Journal articles: 'Spatial subsidies'

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Morais, Renato A., Alexandre C. Siqueira, Patrick F. Smallhorn-West, and David R. Bellwood. "Spatial subsidies drive sweet spots of tropical marine biomass production." PLOS Biology 19, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): e3001435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001435.

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Spatial subsidies increase local productivity and boost consumer abundance beyond the limits imposed by local resources. In marine ecosystems, deeper water and open ocean subsidies promote animal aggregations and enhance biomass that is critical for human harvesting. However, the scale of this phenomenon in tropical marine systems remains unknown. Here, we integrate a detailed assessment of biomass production in 3 key locations, spanning a major biodiversity and abundance gradient, with an ocean-scale dataset of fish counts to predict the extent and magnitude of plankton subsidies to fishes on coral reefs. We show that planktivorous fish-mediated spatial subsidies are widespread across the Indian and Pacific oceans and drive local spikes in biomass production that can lead to extreme productivity, up to 30 kg ha−1 day−1. Plankton subsidies form the basis of productivity “sweet spots” where planktivores provide more than 50% of the total fish production, more than all other trophic groups combined. These sweet spots operate at regional, site, and smaller local scales. By harvesting oceanic productivity, planktivores bypass spatial constraints imposed by local primary productivity, creating “oases” of tropical fish biomass that are accessible to humans.

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Depestele, Jochen, Marie-Joëlle Rochet, Ghislain Dorémus, Pascal Laffargue, and Eric Willem Maria Stienen. "Favorites and leftovers on the menu of scavenging seabirds: modelling spatiotemporal variation in discard consumption." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 9 (September 2016): 1446–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0326.

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Fishery discards subsidise the food supply of a large community of scavenging seabirds, thus substantially influencing seabird ecology. Seabird preference for certain types of discards determines the number and composition of discards available for non-avian marine scavengers. To quantify both portions of discards temporally as well as spatially, we have used a modelling framework that integrates the spatial and temporal variation in seabird distribution, seabird attraction to fishing vessels, and discard distribution. The framework was applied to a case study in the Bay of Biscay, where a wide variation in discard consumption was observed across seabird foraging guilds, discard types, periods, and locations. Seabirds removed about one-quarter of the Bay of Biscay discards. The remaining sinking discards have limited potential to subsidize scavenging benthic communities on a large scale, but they may contribute substantially to scavenger diets on a local scale. Changes in food subsidies caused by discard mitigation measures, such as the “landing obligation” in the European Common Fisheries Policy, are likely to have ecosystem effects on both scavenging seabirds and non-avian marine scavengers.

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Cheung, Ka Shing, Siu Kei Wong, Kwong Wing Chau, and Chung Yim Yiu. "The Misallocation Problem of Subsidized Housing: A Lesson from Hong Kong." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 1855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041855.

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Providing affordable housing has become one of China’s key national policy agenda items. The shared-equity model in Hong Kong, implemented since the late 1970s, has assisted many families in owning a home in the public housing market. However, little attention has been paid to their welfare after acquiring their subsidized units. This study aims to examine how shared-equity homeownership distorts residential mobility through in-kind subsidies. Panel data analysis reveals that the more in-kind subsidies owners receive, the longer they would hold on to their units in spite of spatial mismatches. Private owners, on the other hand, would trade their units without such distortion. Conceptually, the lower mobility of assisted owners could be interpreted as a new source of misallocation in Glaeser and Luttmer’s welfare analysis. Practically, this throws into question the sustainability of a subsidizing homeownership policy: does the government ultimately want assisted homeowners to move from public housing to private housing in the future (for which high mobility would be intended)? If so, new thinking on how to make in-kind subsidies transferable is needed.

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Willand, Nicola, Trivess Moore, Ralph Horne, and Sarah Robertson. "Retrofit Poverty: Socioeconomic Spatial Disparities in Retrofit Subsidies Uptake." Buildings and Cities 1, no. 1 (2020): 14–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/bc.13.

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Ellis‐Soto, Diego, Kristy M. Ferraro, Matteo Rizzuto, Emily Briggs, Julia D. Monk, and Oswald J. Schmitz. "A methodological roadmap to quantify animal‐vectored spatial ecosystem subsidies." Journal of Animal Ecology 90, no. 7 (June 3, 2021): 1605–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13538.

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Katz, Justin. "Place-Based Manufacturing Subsidies and the Spatial Distribution of Production." Atlantic Economic Journal 47, no. 4 (December 2019): 521–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11293-019-09640-7.

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Martin, Richard W. "Spatial Mismatch and Costly Suburban Commutes: Can Commuting Subsidies Help?" Urban Studies 38, no. 8 (July 2001): 1305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980120061034.

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Cai, Qiao, Zou Wang, and Lingling Xiao. "The Effect of Transportation and Housing Subsidies on Urban Sprawl." Journal of Systems Science and Information 6, no. 3 (June 29, 2018): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21078/jssi-2018-237-12.

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Abstract This paper analyses theoretically the effect of transportation and housing subsidies on urban sprawl, modal choice decisions and urban spatial structure using a spatial general equilibrium model in a monocentric city with two transport modes. Our analysis shows that public transit subsidy leads to urban shrink, whilst subsidizing automobile and housing make the city sprawl. We also find the effects of the other factors on urban sprawl, such as households income and demand, rural land rent, the income tax rate, the total fixed cost of public transit and automobile and the travelling marginal cost of public transit and automobile. Furthermore, this paper also studies how to maximize the urban-area-wide spatial equilibrium utility level.

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Weaver, Daniel M., Stephen M. Coghlan, and Joseph Zydlewski. "Sea lamprey carcasses exert local and variable food web effects in a nutrient-limited Atlantic coastal stream." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 11 (November 2016): 1616–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0506.

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Resource flows from adjacent ecosystems are critical in maintaining structure and function of freshwater food webs. Migrating sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) deliver a pulsed marine-derived nutrient subsidy to rivers in spring when the metabolic demand of producers and consumers are increasing. However, the spatial and temporal dynamics of these nutrient subsidies are not well characterized. We used sea lamprey carcass additions in a small stream to examine changes in nutrients, primary productivity, and nutrient assimilation among consumers. Algal biomass increased 57%–71% immediately adjacent to carcasses; however, broader spatial changes from multiple-site carcass addition may have been influenced by canopy cover. We detected assimilation of nutrients (via δ13C and δ15N) among several macroinvertebrate families including Heptageniidae, Hydropsychidae, and Perlidae. Our research suggests that subsidies may evoke localized patch-scale effects on food webs, and the pathways of assimilation in streams are likely coupled to adjacent terrestrial systems. This research underscores the importance of connectivity in streams, which may influence sea lamprey spawning and elicit varying food web responses from carcass subsidies due to fine-scale habitat variables.

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Wicki, Ludwik, and Robert Pietrzykowski. "Zróżnicowanie przestrzenne wykorzystania środków na modernizację gospodarstw rolnych z Programu Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 124 (December 29, 2018): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2018.124.32.

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The aim of the study is to determine changes in utilization of spatial diversity for the modernization of farms in Poland under the Rural Development Program for 2007–2013 and 2014–2020. The analysis covered the period 2007–2018. The analysis was conducted on the basis of data obtained from ARMA, GUS and Eurostat. Moran spatial autocorrelation index (Ig) was used to assess changes in spatial diversity. It was found that within the RDP 2014–2020 there were changes in the spatial distribution of the use of subsidies to support investments in agricultural holdings. It was observed that there was an increase in the intensity of use of subsidies for investments in voivodships in which large farms prevailed, and limiting the activity in using this measure in voivodships with fragmented agriculture. This may mean that small farms do not generate sufficient surplus needed to co-finance development investments. Support for investment for modernization of farms under the RDPs can be used primarily by economically large farms. Small farms do not have sufficient funds to co-finance development investments.

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Fajgelbaum, Pablo D., and Cecile Gaubert. "Optimal Spatial Policies, Geography, and Sorting*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 135, no. 2 (January 6, 2020): 959–1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa001.

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Abstract We study optimal spatial policies in a quantitative trade and geography framework with spillovers and spatial sorting of heterogeneous workers. We characterize the spatial transfers that must hold in efficient allocations, as well as labor subsidies that can implement them. There exists scope for welfare-enhancing spatial policies even when spillovers are common across locations. Using data on U.S. cities and existing estimates of the spillover elasticities, we find that the U.S. economy would benefit from a reallocation of workers to currently low-wage cities. The optimal allocation features a greater share of high-skill workers in smaller cities relative to the observed allocation. Inefficient sorting may lead to substantial welfare costs.

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Russell, James C., and Lise Ruffino. "The influence of spatio-temporal resource fluctuations on insular rat population dynamics." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1729 (July 20, 2011): 767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1121.

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Local spatio-temporal resource variations can strongly influence the population dynamics of small mammals. This is particularly true on islands which are bottom-up driven systems, lacking higher order predators and with high variability in resource subsidies. The influence of resource fluctuations on animal survival may be mediated by individual movement among habitat patches, but simultaneously analysing survival, resource availability and habitat selection requires sophisticated analytical methods. We use a Bayesian multi-state capture–recapture model to estimate survival and movement probabilities of non-native black rats ( Rattus rattus ) across three habitats seasonally varying in resource availability. We find that survival varies most strongly with temporal rainfall patterns, overwhelming minor spatial variation among habitats. Surprisingly for a generalist forager, movement between habitats was rare, suggesting individuals do not opportunistically respond to spatial resource subsidy variations. Climate is probably the main driver of rodent population dynamics on islands, and even substantial habitat and seasonal spatial subsidies are overwhelmed in magnitude by predictable annual patterns in resource pulses. Marked variation in survival and capture has important implications for the timing of rat control.

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Smędzik-Ambroży, Katarzyna, and Adam Majchrzak. "EU agricultural policy and productivity of soil in countries varying in terms of intensity of agricultural production." Management 21, no. 1 (May 24, 2017): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/manment-2015-0092.

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Summary It was emphasised in the work whether there are differences in soil productivity of FADM farms from countries belonging to EU-15 and EU-12, and whether CAP subsidies impact the degree of these differences. For this purpose, a comparative analysis was conducted for the soil productivity indicators (taking into account the value of CAP subsidies in the value of production from agricultural activity and without such subsidies) as well as a statistical assessment of differences between those indicators in EU-15 and EU-12 countries based on the Mann-Whitney U test. EU-FADN data was used in the work. The timeframe covered the period of 2007-2013, the spatial scope covered EU-27 countries while the subject scope covered farms representative for particular EU-15 and EU-12 countries. A hypothesis was made that including subsidies from the Common Agricultural Policy in the total production generated from farming causes absence of the significance of differences, in the productivity of soils from EU- 15 and EU-12 countries. As a result of the conducted analyses, it was confirmed that CAP subsidies increase the difference in the scope of soil productivity between farms from EU-15 and EU-12 countries. A bigger level of differences occurred between FADN farms from countries composing EU-15.

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Fuje, Habtamu. "Transportation Cost, Fuel Subsidies, and Commodity Prices." World Trade Review 19, S1 (July 2020): s88—s97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745620000336.

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AbstractDespite being at the forefront of the global policy agenda, fuel subsidy reform is understudied and its impact on trade is not particularly well understood. This type of reform could have a huge impact on market performance by increasing transportation costs. I present a case study from Ethiopia, which removed its fuel subsidies and increased the price of diesel price by 39% overnight on 4 October 2008. What is the impact of such an increase in diesel price on transportation costs and hence grain prices in developing countries such as Ethiopia? I use spatial difference-in-difference (sDID) on distance from major markets to assess the effects of removing the fuel subsidy on grain price dispersion. The sDID leverages distance from the national capital to investigate the impact of fuel subsidy reform on markets located at different distances from consumer centers. The results indicate that remote markets experienced high price dispersion compared to markets near the capital.

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Fagan, William F., Frithjof Lutscher, and Katie Schneider. "Population and Community Consequences of Spatial Subsidies Derived from Central‐Place Foraging." American Naturalist 170, no. 6 (December 2007): 902–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522836.

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Fagan, Frithjof Lutscher, and Katie Schneider. "Population and Community Consequences of Spatial Subsidies Derived from Central-Place Foraging." American Naturalist 170, no. 6 (2007): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4541163.

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de Castris, Marusca, and Guido Pellegrini. "Evaluation of Spatial Effects of Capital Subsidies in the South of Italy." Regional Studies 46, no. 4 (April 2012): 525–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2010.509130.

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Little, Chelsea J., and Florian Altermatt. "Landscape configuration alters spatial arrangement of terrestrial-aquatic subsidies in headwater streams." Landscape Ecology 33, no. 9 (July 12, 2018): 1519–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-018-0678-0.

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19

Li, Jing, and Xinlu Wu. "Research on the Impact of Government R&D Funding on Regional Innovation Quality: Analysis of Spatial Durbin Model Based on 283 Cities in China." Complexity 2021 (July 9, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2217588.

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Based on the perspective of the regional innovation system, this study constructs an analytical framework for the influence of government R&D funding on regional innovation quality and uses 283 Chinese cities as research samples to empirically test the influence of government R&D funding methods such as subsidies and tax preferences on regional innovation quality by the spatial Durbin model. According to the study, China’s regional innovation quality has a positive spatial correlation. Subsidies can improve regional innovation quality, which is mainly realized by increasing the input of innovation resources from local direct innovation subjects, attracting the inflow of innovation resources from neighboring areas, and increasing the innovation support from local indirect innovation subjects. Besides, spatial competition for subsidies makes it beneficial to improve the regional innovation quality in neighboring regions, while the promotion effect of tax preferences is not significant. When considering the heterogeneity of the city location and administrative hierarchy, it shows that the government R&D funding cannot improve the innovation quality of the Eastern cities and higher-administrative-hierarchy cities, while it can improve that of the Middle and Western cities and general-administrative-hierarchy cities. Furthermore, government R&D funding widens the gap of regional innovation quality, which may be related to the existing “insufficient intervention” and “excessive intervention” of government R&D funding. This study provides insights into the implementation of R&D funding by the government to promote the development of regional innovation quality.

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Zapata, Martha J., and S. Mažeika P. Sullivan. "Spatial and seasonal variability of emergent aquatic insects and nearshore spiders in a subtropical estuary." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 4 (2019): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18130.

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Variability in the density and distribution of adult aquatic insects is an important factor mediating aquatic-to-terrestrial nutritional subsidies in freshwater ecosystems, yet less is understood about insect-facilitated subsidy dynamics in estuaries. We surveyed emergent (i.e. adult) aquatic insects and nearshore orb-weaving spiders of the families Tetragnathidae and Araneidae in a subtropical estuary of Florida (USA). Emergent insect community composition varied seasonally and spatially; densities were lower at high- than low-salinity sites. At high-salinity sites, emergent insects exhibited lower dispersal ability and a higher prevalence of univoltinism than low- and mid-salinity assemblages. Orb-weaving spider density most strongly tracked emergent insect density rates at low- and mid-salinity sites. Tetragnatha body condition was 96% higher at high-salinity sites than at low-salinity sites. Our findings contribute to our understanding of aquatic insect communities in estuarine ecosystems and indicate that aquatic insects may provide important nutritional subsidies to riparian consumers despite their depressed abundance and diversity compared with freshwater ecosystems.

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Sane, Mathy, Miroslav Hajek, Chukwudi Nwaogu, and Ratna Chrismiari Purwestri. "Subsidy as An Economic Instrument for Environmental Protection: A Case of Global Fertilizer Use." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 9408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169408.

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Fertilizer subsidies may constitute a key economic tool with which to provide food for the growing population. Therefore, this work aimed to (i) assess the effectiveness of subsidized chemical (NPK) fertilizer use in food production by comparing the crop output between developed and developing regions and (ii) examine the benefits of organic fertilizer and the need for its use in developing regions such as Africa. Secondary data from 2000 to 2019 on global subsidized fertilizer use, crop production, income, and other agro-environmental parameters, such as climate and soil, were collected from the international databases of the World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Forest Resources Assessment (FRA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and World Income Inequalities Database (WID), as well as countries’ national statistics. Data were analyzed using qualitative, quantitative, and geospatial software and techniques, such as SPSS, averages, multivariate analysis, and spatial analytical Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. The results reveal that the total global fertilizer use continuously increased from 79 million tonnes in 2000 to 125 million tonnes in 2019. Subsidized fertilizer use and crop production increased with countries’ economic status. For example, countries or regions with more economic resources tended to have higher fertilizer subsidies. More than 95% of North American and European countries recorded the highest total chemical fertilizer use, ranging from 855,160 to 18,224,035 kg ha−1. In terms of organic fertilizer production, the percentage contribution in Africa relative to global production was only 2%, which was about 932,538 million tonnes below the production yield in North America. More organic fertilizer and less inorganic fertilizer should be encouraged instead of the total eradication of chemical fertilizers. This is especially applicable to developing countries, where food production is low due to poor soil and high food demand owing to a harsh environment and rapid population growth.

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Young, Hillary S., Douglas J. McCauley, Robert B. Dunbar, and Rodolfo Dirzo. "Plants cause ecosystem nutrient depletion via the interruption of bird-derived spatial subsidies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 5 (January 19, 2010): 2072–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914169107.

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Plant introductions and subsequent community shifts are known to affect nutrient cycling, but most such studies have focused on nutrient enrichment effects. The nature of plant-driven nutrient depletions and the mechanisms by which these might occur are relatively poorly understood. In this study we demonstrate that the proliferation of the commonly introduced coconut palm, Cocos nucifera, interrupts the flow of allochthonous marine subsidies to terrestrial ecosystems via an indirect effect: impact on birds. Birds avoid nesting or roosting in C. nucifera, thus reducing the critical nutrient inputs they bring from the marine environment. These decreases in marine subsidies then lead to reductions in available soil nutrients, decreases in leaf nutrient quality, diminished leaf palatability, and reduced herbivory. This nutrient depletion pathway contrasts the more typical patterns of nutrient enrichment that follow plant species introductions. Research on the effects of spatial subsidy disruptions on ecosystems has not yet examined interruptions driven by changes within the recipient community, such as plant community shifts. The ubiquity of coconut palm introductions across the tropics and subtropics makes these observations particularly noteworthy. Equally important, the case of C. nucifera provides a strong demonstration of how plant community changes can dramatically impact the supply of allochthonous nutrients and thereby reshape energy flow in ecosystems.

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Shao, Xuefeng, and Tianshu Fang. "Performance analysis of government subsidies for photovoltaic industry: Based on spatial econometric model." Energy Strategy Reviews 34 (March 2021): 100631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2021.100631.

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Spiecker, Barbara, Tarik C. Gouhier, and Frédéric Guichard. "Reciprocal feedbacks between spatial subsidies and reserve networks in coral reef meta-ecosystems." Ecological Applications 26, no. 1 (January 2016): 264–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/15-0478.

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Bagstad, Kenneth J., Darius J. Semmens, James E. Diffendorfer, Brady J. Mattsson, James Dubovsky, Wayne E. Thogmartin, Ruscena Wiederholt, et al. "Ecosystem service flows from a migratory species: Spatial subsidies of the northern pintail." Ambio 48, no. 1 (April 10, 2018): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-018-1049-4.

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Kimmerer, Wim J., Edward S. Gross, Anne M. Slaughter, and John R. Durand. "Spatial Subsidies and Mortality of an Estuarine Copepod Revealed Using a Box Model." Estuaries and Coasts 42, no. 1 (July 27, 2018): 218–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-018-0436-1.

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Mkwara, Bentry. "Do Fertilizer Subsidies Improve Household Food Security? A Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis from Malawi." Global Social Welfare 4, no. 1 (February 6, 2016): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40609-016-0044-6.

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Morgan, Steven G., Alan L. Shanks, Atsushi G. Fujimura, Ad J. H. M. Reniers, Jamie MacMahan, Chris D. Griesemer, Marley Jarvis, and Jenna Brown. "Surfzone hydrodynamics as a key determinant of spatial variation in rocky intertidal communities." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1840 (October 12, 2016): 20161017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1017.

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Larvae of intertidal species develop at sea and must return to adult habitats to replenish populations. Similarly, nutrients, detritus and plankton provide important subsidies spurring growth and reproduction of macroalgae and filter-feeding invertebrates that form the foundation of intertidal communities. Together, these factors determine the density and intensity of interactions among community members. We hypothesized that spatial variation in surfzone hydrodynamics affects the delivery of plankton subsidies. We compared entire zooplankton communities inside and outside the surf zone daily while monitoring physical conditions for one month each at two shores with different surfzone characteristics. Opposite cross-shore distributions of larvae and other zooplankters occurred at the two sites: zooplankton was much more abundant inside the mildly sloping dissipative surf zone (DSZ) with rip currents and was more abundant outside the steep reflective surf zone (RSZ). Biophysical numerical simulations demonstrated that zooplankters were concentrated in rip channels of the DSZ and were mostly unable to enter the RSZ, indicating the hydrodynamic processes behind the observed spatial variation of zooplankters in the surf zone. Differences in the concentration of larvae and other zooplankters between the inner shelf and surf zone may be an underappreciated, key determinant of spatial variation in inshore communities.

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Zapata, Martha J., and S. Mažeika P. Sullivan. "Corrigendum to: Spatial and seasonal variability of emergent aquatic insects and nearshore spiders in a subtropical estuary." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 4 (2019): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18130_co.

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Variability in the density and distribution of adult aquatic insects is an important factor mediating aquatic-to-terrestrial nutritional subsidies in freshwater ecosystems, yet less is understood about insect-facilitated subsidy dynamics in estuaries. We surveyed emergent (i.e. adult) aquatic insects and nearshore orb-weaving spiders of the families Tetragnathidae and Araneidae in a subtropical estuary of Florida (USA). Emergent insect community composition varied seasonally and spatially; densities were lower at high- than low-salinity sites. At high-salinity sites, emergent insects exhibited lower dispersal ability and a higher prevalence of univoltinism than low- and mid-salinity assemblages. Orb-weaving spider density most strongly tracked emergent insect density rates at low- and mid-salinity sites. Tetragnatha body condition was 96% higher at high-salinity sites than at low-salinity sites. Our findings contribute to our understanding of aquatic insect communities in estuarine ecosystems and indicate that aquatic insects may provide important nutritional subsidies to riparian consumers despite their depressed abundance and diversity compared with freshwater ecosystems.

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Ehrlich, Maximilian v., and Henry G. Overman. "Place-Based Policies and Spatial Disparities across European Cities." Journal of Economic Perspectives 34, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 128–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.3.128.

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Spatial disparities in income levels and worklessness in the European Union are profound, persistent and may be widening. We describe disparities across metropolitan regions and discuss theories and empirical evidence that help us understand what causes these disparities. Increases in the productivity benefits of cities, the clustering of highly educated workers and increases in their wage premium all play a role. Europe has a long-standing tradition of using capital subsidies, enterprise zones, transport investments and other place-based policies to address these disparities. The evidence suggests these policies may have partially offset increasing disparities but are not sufficient to fully offset the economic forces at work.

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Bazyli, Czyzewski, and Smedzik-Ambrozy Katarzyna. "The regional structure of the CAP subsidies and the factor productivity in agriculture in the EU 28." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 63, No. 4 (April 5, 2017): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/302/2015-agricecon.

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he question of what effect the subsidies have on the productivity of farms in the EU has been studied by many authors, but has not yet been answered. A further research is thus required both in relation to the period since the decoupling reform, and in relation to the new member countries in the EU 28. In the paper, it is suggested that the productivity of resources in agriculture is not affected by the total amounts of subsidies, but by their structure. A three-stage spatial analysis was made of an EUFADN representative sample in the years 2007–2012: in the first stage, clusters of regions with significantly different agricultural support models were identified; in the second, it was determined whether the structure of the political rent, reflecting the different support models in the EU 28, is a significant determinant of the productivity of capital, land and labour on farms when subsidies are excluded and when they are included in the analysis. In the third stage, a robust model has been estimated (employing GLS) to relate the factors productivity to the EUFADN subsidies and to the location variables identified by the cluster analysis. The analysis confirmed that the qualitative predictor, i.e. “a structure of agricultural support”, was a significant factor influencing the capital productivity over the whole of the period.

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Kung, Chih-Chun, and Tao Wu. "A spatial equilibrium analysis of using agricultural resources to produce biofuel." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 2 (February 24, 2020): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/201/2019-agricecon.

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In order to alleviate the potential damage from climate change and fulfil the requirements contracted in the Paris Agreement (COP 24), China has promulgated the mandatory regulation on ethanol-blend gasoline to reduce current levels of CO2 emissions. Since large-scale bioenergy development involves various aspects such as feedstock selection (energy crops, crop wastes), technology alternatives (conventional and cellulosic ethanol, pyrolysis), government subsidy (land use, energy crop subsidy) and carbon trade mechanism, an analysis that integrates economic, environmental, and social effects is necessary to explore the optimal biofuel strategy and social effects. This study proposes a price endogenous, partial equilibrium mathematical programming model to investigate how the selection of bioenergy crops and bioenergy technologies influences the amount of net bioenergy production, carbon sequestration, government subsidies, and cultivation patterns. We show that the conjunctive use of agricultural wastes can be an effective addition to current biofuel production. The results also indicate that at high gasoline and emissions prices, more land used for the energy crop program results in a significant change in government expenditure. In addition, net emissions reduction and emissions offset efficiency can vary substantially when different bioenergy techniques are adopted.

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Koç, Ahmet Ali, T. Edward Yu, Taylan Kıymaz, and Bijay Prasad Sharma. "Effects of government supports and credits on Turkish agriculture." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 9, no. 4 (September 26, 2019): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-11-2018-0164.

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Purpose Domestic supports on Turkish agriculture have substantially increased over the past decade while empirical evaluation of their output impact is limited. Also, the existing literature often neglects potential spatial spillover effects of agricultural policies or subsidies. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the direct and spillover effects of Turkish agricultural domestic measures and agricultural credits use on the added agricultural value. Design/methodology/approach This study applied a spatial panel model incorporating spatial interactions among the dependent and explanatory variables to evaluate the impact of government support and credit on Turkish agricultural output. A provincial data set of agricultural output values, input factors and government subsidies from 2004 to 2014 was used to model the spatial spillover effects of government supports. Findings Results show that a one percent increase in agricultural credits in a given province leads to an average increase of 0.17 percent overall in agricultural value-added per hectare, including 0.05 percent from the direct effect and 0.12 percent from the spillover effect. Contrary to agricultural credits, a one percent increase in government supports in a province generates a mixed direct and spillover effects, resulting in an overall reduction of 0.13 percent in agricultural value-added per hectare in Turkey. Research limitations/implications This study could be extended by controlling for climate, biodiversity and investment factors to agricultural output in addition to input and policy factors if such data were available. Originality/value This study fills the gap in the literature by determining the total effect, including direct and spatial spillover effect, of domestic supports and credits on Turkish agricultural value. The findings provide crucial information to decision makers regarding the importance of incorporating spatial spillover effects in the design of agricultural policy.

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Uchiyama, Yuta, and Ryo Kohsaka. "Analysis of the Distribution of Forest Management Areas by the Forest Environmental Tax in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan." International Journal of Forestry Research 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4701058.

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Forest management approaches vary according to the needs of individual municipalities with unique geographic conditions and local social contexts. Accordingly, there are two types of subsidies: a unified national subsidy and a prefecture-level subsidy, mainly from forest environmental taxes. The latter is a local tax. Our focus is on examining forest management using these two types of taxes (i.e., central and prefecture-level) and their correlations with social and natural environmental factors. In this paper, we examine the spatial distribution of management areas using subsidies from the central government, the Forestry Agency of Japan, and prefectural forest environmental taxes in Ishikawa. In concrete terms, the spatial correlations of the management areas under two tax schemes are compared with the natural hazard areas (as a natural environmental factor) and areas with high aging rates (as a social factor). The results are tested to see whether the correlations of areas with the two factors are significant, to examine whether the taxes are used for areas with natural and social needs. From the result, positive correlations are identified between the distribution of management areas and natural hazard areas and between the distribution of management areas and areas with high aging rates.

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Garcia, AM, KO Winemiller, DJ Hoeinghaus, MC Claudino, R. Bastos, F. Correa, S. Huckembeck, et al. "Hydrologic pulsing promotes spatial connectivity and food web subsidies in a subtropical coastal ecosystem." Marine Ecology Progress Series 567 (March 13, 2017): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps12060.

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Weldrick, Christine K., and Dennis E. Jelinski. "Seasonal dynamics in a nearshore isotopic niche and spatial subsidies from multi-trophic aquaculture." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74, no. 9 (September 2017): 1411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0372.

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A poorly understood food web dynamic concerns possible seasonal variation in spatial subsidies associated with multi-trophic aquaculture and their effects on extractive and naturally occurring organisms. We used the stable isotopes δ13C and δ15N and circular statistics to investigate niche overlap across a year-long period at an experimental multi-trophic aquaculture facility in British Columbia, Canada. A two-source mixing model revealed that particulate organic matter was the most important food source for all sample invertebrates (mean range 40%–98%) compared with farm effluent (mean range 3%–35%). There were significant month-to-month changes in δ13C and δ15N for all species except for the brooding transparent tunicate (Corella inflata). We did not detect any directionality for the entire community, but did identify variable directional shifts for each species, suggesting resource partitioning driven by competition and (or) morphology-based differences in feeding strategies. This was further supported by seasonal variation in inter- and intraspecific isotopic niche widths. Isotopic niche overlap among co-occurring invertebrates appeared to be stronger during winter and summer than autumn months. Our study provides valuable insights on the role of multi-trophic derived effluent on a nearshore marine community composed of both natural and cultured species within the same feeding guild.

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Bracken, Matthew E. S. "Complementarity in spatial subsidies of carbon associated with resource partitioning along multiple niche axes." Oecologia 193, no. 2 (June 2020): 425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04691-z.

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Semmens, Darius J., James E. Diffendorfer, Laura López-Hoffman, and Carl D. Shapiro. "Accounting for the ecosystem services of migratory species: Quantifying migration support and spatial subsidies." Ecological Economics 70, no. 12 (October 2011): 2236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.07.002.

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Šilhan, Zdeněk, and Josef Kunc. "Two decades of changes in spatial distribution of retail and commercial services: Czech experience." Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 69, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15201/hungeobull.69.1.4.

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The aim of this paper is to introduce basic developmental consequences, changes, trends and the current situation in amenities through retail and commercial services in the rural areas of the Czech Republic. The example illustrated herein is the South Moravian Region. Methodically, the text is built on previous survey (2002), and on our own survey conducted in municipalities up to 3,000 inhabitants of the South Moravian Region in 2018 (n = 355). There are semi-structured interviews (n = 18) that link back to these surveys. The data obtained was processed by the methods of statistical and graphical analysis, comparison, interpretation and synthesis. The paper concludes that since 2002, commercial amenities have experienced remarkably negative development. The smaller municipalities in the periphery have encountered the greatest decline, but stagnation is also seen in the suburban areas of Brno. From among types of commercial amenities, the ones most weakened were specialized shops, which could no longer compete with large retail chains. Almost a fourth of municipalities support commercial trade and services, mainly through subsidies or lowered rent. The regions also provide subsidies. Even simplifying red tape or providing tax relief on the part of the public sector would support civic amenities. Another key may be retaining young and educated people in municipalities where they will live and work. Contributing to this could be not only developing infrastructure in municipalities, but also for example the next wave of digitalization and introduction of stable, high-speed Internet service in rural areas.

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Qin, Bingtao, Yongwei Yu, Liming Ge, Le Yang, and Yuanguo Guo. "Does Eco-Compensation Alleviate Rural Poverty? New Evidence from National Key Ecological Function Areas in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 10899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710899.

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The Transfer Payment Policy of National Key Ecological Functional Areas (TPEFAP), a well-known ecological compensation (eco-compensation) scheme in China, has been proposed by the government to alleviate ecological poverty and protect the environment. In literature, the effectiveness of the TPEFAP on environmental conservation has been widely examined, while few pay attention to the effect of the TPEFAP on poverty alleviation, especially with the consideration of its spatial spillovers as well. In this paper, we utilize panel data covering the key ecological functional areas of China during the period 2011–2018 to evaluate the impact of the TPEFAP on poverty alleviation and also its spatial spillovers by employing the synthetic control method (SCM) and the dynamic spatial Durbin model, respectively. Specifically, we apply the entropy weight method (EWM) to calculate the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) and measure pro-poor effect in terms of MPI change. The results show that: (1) TPEFAP has stable positive effects on MPI in Hubei, Yunnan, Jilin, Gansu, and Ningxia, while the impact on Qinghai fluctuates. (2) MPI presents a significant spatial correlation. Furthermore, both the direct and indirect effects of TPEFAP on MPI are significant and stable positive, for both short- or long-term. (3) For potential channels, rural non-farm employment, rural labor mobility, and agricultural productivity are the key pathways through which the TPEFAP can alleviate poverty both in local and adjacent provinces. However, it is difficult to find significant positive spatial spillovers for the TPEFAP if only the natural resources scale is considered. This study indicates that the government should pay attention to the policy expectations of ecological poverty alleviation and, in future eco-compensation, must further increase the coverage of subsidies and diversify the forms of subsidies.

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Adams, Darius M., and Gregory S. Latta. "Costs and regional impacts of restoration thinning programs on the national forests in eastern Oregon." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-065.

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An intertemporal spatial equilibrium model of the eastern Oregon softwood log market was employed to estimate the market and economic welfare impacts of restoration thinning programs established on national forests in the region. Programs treated only lands with sawtimber thinning volume and varied by the extent of public subsidies for costs, the types of costs that could be subsidized, and the form of the subsidy payment. Impacts on private harvest timing, numbers of mills, and postprogram log prices in the region were found to vary markedly with the form of the program. Log consumers (lumber mills) consistently realized relatively large surplus gains, while private log producers' surplus showed smaller but consistent losses. For a comparable subsidy budget, programs that subsidized only hazard removal costs, on sites where net unsubsidized sawtimber returns promised to be less that these costs, led to a larger area treated than did programs with more flexible subsidy conditions. Across all programs, net agency receipts from sawtimber sales were estimated to be insufficient to cover the costs of all areas in need of thinning treatment (lands with and without sawtimber thinning volume).

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Bashenkov, Artem, Alexander Myasnikov, Elena Semerikova, and Svetlana Seregina. "Influence of Intergovernmental Transfers on Regional Incomes in Russia." Spatial Economics 18, no. 3 (2022): 63–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2022.3.063-092.

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Given the current conditions of intensifying sanctions, scarcity of resources and the start of a structural transformation of the Russian economy, the task of a reassessment of the efficiency of existing tools of economic policy, so that these tools can be realigned, becomes vital. In this publication, we study the influence of intergovernmental budget transfers, subsidies in particular, on regional economic growth in Russia. We perform the analysis on the full sample of relevant Russian regions and on three subsamples of regions, differing in the degrees of regional budgets’ reliance on transfers. Additionally, we divide regions into two groups, based on the shares of natural resources extraction in their economies. Our analysis shows that increases in the shares of incoming transfers in regional budgets are followed by increases in the rates of growth of GRP per capita – however, this works only for regions with a medium degree of transfer reliance. Such regions having high shares of employment in extraction intensifies the positive effect of transfers. Increases in subsidies to regional budgets are also followed by faster growth – but only in regions with a medium to high reliance on incoming transfers; for regions with a low reliance on transfers the effect of subsidies is insignificant. Among the control variables we use, the share of capital investment in GRP and the share of employed with a higher education also correspond to higher rates of economic growth, but again – only for regions with a medium degree of reliance on incoming transfers. Using the spatial Durbin model, we control for spatial effects between regions. Overall, our analysis shows that the system of intergovernmental transfers currently in place in Russia promotes growth only for regions with a medium level of reliance on transfers

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Guth, Marta, Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Bazyli Czyżewski, and Sebastian Stępień. "The Economic Sustainability of Farms under Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union Countries." Agriculture 10, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020034.

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The aim of this paper is to determine the influence of the Common Agricultural Policy’s (CAP) subsidies on the level of economic sustainability of farms by means of three-fold study. To determine the economic sustainability of farms the authors applied the income gap ratio. Next, the level of income differentiation between farms of various economic classes was established. The last part consisted of the recognition of statistically significant CAP schemes that shape agricultural income in farms of different size and in assessing how the respective subsidies should increase or decrease to fill the recognized gap, based on the coefficients of panel regression. The spatial scope covered all EU countries in 2005–2015. Results show that due to the CAP’s support the average income of farms has approached the average non-agricultural income, but distribution of this support favored the largest farms, increasing disparities within the sector.

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Zhu, Zheng, Jintao Ke, and Hai Wang. "A mean-field Markov decision process model for spatial-temporal subsidies in ride-sourcing markets." Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 150 (August 2021): 540–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2021.06.014.

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Lisi, Peter J., and Daniel E. Schindler. "Spatial variation in timing of marine subsidies influences riparian phenology through a plant-pollinator mutualism." Ecosphere 2, no. 9 (September 2011): art101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/es11-00173.1.

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Chiappori, Pierre-André, David Perez-Castrillo, and Thierry Verdier. "Spatial competition in the banking system: Localization, cross subsidies and the regulation of deposit rates." European Economic Review 39, no. 5 (May 1995): 889–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(94)00016-s.

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Briggs, Amy A., Hillary S. Young, Douglas J. McCauley, Stacie A. Hathaway, Rodolfo Dirzo, and Robert N. Fisher. "Effects of Spatial Subsidies and Habitat Structure on the Foraging Ecology and Size of Geckos." PLoS ONE 7, no. 8 (August 10, 2012): e41364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041364.

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Hennig, Solveigh, and Gunnar Breustedt. "The Incidence of Agricultural Subsidies on Rental Rates for Grassland." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 238, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 125–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2017-0124.

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Abstract This paper examines the impact of agricultural subsidies on rental rates for grassland. In theory, the capitalization of subsidies into grassland rents has become increasingly important as a result of the decoupling of direct payments from production in 2005. The focus is on the pass-through of both coupled and decoupled direct payments on grassland rentals in Western Germany. The empirical investigation is based upon farm-level data of grassland rental rates from the six farm census surveys carried out between 2001 and 2013. The results of spatial econometric models show that landlords of grassland have benefited strongly from the decoupling of direct payments. For the period prior to the decoupling of direct payments, the estimates point to low capitalisation of the livestock payments into grassland rentals. For the period after decoupling, the estimations reveal a significant pass-through of direct payments to landowners, with the marginal capitalisation increasing over time. At the end of the observation period, after regional standardisation of the payments, the estimates show marginal capitalisation rates of 87–94 cents per additional premium euro, suggesting almost complete capitalisation of the funding into the rental price for grassland.

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Tadenuma, Sandra Stocker Kremer, and Silvia Méri Carvalho. "Survey and planting potential of sidewalk afforestation on public streets in the urban area of Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil." Terr Plural 15 (2021): e2117148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/terraplural.v.15.2117148.024.

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Urban afforestation provides a series of social, environmental, and economic benefits. Due to its importance for the quality of urban life, knowledge of the arboreal heritage offers subsidies for the public authorities to develop and improve management plans for urban afforestation. The goal was to survey the spatial distribution and estimate the potential for planting trees on streets in the urban area of Ponta Grossa, a medium-sized city in southern Brazil. Through visual analysis with the support of high-resolution images from the Pleiades sensor, as well as fieldwork in some places, it was estimated the number of trees per kilometer of road. It was observed 28,925 trees and the potential for planting 64,122 trees. Thus, there is a deficit of 35,197 trees. As it was obtained 22.52 trees/km on average, it arises a ‘very high’ level of attention. So, these data provide subsidies for the development of an urban forestation plan that contemplates street forestation

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Le Port, A., J. C. Montgomery, A. N. H. Smith, A. E. Croucher, I. M. McLeod, and S. D. Lavery. "Temperate marine protected area provides recruitment subsidies to local fisheries." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1865 (October 18, 2017): 20171300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1300.

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The utility of marine protected areas (MPAs) as a means of protecting exploited species and conserving biodiversity within MPA boundaries is supported by strong empirical evidence. However, the potential contribution of MPAs to fished populations beyond their boundaries is still highly controversial; empirical measures are scarce and modelling studies have produced a range of predictions, including both positive and negative effects. Using a combination of genetic parentage and relatedness analysis, we measured larval subsidies to local fisheries replenishment for Australasian snapper ( Chrysophrys auratus : Sparidae) from a small (5.2 km 2 ), well-established, temperate, coastal MPA in northern New Zealand. Adult snapper within the MPA contributed an estimated 10.6% (95% CI: 5.5–18.1%) of newly settled juveniles to surrounding areas (approx. 400 km 2 ), with no decreasing trend in contributions up to 40 km away. Biophysical modelling of larval dispersal matched experimental data, showing larvae produced inside the MPA dispersed over a comparable distance. These results demonstrate that temperate MPAs have the potential to provide recruitment subsidies at magnitudes and spatial scales relevant to fisheries management. The validated biophysical model provides a cost-efficient opportunity to generalize these findings to other locations and climate conditions, and potentially informs the design of MPA networks for enhancing fisheries management.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Spatial subsidies'

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