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Journal articles on the topic 'Spatial systems'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Karnath, Hans-Otto. "Spatial attention systems in spatial neglect." Neuropsychologia 75 (August 2015): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.019.

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2

Vusovic, Nenad, Igor Svrkota, and Zoran Vaduveskovic. "Spatial reference systems." Rudarski radovi, Bor, no. 3 (2012): 143–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/rudrad1203143v.

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3

Foss, S., S. Juneja, M. R. H. Mandjes, and S. B. Moka. "Spatial Loss Systems." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 43, no. 2 (September 16, 2015): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2825236.2825238.

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4

Barbuti, Roberto, Andrea Maggiolo-Schettini, Paolo Milazzo, Giovanni Pardini, and Luca Tesei. "Spatial P systems." Natural Computing 10, no. 1 (March 24, 2010): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11047-010-9187-z.

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5

Sapaty, P. S. "Spatial grasp model for dynamic distributed systems." Mathematical machines and systems 3 (2021): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34121/1028-9763-2021-3-21.

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More complex distributed and intelligent systems which relate to economy, ecology, communi-cations, security and defense, and cover both terrestrial and celestial environments are being developed. Their efficient management, especially in dynamic and unpredictable situations, needs serious investigations and development in scientific and technological areas. Their tradi-tional representations as parts operating by certain algorithms and exchanging messages are be-coming inadequate as such systems need much stronger integration to operate as holistic organ-isms pursuing global and often varying goals. This paper is focused on a completely different paradigm for organization and management of large dynamic and distributed systems. This par-adigm extends and transforms the notion of an algorithm for the description of knowledge pro-cessing logic. Moreover, it allows it to exist, propagate and operate as an integral whole in any distributed spaces which may constantly change their volumes and structures. Taking into con-sideration some organizational features related to dangerous viruses, as well as recent pandem-ics, this ubiquitous Spatial Grasp (SG) model is presented in the paper at philosophical and im-plementation levels, together with the introduction of special spatial charts for its exhibition and studies, which extend traditional algorithmic flowcharts towards working directly in dis-tributed spaces. Utilization of this model for the creation of resultant Spatial Grasp Technology and its basic Spatial Grasp Language, already described in details in numerous publications, is briefed as well. Elementary examples of dealing with distributed networks, collective human-robotic behavior, removal of space debris by a constellation of cleaning satellites and simulat-ing the spread of virus and vaccination against it explain SG advantages over traditional system organizations.
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6

Sapaty, P. S. "Managing distributed systems with spatial grasp patterns." Mathematical machines and systems 4 (2023): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34121/1028-9763-2023-4-11-25.

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The pattern is everything around us. It can represent the world’s regularity, a human-made design, a model, plan, diagram, a standard way of modeling, acting and thinking, a distinctive style or form, a combination of qualities and tendencies, etc. That is why the theory, research, and practical works on patterns are so important for different scientific and technological fields, having also stimulated the preparation and writing of the current paper. The paper reviews existing works on patterns, grouping them by different categories, and briefs the developed Spatial Grasp Model and Technology (SGT) and its Spatial Grasp Language (SGL) with the distributed networked implementation, which provide effective distributed solutions in systems management, control, and simulation by active self-spreading patterns. The article shows how practical patterns can be expressed in SGL, including regular patterns, patterns of concrete objects, and different pattern-based management solutions like coordinating transport columns, finding distributed zone coordinates, and spatial tracking of mobile objects. It also gives network examples of distributed pattern recognition and matching with the use of self-propagating active network templates reflecting images to be found. The paper provides a classified summary of the investigated use of SGL for pattern operations in different areas, which includes descriptive patterns, creative patterns, patterns as spatial processes, pattern recognition, self-matching patterns, combined patterns, cooperating and conflicting patterns, psychological patterns, and recursive patterns. The work concludes with the belief that SGL can be used as a real, very effective, and compact language for pattern representation and operations, and SGT should contribute to the pattern theory and resultant technologies.
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7

Tosic, Branka, and Zora Zivanovic. "Spatial planning systems worldwide." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 102, no. 1 (2022): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd2201029t.

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The paper outlines the features of the spatial planning systems worldwide, on different continents, based on countries where legislative frameworks for the planning and methodology of preparing and implementing planning documents are defined. In order to define global features of a spatial planning systems it is necessary to address several issues: the implementation of sustainability principles, the development of regional planning, the importance of an urban planning approach, management system, implementation problems, participation, the share of strategic spatial planning and transnational cooperation, etc. The determination of the planning system by numerous and various factors influenced the different degree of development of the planning process. In many countries, planning practice faces problems associated with the disrespect of the law, corruption and illegal land use, resolving regional development imbalances in almost all countries etc. At a global level, addressing environmental issues is becoming a dominant goal in most planning systems.
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8

Tibi, Ariel, Michael Burt, and Elisha Tatsa. "Spatial Stiffening Diaphragm Systems." International Journal of Space Structures 13, no. 1 (March 1998): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635119801300103.

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Spatial helicoid diaphragms as stiffening systems in multi-storey buildings can achieve the following advantages: 1. increase resistance to horizontal forces. 2. increase stability against buckling. The development from horizontal diaphragms, which are common these days, through inclined diaphragms, to spatial stiffening diaphragm systems is discussed in the paper. Examples from nature, as shown in the paper provide a basis for further research and development.
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9

Chernov, P. A., and R. I. Kolotushkin. "ADAPTIVE SPATIAL-FREQUENCY, SPATIAL-TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL-CODE SIGNAL SEPARATION SYSTEMS." SYNCHROINFO JOURNAL 9, no. 5 (2023): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2664-066x-2023-9-5-22-26.

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The basis of systems considered in this article is a self-focusing antenna array, consisting of bars with 2 * m receiving antenna elements located equidistantly in each of them. The description and results of preliminary mathematical modeling of an adaptive antenna lattice with a possibility of realization of functions are provided in her spatially-frequency or spatially-code allocation and tracking of signals. The results of modeling of a linear lattice which have confirmed a possibility of reliable allocation of one of two the coded signals influencing her are given in rather wide dynamic range of their entrance levels. Similar systems can find application in satellite and land systems of a radio communication. The use of such systems increases the energy potential of radio links and reduces interference between signals.
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10

Sikk, Kaarel, and Geoffrey Caruso. "Framing settlement systems as spatial adaptive systems." Ecological Modelling 490 (April 2024): 110652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2024.110652.

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11

Motee, Nader, and Qiyu Sun. "Sparsity and Spatial Localization Measures for Spatially Distributed Systems." SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 55, no. 1 (January 2017): 200–235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/15m1049294.

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12

Hu, Xiao-Bing, Hang Li, XiaoMei Guo, Pieter H. A. J. M. van Gelder, and Peijun Shi. "Spatial Vulnerability of Network Systems under Spatially Local Hazards." Risk Analysis 39, no. 1 (March 23, 2018): 162–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.12986.

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13

Lasaiba, Mohammad Amin. "Evaluation of Settlement Land Suitability Based on Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems in The City of Ambon." Jurnal Spatial Wahana Komunikasi dan Informasi Geografi 23, no. 1 (March 7, 2023): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/spatial.231.006.

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The increasing need for settlement land has led to different suitability-based uses. This study evaluates land suitability for settlement, limiting factors, and development priorities. The methods used is qualitative with spatial analysis and quantitative with grading based on land units. This study uses Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS data, SRTM DEM, administrative maps, soil types, lithology, and landforms. Data was analyzed based on satellite imagery, approximations, and overlays. The study results show that processing satellite imagery with reasonable accuracy. For land suitability for settlements, the very unsuitable class is dominated by an area of 23592.48 acres, while the very suitable place is 6033.39 acres. For the direction of settlement development, priority I covers an area of 3,181.34 acres, priority II covers an area of 2,852.05 acres, and priority III covers an area of 8,237.89 acres. The findings in this study can be seen in the development of settlements in the regions that are not suitable (D2 II Pm), covering an area of 204.19 acres. Therefore, local governments need to apply regional regulations strictly to create land sustainability and prevent any impacts that may arise.
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14

Yao, Xiaobai, and Jean-Claude Thill. "Spatial queries with qualitative locations in spatial information systems." Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 30, no. 4 (July 2006): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2004.08.001.

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15

Shamolin, M. V. "Spatial topographical systems of Poincaré and comparison systems." Russian Mathematical Surveys 52, no. 3 (June 30, 1997): 621–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/rm1997v052n03abeh001819.

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16

Kádár, István, and Erik Papp. "Object oriented spatial positioning systems." ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad 29, no. 3 (March 1999): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/327600.327632.

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17

Majid, Shamsul Abdul, and Ian P. Williamson. "Understanding online geo-spatial systems." Australian Surveyor 46, no. 1 (June 2001): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00050326.2001.10441941.

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18

Abdul Majid, Shamsul, and Ian P. Williamson. "Understanding Online Geo-Spatial Systems." Australian Surveyor 46, no. 1 (June 2001): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00050355.2001.10558826.

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19

Knobloch, E. "Spatial Localization in Dissipative Systems." Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics 6, no. 1 (March 2015): 325–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031214-014514.

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20

Hepworth, Mark E. "Information Technology as Spatial Systems." Progress in Human Geography 11, no. 2 (June 1987): 157–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913258701100201.

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21

Bordenave, C. "Stability of spatial queueing systems." Advances in Applied Probability 38, no. 2 (June 2006): 487–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1151337081.

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In this paper, we analyze a queueing system characterized by a space-time arrival process of customers served by a countable set of servers. Customers arrive at points in space and the server stations have space-dependent processing rates. The workload is seen as a Radon measure and the server stations can adapt their power allocation to the current workload. We derive the stability region of the queueing system in the usual stationary ergodic framework. The analysis of this stability region gives some counter-intuitive results. Some specific subclasses of policy are also studied. Wireless communications networks is a natural field of application for the model.
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22

Margetts, Oliver T., and R. Srinivasan. "Cohomology for spatial superproduct systems." Kyoto Journal of Mathematics 59, no. 1 (April 2019): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/21562261-2018-0002.

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23

Bordenave, C. "Stability of spatial queueing systems." Advances in Applied Probability 38, no. 02 (June 2006): 487–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800001063.

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In this paper, we analyze a queueing system characterized by a space-time arrival process of customers served by a countable set of servers. Customers arrive at points in space and the server stations have space-dependent processing rates. The workload is seen as a Radon measure and the server stations can adapt their power allocation to the current workload. We derive the stability region of the queueing system in the usual stationary ergodic framework. The analysis of this stability region gives some counter-intuitive results. Some specific subclasses of policy are also studied. Wireless communications networks is a natural field of application for the model.
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24

Dave, Bharat, and Gerhard Schmitt. "Information systems for spatial data." Automation in Construction 4, no. 1 (March 1995): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-5805(94)00030-q.

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25

Faig, W. "Raumbezogene informationssysteme (Spatial information systems)." ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 45, no. 3 (July 1990): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-2716(90)90058-j.

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26

Rudnicki, Ryan. "Fundamentals of spatial information systems." Control Engineering Practice 3, no. 10 (October 1995): 1509–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0661(95)90048-9.

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27

Short, John R. "Social Systems and Spatial Patterns." Antipode 17, no. 2-3 (September 1985): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1985.tb00344.x.

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28

Kemp, Z. "Multimedia and spatial information systems." IEEE Multimedia 2, no. 4 (1995): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/93.482297.

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29

Westheimer, Gerald. "Systems analysis of spatial vision." Vision Research 26, no. 1 (January 1986): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(86)90066-0.

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30

Tosic, Branka, and Zora Zivanovic. "Spatial planning systems in Europe." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 103, no. 2 (2023): 177–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd2302177t.

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The paper aims to present the most significant classifications of spatial planning systems and territorial management in Europe. After the first attempts, from the end of the last century, at the beginning of the new millennium, extensive analyses of the spatial planning system were carried out through several ESPON projects. Their results were based on the dominance of one of four approaches: urbanism, land use, regional-economic or comprehensive integrated planning. Some countries have a combination of two or three approaches. The second research also refers to the development trends observed in the national systems of territorial management and spatial planning. Recent research include the classification of states according to the way of management, the level of integration of sectoral policies, the degree of adaptability in planning, as well as the degree of engagement of citizens in the planning process. Knowing the basic characteristics of the spatial planning system, as well as the classifications based on them, creates a clearer perspective of spatial planning as a socially important activity and makes it easier for every country to review and improve its planning practice.
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31

Sapaty, P. S. "Development of space-based distributed systems under spatial grasp technology." Mathematical machines and systems 4 (2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34121/1028-9763-2021-4-3-14.

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Many governmental agencies and private companies of different countries are now rushing into space around Earth in the hope to provide smart communication, industrial, security and defense solutions. This often involves massive launches of small cheap satellites which are also contributing to the growth of space debris. The current paper discusses how the developed high-level system philosophy and model can effectively organize distributed space-based systems on different stages of their development and growth. The briefed Spatial Grasp Technology, based on parallel pattern-matching of distributed environments with high-level recursive mobile code, can effectively provide any networking protocols and important applications of large satellite constellations, especially those in low Earth orbits. The article gives some examples of technology-based solutions for establishing basic communications between satellites, starting from their initial, often chaotic, launches and distributing and collecting data in the growing constellations with even unstable and rapidly changing connections between satellites. It describes how to organize and register networking topologies in case of predictable distances between satellites, and how the fixed networking structures can help in solving complex problems. The latter includes those related to the new Space Development Agency’s multiple-satellite defense-oriented architecture and allows for effective integration of its continuous Earth custody observation and cooperative missile tracking and elimination layers, based on self-spreading mobile intelligence. Earlier versions of the technology, described in many papers, six books including, were prototyped and used in different countries, with the current one quickly implementable too, even in university-based environments.
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32

Kurnatowski, Marek. "LOCAL SPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS AS TOOLS FOR SPATIAL PLANNING AND URBANISATION." space&FORM 2016, no. 27 (October 30, 2016): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2016.27.c-07.

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33

Watson, R. S., and R. F. Hess. "Spatial summation depends on spatial scale." Journal of Vision 4, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/4.8.862.

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34

Sapaty, P. S. "Providing distributed system integrity under spatial grasp technology." Mathematical machines and systems 2 (2023): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34121/1028-9763-2023-2-18-27.

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In the last decades, we have witnessed an exploding growth of different kinds of sophisticated distributed systems with financial, industrial, ecological, security, military, and many other ap-plications. Providing high integrity of such systems is becoming a key point of their develop-ment, evolution, and usage, especially in various crisis situations and under disastrous and ad-versarial conditions. The paper reviews a number of existing works on the integrity, security, and recovery of distributed systems. It also briefs the main aspects of the Spatial Grasp Model and Technology (SGT), reflecting some general issues of the paradigm, its Spatial Grasp Lan-guage (SGL), and networked SGL interpretation in distributed environments. SGT can dynami-cally establish and keep superior power over large distributed systems, including creating them from scratch. Using a graph-based representation of the distributed system topologies, with nodes having both virtual and physical properties, the paper shows full topology creation start-ing from all nodes in parallel and then from a single node, also copying the existing topology in similar cases. In addition, it demonstrates how to organize distributed systems in such a way so that they can self-recover in any circumstances and after any damages by supplying their nodes with universal genetic-like capabilities by which any self-repairs can be organized. Such recovery may be from missing neighboring nodes and links to the rebuilding of the distributed topologies, which means they cannot be destroyed even in the severest conditions. These features can be particularly useful after IT network damages, environmental and industrial disasters, for crisis management, and on battlefields. The paper confirms the efficiency of the developed distributed control approach for providing high integrity and self-recovery of im-portant distributed systems.
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35

Bortolozzo, U., M. G. Clerc, F. Haudin, R. G. Rojas, and S. Residori. "Localized States in Bi-Pattern Systems." Advances in Nonlinear Optics 2009 (2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/926810.

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We present a unifying description of localized states observed in systems with coexistence of two spatially periodic states, calledbi-pattern systems. Localized states are pinned over an underlying lattice that is either a self-organized pattern spontaneously generated by the system itself, or a periodic grid created by a spatial forcing. We show that localized states are generic and require only the coexistence of two spatially periodic states. Experimentally, these states have been observed in a nonlinear optical system. At the onset of the spatial bifurcation, a forced one-dimensional amplitude equation is derived for the critical modes, which accounts for the appearance of localized states. By numerical simulations, we show that localized structures persist on two-dimensional systems and exhibit different shapes depending on the symmetry of the supporting patterns.
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36

Snyder, Stephanie, and Charles ReVelle. "Temporal and spatial harvesting of irregular systems of parcels." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 1079–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-119.

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Spatial management issues have assumed a central position in planning for forest ecosystems in the United States on both public and private lands. The arrangement of management activities, especially harvesting activities, can often have adverse impacts on other neighboring areas of the forest. Thus, spatially explicit programming models, which can account for or prevent certain arrangements of activities or land allocations through the use of harvest adjacency constraints, have received considerable attention in the literature. The need for spatial specificity in programming models has led to the development of integer programming or mixed integer programming models. Given that integer programming problems are often viewed as a difficult class of problems to solve, heuristic solution methods have most often been used to solve spatially constrained forest management models. In this paper, a discrete (0–1) integer programming model that maximizes harvested timber volume over a multiperiod time horizon subject to harvest adjacency constraints is developed and tested for irregular, realistic systems of parcels. This model performed well computationally for many example configurations and was solved exactly using the simplex algorithm and limited branching and bounding. Certain spatial configurations with long time horizons did, however, require a nontrivial amount of branching and bounding. The model was tested using both contrived and real spatial data sets.
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37

LIU, SHUTANG, FUYAN SUN, and JIE SUN. "UNIFORMITY AND SPATIAL CHAOS OF SPATIAL PHYSICS KINEMATIC SYSTEM." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 28 (November 10, 2010): 5495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210056918.

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This article summarizes the uniformity law of spatial physics kinematic systems, and studies the chaos and bifurcation behavior of the uniform system in space. In particular, it also fully explains the relation among the uniform system, the coupled map lattice model which has attracted considerable interest currently, and one-dimensional nonlinear dynamical systems.
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38

VANNITSEM, S., and C. NICOLIS. "ERROR GROWTH DYNAMICS IN SPATIALLY EXTENDED SYSTEMS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 06, no. 12a (December 1996): 2223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127496001466.

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A class of spatially extended systems allowing for tuning the degree of attractor non-uniformity, the strength and the range of the spatial coupling is investigated with emphasis on the dynamics of the evolution of small initial errors. Depending on the values of these parameters and on the properties of the initial error field various patterns of growth are found ranging from subexponential to superexponential ones. The mechanisms of error transfer between different spatial scales is analyzed and the respective role of the Lyapunov vectors and singular vectors for short time behavior is clarified.
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39

Guttal, Vishwesha, and C. Jayaprakash. "Spatial variance and spatial skewness: leading indicators of regime shifts in spatial ecological systems." Theoretical Ecology 2, no. 1 (December 2, 2008): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12080-008-0033-1.

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40

DeStefani, Serena, Davide Schaumann, Xun Zhang, Jacob Feldman, and Mubbasir Kapadia. "Spatial and Non-Spatial Factors in Wayfinding." Journal of Vision 20, no. 11 (October 20, 2020): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.20.11.1664.

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41

Shymanska, Alla V. "Spatial Resolution of Infrared Imaging Systems." International Journal of Applied Physics and Mathematics 6, no. 4 (2016): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706/ijapm.2016.6.4.207-217.

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42

Pavlova, Anna I. "SPATIAL DATABASES OF AGRONOMIC GEOINFORMATION SYSTEMS." Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture 13, no. 5 (March 21, 2022): 336–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2658-6649-2021-13-5-336-349.

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The work is devoted to the development of spatial databases for the assessment of agricultural land. The geodatabase is aimed at geoinformation support of assessment, agroecological typing (groups, types of land) of agricultural lands, development of adaptive-landscape farming systems. The paper presents the structure of the database of regional and local levels. Three different ways of user interaction with the AgroGIS database are proposed. For practical implementation, it is proposed to use the object-functional approach to database development, based on the use of cloud data storage technology in the DBMS SQlite. Background. Geoinformation support of agronomic geoinformation systems (AgroGIS) is aimed at assessing natural-territorial conditions and environmental factors in agrolandscapes, development of adaptive landscape farming systems. AgroGIS geodatabases serve to store, analyze and present spatial information on agricultural land. As shown by an analysis of literary sources, the term “geodatabase” was formed more than twenty years ago. At the same time different geodatabases are known: archaeological, cartographic, soil and others. They differ in the object of research, structure and content, as well as the way of data organization. This indicates the relevance of the topics of the present research. Purpose. The purpose of the work is to develop the structure and content of the geodatabase agronomic GIS. Materials and methods. The object-functional approach to database development, which is supported by object-oriented database management systems (DBMS) and classical relational DBMS, is used. The essence of this approach is to implement functional tasks taking into account the needs of the user. Results. The main components of geodatabase in the form of separate sets of spatial classes (Climate, Relief, Soil, Vegetation, Hydrography, Agrolandscape) are proposed. At the same time the paper shows the need for practical implementation of agronomic geoinformation geodatabases from several aspects. Conclusion. In the development of spatial databases of agronomic GIS the most important feature is the ability to constantly update information in the form of temporal component. Practical implementation of temporal geodatabases is possible with the use of non-relational database management systems, as well as methods of processing big data (Big Data).
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43

Loporchio, Matteo, Anna Bernasconi, Damiano Di Francesco Maesa, and Laura Ricci. "Authenticating Spatial Queries on Blockchain Systems." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 163363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3132990.

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44

Hense, Burkhard A., Johannes Müller, Christina Kuttler, and Anton Hartmann. "Spatial Heterogeneity of Autoinducer Regulation Systems." Sensors 12, no. 4 (March 28, 2012): 4156–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s120404156.

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45

Izumi, Shinsaku, Ryosuke Katayama, Xin Xin, and Taiga Yamasaki. "Distributed Spatial Filtering Over Networked Systems." IEEE Control Systems Letters 5, no. 2 (April 2021): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2020.3004728.

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46

Hanaor, Ariel. "Characteristics of Prefabricated Spatial Frame Systems." International Journal of Space Structures 10, no. 3 (September 1995): 151–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635119501000303.

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Prefabricated spatial frame systems, such as double-layer grids and reticulated shells, differ greatly in their intended applications and technical features. The paper attempts the systematic classification and characterisation of this wide range of systems. The classification is in hierarchical order, descending from the geometric and static characteristics of the network down to technical details of member connection and construction techniques. Many examples of prefabricated joint systems are presented, but the characterisation scheme is applicable to practically any system.
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47

Rajashekar, Rakshith, K. V. S. Hari, and L. Hanzo. "Antenna Selection in Spatial Modulation Systems." IEEE Communications Letters 17, no. 3 (March 2013): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2013.012213.122650.

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48

Puosi, F., and D. Leporini. "Spatial displacement correlations in polymeric systems." Journal of Chemical Physics 136, no. 16 (April 28, 2012): 164901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4704674.

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49

Gore, D. A., R. W. Heath, and A. J. Paulraj. "Transmit selection in spatial multiplexing systems." IEEE Communications Letters 6, no. 11 (November 2002): 491–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2002.805517.

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50

Choi, Jiwook, Yunseo Nam, and Namyoon Lee. "Spatial Lattice Modulation for MIMO Systems." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 66, no. 12 (June 15, 2018): 3185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2018.2827325.

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