunities." Mediators of Inflammation 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/127170.
Full textAbstract:
Angiogenesis plays critical roles in human physiology that range from reproduction and fetal growth to wound healing and tissue repair. The sophisticated multistep process is tightly regulated in a spatial and temporal manner by “on-off switch signals” between angiogenic factors, extracellular matrix components, and endothelial cells. Uncontrolled angiogenesis may lead to several angiogenic disorders, including vascular insufficiency (myocardial or critical limb ischemia) and vascular overgrowth (hemangiomas, vascularized tumors, and retinopathies). Thus, numerous therapeutic opportunities can be envisaged through the successful understanding and subsequent manipulation of angiogenesis. Here, we review the clinical implications of angiogenesis and discuss pro- and antiangiogenic agents that offer potential therapy for cancer and other angiogenic diseases.
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Cartes, Carlos. "Mathematical modeling of the Chilean riots of 2019: An epidemiological non-local approach." Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 32, no. 12 (December 2022): 123113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0116750.
Full textAbstract:
During the second half of October 2019, Chile, especially the capital city, Santiago, suffered from widespread violence and public and private infrastructure destruction. This work aims to expand an epidemiological non-local model that successfully described the French riots of 2005 to incorporate the topology of Santiago’s subway network and explain the reported distribution of rioting activity in the city. Although the model reproduced the disorders’ aggregated temporal evolution, it could not deliver results resembling the observed spatial distribution of activity on Santiago. The main reason for this failure can be attributed to the fact that the model lacks a population displacement mechanism, which seems vital to explain Santiago’s unrest episodes.