Dissertations / Theses: 'Spatial Syntax'

1

Wright, Jeremy Bryan. "Simultaneously Acquiring the Syntax and Semantics of Spatial Referring Expressions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/332831.

Full text

Abstract:

To be useful for communication language must be grounded in perceptions of the world, but acquiring such grounded language is a challenging task that increases in difficulty as the length and syntactic complexity of utterances grow. Several state of the art methods exist to learn complex grounded language from unannotated utterances, however each requires that the semantic system of the language be completely defined ahead of time. This expectation is problematic as it assumes not only that agents must have complete semantic understanding before starting to learn language, but also that the human designers of these systems can accurately transcribe the semantics of human languages in great detail. This paper presents Reagent, a construction grammar framework for concurrently learning the syntax and semantics of complex English referring expressions, with an emphasis on spatial referring expressions. Rather than requiring fully predefined semantic representations, Reagent only requires access to a set of semantic primitives from which it can build appropriate representations. The results presented here demonstrate that Reagent can acquire constructions that are missing from its starting grammar by observing the contextual utterances of a fully fluent agent, can approach fluent accuracy at inferring the referent of such expressions, and learns meanings that are qualitatively similar to the constructions of the agent from which it is learning. We propose that this approach could be expanded to other types of expressions and languages, and forms a solid foundation for general natural language acquisition.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Flanagan, Rachel Erin. "Two Autonomous Spatial Systems and Their Juxtaposition." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79429.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis explores the idea of two autonomous spatial systems and their interaction: a syntactic grid and a pure formal volume. The juxtaposition of these two elements allows for insight into and exploration of their autonomous ordering potentialities, as well as the potential relationships or the presence of both systems. The syntactic grid articulates structure and strength for the architectural project , while the pure volume translates the programmatic function and their distinction from the grid.
Master of Architecture

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Gann, Douglas Wayne. "Spatial integration: A space syntax analysis of the villages of the Homol'ovi Cluster." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280412.

Full text

Abstract:

Space Syntax theory (Hillier 1996; Hillier and Hanson 1984) postulates that the configurations of space in the built environment can reflect social meaning in the ways that individual spaces can be seen to be integrated or segregated from each other. This research develops an analytical methodology based upon space syntax theory to examine the transition of Pueblo IV Period settlement forms in the Homol'ovi Cluster. Analysis of the villages of the Homol'ovi cluster utilizing space syntax methodology illustrates how the local development of the plaza-oriented pueblo form results in the intensification of spatial integration for residents of the village, while at the same time, decreasing the spatial integration of village spaces for non-residents. If the concept of spatial integration is a suitable proxy measure for the ways that spatial configuration is linked to expressions of social integration by Hillier and his colleagues (1989) and by Peponis and his colleagues (1990) then these findings tend to confirm normative views of Puebloan spatial systems, particularly that plaza and kiva spaces function as socially integrative devices. Implications of this finding and suggestions for further research are explored to highlight the potential applications of spatial integration analysis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Ursini, Francesco-Alessio. "The Language Of Space : The Acquisition And Interpretation of Spatial Adpositions In English." Doctoral thesis, Macquarie University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-85019.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis by publication presents a study on English adpositions (e.g. to, in, at, from, in frontof, through). It attempts to offer a solution to the following three outstanding problems, whichare presented in each of the three parts making up the thesis, preceded by a general introduction(chapter 1) and followed by the general conclusions (chapter 7). The first part includes chapter2, and discusses the problem of What is the relation between adpositions and the non-linguistic,visual content they represent. The second part includes chapters 3 and 4, and discusses theproblem ofwhat is a proper compositional theory of the Syntax and Semantics of adpositions.The third part includes chapters 5 and 6, and discusses the problem of what is the psychologicalreality of this theory, regarding adults and children’s data.The following three solutions are suggested. First, the relation between adpositions and theircorresponding visual information is an isomorphism: adpositions capture how we “see” possiblespatio-temporal relations between objects, at a flexible level of fine-grainedness. Second, aproper compositional treatment of adpositions treats each syntactic unit (in front, of ) as offeringa distinct semantic contribution, hence spelling out a restricted instance of a spatio-temporalpart-of relation. Third, this compositional treatment of adpositions can also stand as a theory ofon-line interpretation in adults and a theory of their acquisition in children.These three answers are couched within a single theoretical approach, that of Discourse Representation Theory, and offer a unified solution to three apparently distinct problems regardingspatial adpositions and their linguistic properties.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Aazam, Ziad A. "The spatial syntax of the mosque : a study of its socio-spatial logic as invested in culturally diverse living traditions." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.549724.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis is based on the premise that the mosque as historically established sociocultural artefact is a social object that requires a kind of understanding of its building type that extends beyond physical form to spatial continuum where society and culture are manifested. Based on this premise, a two-fold notion is put forth: that a definition of formal building type can include a definition of spatial configuration; and that, being a social object, the building considered as a spatial structure internally and a sub-structure externally, can be classified spatially at multiple scales of the built form. This thesis, therefore, aims to answer two questions: how a social object is defined in terms of its spatial continuum across its interior, immediate context and city at large; and how a spatial typology is extracted from the generated spatial attributes resulting from answering the above question. The research investigates spatial structures of twelve case studies of congregation mosques selected from diverse cities representing the Islamic world's cultural diversity and living traditions. The main discussions of the thesis are focused on three major interrelated themes: the mosque's urban centrality, exterior/interior spatial relations and socio-cultural intents. Defined ritual process and space categories are analysed in terms of generic functions of movement, copresence, visibility and permeability by applying spatial analytical methods at three scales of the built form: city, context and building. The research shows that the mosque's spatial configuration, at urban scale, reveals consistent patterns of high spatial centrality and integration across cases but at varying degrees of dependency; and at building scale, spatial fields of experience demonstrate underlying structural regularities oscillating between social interaction and seclusion. Across cases, permeability structures show consistent integrating position of the courtyard while the prayer hall is expressed at variable integration positions. The thesis concludes by suggesting a complementary approach to conventional architectural understanding of the mosque typology by demonstrating that spatial findings can be constructed into spatial types by empirical and conceptual coupling

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Stanelytė, Indrė. "The Realization of Non-spatial Functions in English." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130627_161413-66823.

Full text

Abstract:

The most popular sentence analyses are: syntactic and semantic. Syntactically the sentence can be analyzed according to the three types: traditional, structural and transformational. Semantically the sentence can be analyzed according to the process types and inherent and non-inherent semantic functions. Such processes as Material, Mental, Verbal, Relational, and Existential can be distinguished. However the participants as Agents, Affected Patients, Effected Patients, Beneficiary, Recipients, Attributes, Sayers, and Verbiage can be attributed to the processes mentioned above. It can be also distinguished Circumstances but they are non-inherent functions which can be further subdivided into non-spatial (Instrumental, Comitative, Manner, Reason, Purpose, Result etc.) and spatial (adessive, superessive, inessive, ablative, elative, delative, sublative, illative, allative). The aim of the research is to analyze the realization of non-spatial functions in English.
Populiariausios sakinio analizės yra sintaksinė ir semantinė. Sintaksiškai sakinį galima analizuoti pagal tris tipus: tradicinį, struktūrinį ir transformacinį. Semantiškai sakinys gali būti analizuojamas pagal procesų tipus arba pagrindines bei pasirenkamąsias semantines funkcijas. Prie pasirenkamųjų semantinių funkcijų yra priskirti Sirkumstantai, kurie gali būti skirstomi į dvi pagrindines grupes: neerdvinės ir erdvinės funkcijos. Darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti neerdvinių funkcijų raišką anglų kalboje.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Ottenby, Nore. "A Spatial Syntax for Perceived Safety in Urban Environments : for Application in Urban Planning." Thesis, KTH, Geoinformatik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-210799.

Full text

Abstract:

Perceived safety is an important aspect of urban planning and is generally treated as an objective account of the personal sense of safety of each individual. The subject is inherently diffuse and therefore problematic to understand and evaluate in its entirety.This thesis builds on the practice of space syntax theory and the field of research that has sprung up around it, focused on quantifying urban qualities. A spatial syntax dedicated to perceived safety in urban environments is suggested, based on common themes in research and policy documents on the topic. Features that were considered to influence perceived safety were identified and their effects mapped with the use of standard GIS implementations. The effort aimed at introducing a quantitative approach to evaluation of perceived safety which is presently performed mainly in a qualitative manner. The features were quantified in the sense that their area of effect was mapped, which enabled measurements of the size and shape of their area of effect or number of features influencing a point in space. The mapped features have been listed below.• Field of view• Entrance locations• Active ground floors (e.g. storefronts and entrances available for public use)• Public lighting• Unclear landuseThe suggested methods were applied to the Stockholm suburb Skärholmen which currently suffers from lower perceived safety than the entire municipality and consists of an urban structure not considered to facilitate perceived safety by todays urban planning ideals.The methods were evaluated by reviewing the benefits of quantitative descriptions compared to written account, and through discussing the results with professionals at the planning office at the Municipality of Stockholm.The suggested syntax proved to have potential for concretizing the present planning process with respect to perceived safety. GIS is currently used in other aspects of urban planning and could be adapted to treat perceived safety. There would however be need for further standardization and a more user-friendly workflow.
Trygghet är en viktig aspekt inom stadsplanering och hanteras generellt som en objektiv beskrivning av enskilda upplevelser av trygghet i stadsbilden. Ämnet är diffust i sig självt och är därför problematiskt att till fullo förstå och utvärdera.Det här arbetet bygger på användandet av space syntax teori och den vetenskap som sprungit från ämnet, vilket syftar till att kvantifiera urbana kvalitéer. Ett spatialt syntax dedikerad till trygghet föreslås, som baseras på återkommande teman i forskning och plandokument som behandlar ämnet. Utformningar som anses påverka trygghet kartlades genom standardimplementering av GIS-verktyg. Syftet var att föreslå ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt för utvärdering av trygghet, vilket för närvarande generellt hanteras med kvalitativa men. De utformningar som kvantifierades gjordes så genom att det område de påverkar avbildades, vilket möjliggjorde fastställande av dessa områdens storlek och form samt hur många objekt som påverkar var punkt. De kartlagda utformningarna är listade nedan.• Öppet synfält• Entréplacering• Aktiva bottenvåningar (exempelvis skyltfönster samt entréer som inbjuder till publik användning)• Gatubelysning• Otydlig markanvändningDe föreslagna analysmetoderna applicerades på stockholmsförorten Skärholmen vilken för närvarande belastas av otrygghet jämfört men övriga kommunen och vars stadsutformning ger upphov till otrygghet enligt dagens stadsbyggnadsideal.Analysmetoderna utvärderades genom att bedöma fördelarna med resultaten jämfört med redogörelser i text samt genom diskussion med planerare på planorganet på Stockholms Stad.Det föreslagna spatiala syntaxet visade sig ha potential att konkretisera den aktuella planeringsprocessen med hänsyn till trygghet. GIS används vid behandling av andra frågor i stadsplanering och kan anpassas för att användas vid behandling av trygghet. Dock skulle viss standardisering samt ett mer användarvänligt utförande behövas.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Gibert, Sotelo Elisabeth. "Source and negative prefixes: On the syntax-lexicon interface and the encoding of spatial relations." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461414.

Full text

Abstract:

This dissertation offers a contrastive analysis of the (here called) Source prefix des- and the negative prefix iN- in Spanish that highlights the connections and divergences existing between the encoding of Source paths and the encoding of negation. For des-, it is proposed that, although it can appear in different contexts (with verbs, nouns, and adjectives) and may display different meanings (separation, deprivation, destruction, reversion and negation), it has only one entry in the lexicon in which it is identified with its most basic value, that of a Source path. The polysemy of this prefix emerges, on the one hand, from the syntactic context where it is embedded and, on the other, from the conceptual content associated to the root with which it is combined. As for iN-, the claim is made that it is a negative marker that involves quantification over a scale (which accounts for its restriction to only combine with scalar bases) and adjectival categorization (which explains that iN- prefixed items are always adjectives). Finally, to reach a better understanding of the syntax and semantics of these two prefixes, their Latin predecessors are also analyzed: the Source prefixes ab-, de-, ex- and dis-, and the negative prefix iN-. In line with Acedo-Matellán (2006b) and Acedo-Matellán & Mateu (2013), it is shown that the step from Latin to Romance triggered a typological change from a satellite-framed system, Latin, to a verb-framed one, Romance languages in general and Spanish in particular. The evolution from Latin to Spanish also triggered a reanalysis of the negative prefix iN-, which changed its status from an adjunct showing a certain degree of autonomy and ability to be combined with different types of bases, to a categorizing affix. The phenomena are approached from a neo-constructionist perspective of the syntax-lexicon interface. In particular, I adopt the principles stated in Nanosyntax and assume that the function of the lexicon is to provide lexical exponents to spell out the structures delivered by syntax. Drawing on Real Puigdollers’ (2013) theory of lexicalization by phase, I adopt the view that the timing of Spell-Out is marked by the phase, which allows accounting for cross-linguistic variation. Besides, this thesis aims at providing an account of the precise way in which structural semantics interacts with conceptual content. To this end, I take into consideration Pustejovsky’s (1995) formalization of lexical semantics via Qualia Structure, and posit that when lexical exponents are inserted in the syntactic structure, their qualia structures interact and ultimately determine the precise meaning of the configuration.
L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi és oferir una anàlisi contrastiva entre des-, el qual anomenem prefix d’Origen, i el prefix negatiu iN- en espanyol que posi de relleu les connexions existents entre l’expressió de les trajectòries d’Origen i la negació. Per a des-, es proposa que, tot i que pot aparèixer en diferents contextos (en verbs, noms i adjectius) i desplegar diverses accepcions (separació, privació, destrucció, reversió i negació), els seus diversos usos poden derivar-se d’una única entrada lèxica que identifica el valor més bàsic d’aquest prefix, que és el d’expressar una trajectòria d’Origen. Es defensa que els diversos valors de des- sorgeixen en funció del context sintàctic en el qual apareix i del contingut conceptual de l’arrel amb la qual es combina. Pel que fa a iN-, es proposa que és un marcador negatiu que implica quantificació sobre una escala (motiu pel qual aquest prefix només pot combinar-se amb bases escalars) i també categorització adjectival (cosa que dóna compte del fet que no documentem ni noms ni adjectius encapçalats per aquest prefix). Finalment, per tal de comprendre millor el funcionament d’aquests dos prefixos, s’estudien els seus antecedents llatins: els prefixos d’Origen ab-, de-, ex- i dis-, i el prefix purament negatiu iN-. Seguint la línia d’investigació d’Acedo-Matellán (2006b) i Acedo-Matellán i Mateu (2013), es demostra que el pas del llatí a les llengües romàniques va comportar un canvi tipològic: es va passar d’un sistema d’emmarcament en el satèl·lit, el llatí, a un sistema d’emmarcament verbal, l’espanyol (i les llengües romàniques en general). L’estudi d’iN- en llatí també mostra que aquest prefix va patir una reanàlisi en l’evolució del llatí al castellà, passant de ser un adjunt amb cert grau d’autonomia i capaç de combinar-se amb diversos tipus de base, a ser un afix categoritzador. L’anàlisi d’aquests fenòmens es realitza des d’una perspectiva neoconstruccionista de la interfície sintaxi-lexicó. En particular, s’adopten els principis de la Nanosintaxi i s’assumeix que la funció del lexicó és proporcionar exponents per tal de materialitzar les configuracions creades per la sintaxi. Tenint en compte la teoria de lexicalització per fases de Real Puigdollers (2013), es postula que els punts d’accés de les interfícies a l’estructura derivacional venen marcats per la fase, i que la variació interlingüística depèn d’on defineixi aquests punts d’accés cada llengua. També es pretén oferir una explicació de com interactuen el significat estructural i el contingut conceptual. Per això, s’adopta la formalització de la semàntica lèxica en termes d’Estructura de Qualia proposada per Pustejovsky (1995), i es proposa que, un cop els exponents han estat inserits en l’estructura sintàctica, les seves estructures de qualia estableixen connexions que determinen el significat precís de la configuració.
El propósito de la tesis es ofrecer un análisis contrastivo entre el (aquí llamado) prefijo de Origen des- y el prefijo negativo iN- del español que ponga de relieve las conexiones existentes entre la expresión de las trayectorias de Origen y la negación. Para des-, se propone que sus distintos usos (en verbos, nombres y adjetivos) y acepciones (separación, privación, destrucción, reversión y negación) derivan de una única entrada léxica en la que dicho prefijo es identificado con su valor más básico, que es el de expresar una trayectoria de Origen. Se defiende que la polisemia de este prefijo depende, por un lado, del contexto sintáctico en el que está incluido y, por otro, del significado conceptual asociado a la raíz con la que se combina. Por lo que respecta a iN-, se propone que es un marcador negativo que implica cuantificación sobre una escala (motivo por el cual únicamente puede combinarse con bases escalares) y categorización adjetival (lo que explica que no se documenten ni nombres ni verbos encabezados por iN-). Finalmente, para comprender mejor el funcionamiento de estos prefijos, se acude a sus antecedentes latinos: los prefijos de Origen ab-, de-, ex- y dis-, y el prefijo puramente negativo iN-. En línea con las investigaciones de Acedo-Matellán (2006b) y Acedo-Matellán y Mateu (2013), se demuestra que el paso del latín al romance acarrea un cambio tipológico: se pasa de un sistema de enmarcamiento en el satélite, el latín, a un sistema de enmarcamiento en el verbo, las lenguas románicas en general y el español en particular. Por lo que respecta a iN-, se propone que sufrió un reanálisis en la evolución del latín al castellano, pasando de ser un adjunto capaz de combinarse con distintas bases y mostrando cierto grado de autonomía, a ser un afijo categorizador. El análisis de estos fenómenos se realiza desde una perspectiva neo-construccionista de la interfaz sintaxis-léxico. En particular, se adoptan los principios de la Nanosintaxis y se asume que la función del léxico es proporcionar exponentes para materializar las configuraciones sintácticas. Tomando en consideración la teoría de lexicalización por fases de Real Puigdollers (2013), se postula que los puntos de acceso de las interfaces a la estructura derivacional están marcados por la fase, y que la variación interlingüística depende de dónde defina cada lengua estos puntos de acceso. Además, se pretende ofrecer una explicación del modo en que el significado estructural interactúa con el contenido conceptual. A tal fin, se adopta la formalización de la semántica léxica en términos de Estructura de Qualia propuesta por Pustejovsky (1995), y se propone que cuando los exponentes se insertan en la estructura sintáctica, sus estructuras de qualia establecen conexiones que determinan el significado preciso de la configuración.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Liu, Chengke. "SPATIAL CONFIGUARION AND VEHICLE FLOW : TOPOLOGICALLY ANALYZING AND MODELING THE HONG KONG STREET NETWORK." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-134.

Full text

Abstract:

Space syntax has been considered to be an important theory and analytical tool to study the correlation between spatial configuration and human social activities. But its traditional Axial Model has limitations in representing street. The conclusion got form Axial Model，that spatial configuration of street network can well predict the traffic flow, has been widely doubled.

In order to testify the conclusion, the thesis sets out to use Axial, Stroke and Named Street Models to model and analyze Hong Kong street network. Our research methodology is first to create and study different models of street network in pilot study area- Kowloon peninsula of Hong Kong, from the perspectives of space syntax theory and properties of complicated network. Through the pilot study, tentative correlations and conclusions could be derived, which are verified through the case study of whole street network of Hong Kong by taking samples from three different sampling criteria.

Through analysis, we find out that local integration best correlates with vehicle flow, and this correlation is called predictability of street network. Through comparisons of different models in terms of predictability, we conclude that stroke model has the best ability to predict vehicle flow. By analyzing the axial model of Hong Kong street network and comparing its result to early study, we prove that axial model does have limitations to represent street network. Also we find out all models of street network have properties of small world network and scale free, from the topological studies of these models.

In the research of this thesis, we develop an extension of ArcGIS, named Axwoman 4 in order to calculate and extract space syntax parameters from different models. And important implementation algorithms are introduced in this thesis.

The thesis is summed up at the end, and future research directions are given.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Lundin, Kleberg Helena. "Förflyttning som drivkraft: Case Årstaberg." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-122691.

Full text

Abstract:

Rörelse i staden är avgörande för hur staden fungerar. Platser och stråk med stora flöden har annorlunda förutsättningar än platser och stråk med små flöden. Flödena påverkas i sin tur av stadens struktur. Det här examensarbetet handlar om hur förtätning kan vara en del i en medveten förändring av stadsstrukturen och hur man genom förändringar i stadsstrukturen kan skapa varierande rumsliga förutsättningar som kan utgöra ett ramverk för framtida utformning. Föremålet för den här studien är området runt Årstabergs pendeltågsstation i södra Stockholm. Området är en viktig kollektivtrafikknutpunkt och många människor passerar här dagligen för att byta mellan olika kollektivtrafikslag. Men det finns få rumsliga förutsättningar för att man ska röra sig här till fots av någon annan anledning. Genom att förbättra den rumsliga integrationen mellan Årstaberg och omkringliggande stadsdelar och genom förtätning i strategiska lägen skapas en diversitet av rumsliga förutsättningar i området. Baserat på dessa olika förutsättningar utvecklas principer fram för program, offentliga platser och byggnadernas möte med det offentliga rummet.
Movement in a city is crucial for how the city works. Streets and spaces with big flows of people have different potential than streets and spaces where few people moves. The flow of people is in turn influenced by the urban structure. This master thesis examines how densification can be a part of a transformation of the urban structure and how changes of the urban structure can create a variety of spatial conditions that forms a framework for future urban design. The case for this study is the area around Årstaberg commuter station in southern Stockholm. The area is an important transit hub and many people passes here every day to switch between transport modes. But there are few spatial conditions that promote walking here for any other reason. Through changes of the spatial integration and densification in strategic locations a diversity of spatial conditions are created. Based on these different conditions principles for the program, public spaces and building frontages are developed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Domingo, Mathieu. "Modélisation de structures habitées à partir d'une approche de graphe." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0121/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Appréhender l’organisation spatiale d’un territoire urbain ou périurbain génère un vaste champ de questionnements concernant la distribution et les propriétés du bâti, du parcellaire et des voies de circulation, et les interrelations de cet ensemble d’objets géographiques avec les usages de la cité. Cette thèse a pour objectif de proposer un modèle de représentation et de quantifier la structuration d’un tel espace afin de mieux en appréhender les usages. Cette démarche de modélisation repose sur la caractérisation des relations spatiales existantes entre les éléments remarquables identifiés. Afin de prendre en compte les entités d’un tel territoire et les relations spatiales qui les caractérisent, nous caractérisons un modèle de graphe où les noeuds représentent respectivement les bâtiments, les parcelles, et les routes, et les arcs correspondent aux relations topologiques de connexion, adjacence ou intersection, de ces éléments. Afin de quantifier les propriétés d’un territoire, une mesure de centralité du bâti, une mesure de connectivité locale du bâti, une mesure de densité du bâti et une mesure de la compacité du réseau de circulation sont proposées et formalisées. Ces mesures sont adaptables aux contextes ruraux, périurbains et urbains grâce aux paramètres permettant d’ajuster l’échelle d’observation et d’analyse. Le modèle et les mesures proposés sont implémentés dans le Système de Gestion de Bases de Données relationnel PostgreSQL avec prise en compte de l’extension spatiale PostGIS pour des applications grand public. L’application sur un cas d’étude, la commune de Guissény, tend à rendre opérationnel le modèle de graphe proposé et permet d’examiner les capacités d’analyse de la structuration spatiale de chaque mesure identifiée
Understanding the spatial organization of a given territory generates a wide range of urban planning and research issues such as the distribution and properties of buildings, parcels and roads, and the relevance of it in terms of uses. The research developed by this thesis model the structuring of space, this being one of the first steps towards a better characterization, study, interpretation and simulation of the evolution of such objects.The structuring of space relies on the characterization of the spatial relationships between remarkable elements: buildings, parcels and road networks. Since existing models do not combine these elements, this thesis proposes a graph model that integrates all of them. The nodes represent buildings, parcels, and roads respectively, and the arcs correspond to the topological connection relationships, adjacency or intersection, of these elements.In order to quantify the properties that emerges from a given territory, a building centrality measure, a building local connectivity measure, a building density measure and a road network compactness measure have been proposed and formalized. These measures adapt to the rural, peri-urban and urban contexts thanks to the parameters that allow to adjust, scale of observation, and analysis. The model and measures proposed are implemented in the relational database management system PostgreSQL with PostGIS extension. The application on a case study, the village of Guisseny, makes the proposed graph model operational and allows to examine the spatial structuring analytical capacities of each measure

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Koch, Daniel. "Structuring Fashion : Department Stores as Situating Spatial Practice." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4321.

Full text

Abstract:

This dissertation investigates department stores as complex spatial and cultural buildings, in which values and ideas are expressed, negotiated, and produced. Situated in a cultural context commonly referred to as a society of consumption, where identity and social structures are worked out through consumption rather than production, the query turns to a specific act of consumption: that of shopping. More precisely, it investigates the role of space and spatial distribution in shopping. How space is distributed, arranged, or ordered allows for different possibilities in constructing categories from which the shoppers are to make a selection, and for how these categories can be related to one another, which informs the shoppers what belongs together, what is to be held apart, what is important, what is private, what is public, and what is of higher or lower status. It further supports, prevents, and promotes different routes and choices, giving different patterns of presence, publicity, privacy, purpose, etc. that not only affects the atmosphere of the spaces, but makes suggestions of what is found in them. These questions are investigated through a series of conceptual laboratories, each addressing the problem from different standpoints and focusing on different parts of the question: from how categories are constructed and given character, to how they form systems of values, how shoppers are trained in aesthetics of fashion, how relative degrees of presences are made use of, and how they appear influenced by spatial distribution. In this, the work shifts between qualitative and quantitative methods, each completing and evolving the other. It shows that to a remarkable degree, much of the emergent values and ideas can be understood through the filter of spatial configurations, and especially when treated as two systems: one of exposure and one of availability. As similar operations also affect patterns of movement and being, which enables them to also be related to publicity, privacy, and other social characters, the department stores can be understood as not only commercial spaces but as sites of negotiation of public culture. As such, both the analytic model and the more specific findings have important implications for architectural theory in general.
QC 20100803

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Haselbach, Boris P. [Verfasser], and Antje [Akademischer Betreuer] Roßdeutscher. "Ps at the interfaces : on the syntax, semantics, and morphology of spatial prepositions in German / Boris P. Haselbach ; Betreuer: Antje Roßdeutscher." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2017. http://d-nb.info/114495570X/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Rismanchian, Omid. "Evidence-based spatial intervention for regeneration of deteriorating urban areas : a case of study from Tehran, Iran." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8023.

Full text

Abstract:

Throughout the urban development process over the last seven decades in Tehran, the capital city of Iran, many self-generated neighbourhoods have developed in which the majority of the residents are low-income families. On one hand, the main spatial attribute of these deprived neighbourhoods is spatial isolation from the surrounding, more affluent areas, which is accompanied by inadequate urban infrastructure and a lack of accessibility and permeability. On the other hand, the Tehran City Revitalisation Organisation - the governmental sector which is in charge of the deprived areas - is incapable of conducting urban regenerations without investment from the private sector, and is seeking methods to create ‘socio-economic stimulant zones’ to attract private sector participation in regeneration programmes. In this regard, this research investigates the notion of ‘spatial isolation’ which in return causes socio-economic isolation as highlighted in the literature. The research suggests that in order to develop feasible regeneration programmes, which can meet the interest of both people and government, and release the deprived area from isolation both spatially and socio-economically, the regeneration plans should focus on public open space developments as ‘socio-economic stimulant zones’. With regard to this idea, the research highlights the street as a ‘social arena’ – not arteries or thoroughfares – as the type of public open space in which its development could not only release the deprived areas from spatial isolation, but could also direct more pedestrian movement to and through the deprived neighbourhoods, making more opportunities for the creation of socio-economic interactions. In this respect, the theory of ‘natural movement’ and theories and literature of ‘integrated public open spaces’ form the theoretical framework of the research to support this idea. For further investigation, two case studies, one as the deprived area and one as the control area, have been chosen, and the spatial pattern of the city and the two cases have been analysed in regard to the notion of ‘spatial isolation’ through Space Syntax using Depthmap software and GIS. Also, the correlation between the distribution pattern of commercial land uses and syntactic measures across the city of Tehran is investigated to identify the potential streets in which to create commercial opportunities. Afterwards, in order to study the street life and the variety of activities the streets can afford, a few locally integrated streets in the deprived case have been chosen. At this stage, nineteen behaviours have been observed and classified in five major classes including the necessary, social, optional, hazardous, and occasional activities, and the correlation with syntactic measures are studied. Moreover, the methods of developing a route filtering system and a transformability index for identifying the most suitable streets for the creation of a pedestrian friendly network are discussed, using an example of a deprived area, integrating it with the surrounding urban fabric to create the ‘socio-economic stimulant zones’. The results show that by identifying the underlying spatial pattern of the urban fabric, it is possible to release the deprived areas from its spatial isolation through developing a street network without causing urban fragmentation. This approach could also form a cost-effective basis for developing a pedestrian friendly street network as one of the ‘socio-economic stimulant zones’, which the Tehran City Revitalisation Organisation is looking for; the type of streets that not only support the necessary activities and transportation, but could also facilitate socio-economic interaction.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Wang, Zhu. "A Comparison Study on Urban Morphology of Beijing and Shanghai." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-14999.

Full text

Abstract:

With time going by, urban morphological structures of Beijing and Shanghai have dramatic changes during last decades. These changes often ignored by citizen, but have big influence for human daily life. And the changes of urban morphologies should be easily recognized by citizen. There are many previous comparative studies between these two Chinese cities, and these studies focus on types of areas, such as environment, traffic, city planning and cultures etc.. There are also many comparative studies about using space syntax theory and geometrical statistics to study urban morphologies. However, there are not direct comparison urban morphological study between Beijing and Shanghai, which from multiple perspectives. In order to gain a better understanding of urban morphologies, this thesis take street networks of two Chinese cites as a research object, based on space syntax theory, as well the combination of traditional geometrical statistics, comparative analysis methods to systematic quantitative analyze and comparative study the different street networks of urban space in Beijing and Shanghai. This project work analyzes hierarchy of axial lines, which automatically generated from street networks, to do a morphological comparison from topological perspective. And it analyzes frequency distribution of axial lines’ included angles and length of axial lines to study urban morphologies from geometrical perspective. Results in the project seem to empirical study that, the well-connected streets are minority part, which all most distributed in the sample cities’ ring structures and center areas. Street networks constitute an obvious regular grid pattern of Beijing and a curves pattern of Shanghai. Based on the hierarchical levels of street networks, research samples have same hierarchical levels but without the same number of street lines. The included angles of axial lines have an exceptionally sharply peaked bimodal distribution for both cities and number of most connected street’s length do not increase so much from ring1 to ring6 for Beijing, but they have much change for Shanghai.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Al-Ibrahim, Najeh Mohammed Mohammed. "Integrování společenského života a urbánní prostorové syntaxe." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233232.

Full text

Abstract:

Studium prostorové syntaxe a prostorového poznání (vnímání) ukázalo a určilo statistický vztah mezi vlastnostmi prostoru a prostorovým poznáváním (schopnost jednotlivců připomenout a představit si mapu prostoru). Disertační práce zdůrazňuje aspekt prostorového poznávání, který je založen na podobě a kvalitě prostředí. Prezentuje myšlenku, že poznávací mapování jako proces je kulturně vymezený. Jeho výsledky jsou přejímány a filtrovány z prostředí, v němž lidé žijí. To znamená, že mohou vznikat různé výsledky poznávacího mapování a různé výsledky založené na lidských hodnotách. Pokud by se prokázalo, že proces je ovlivněn hodnotami lidí a jejich kulturními návyky, znamenalo by to, že existuje další faktor individuální mentální reprezentace prostoru. Ten zahrnuje aspekty, které pomáhají jednotlivcům získat specifické povědomí o tom, co je pro ně vyhovující prostředí. Cílem disertační práce je analyzovat tento předpoklad zkoumáním vztahu mezi vlastnostmi prostoru a prostorovým poznáváním a prokázat, že rozdíl v kultuře lidí ovlivňuje tento vztah. V práci jsou zodpovězeny dvě klíčové otázky: První - zda existuje souvislost mezi prostorovým vnímáním a satisfakcí lidí z jejich životního prostředí, a druhá - zda taková spokojenost ovlivňuje vztah mezi prostorovým uspořádáním a prostorovým poznáním. Další otázka plynoucí z analýzy zní: Které kulturní hodnoty jsou spojeny s procesem prostorového poznání? Mezi hlavní nástroje a postupy používané v práci patří: software prostorové syntaxe, analýza vlastností prostoru v rámci dvou studijních oblastí - Brno centrum města (Česká Republika) a staré Město Damašek (Sýrie), dotazník zkoumající spokojenost lidí, test prostorového mapování a pozorování chodců. Z analýzy vyplývá: Za prvé - existuje vztah mezi prostorovým poznáním a satisfakcí, za druhé - prostorové poznání má tendenci být ovlivněno nejen strukturou prostoru, ale také způsobem, jakým ho lidé vnímají a jaký mu přisuzují smysl. Práce se snaží celkově objasnit vliv prostorové konfigurace na vztah mezi lidmi a prostorem, zvlášť na vztah mezi prostorovou konfigurací a množstvím lidí v prostoru.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Munro, Karen Elizabeth. "Towards a space/nature syntax : the influence of spatial configuration and a view of nature on social interaction, with Arcosanti, Arizona, USA, as case study." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2017. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30292.

Full text

Abstract:

In 1984 E.O. Wilson proposed the Biophilia Hypothesis, an evolutionary theory which holds that there is a connection between humans and non-human Nature which is innate: that when this connection is provided the human mind performs at its best, and when this connection is absent the human mind is in a state of deterioration. Increasingly, research in the field of environmental psychology supports the Biophilia Hypothesis; studies show that connection to Nature provides psychological, physical, and emotional benefits. Concurrently, the world’s urban population is rapidly growing and is expected to reach 70% of the world’s total by 2050. Thus a dichotomy emerges: how do we maintain this essential and beneficial human connection to Nature in an increasingly urbanising world? The research has developed the Space/Nature Syntax, a novel, cross-disciplinary methodology which attempts to understand how maintaining an instinctive bond with Nature, through visual connectivity, can enhance social interactions and inform future design choices within built environments. Arcosanti, an “urban laboratory” in the Arizona desert which is built to the design principles of Paolo Soleri’s Arcology (ARChitecture + ecOLOGY) theory, serves as a site for both development and application of the Space/Nature Syntax methodology. The Space/Nature Syntax was applied to 15 public spaces at Arcosanti and both qualitative and quantitative relationships between spatial configuration, visual connectivity to Nature and observed social Interactions were produced. The main findings support a relationship between spatial configuration and both Passive Interaction with Space and Spontaneous Use of Space, echoing existing established patterns in spatial analysis research. Additionally, the research finds a relationship between visual connectivity to Nature and Intimate Interaction with Others, and between Visual Interaction with the Natural Environment and Personal Interaction with Others, suggesting that a view of Nature encourages a social connection between people of a certain emotional closeness. Finally, the thesis presents the viability of the Space/Nature Syntax methodology as a design tool, projecting where social interactions within built spaces at Arcosanti could be influenced by alterations to spatial configuration and visual connectivity to Nature following future stages of construction; demonstrating where informed design can allow for the essential human/Nature connection to thrive, and taking steps towards understanding how cities can be built in harmony with Nature.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Pinheiro, Inês Batista. "A visão do arquiteto paisagista face ao estudo da sintaxe espacial." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/26086.

Full text

Abstract:

Ao longo do período de estágio participei no estudo Audio-visual “Space Perception”, em desenvolvimento na ISTAR-IUL. Este estudo pretende analisar o comportamento dos indivíduos no espaço público e os fatores que o influenciam, no comportamento do ser humano, no seu quotidiano, como irá ser explicado no presente trabalho. Na perspetiva da Arquitetura Paisagista procurei entender como a Sintaxe Espacial pode ser uma metodologia que permite uma simulação, avaliação do espaço durante o processo de projeto através das espacialidades e respetiva análise sensorial; ABSTRACT OF WORK: THE VISION THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE OF THE STUDY THE SPACE SYNTAXE During the internship I was allowed to participate in the Audio-Visual study “Space Perception”, under development at ISTAR-IUL. This study aims is to analyze the behavior of individuals in the public space, and the factors that influence it, in the behavior of the human being, in their everyday life, as will be explained in the present work. Foram a Landscape Architecture perspective, I have tried to understand how Spatial Syntax can be a methodology that allows a simulation, evalution of the space during the design process around the spatialities and respective sensorial analysis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Chen, Chih-Hung. "Korrelation zwischen Siedlungsmorphologie und Migrationsverhalten." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-84592.

Full text

Abstract:

Der Einfluss des Raumcharakters auf die menschliche Tätigkeit ist einer der Grundsätze der „Umwelt-Mensch-Beziehung“ – und findet sich in allen Maßstabsebenen. Zur Beschreibung des Raumcharakters auf Siedlungsmaßstabsebene wird dieser Grundsatz beispielsweise mit den Thesen kognitive Karte (E. Tolman), visuelle Wahrnehmung (J. Gibson), Raumverständlichkeit (K. Lynch) und territoriale Ansprüche (H. Hertzberger) diskutiert. Es wird bisher dargelegt, dass sich das sozialpsychologische Verhalten gewissermaßen auf den Raumcharakter auf Siedlungsmaßstabsebene bezieht. Räume sind also mit ihrer sozialpsychologischen Raumqualität entsprechend zu charakterisieren. Jedoch ist nach heutigem Stand der Siedlungsraumcharakter hinsichtlich der sozialpsychologischen Raumqualität schwierig quantitativ zu bewerten, sodass es mithilfe der empirischen bzw. subjektiven Methode nötig ist, die oben genannten Thesen praktisch zu prüfen. Da diese Arbeit die Position des Apriorismus bzw. der Naturwissenschaft bezieht, wird mithilfe des Werkzeugs Space Syntax versucht, eine apriorische bzw. relativ objektive Methode zur Prüfung dieser Thesen zu entwickeln, um den Siedlungsraumcharakter in die sozialpsychologische Raumqualität umzuwandeln. Durch diese Methode können städtebauliche Maßnahmen zur Lösung der sozialen bzw. sozialpsychologischen Probleme in vorhandenen Siedlungen oder zur Vermeidung dieser Probleme bei Siedlungsneubau vorgeschlagen werden. In dieser Arbeit wird die Methode durch eine Grundtypenanalyse von Siedlungsmorphologien hinsichtlich der jeweiligen sozialpsychologischen Raumqualität musterhaft aufgebaut. Die Stadt Raunheim im Ballungsraum Frankfurt/Rhein-Main, als eine Siedlung in einer wachsenden Metropolregion, wird als Beobachtungsobjekt empirisch untersucht; das Migrationsverhalten dient als sozialpsychologischer Indikator zum Beweisen der Methode.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Sundberg, Louise. "Utställningsrum : Hur konstupplevelsen på Liljevalchs konsthall och Fotografiska påverkas av utställningsrummets gestaltning." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Konstvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-377301.

Full text

Abstract:

Exhibition room: How the experience of art is affected by the exhibition room design at Liljevalchs art gallery and Fotografiska. This thesis explores the effect the exhibition design presented in two of Stockholm ́s art galleries has on the viewer. This study investigates Liljevalchs exhibition Vårsalongen and Fotografiskas exhibition The Extraordinary World of Christian Tagliavani. It conducts how the rooms in these two exhibitions relate to each other, and also compare the design of each exhibition room, one by one. This report is based on space syntax theory combined with observations and interviews with both the curators of these two exhibitions and people who has visited both of the exhibition rooms. This analysis show how the exhibition rooms in Liljevalchs and Fotografiska relate to each other. It also shows that the design in the exhibition room, such as the colour on the walls, lights, noises, how the art pieces are hanging as well as the spatial of the room has a big effect on the viewers experience. This thesis describes how these elements above affect the viewer in these two art galleries.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Filmer, Andrew Robert. "Backstage Space: The Place of the Performer." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1415.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis presents a systematic investigation of the backstage spaces of theatres in the city of Sydney, Australia, combining the documentation of eight specific theatre buildings with ethnographic accounts of performers’ activities within them. As the title of the thesis suggests, my focus throughout is to better understand the ‘place’ of performers, the ways in which performers inhabit certain physical, social, and imaginative realms. Through this thesis I assess the impact of backstage spaces on performers’ work processes, their performances, and their own understandings of what it is to be a performer. To undertake this assessment I conduct a tripartite survey of the backstage spaces afforded performers, taking into consideration ‘perceived’ space (space as it is empirically measured), ‘conceived’ space (space as it is represented), and ‘lived’ space (space as it is experienced). Approaching this survey via Edward Casey’s understanding of ‘place,’ my analysis is informed by a range of theories, notably, spatial syntax analysis, discourse analysis, and phenomenology. Through this thesis I develop two overarching and interconnected arguments. The first is that theatrical performance is profoundly affected by the features of backstage support spaces and by performers’ backstage practices. Building on this, the second is that a study of backstage spaces offers a particularly apposite approach to further understanding the ‘place’ of theatrical performers. I contend that the backstage spaces performers inhabit can be characterised by their very poverty and that these poor conditions testify to a widespread ignorance and ambivalence on the part of society at large towards performers’ needs. Furthermore, noting the way in which performers valorise their own abilities to compromise and adapt, I argue that backstage areas largely inform performers’ dominant discourses of professionalism and worth. Ultimately, I identify the ‘place’ of the performer as one of flux that necessitates the constant negotiation of significant tensions. [Please note: The photographic documentation and building plans referred to in the text of this thesis are not available online. Please contact the Department of Performance Studies at the University of Sydney or the Sydney eScholarship Repository.]

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Filmer, Andrew Robert. "Backstage Space: The Place of the Performer." Arts, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1415.

Full text

Abstract:

Doctor of Philosophy
This thesis presents a systematic investigation of the backstage spaces of theatres in the city of Sydney, Australia, combining the documentation of eight specific theatre buildings with ethnographic accounts of performers’ activities within them. As the title of the thesis suggests, my focus throughout is to better understand the ‘place’ of performers, the ways in which performers inhabit certain physical, social, and imaginative realms. Through this thesis I assess the impact of backstage spaces on performers’ work processes, their performances, and their own understandings of what it is to be a performer. To undertake this assessment I conduct a tripartite survey of the backstage spaces afforded performers, taking into consideration ‘perceived’ space (space as it is empirically measured), ‘conceived’ space (space as it is represented), and ‘lived’ space (space as it is experienced). Approaching this survey via Edward Casey’s understanding of ‘place,’ my analysis is informed by a range of theories, notably, spatial syntax analysis, discourse analysis, and phenomenology. Through this thesis I develop two overarching and interconnected arguments. The first is that theatrical performance is profoundly affected by the features of backstage support spaces and by performers’ backstage practices. Building on this, the second is that a study of backstage spaces offers a particularly apposite approach to further understanding the ‘place’ of theatrical performers. I contend that the backstage spaces performers inhabit can be characterised by their very poverty and that these poor conditions testify to a widespread ignorance and ambivalence on the part of society at large towards performers’ needs. Furthermore, noting the way in which performers valorise their own abilities to compromise and adapt, I argue that backstage areas largely inform performers’ dominant discourses of professionalism and worth. Ultimately, I identify the ‘place’ of the performer as one of flux that necessitates the constant negotiation of significant tensions. [Please note: The photographic documentation and building plans referred to in the text of this thesis are not available online. Please contact the Department of Performance Studies at the University of Sydney or the Sydney eScholarship Repository.]

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Eren, Guzin. "An Application Of Depth Analysis On Middle Bronze Age Palaces At Acemhoyuk, Tell Mardikh, And Kultepe." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612815/index.pdf.

Full text

Abstract:

Many MBA buildings have been studied from different points of views and approaches
however, their spatial patterns were scarcely investigated. This thesis aims to assess the usefulness of Depth Analysis, a sub-method of Space Syntax, in the understanding of spatial patterns of MBA palaces. The palaces of key MBA sites, Acemhö
yü
k, Tell Mardikh and Kü
ltepe, were selected for the analysis. In the conclusion it is suggested that Depth Analysis can be a very useful method in understanding the configuration of spaces when there is sufficient available data. An equally successful application of this method lies in the comparative analysis of different buildings.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Sailer, Kerstin. "The Space-Organisation Relationship." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-38427.

Full text

Abstract:

Spatial structures shape human behaviour, or in the words of Bill Hillier – human behaviour does not simply happen in space, it takes on specific spatial forms. How staff interacts in a cellular office differs significantly from the patterns emerging in an open-plan environment. Therefore the dissertation ‘The Space-Organisation Relationship’ analyses how exactly spatial configuration shapes collective behaviours in knowledge-intensive workplace environments. From an extensive literature review it becomes clear that only few insights exist on the relationship between spatial structures and organisational behaviour, despite several decades of intensive research. It is argued that the discourse suffers from disciplinary boundaries; a lack of rigorous research designs; as well as incoherent and outdates studies. Founded on this diagnosis, the dissertation puts up two contrary hypotheses to explain the current state of knowledge: on the one hand it could be argued that hardly any coherent results were found due to the incoherent use of methods and metrics. If this was true it would mean that different organisations would react comparably to similar spatial configurations, if the same methods were used. On the other hand it could be hypothesised that it was inherently impossible to achieve coherent results even with the use of consistent methods, since each space-organisation relationship was unique. To investigate these ideas further, the dissertation employs a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, embedded within an explorative research design. Both a comparative analysis of different cases and an in-depth study to understand specific organisational behaviours were aimed at by conducting three intensive case studies of knowledge-intensive workplaces: 1) A University, 2) A Research Institute, 3) A Media Company, all of them accommodated in varying spatial structures. Based on a multi-layered analysis of empirical evidence, the dissertation concludes that the relationship between spatial configuration and organisational behaviours can be described by two principles. Firstly, evidence of generic function was found for example between spatial configuration, the placement of attractors, and collective movement flows. These influences are based on general anthropological behaviours and act independently of specific organisational cultures; yet they are rarely found. Secondly, the majority of evidence, especially on more complex organisational constructs such as knowledge flow, organisational cultures and identity suggests that the space-organisation relationship is shaped by the interplay of spatial as well as transpatial solidarities. This means that relationships between people may be formed by either spatial or social proximity. Transpatial relations can overcome distances and are grounded in social solidarities; as such they are not motivated by spatial structures, even though they often mirror spatial order. In essence organisations may react uniquely to comparable spatial configurations. Those two principles – generic function as well as spatial and transpatial solidarities – come in many different forms and jointly shape the character of the space-organisation relationship. This means both hypotheses are true to a degree and apply to different aspects of the space-organisation relationship
Raumstrukturen beeinflussen menschliches Handeln, oder in den Worten von Bill Hillier – menschliches Verhalten findet nicht nur zufällig im Raum statt, sondern nimmt eine spezifisch räumliche Form an. Das Interaktionsverhalten von Mitarbeitern in einem Zellenbüro beispielsweise unterscheidet sich grundlegend von den Mustern, die sich in einem Großraumbüro entwickeln. Die vorliegende Dissertation „The Space-Organisation Relationship“ beschäftigt sich daher mit der Frage, wie sich die Verbindung zwischen Raumkonfiguration und kollektivem Verhalten einer Organisation in wissensintensiven Arbeitsprozessen gestaltet. Aus der Literatur wird ersichtlich, dass trotz einiger Jahrzehnte intensiver Forschung nur wenige gesicherte Erkenntnisse existieren zur Frage, wie sich Raumstrukturen auf organisationales Verhalten auswirken. Der Diskurs zeigt deutliche Schwächen durch disziplinäre Grenzen, einen Mangel an wissenschaftlich fundierten Studien, sowie inkohärente und teils veraltete Ergebnisse. Um den aktuellen Kenntnisstand zum Verhältnis von Raum und Organisation zu erklären, stellt die Arbeit zwei entgegengesetzte Hypothesen auf: zum einen wird angenommen, dass der Mangel an vergleichenden Studien sowie methodische Schwächen verantwortlich sind für die uneindeutige Beweislage. Sollte dies der Fall sein, müssten in vergleichenden Studien mit gleichem Methodenansatz übereinstimmende Ergebnisse zu finden sein. Dies würde nahe legen, dass jede Organisation als Kollektiv gleich oder zumindest ähnlich auf vergleichbare Raumstrukturen reagiere. Zum anderen wird die entgegengesetzte Hypothese aufgestellt, dass der Charakter und die inhärente Komplexität des Wissensgebietes exakte Aussagen per se unmöglich mache. Dies könnte verifiziert werden, wenn unterschiedliche Organisationen unterschiedlich auf vergleichbare Raumstrukturen reagieren würden, obwohl dieselben wissenschaftlich fundierten Methoden angewendet wurden. Um dies zu überprüfen benutzt die vorliegende Dissertation eine Kombination aus quantitativen und qualitativen Methoden, eingebettet in einen explorativen Forschungsaufbau, um sowohl vergleichende Analysen zwischen Organisationen durchführen, als auch tiefergehende Interpretationen zu spezifischem organisationalem Verhalten anstellen zu können. Die Arbeit stützt sich auf drei intensive Fallstudien unterschiedlicher wissensintensiver Tätigkeiten – einer Universität, einem Forschungsinstitut, und einem Medienunternehmen, die in jeweils unterschiedlichen räumlichen Strukturen agieren (Zellenbüros, Gruppenbüros, Kombibüros, Großraumbüros). Aufbauend auf der vielschichtigen Analyse empirischer Ergebnisse kommt die Dissertation zur Erkenntnis, dass sich das Verhältnis zwischen Raumkonfiguration und organisationalem Verhalten durch zwei Prinzipien beschreiben lässt. Einerseits sind so genannte generische Einflüsse festzustellen, zum Beispiel zwischen Raumkonfiguration, der Platzierung von Ressourcen und Bewegungsmustern. Diese generischen Einflüsse gehen auf grundlegende menschliche Verhaltensmuster zurück und agieren im Wesentlichen unabhängig von spezifischen Organisationskulturen. Allerdings sind sie selten, und nur wenige Faktoren können als generisch angenommen werden. Andererseits ist die überwiegende Mehrheit der Raum-Organisations-Beziehungen bestimmt vom Wechsel zwischen räumlicher und so genannter trans-räumlicher Solidarität, das heißt Beziehungen zwischen Individuen können sich entweder auf räumliche oder soziale Nähe stützen. Trans-räumliche Beziehungen, die sich aufgrund von sozialer Nähe entfalten können beispielsweise Entfernungen überwinden, und sind daher in erster Linie nicht räumlich motiviert, auch wenn sie sich oft in räumlichen Ordnungen widerspiegeln. Diese beiden Prinzipien – generische Einflüsse sowie räumliche und trans-räumliche Funktionsweisen – treten in vielschichtigen Formen auf und bestimmen den Charakter des Verhältnisses zwischen Raum und Organisation. Damit treffen beide der aufgestellten Hypothesen auf unterschiedliche Aspekte und Teilbereiche des Raum-Organisations-Zusammenhangs zu

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Canino, Dario. "Sintaxis del espacio de los complejos forenses de las ciudades de fundación romana en Italia y su influencia en el urbanismo de las fundaciones romanas en Hispania hasta época Julio-Claudia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667484.

Full text

Abstract:

La ricerca consente una conoscenza più approfondita dei complessi forensi: delle loro fasi edilizie, della loro evoluzione, delle loro funzioni e delle architetture più significative che si trovano al loro interno. Si attesta come il foro prenda forma in base alle esigenze della città in quel determinato momento in cui esiste. Si configura come un’entità, di certo caratterizzata da una più o meno variabile forma di monumentalità ma allo stesso tempo pronta ad adattarsi a ciò di cui i suoi fruitori hanno bisogno e ad esprimere ciò che i suoi costruttori (intesi come finanziatori) intendono comunicare. Sin dall’inizio, lo spazio forense si caratterizza per la varietà di funzioni che può ospitare, una peculiarità che lo distingue non solo come realtà di valore architettonico ma che gli fornisce anche un grande valore antropologico. Il foro costituiva il centro politico-religioso urbano, ma anche il luogo di mercato e di svolgimento di eventi e spettacoli pubblici. Progressivamente, però, si svolse il trasferimento di alcune funzioni, ossia quelle relative agli spettacoli ludici e quelle commerciali, in modo tale da isolare le funzioni amministrative e cultuali, conferendo ad esse sempre maggiore rilievo. Questo isolamento ha trovato come tipica espressione architettonica quella del complesso forense concepito come un monumento unitario e non più come un aggregato di strutture diverse e connesse tra loro in vario modo. Il foro si trasforma da centro di convergenza e di guida della vita economico-sociale di tutto il territorio della civitas, in luogo dove risiede e si espone l’autorità. In definitiva, il foro isolato e monumentale è anche una conseguenza del venire meno della partecipazione attiva del popolo alla vita politico-amministrativa della città, che sarà gestita da magistrati locali scelti tra una sempre più ristretta cerchia di persone. Questo tipo di foro si sviluppò soprattutto nelle aree provinciali. L’argomento più rilevante del lavoro è certamente quello che riguarda i percorsi strutturali dei complessi forensi, i quali variano a seconda della natura stessa dei fora. Il tipo di sintassi spaziale adottato definisce il carattere del messaggio che il complesso forense intende trasmettere nel momento in cui ha preso forma (prima edificazione o ristrutturazione che sia). È possibile riconoscere due diverse tipologie: la prima, a percorso diretto; la seconda a percorsi biassiali bipolari. In genere, il messaggio è di natura cultuale nei casi dei fora a percorso diretto mentre è di natura politica, nel senso di rappresentazione della grandiosità dell’impero e della sua efficacia funzionale, nei casi dei percorsi biassiali e bipolari. A partire dall’età di Augusto, la morfologia urbana divenne uno strumento per mobilitare l’opinione pubblica e i percorsi istituiti all’interno dei complessi forensi, ma anche della città in generale, dovevano condurre al suo consenso. Dall’età augustea, dunque, l’analisi dei percorsi strutturali costituisce un elemento fondamentale nello studio dei complessi forensi. La ricostruzione dei rapporti tra gli spazi e, di conseguenza, dei percorsi necessari per raggiungerli è, infatti, direttamente correlata a necessità funzionali e a significati politico-culturali che non si potrebbero individuare con la semplice analisi architettonica. Il fenomeno dell’evergetismo è strettamente collegato con quello del culto imperiale che, seppure in misura variabile, ha interessato tutte le piazze delle città romane di età imperiale. Le sistemazioni iniziali delle città erano realizzate a spese dello stato mentre un reale processo di monumentalizzazione, in genere, non poteva avvenire finché non si fosse formata una élite capace di impegnarsi nel finanziamento di grandi imprese costruttive. La costruzione o la monumentalizzazione di un foro, inoltre, può essere strettamente correlata alla necessità di fornire alla città tutte le nuove strutture necessarie a seguito di un cambiamento di status giuridico.
The research allows a more in-depth knowledge of the fora, about their construction phases, evolution, functions and most significant architectures which are located inside them. It attests how the forum takes shape according to the needs of the city at that moment in which it exists. It is configured as an entity, certainly characterized by a more or less variable form of monumentality, but at the same time, ready to adapt to what its users need and also to express what its builders (intended as financiers) intend to communicate. From the beginning the forum is characterized by various functions, a peculiarity that distinguishes it, not only as a reality of architectural value, but also provides great anthropological value. Certainly the forum constituted the urban political-religious center, but also the place of market and of events and public performances. Little by little, there is a transfer of some functions, namely, those related to ludic events and to commerce, in order to isolate the administrative function, giving it an increasingly greater importance. This isolation has found as a typical architectural expression, that of the forum conceived as a unitary monument and no longer as a set of different structures. The forum changes from a center of convergence and guidance of the economic and social life of the whole territory of the civitas, in a place where authority resides and exposes itself. The isolated and monumental forum is also a consequence of the disappearance of the active participation of the citizens in the political and administrative life of the city, which will be managed by local magistrates chosen from an increasingly narrow circle of people. This type of forum, conceived as a unitary complex, was developed mainly in the provincial areas. The most relevant topic of the work, concerns the structural paths of the fora. The type of spatial syntax adopted defines the character of the message that each forum intends to transmit when it takes shape (in its first construction or in its subsequent restructuring). It is possible to recognize two types of structural trajectories: the first, with a direct trajectory; the second with biaxial-bipolar trajectory. In general, the message is of a cultual type in the case of a direct trajectory, while it is of political nature in cases of biaxial-bipolar trajectories. From the time of Augustus, urban morphology became a useful tool to mobilize public opinion and even the internal paths of the fora had to lead to imperial consent. Therefore, from the Augustan age, the analysis of the structural paths is a fundamental element in the study of fora. In fact, the reconstruction of the relationships between the spaces and, consequently, the identification of the paths necessary to reach them, is directly related to functional needs and to political-cultural meanings that, generally, can not be identified with a simple architectural analysis. The phenomenon of the evergetism has involved all the Roman cities and it is a phenomenon closely related to that of the imperial cult that, although in varying degrees, has also interested all the squares of the Roman cities of the imperial era. The first structures in the fora were certainly built at the expense of the state, while a real process of monumentalization, in general, could not take place until an elite was formed, capable of engaging in the financing of large constructive companies. Furthermore, the construction or the monumentalisation of a forum can be closely linked to the need to provide the city with all the new structures necessary as a result of a change in legal status.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Mateus, Olga Sofia Figueira. "A acessibilidade local como factor de localização de equipamentos colectivos de proximidade." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Arquitectura de Lisboa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3464.

Full text

Abstract:

Tese de mestrado em arquitectura, com especialização em Gestão Urbanística
Os equipamentos colectivos assumem um papel determinante na definição da qualidade de vida das populações, contribuindo de forma significativa para melhorar a vivência nas áreas residenciais. As sociedades tendem a organizar-se em torno dos equipamentos colectivos, sendo um aspecto influente na forma de vivência de cada bairro. A acessibilidade, demografia e enquadramento social são factores essenciais ao planeamento dos equipamentos colectivos, influenciando a sua localização e utilização. O objectivo deste trabalho é perceber se os equipamentos colectivos existentes e propostos correspondem às necessidades decorrentes da dinâmica populacional que se perspectiva, contribuindo para os processos de planeamento Municipal. O concelho do Barreiro destaca-se pela falta de dinamismo e atractividade, assim como o desemprego e o estatuto de “cidade dormitório” contribuintes para o decréscimo e envelhecimento populacional verificado. A rede de equipamentos destaca-se pelo défice de Jardins-de-Infância e sobrelotação de alunos/turma no Ensino Básico (Ensino), a escassez de Extensões de Saúde (Saúde), e a debilidade da rede desportiva. A caracterização espacial do sistema urbano do concelho do Barreiro identifica as áreas norte e centro como as mais integradas, onde se verifica uma menor profundidade, conferindo-lhe uma estatura de território permeável. A zona sul do concelho destaca-se como a mais segregada, dificultando a movimentação das pessoas. A proposta da Rede de Equipamentos Colectivos teve em conta factores como a população, acessibilidade e rede de equipamentos existente, assim como planos e novas expansões projectadas. Os equipamentos colectivos têm um grande impacto no território, funcionando como elementos geradores de movimentos e de espaços de vivência, contribuindo para a atractividade e dinamismo do espaço em que se inserem, aumentando a qualidade de vida dos cidadãos que servem. A acessibilidade surge como factor importante à localização de Equipamentos Colectivos ao assegurar que todos os cidadãos conseguem, através da mobilidade de curta duração, aceder aos equipamentos colectivos.
Public facilities assume a basic role in the definition of life’s quality of the population, contributing on a significant level to improve the experience in the residential areas. The societies tend to organize themselves around public facilities, affecting the way of living of each neighbourhood. The accessibility, the demography and the social environment are key factors in the planning of public facilities, affecting their location and use. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate if the existing public facilities are corresponding to the current necessities of the population’s dynamic expectancy, contributing to the county's planning process. The county Barreiro is distinguished by a lack of dynamism and attractiveness, as well as unemployment and the status of "dormitory town", contributors to the decline and population aging verified. The public facilities network stands out for its deficit of kindergarten facilities, the lack of health extensions and the weakness of sports network. The spatial characterization of the urban system of Barreiro identifies the north and center areas as the most integrated, where there is less depth, giving it a stature of permeable area. The south area of the county stands out as the most segregated, hindering the movement of people. The proposal for the public facilities network took into account factors such as population, accessibility and existing public facilities network, as well as planned expansions and new plans for the city. Public facilities have a major impact on the territory, working as generating elements of movement and living spaces contributing to the dynamism and attractiveness of the space in which they operate, improving quality of life for the citizens they serve. Accessibility emerges as an important factor to the public facility's location to ensure that all citizens can reach public facilities through a short amount of time.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Liu, Xintao. "The Principle of Scaling of Geographic Space and its Application in Urban Studies." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Geodesi och geoinformatik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-90832.

Full text

Abstract:

Geographic space is the large-scale and continuous space that encircles the earth and in which human activities occur. The study of geographic space has drawn attention in many different fields and has been applied in a variety of studies, including those on cognition, urban planning and navigation systems. A scaling property indicates that small objects are far more numerous than large ones, i.e., the size of objects is extremely diverse. The concept of scaling resembles a fractal in geometric terms and a power law distribution from the perspective of statistical physics, but it is different from both in terms of application. Combining the concepts of geographic space and scaling, this thesis proposes the concept of the scaling of geographic space, which refers to the phenomenon that small geographic objects or representations are far more numerous than large ones. From the perspectives of statistics and mathematics, the scaling of geographic space can be characterized by the fact that the sizes of geographic objects follow heavy-tailed distributions, i.e., the special non-linear relationships between variables and their probability. In this thesis, the heavy-tailed distributions refer to the power law, lognormal, exponential, power law with an exponential cutoff and stretched exponential. The first three are the basic distributions, and the last two are their degenerate versions. If the measurements of the geographic objects follow a heavy-tailed distribution, then their mean value can divide them into two groups: large ones (a low percentage) whose values lie above the mean value and small ones (a high percentage) whose values lie below. This regularity is termed as the head/tail division rule. That is, a two-tier hierarchical structure can be obtained naturally. The scaling property of geographic space and the head/tail division rule are verified at city and country levels from the perspectives of axial lines and blocks, respectively. In the study of geographic space, the most important concept is geographic representation, which represents or partitions a large-scale geographic space into numerous small pieces, e.g., vector and raster data in conventional spatial analysis. In a different context, each geographic representation possesses different geographic implications and a rich partial knowledge of space. The emergence of geographic information science (GIScience) and volunteered geographic information (VGI) greatly enable the generation of new types of geographic representations. In addition to the old axial lines, this thesis generated several types of representations of geographic space: (a) blocks that were decomposed from road segments, each of which forms a minimum cycle such as city and field blocks (b) natural streets that were generated from street center lines using the Gestalt principle of good continuity; (c) new axial lines that were defined as the least number of individual straight line segments mutually intersected along natural streets; (d) the fewest-turn map direction (route) that possesses the hierarchical structure and indicates the scaling of geographic space; (e) spatio-temporal clusters of the stop points in the trajectories of large-scale floating car data. Based on the generated geographic representations, this thesis further applies the scaling property and the head/tail division rule to these representations for urban studies. First, all of the above geographic representations demonstrate the scaling property, which indicates the scaling of geographic space. Furthermore, the head/tail division rule performs well in obtaining the hierarchical structures of geographic objects. In a sense, the scaling property reveals the hierarchical structures of geographic objects. According to the above analysis and findings, several urban studies are performed as follows: (1) generate new axial lines based on natural streets for a better understanding of urban morphologies; (2) compute the fewest-turn and shortest map direction; (3) identify urban sprawl patches based on the statistics of blocks and natural cities; (4) categorize spatio-temporal clusters of long stop points into hotspots and traffic jams; and (5) perform an across-country comparison of hierarchical spatial structures. The overall contribution of this thesis is first to propose the principle of scaling of geographic space as well as the head/tail division rule, which provide a new and quantitative perspective to efficiently reduce the high degree of complexity and effectively solve the issues in urban studies. Several successful applications prove that the scaling of geographic space and the head/tail division rule are inspiring and can in fact be applied as a universal law, in particular, to urban studies and other fields. The data sets that were generated via an intensive geo-computation process are as large as hundreds of gigabytes and will be of great value to further data mining studies.

QC 20120301

Hägerstrand project entitled “GIS-based mobility information for sustainable urban planning and design”

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Fouillade, Orsini Hadrien. "La concentration du crime et les caractéristiques de l'aménagement de l'espace urbain à Marseille." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR2006/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Il semble communément admis que l’espace et le crime sont intimement liés. L’origine sociale du délinquant et les caractéristiques sociales des quartiers criminogènes ont souvent été mises en avant comme facteurs explicatifs de la concentration de la délinquance. Pourtant la localisation du crime ne semble pas être due au hasard. L’espace joue un rôle primordial tant dans la manifestation du crime que dans sa persistance. Etudier le crime du point de vue géographique et de l’analyse spatiale nécessite à la fois une définition précise de l’acte ou du comportement illicite, mais également une quantification ainsi qu’une géolocalisation à l’échelle la plus fine possible. En France le niveau départemental voire communal représente le niveau le plus bas disponible en termes de statistiques criminelles. Cependant l’analyse de la relation entre l’aménagement de l’espace urbain et la distribution spatiale du crime nécessite une donnée à l’échelle de la rue. L’agglomération de Marseille a été retenue comme espace d’étude en raison de son profil économique et social particulier. La capitale régionale de Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur compte un nombre important de quartiers concernés par la nouvelle géographie prioritaire de la politique de la ville. Elle se caractérise aussi par son titre controversé de ville la plus criminogène de France. Cette idée forgée au cours du 20ème siècle a été alimentée par le rôle de Marseille comme principal port de l’Empire Colonial Français. Les marchandises illicites surent profiter des lignes commerciales régulières pour entrer sur le territoire national via le port. Au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale la ville devint la capitale mondiale de la transformation de la morphine-base et de l’exportation de l’héroïne jusqu’à ce qu’en 1969 le président des Etats-Unis d’Amérique : Richard Nixon décide de mener une lutte farouche contre le trafic de stupéfiants à destination de son pays. Entre récession économique et trafic dynamique de la drogue, Marseille est chaque année concernée par près d’une quinzaine d’homicides majoritairement liés à la guerre des voyous pour le contrôle du trafic de stupéfiants. Ces « règlements de compte entre malfaiteurs» d’après la désignation officielle ne représentent qu’une infime partie de la délinquance sévissant dans la commune. Cependant ces meurtres qui sont assez rares pour être systématiquement rapportés par les différents médias sont suffisamment nombreux pour permettre une cartographie de la délinquance suite au référencement de chaque homicide dans un système d’information géographique. Une fois les analyses spatiales de la distribution d’un semis de points effectuées, une analyse d’image par morphologie mathématique a été réalisée pour délimiter scientifiquement les zones de concentration du crime. L’objectif de la recherche consistant à identifier les caractéristiques de la configuration géographique de l’aménagement urbain qui permettent d’expliquer la distribution spatiale du crime. Différentes représentations de l’espace urbain et des réseaux spatiaux convertis en graphes primaux ou duaux ont été utilisées pour discerner les quartiers les plus isolés et à l’inverse les lieux les plus centraux et intégrés. Aux différents indices mathématiques de centralité calculés sur les réseaux spatiaux s’ajoute une représentation des interactions entre les espaces ouverts sous la forme d’un graphe conçu d’après la théorie de la syntaxe spatiale. Les différents indices calculés devant vérifier si les zones de concentration des règlements de compte entre malfaiteurs à Marseille sont systématiquement localisées dans des quartiers facilement accessibles comme le laisserait suggérer la présence d’un trafic de drogue dynamique ou au contraire dans des lieux ségrégés et difficiles d’accès pouvant expliquer la dégradation urbaine et sociale perceptible dans ces espaces
It seems to be widely agreed that space and crime are closely related. The social origin of the offenders and social characteristics of criminogenic districts have frequently been brought forward as determining factors of crime density. However, crime does not seem to be located randomly. Space takes a primordial role both in the outbreak of crime and his persistence. Study of crime with a geographical approach and space analysis requires both a clear definition of criminal act or behaviour and a quantification as well as georeferencing of the events on a finer scale. In France, the departments nay the municipalities represent the lowest level in terms of crime statistics. Nevertheless, data at the street level are required in order to understand the relation between urban pattern and crime distribution. The city of Marseille has been chosen as the study area due to it’s particular economic and social profile. The capital city of region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur has a large number of neighbourhoods concerned by the new French urban policy. Marseille counts 35 "priority districts" taking up 35 squares kilometres where about 237 877 inhabitants lived according to the census of 2013, which represents 28% of the global population of the city. The bad reputation of Marseille known as the most criminal city of France was built during the 20th century when Marseille was the main port of the French Colonial Empire. Illicit goods were brought into the national territory through regular trade routes via the harbour. After the Second World War, Marseille became the world capital of heroin production and exportation until the president of the United States of the America, Richard Nixon, decided to put up a fierce battle against drug traffic to his country. Between economic recession and dynamic drugs traffic, Marseille is impacted by about fifteen murders every year, for the most part directly linked with the dealers’ war to control drug market. The settling of scores between criminals represents only a small portion of serious and petty crimes occurring each year within the municipal boundaries. Such assassinations are rare enough to justify a regular media coverage and frequent enough to generate crime mapping. Once the crime mapping of every assassination was done, a point pattern analysis was performed. Then, an image analysis with mathematical morphology was conducted in order to determine the influence area of the phenomenon. This step has allowed to determine the bandwidth of the Kernel density estimation applied to mark out the crime hotspots. The aim of this research is to determine which characteristics of the geographical pattern of the built environment could explain crime density in some locations. Do the spaces where settling of scores take place have identical specificities ? Do the crime hotspots drastically differ from other areas ? To detect segregated districts on one hand and central places on the other hand, different representations of the urban pattern and the road network have been used. Beyond the different mathematical measures of centrality calculated on spatial network, the representation of the interactions between the open spaces into a dual graph have been fulfilled in order to apply space syntax theory. Measures calculated according space syntax methodology should prove if crime hotspots in Marseille are systematically located in easily reachable areas as suggested by the presence of a dynamic drug trade or, on the contrary, in segregated neighbourhoods difficult to access, which could explain the social and urban degradation discernible in such locations

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Cai, Hui. "Making “invisible architecture” visible: a comparative study of nursing unit typologies in the United States and China." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/48972.

Full text

Abstract:

China is engaged in the largest healthcare construction program in history, expecting to build more than 2,000 hospitals and a large number of healthcare facilities at all scale over the next few years. This once-in-a-lifetime construction boom provides a valuable opportunity to rethink Chinese hospital design, and especially to consider how to design modern hospitals that are effective and efficient in delivering care, and are responsive to the cultural needs of the Chinese people as well. This dissertation seeks to rigorously define these issues and develop metrics that link design to key healthcare processes. This study uses a range of concepts and analysis tools drawn from cross-culture organizational communications, evidence-based design, space syntax and other research traditions. This thesis develops and refines metrics for four main drivers of nursing unit design: space economy, staff efficiency, natural light and cultural preferences for communication. Communication among Chinese healthcare workers is strongly influenced by cultural preferences for patterns of authority and decision-making reflected in organizational culture and rooted in Confucian principles of hierarchical social structure (Dengji), social network (Guanxi) and face (Mianzi). While the dissertation builds on a longstanding tradition of research focusing on healthcare space economy and staff efficiency, new measures for cultural preferences are proposed and tested. Based on emerging theories of cross-cultural organizational communication by Hofstede and other scholars, and space syntax, this study particularly explores how cultural preferences for face-to-face communication are reflected in the design of Chinese nursing units. Based on the proposed metrics, the dissertation analyzes six pairs of Chinese and US nursing units, matched on layout type. While the Chinese nursing units appear Western, deeper quantitative analysis of their layouts reveals significant national differences in the application of unit typologies in China when compared to those in the U.S. It shows that Chinese hospital design is rooted in cultural preferences such as for positive energy (qi) based on Fengshui theory, and in Confucian principles of hierarchy, social networking and face.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Smyth, Annya Mary. "Spatial, temporal and functional molecular architecture of the munc18-syntaxin interaction." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9972.

Full text

Abstract:

Regulation of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors (SNARE) mediated exocytosis is dependent upon four key proteins; the vesicular SNARE synaptobrevin, target SNAREs SNAP-25 and syntaxin and the Sec1/Munc18 (SM) protein munc18-1. Despite the munc18-1-syntaxin interaction being central to regulated vesicle exocytosis the spatial and temporal pattern of their molecular distribution and interaction in neuroendocrine and neuronal cells remains undefined. Using in vitro and molecular approaches this thesis shows that disruption of the munc18- 1-syntaxin-N-terminal interaction results in significant changes in syntaxin localisation, membrane-proximal vesicle dynamics and fusion efficiency within neuroendocrine cells. Using the super-resolution techniques Ground State Depletion-Individual molecule return (GSDIM) Microscopy and Photoactivation Localisation Microscopy (PALM) this thesis has demonstrated that the spatial distribution of single munc18-1 molecules is non-random and that few munc18-1 molecules are required for exocytosis to proceed in neuroendocrine cells. Furthermore, targeted disruption of the N-terminal interaction resulted only in a reorganisation of interaction with syntaxin with no change in the molecular spatial pattern of secretory vesicles, syntaxin or munc18-1. Single molecule imaging PALM (sptPALM) enabled the investigation of the complex spatio-temporal behaviours of single munc18-1 molecules in living neuroendocrine cells. Spatially resolved maps of single munc18-1 molecules demonstrated that munc18-1 exhibits a caged motion within areas of the plasma membrane and were found to move between molecular storage depots distinct from vesicle docking sites. To explore the precise spatial and temporal sequence of interactions between syntaxin and munc18-1 in living neurons, super-resolution imaging techniques PALM and sptPALM were employed. Two kinetically and spatially distinct populations of munc18-1 molecules co-exist within a living neuron and munc18-1 requires syntaxin to traffic efficiently in axons but not for its retention in nerve terminals. Moreover, Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) revealed that the majority of munc18-1 molecules do not interact with syntaxin in nerve terminals and the diffusion rate of syntaxin is significantly slowed down upon neuronal depolarisation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Paradis, Gaële. "La dynamique des prépositions en et sur dans leur usage spatial en français contemporain." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05H077.

Full text

Abstract:

Cette recherche a pour objet l’étude de la dynamique des prépositions en et sur en tant que marqueur de la fonction spatiale en français. Lobjectif est de préciser les effets des usages émergents mis au jour par un relevé in-vivo et une enquête, sur la structuration du système. Le premier chapitre définit le cadre théorique, les concepts opératoires et examine différentes études consacrées à l’emploi spatial des prépositions dans, en, sur et à. Le deuxième chapitre présente le corpus et la méthodologie de recueil des données, allant des observations in-vivo à l’enquête. Les troisième et quatrième chapitres décrivent les usages standards et émergents des prépositions dans, en, à et sur à travers l’étude des résultats de l’enquête. Enfin, le dernier chapitre examine la production et l’acceptation de ces nouveaux usages à partir des variables externes retenues et tente d’expliquer, du point de vue linguistique, l’émergence de ces structures en référence aux facteurs internes
The aim of the research is to study the dynamic of the prepositions en and sur as a marker of the space French function. The objective is to specify the effects of the emergent uses put at the day by a statement in-vivo and an investigation, about the structuring of the system. The first chapter defines the theoretical framework, the operational concepts and examines various studies devoted to the space use of these prepositions. The second chapter presents the corpus and the methodology of collection of the data, energy of the observations in-vivo to the investigation. The third and fourth chapters describe the standard and emergent uses prepositions dans, en, à and sur through the study of the resuits of the investigation. Lastly, the final chapter examines the production and the acceptance of these new uses starting from the external variables reserves and tries to explain, from the linguistic point of view, the emergence of these structures in reference to the internal factors

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Gauthier, Pierre. "Morphogenèse et syntaxe spatiale des tissus résidentiels du quartier Saint-Sauveur de Québec." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq25312.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Rejeb, Bouzgarrou Asma. "Analyse des formes morpho-fonctionnelles urbaines : mise en place d'un indicateur de mutations paysagères de la ville de Monastir entre 1956 et 2013." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0004/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Le paysage urbain contemporain tunisien, caractérisé par une forte hétérogénéité paysagère s’interroge quant aux facteurs de son émergence. La ville de Monastir en constitue un bon exemple d’analyse des transformations urbaines. Elle se caractérise, notamment, par un taux d’urbanisation élevée de 100% et une croissance différentielle dans le temps et dans l’espace. Cette recherche s’intègre dans les domaines de l’architecture, de l’urbanisme, de la syntaxe spatiale et de la planification territoriale. Elle s’interroge sur l’évolution du paysage urbain de la commune de Monastir (de 1956 à 2013). Le but est de chercher des indicateurs de visibilité quant à la dynamique de la commune dans son contexte d’hétérogénéité morpho-fonctionnelle. Ce travail a entrepris une logique progressive d’appréhension de l’ensemble de l’environnement urbain et de sa continuité culturelle. La mise en place d’une approche globale de la structure spatiale de la commune de Monastir qui porte, d’une part, sur l’analyse diachronique, et d’autre part, sur l’analyse synchronique, a permis de dégager plusieurs faits de paysages urbains. Ils se matérialisent, notamment, par l’identification de la genèse des centralités diffuses associée à des formes non hiérarchisées socio-spatiales. Ces disparités phénoménologues urbaines nous ont conduit à adapter la syntaxe spatiale pour mieux cerner la réalité de l’environnement de la commune de Monastir dans sa totalité où la médiation paysagère y prédomine
The contemporary Tunisian urban landscape, characterized by a strong heterogeneity, wonders about the factors of its emergence. The city of Monastir is an excellent example of the analysis of urban transformations. This city is characterized, especially, by a high urbanization rate of 100% and differential growth in time and space. This research lies into the fields of architecture, urbanism, space syntax and territorial planning. This work questions the evolution of the urban landscape of the municipality of Monastir from 1956 to 2013. An objective is to search for a series of visibility indices on the city dynamics in its context of morphofunctional heterogeneity. This work undertook a gradual logic of apprehension of the urban environment and its cultural continuity.The establishment of a global approach to the spatial structure of the municipality of Monastir, on the diachronic analysis, and on the synchronic analysis, respectively, allowed us to model several facts of urban landscapes. This materializes, in particular, by identifying the genesis of diffuse centralities associated with non-hierarchical socio-spatial forms. These urban phenomenologists’ disparities have led us to adapt current spatial syntax measures in order to provide a better understanding of the reality of the whole environment of the municipality of Monastir, and where the landscape mediation dominates

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Riss, Sylvain. "D'une lecture semiologique de l'espace du formateur à son agir pédagogique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0351.

Full text

Abstract:

Ce travail de recherche établit la syntaxe spatiale du complexe de formation.Centré sur le formateur, il s’évertue d’abord à poser un cadre conceptuel et théoriquequi développe une problématique autour du formateur et de son espace dans lasituation de formation. À partir d’un modèle spatial d’analyse, et d’un protocoleobservatoire innovant, issus des sciences de l’éducation, de l’urbanisme, du théâtre,de la géographie ; cette étude répond aux questions suivantes : l’espace est-il unimpensé ? Définir le mode d’agir pédagogique à partir de l’observation est-ilpossible ? Agir sur l’espace, est-ce agir sur l’apprendre ? Une étude qui observe desformateurs dans leur milieu par la cartographie de leurs déplacements, de leursagencements spatiaux, pour les aider à construire leur propre posture réflexive depraticien de la formation
This research establishes the spatial syntax of a training facility (the complexof training). This is centered on the trainer, where he endeavors to create aconceptual and theoretical framework. This idea debates about the problem for thetrainer and his use of space place in the training situation. This study will answercertain questions taken from a spatial model of analysis and which uses theeducational sciences, such as town (urban) planning, theater, and geography. Thequestions are as follows: Is space unthought? Is it possible to set a mode ofpedagogical act from observation? Is acting on the space act on learning? This studyobserves trainers in their environment by mapping their movements and their spatiallayouts in order to help them build their own reflexive postures as reflexivepractitioners

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Zampieri, Fabio Lúcio Lopes. "Modelo estimativo de movimento de pedestres baseado em sintaxe espacial, medidas de desempenho e redes neurais artificiais." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/8717.

Full text

Abstract:

O movimento de pedestres está associado ao espaço em que ele acontece, de maneira local, onde cada calçada oferece vantagens físicas e de maneira global ao determinar rotas através dos caminhos da cidade. Entender como os pedestres escolhem as calçadas por onde se locomovem é essencial para determinar as características do ambiente necessárias aos espaços. Uma maneira de entender essas relações é através da criação de modelos urbanos, um modo de associar diretamente os atributos aos fenômenos. Buscou-se analisar metodologias utilizadas em modelos de pedestres, bem como novas tecnologias incorporadas a eles, para avaliar a movimentação peatonal urbana em áreas centrais de tecido tradicional. Dentre as metodologias observadas, aquelas que mais se adequaram para entender os fatores contidos no espaço urbano foram a sintaxe espacial e as medidas de desempenho dos passeios. A sintaxe se destaca por relacionar o efeito da malha urbana como indutora do movimento de pedestres, e as medidas de desempenho por criarem maneiras de avaliar a qualidade do passeio. Esta pesquisa procura compatibilizar esses dois métodos de abordar o movimento para descrever e compreender as relações entre o espaço e o fluxo de pedestres na área central da cidade de Santa Maria-RS. As variáveis do espaço urbano foram processadas com as redes neurais artificiais, uma tecnologia inovadora com muito potencial na área de modelagem urbana, por sua aptidão de aprendizado a partir de exemplos - fenômenos que não possuem regras explícitas - e processamento em paralelo dos dados - todas as variáveis se influenciam ao mesmo tempo para resultar no fenômeno estudado. Os resultados obtidos mostraram-se pertinentes às bases teóricas e contribuem para a explicação do movimento natural em cidades.
The pedestrians’ movement is associated to the space where it happens, on a local way, where each sidewalk offers physical advantages and in a global way when determining routes through the city roads. To understand how the pedestrians choose the sidewalks where they will move around is essential to determine the ambient characteristics that are necessary on the spaces. A way of understanding these relations is by creating urban models, a way of associating directly the attributes to the phenomena. It was tried to analyze methodologies used in pedestrians' models, as well as new technologies incorporated to them, to evaluate the urban pedestrian movement at central areas of the traditional cities. Among the observed methodologies, those which were more appropriated to understand the factors contained in the urban space were the spatial syntax and the measures of sidewalks performance. The syntax stands out by relating the effect of the urban grid as the factor that induces the pedestrians’ movement and the performance measures because they create forms of evaluating the sidewalk’s quality. This research attempts to make compatible those two methods of approaching the movement to describe and to understand the relations between the space and the pedestrians' flow in the central area of Santa Maria-RS The urban space variables were processed with the artificial neural networks, an innovative technology with a lot of potential in the urban modeling area, on account of its learning aptitude starting from examples - phenomena that don't have explicit rules - and the parallel processing of the data - all the variables influence each other at the same time to result in the studied phenomenon. The obtained results were shown pertinent to the theoretical bases and they contribute to the explanation of the natural movement in cities. The results were shown pertinent to the theoretical bases and they contribute to explaining the natural movement in the cities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Perret, Michèle. "Les Embrayeurs de lieu : contribution à l'étude de la localisation spatiale en moyen français (XIVe-XVe siècles)." Paris 4, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA040207.

Full text

Abstract:

Opposition des embrayeurs ci ici, ça, là, iluec selon la polarité +- sui-référentiel. En moyen français, seul l'embrayeur sui-référentiel ci ici est autosaturé. Les autres embrayeurs, lacunaires, seront saturés référentiellement soit par anaphore, soit par deixis. Deux de ces adverbes ci ici et là ne sont pas strictement spatiaux mais ont, en fait, la propriété de représenter l'ensemble du contexte situationnel dans lequel une proposition peut être émise et évaluée
Opposition of the shifters ci ici, ça, là, iluec according to +- sui-referential polarity. Sui-referential shifter ci ici is the only one to be auto-saturated; the other "lacunary" shifters, presenting gaps, will be referentially saturated either by anaphora or by an act of pointing (deixis). Two of these adverbs, ci, ici and là, are not strictly spatial but, in fact, have the property to represent the whole of the situational context in which a proposition can be emmitted and valued

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Tremblay-Lemieux, Sandrine, and Sandrine Tremblay-Lemieux. "Vers une caractérisation du parc immobilier des écoles primaires publiques du Québec : Une exploration de la combinaison des méthodes d'analyse de la typomorphologie et de la syntaxe spatiale." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37477.

Full text

Abstract:

354471\u La majorité des écoles primaires au Québec ont plus de 50 ans, construites pour la majorité entre les années1948 et 1966. Malgré cette apparente unité dans le temps de production, les écoles présentent une variété de modèles; les agrandissements et transformations ont été motivés par de nombreux facteurs sociaux et politiques. L’origine de l’évolution du cadre bâti des écoles au Québec est peu documentée et rarement étudiée; cela découle, entre autres, de la décentralisation administrative qui favorise une gestion locale de l’éducation. Les caractéristiques architecturales des bâtiments scolaires, et leur influence sur leur utilisation n’ont pas été soumises à une analyse globale. Dans ce contexte, ce mémoire s’inscrit comme la première étape vers un portrait provincial des enjeux architecturaux qui touchent les écoles primaires du Québec. Le fait d’identifier des attributs communs à plusieurs écoles primaires permet un certain niveau de généralisation des connaissances afin de définir un type représentatif. Les théories et méthodes issues de la typomorphologie servent de cadre pour l’analyse d’un échantillon aléatoire de 100 plans d’écoles primaires. Le classement selon les caractéristiques du système distributif a permis l’identification de deux types d’écoles; à distribution linéaire ou en boucle. Dans un deuxième temps, l’analyse de la syntaxe spatiale des plans de cinq écoles typiques de l’échantillon a permis d’explorer le potentiel de cette méthode pour lier forme et configuration d’un bâtiment avec ses fonctions scolaires, soit son programme architectural. Dans le contexte québécois où un chantier national de rénovation des bâtiments scolaires est en cours, il est important de bien informer les décideurs et les architectes sur la nature de ce parc immobilier afin de mieux orienter les décisions d’intervention. Le croisement des approches typomorphologique et syntaxique dans ce mémoire a permis de mieux comprendre l’inertie de la forme bâtie, mais aussi le potentiel de transformation de cette dernière pour accommoder les changements pédagogiques et sociaux. Ce mémoire permet d’ouvrir la voie au développement d’une stratégie d’analyse spatiale combinée.
354471\u La majorité des écoles primaires au Québec ont plus de 50 ans, construites pour la majorité entre les années1948 et 1966. Malgré cette apparente unité dans le temps de production, les écoles présentent une variété de modèles; les agrandissements et transformations ont été motivés par de nombreux facteurs sociaux et politiques. L’origine de l’évolution du cadre bâti des écoles au Québec est peu documentée et rarement étudiée; cela découle, entre autres, de la décentralisation administrative qui favorise une gestion locale de l’éducation. Les caractéristiques architecturales des bâtiments scolaires, et leur influence sur leur utilisation n’ont pas été soumises à une analyse globale. Dans ce contexte, ce mémoire s’inscrit comme la première étape vers un portrait provincial des enjeux architecturaux qui touchent les écoles primaires du Québec. Le fait d’identifier des attributs communs à plusieurs écoles primaires permet un certain niveau de généralisation des connaissances afin de définir un type représentatif. Les théories et méthodes issues de la typomorphologie servent de cadre pour l’analyse d’un échantillon aléatoire de 100 plans d’écoles primaires. Le classement selon les caractéristiques du système distributif a permis l’identification de deux types d’écoles; à distribution linéaire ou en boucle. Dans un deuxième temps, l’analyse de la syntaxe spatiale des plans de cinq écoles typiques de l’échantillon a permis d’explorer le potentiel de cette méthode pour lier forme et configuration d’un bâtiment avec ses fonctions scolaires, soit son programme architectural. Dans le contexte québécois où un chantier national de rénovation des bâtiments scolaires est en cours, il est important de bien informer les décideurs et les architectes sur la nature de ce parc immobilier afin de mieux orienter les décisions d’intervention. Le croisement des approches typomorphologique et syntaxique dans ce mémoire a permis de mieux comprendre l’inertie de la forme bâtie, mais aussi le potentiel de transformation de cette dernière pour accommoder les changements pédagogiques et sociaux. Ce mémoire permet d’ouvrir la voie au développement d’une stratégie d’analyse spatiale combinée.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Olivier-Cividino, Daniel. "Débat entre le modèle, le type et le projet scolaire : la typo-morphologie et la syntaxe spatiale des prototypes d'écoles primaires et leur influence sur le parc scolaire au Québec, 1943-1964." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69304.

Full text

Abstract:

L'école primaire devient obligatoire au Québec en 1943, ce qui entraîne à partir de 1948 une vague de construction massive de nouvelles écoles dans les villages, les villes et les nouvelles banlieues nées de la prospérité de l'après-guerre. Sur les quelque 2400 écoles primaires publiques qui existent aujourd'hui, environ 55 % ont été construites entre 1943 et 1964, s'ajoutant au 20 % édifiées avant 1943. On estime ainsi aujourd'hui que 75 % des écoles sont à la fin de leur cycle de vie, et nécessitent des rénovations majeures. Les Archives nationales du Québec conservent des plans types pour la construction d'écoles qui avaient été commandés par le Département de l'Instruction publique entre 1948 et 1964. Par une analyse combinée de la typo-morphologie et de la syntaxe spatiale, le présent mémoire définit et explique les caractéristiques architecturales derrière leur plan, leur construction, leur style architectural et leur programme. Il examine aussi leur position relative sur le territoire québécois, leur évolution depuis près de trois quarts de siècle ainsi que leur relation avec la politique et le discours professionnel. Derrière le projet d'une éducation publique primaire pour tous, l'architecture des écoles primaires révèle des variations confessionnelles entre les systèmes protestant et catholique, des distinctions entre anglophones et francophones, des disparités régionales entre ville, banlieue, village et campagne, ainsi que des inégalités de ressources et de moyens dans la construction des bâtiments. Le recours au plan type a par ailleurs engendré des conflits avec les architectes qui y ont vu une concurrence déloyale et une solution incomplète. Tout cela permet d'éclairer le débat toujours présent entre le modèle, le type et le projet d'architecture.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Wu, Yi-ting, and 吳怡霆. "Analyzing Spatial Configuration of Campus Open Space Using Space Syntax." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00598489240196211885.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
朝陽科技大學
建築及都市設計研究所
99
Space syntax is a popular set of theories and techniques for the analysis of spatial configurations at various scales. The basic concept behind space syntax is to partition the seemingly continuous interior or open space into smaller spatial components and then measure the inter-relationship among those components based on graph and network theories. These measures can be examined and compared with other related observations to understand the likely social effects of that spatial configuration. The spatial configuration analysis of urban settlement is one of the most popular applications of the space syntax because the linear nature of straight sight-line and possible path in most urban streets help urban open space be partitioned into axial spaces and represented by a graph called axial map. However, in a system of open spaces such as the campus of a university or college that unlike most cities lacks the long continuous building facades to explicitly delineate the axial spaces, using space syntax to analyze the spatial configuration of such as system may not be so straightforward. The current literature on space syntax does not seem to address this issue in detail or provide a clear guideline on how it should be done. This probably explains why space syntax does not yet widely adopted in the field of landscape design. Therefore this study focuses on how space syntax can be effectively used in the analysis of the spatial configuration of such open spaces as university or college campuses whose axial spaces are less obvious to delineate. In searching for a practical solution, this study takes a comparative approach by cross-examining what kind of open space partitioning schemes can provide the best goodness-of-fit to the actual pedestrian count in regression analysis. Specifically, three methods of generating the axial map are used: automatic generation by software, hand-drawn with the guidance of GIS-generated medium axes, and hand-drawn based on researcher’s personal understanding of the sites. To verify and gain more insight, the same approach is applied to both a university campus and a college one, which are quite distinct in their spatial layout. The result shows that currently the hand-drawn axial map based on researcher’s personal perception of the open space is still the best choice. In on particular case, the regression result implies that the local integration measure of space syntax can explain nearly 90% of the variation of the pedestrian count.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Yeh, Chun-Hung, and 葉峻宏. "A Space Syntax Analysis of Spatial Patterns for Large-scale Shopping Centers." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jsbnj5.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立臺北大學
不動產與城鄉環境學系
100
There has no useful tool to help real estate analysts measure the space allocation in retail properties. Space Syntax is a way to represent, describe and evaluate spatial configurations or patterns created through building. Shape recognition techniques transform the plan into a mathematical network that can be analyzed. Some researches have applied it to give some suggestions to the space allocation in the large-scale properties, but not clear enough. Furthermore those researches didn’t survey and solve the arguments of space syntax principles which are not unique and not objective. 　This research has several objectives from examining the space syntax approach. Firstly, to review and examine the feasibility of measurements produced by space syntax software, Depth Map, for large-scale retail properties. Some appropriate adjustments were suggests and some arguments for the ambiguity were discussed. Secondly, by using the adjusted axial line methods and the measurements, this reasearch attempts to reveal the differences between various space allocation patterns. Especially the impact from total floor levels, number of anchor stores and spatial complexities. The third purpose is using space syntax to examine the space allocation strategies of different retailers. Combing GIS and Space Syntax, using the data of 13 cases from US and UK, this research revealed the significantly relationship between space syntax indexes and shoppers’ flow, and suggests that depth related and integration related measurements have significance impact for the degree of departmentalization and the patterns of space allocation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Palmer, Joshua Daniel. "Quiet encroachment and spatial morphologies in Jallah Town, Monrovia, Liberia." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/23648.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper will build upon the idea that informal settlements communities develop characteristic spatial morphologies as a response to outside forces. By understanding those forces and the resulting use of space, in particular public spaces, we can develop more appropriate urban design and planning interventions based in local realities. I begin by presenting the urban theories of Christopher Alexander and Bill Hillier, which provide analytical tools for understanding public space morphologies and the uses of public space. I then introduce Asef Bayat’s concept of quiet encroachment to more fully theorize the characteristics of public space as a response to the outside forces, in particular as an informal means of claiming space and rights to the city. Finally, I draw on this analytical and theoretical framework to analyze public space in the informal settlement of Jallah Town, in Monrovia, Liberia. I conclude by outlining how these analytical and theoretical tools can be used to further urban theory and international development and planning practice in informal settlements.
text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Amini, Behbahani Peiman. "Spatial properties of Frank Lloyd Wright’s prairie style: a topological analysis." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1318499.

Full text

Abstract:

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Frank Lloyd Wright’s Prairie houses have been repeatedly praised for introducing a number of innovations in domestic spatial planning. In particular, historians and critics have identified several properties as signalling a departure from the formal characteristics of Victorian architecture of the United States. However, despite these claims, the actual spatial properties of the Prairie houses, whether in comparison to the Victorian houses or to themselves, have never been quantified. A quantitative analysis would enhance the objective understanding of this style. Hence, this thesis presents the results of a two-stage computational analysis of Prairie houses using space syntax techniques. The thesis analyses the floor plans of twenty-seven Prairie houses and fifteen Victorian houses. In the first stage of the research, the Victorian and Prairie houses are compared in order to investigate the claims in the literature as well as to identify any overlooked similarities or differences between the two design trends. In the second stage of research, only the Prairie houses are analysed in order to understand the differences and similarities between them, especially in regard to their diverse layout characteristics. The results of the first stage suggest that, within the limits of the methods used, the Prairie houses were not so inventive as claimed in previous studies. Nevertheless, the thesis also identified possibilities for alternative interpretations of the results that might begin to explain this accepted position. In addition, the results of the first stage identified a number of previously unknown features (such as genotypes) in both Victorian and Prairie houses. The results of the second stage showed that the Prairie houses are significantly diverse in regard to their spatial properties. The thesis also found that there is a limited relationship between some of the measured layout features of the measured spatial properties.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Liu, Ping-Cheng, and 劉秉承. "Form Generation from Spatial Configuration-A Design Methodology Based On Space Syntax Analysis and Parametric Design." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2gvzjs.

Full text

Abstract:

博士
東海大學
工業工程與經營資訊學系
103
Spatial configuration forms associated with human behavior trends, such as space syntax theory created by UCL Professor Bill Hillier, have already become a gamification quantified analytical tool as argued by Akito Inoue. Spatial information can be quantified based on this theoretical framework of its spatial analytical tool (convex space, axial lines, visibility, crowds moving, etc.), so that the future spatial use tendency can be predicted before or after space built. In this study, this theory is turned into a spatial parametric shaping and gamification design methodology, which offers design teaching and spatial learning users exploring on design in terms of distribution of space use patterns of spatial information. In generative parametric modeling software, grasshopper, the spatial form creating can be constructed by analyzing the input information to redefine the parameters of the spatial components. Therefore, the physical form of architectural design is generated from the presentation and reinterpretation of the analysis of data of behavior tendency in void space. This means, spatial entities can be derived from the environmental information analysis of void space, which carry information of prediction on space use distribution patterns and the individual spatial form interpretation will be proposed by this research in terms of the parameter value of each spatial use tendency, such as integration (Rn). In this research, space syntax analysis, the behavioral tendencies prediction of the void space, and grasshopper, parametric form design software, will be integrated and combined together as a new gamification artificial intellectual design methodology for users and especially for architectural and urban design teaching and learning, and this thesis take curator teaching and an behavior observation of exhibition for example to manifest it.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Wu, Jou-Hsuan, and 巫柔璇. "Applying Network Centrality and Space Syntax Measurements on Internal Spatial Allocation Considerations of Large-Scale Shopping Centers." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9xc2pw.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立臺北大學
不動產與城鄉環境學系
103
According to the theory of centers, network theory, and space syntax, spatial structures would influence the human beings’ activities. In this context, researchers can understand a complex or large scale space by analyzing the underlying structure of space, and can use the underlying structure to simulate or predict human beings’ activities within the space. The central concept of the theory of centers and network theory is that a whole spatial structure contains various centers. A center (node) is the essential element or unit in the spatial structure, and each center interact with one another to develop a complex and living structure. Each center contains heterogeneity or variety that depends on the combinations comprising the overall configuration. This kind of configuration or structure also refers to scaling hierarchy, which there are from more small centers than the large centers. Accordingly, a spatial structure involves various centers that hold its heterogeneity and scale. In other words, every center plays a diverse role or contains a different centrality within the whole spatial structure. Human social network as an example, a human being refers to the basic unit within the social network. All of the people interact with one another and build up a complex social network. Within the network, every person contains the own centrality to the network. In this regard, the theory of centers, network theory, and space syntax all emphasize the interactions between spatial units. Based these interactions, researchers can define the many centrality indices or the indices of space syntax to analyze the heterogeneity of spatial characteristic. In this context, this research applies these theories to analyze the internal spatial allocation of shopping centers. The development of the shopping center would influence the social activities or economic activities of a city or a country. For a human being, shopping centers apply a place that satisfy people’s multiple purpose, which includes shopping space, entertainment events, and social actives. This kind of shopping pattern or shopping experience would have a positive impact on human beings’ physical and psychological well-being. In the development of shopping centers, the internal spatial allocation would directly influence its attractions, retail image, and the overall profits. However, in the past, the spatial allocation of shopping centers often relies on the interviews or rules of thumb and lacks a set of spatial measurement indices. In this regard, this research establishes a set of spatial measurement indices to find out the spatial heterogeneity of different types of tenants. Moreover, this research bases on the results of measurements and the geometric spatial characteristics and offers a set of suggestions for the internal spatial allocation of shopping centers. According to the spatial measurement indices and the geometric spatial characters of shopping centers, the findings of this research state as follows. The central place of shopping centers could place impulse tenants, comparative tenants, and core tenants. Especially, impulse tenants and core tenants may place in the most central place of shopping centers. The peripheral place (near entrances) of shopping centers could allocate planned tenants (especially restaurants and food courts), convenience tenants, cluster service tenants (especially retail services and financial services), and leisure tenants. The peripheral place (near cul-de-sacs) of shopping centers could place peripheral tenants, especially department stores. This research verifies that researchers can apply spatial measurement indices, the attributes (types of tenants) of shopping centers, and the geometric spatial characteristics to offer a set of internal spatial allocation strategy to shopping centers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Liao, Hsin-Ju, and 廖心如. "Analyzing the Spatial Configuration of the High-Speed Railway Station District in Wurih Township：an application of the Space Syntax." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/988dwy.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
朝陽科技大學
建築及都市設計研究所
96
In the middle of the Ching Dynasty, Wujih Township was the harbor in the central part of Taiwan, and it was also the trade center of Taichung Basin. After more than 300 years, because the establishment of high-speed railway station Wujih once again becomes the Space Syntax,which is fomnlated by Professor Bill Hillier, analyzes and discuses the spatial configurations and spatial relationships and their characteristics, in order to find the various of types experience of life and societies’ connotation which are hidden in space. For this study, we use the Space Syntax as the major method, and use the geographic information system as the spatial analysis software to analyze the change of the street types before and after the high-speed railway station districe plan was made. By first measuring the difference in the urban spaces created by the different types of street connections, this study is then able to discuss their influence on users and its related effects which produced by the change of urban spatial configurations. Therefore, we could find out the influences created when the new transportation system was added into traditional urban spatial configuration. The result shows that, in the past, different types of economic activity and space usage pattern, the main urban spaces that people used are concentrated around the main street and market places. When the new transportation system is introduced into the study area, the urban space usage pattern is expected to be transformed and the commercial activities will move to other areas according to the Space Syntax calculation. This reslt will make the urban development in the study area more balanced.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Jia-An, Guo, and 郭佳安. "A Study of Spatial Organization of Architecture Department Building in Tunghai University Based on the Theory of Space Syntax." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pw8a4j.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
創意生活設計系
107
The learning environment attaching equal importance to both practice and theory is increasingly preferred by people in selection of education in response to working in the modern pluralistic society. In order to allow students to cultivate their sense of space in terms of environment in their daily learning immediately after admission and further improve their sensitivity in learning spatial knowledge, “Department of Architecture, Tunghai University” started to design teaching space and established the special hall for Department of Architecture based on students’ needs from 1976. Therefore, this study was to discuss the importance of design of education space in universities based on the case of “Hall of Department of Architecture, Tunghai University”, and understand the development history of Hall of Department of Architecture through literature review. This study covered the spatial organization in 3 periods after the establishment of the Hall of the Department of Architecture in 1976. Then, research on details was implemented through quantitative analysis of “space syntax”. Values of “spatial unit shape (convex space)” and “spatial generatrix shape (axis)” generated by spatial structure and the implications of such data were analyzed by using “UCL Depth map” software, in hope of validating the correlation among and uniqueness of components in the space in this case thereby. Set out below are the findings of this study: 1) as for the overall changes of “Hall of Department of Architecture, Tunghai University” before and after expansion in the 3 periods, the overall convenience value of its space before and after expansion showed no significant changes, but the overall convenience value of generatrix reduced significantly; the overall extent of visual penetration of both space and generatrix increased, indicating that the thoughtfulness of space of the hall improved, such that it would be easier for people to find their way in the space after expansion and generatrix was smoother; while each space within the hall was more independent after expansion. As for current planning and design of spatial arrangement within the hall, based on the issues and improvement methods proposed for department library, a department library should be located in a convenient position in terms of space and generatrix, so as to help students find the books and materials they need for study. However, the department library is now located in a less convenient position, and the position in 1976 is recommended based on the data of department library alone.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Barton, Kevin Richard. "The Influence of Global and Local Spatial Configuration on Wayfinding." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4647.

Full text

Abstract:

Knowledge about the configuration of an environment is used preferentially when navigating through an urban environment (Penn, 2003). However, it the locus of this effect is poorly understood. One possibility is that the local environment, such as the shape of an intersection, is sufficient to determine route choice in the context of the global configuration of an environment (Meilinger, Franz, & Bülthoff, in press; Meilinger, Knauff & Bülthoff, 2008). Two experiments were performed to investigate this hypothesis using two novel virtual environments, one with a simplistic configuration, and one with a more complicated configuration. In Experiment 1, peripheral vision was either available or constrained throughout a wayfinding task. A significant influence of global configuration information with minimal use of local configuration account was found. In Experiment 2, central vision was either limited to the local intersection or unconstrained. Again, a strong effect of configuration was found, with limited evidence for the use of local visual information. The results support a synergistic mechanism of wayfinding where the environmental configuration is used to inform existing knowledge about the environment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Lau, Sin Ki Braundt. "Human centric routing algorithm for urban cyclists and the influence of street network spatial configuration." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/95144.

Full text

Abstract:

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies
Understanding wayfinding behavior of cyclist aid decision makers to design better cities in favor of this sustainable active transport. Many have modelled the physical influence of building environment on wayfinding behavior, with cyclist route choices and routing algorithm. Incorporating cognitive wayfinding approach with Space Syntax techniques not only adds the human centric element to model routing algorithm, but also opens the door to evaluate spatial configuration of cities and its effect on cyclist behavior. This thesis combines novel Space Syntax techniques with Graph Theory to develop a reproducible Human Centric Routing Algorithm and evaluates how spatial configuration of cities influences modelled wayfinding behavior. Valencia, a concentric gridded city, and Cardiff with a complex spatial configuration are chosen as the case study areas. Significant differences in routes distribution exist between cities and suggest that spatial configuration of the city has an influence on the modelled routes. Street Network Analysis is used to further quantify such differences and confirms that the simpler spatial configuration of Valencia has a higher connectivity, which could facilitate cyclist wayfinding. There are clear implications on urban design that spatial configuration with higher connectivity indicates legibility, which is key to build resilience and sustainable communities. The methodology demonstrates automatic, scalable and reproducible tools to create Human Centric Routing Algorithm anywhere in the world. Reproducibility self-assessment (https://osf.io/j97zp/): 3, 3, 3, 2, 1 (Input data, Preprocessing, Methods, Computational Environment and Results).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Shieh, Tzyy-Liang, and 謝子良. "A Study on the Spatial Configuration of the Three Major Art Museums in Taiwan Based on the Theory of Space Syntax." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54710043532101793904.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
東海大學
建築研究所
86
Base on the theory of space syntax, this study attempts to analyze the spatial configuration of the three major art museums in Taiwan. The study is conducted in the following sequence : 1.A review of the related theories : this chapter illustrates design theories including space syntax and other related theories, and the development of design methodology. 2.The operation and verification of space syntax : this chapter explains the method operation of space syntax , the meaningof each numerical value in quantitative programs, and the use pf numerical value for demonstrating logic properties and its implication of deep structure of space. Furthermore, an experiment is carried out to illustrate how the decoding and judgement of plan may be displayed in the analytical data. 3.A discussion on the spatial problems reflected in Taiwan Provinical Art Museum : in this chapter, space syntax is used to analyze the different patterns of spatial organization in order to find the exact problems of the museum. 4. A comparison between the three art museums : through the analysis based on the theory of space syntax, this chpater deals with (1)the exploration of the internal spatial structure of each museum, (2)the comparison between the three museum, (3)the discussion of the differences between deep structure and surface of space. 5.An investigation of design revisions and particular spatial types in exhibition halls : base on the analytical results, an investigation on design revision is carried out, and Taipei munucipal Art Museum is used as an example to discuss the differences between space used for exhibition and for other purpose.-1 -aA Study on the Spatial Configuration of the Three Major Art Museums in Taiwan Based on the Theory of Space Syntax

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

CHEN, YI-HSUAN, and 陳乙瑄. "The Empirical Research on Human Behavior Trend Prediction with Space Syntax -Correlation of Exhibition Spatial Configurations and Visitors' Way Finding Behavior." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/apkt5e.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
朝陽科技大學
建築系建築及都市設計碩博士班
107
In the 21st century, we have enough analytical tools to solve the problem and answer the questions between the human behavior distribution tendency and spatial configuration form based on Space Syntax theory founded by UCL Professor Bill Hillier (axial lines、 visual integration、 convex space etc.) before or after a real environment been built. In this research, it is the main intention to figure out the relationship between the spatial configuration form and human behavior distribution tendency (“matrix equal distributon layout” 、“symmertrical layout” 、 “asymmetrical layout”) of an exhibition space. Can we use the analytical tools of Space Syntax (visibility graph analysis and gate counts) to forecast the behavior? What is the difference of spatial information between those different spatial configurations? For this subject, a practical research is setting the rules of basical spatial form and observing three different typical layout of exhibition space with human behavior distribution tendency and crowds moving record. We input record values into analytical tool and run the R-square paramenters of gate counts values vs. observed ones, in order to prove the predicted values and the observed ones prediction accuracy. There are three different typical layouts of spatial configuration experiments in this research, project A、B and C, which were from the three different typical cases “matrix equal distributon layout” “symmertrical layout” and “asymmetrical layout” respectively. We used a spatial quantified analytical tool, UCL Depthmap 10 to forecast the human behavior trends and crowds moving then compare forecasted values and the observed values. The R-square(observation-Agent) values of project A、B and C values are 0.089、0.236、0.527 respectively, only the third project “asymmetrical layout” is highter than 0.5，it’s a positive correlation experimental record that can prove the theory hypothesis.The other two typical project “matrix equal distributon layout” “symmertrical layout” are easier to make user get lost and hard for way-finding, and also reduce the quality of exhibition visiting. But the quality is increased in project “asymmetrical layout”. Visitor can control the whole spatial configurations by the visual information in local part of whole space. The quality of exhibition visiting would be better relatively.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Spatial Syntax'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles