Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Spatial subsidies'

In the recent years there are many researchs discussing the effects of trade policy (tariffs, subsidies etc.) in international trade. The results are manifold. Some authors show that trade policy has negative effects on welfare, some spatial economists demonstrate that trade policy can have positive effects on welfare. This paper considers the effects of the trade policy made by both countries participating in international trade in a spatial economic model. It can be showed that trade policy of both trade partners (tariffs of one country and export subsidies of the other country) can improve the world welfare in comparison with free trade.

Natural ecosystems are open to flows of energy, materials, and organisms. These subsidies are ubiquitous and influence ecosystem structure and functioning at local and regional extents. Subsidized consumers can attain higher biomass and abundance than unsubsidized consumers but the indirect, cascading effects generated from subsidized consumers are not well understood. I derive ecosystem models to investigate the relationship between subsidies and trophic cascades. I show that the ratio of subsidy to equivalent in situ prey may not be the best predictor of consumer response to subsidies, particularly when subsidies are temporally variable. I predict strong generalist consumer responses to subsidies in ecosystems with high in situ prey and relatively frequent subsidies. Next, I use response ratios to quantify the relative effect of predator regulation of herbivores and consumer-mediated recycling on producers stocks. I observe that predator regulation of herbivores has a larger, positive, effect on producer stocks than consumer-mediated recycling, however, consumer-mediated recycling can influence producer biomass in many cases. The relative contribution of both mechanisms to cascading trophic interactions depends on feeding relationships between predator and prey, nutrient turnover rates and the rate of external nutrient loading. Trophic cascade theory and experiments to date, have been conducted in closed ecosystems but recent evidence suggests that predators can have cascading effects across ecosystem boundaries. I derive a model of a recipient ecosystem and demonstrate that ecosystems with higher rates of constant subsidies experience stronger trophic cascades because these subsidies facilitate higher secondary production and consumption. I extend this previous model to meta-ecosystem extents in order to consider the effects of reciprocal pulsed subsidies on ecosystem functioning. I show that reciprocal pulsed subsidies can be reinforcing, particularly when th
Les écosystèmes naturels sont ouverts aux flux d'énergie, de matière, et d'organismes. Omniprésents, ces apports allochtones ont un impact sur la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. S'il est clair que des consommateurs bénéficient directement de ces flux, nous n'avons qu'une connaissance rudimentaire de leurs effets indirects sur les réseaux trophiques. Je développe des modèles d'écosystème afin d'étudier la relation existante entre flux de matière et d'organismes et cascades trophiques. Je démontre ainsi que le ratio de la biomasse des apports sur la biomasse de proie locale ne prédit pas l'effet des flux sur les consommateurs, notamment lorsque ces apports sont variables dans le temps. L'impact des flux sur la biomasse de consommateur se révèle d'autant plus grand quand la biomasse de proie locale est importante et que les flux sont fréquent. J'examine ensuite l'impact relatif du contrôle des herbivores et du recyclage de nutriments par les prédateurs sur la population de plantes et montre que, bien que les deux soient positifs, l'effet du contrôle des herbivores est plus fort. La contribution relative de ces deux mécanismes pour les cascades trophiques dépend des interactions entres proies et prédateurs, des taux de recyclages et des flux de nutriments provenant de l'extérieur. Les cascades trophiques sont généralement étudiées et conceptualisées dans des écosystèmes fermés. Cependant, il a récemment été mis en évidence que les prédateurs peuvent avoir des effets indirects dépassant les frontières d'un écosystème. A l'aide d'un modèle d'écosystème bénéficiant de flux allochtones, je démontre en effet que les cascades trophiques sont d'autant plus fortes quand les écosystèmes reçoivent des flux de matière et d'organismes fréquents. Ce modèle est ensuite étendu à l'échelle de méta-écosystèmes afin d'examiner l'effet des flux réciproques et variables dans le temps sur la force des cascade

Nutrient inputs from productive marine environments have been shown to directly and indirectly subsidise primary producers and consumers in terrestrial ecosystems (e.g. Polis and Hurd 1995; 1996; Anderson and Polis 1998; 1999). But does this theory hold true on islands surrounded by oligotrophic waters, which account for a significant proportion of the marine environment? The aim of the present study was to examine the applicability of the spatial subsidisation hypotheses proposed by Polis and his co-authors to an oligotrophic system in south-western region of Western Australia. These aims were achieved by comparing soil and plant nutrients, and the nitrogen stable isotope signatures of soil, plants, detritus and invertebrates in areas with (islands) and without (mainland sites) inputs from seabirds. In addition, the responses of plant nutrients and vegetation assemblages to guano additions were examined in a controlled field experiment.

The transfer of prey resources between ecosystems can have dramatic consequences for both recipient and donor systems by altering food web stability and the likelihood of trophic effects cascading across the ecosystem boundary. Landscape-scale factors influence the importance, direction and magnitude of energy flows, but may also alter the ability of consumer organisms to respond to spatio-temporal changes in allochthonous prey availability. Here, I used flood and drying disturbance gradients to investigate interactions between these two processes on populations of a riparian fishing spider Dolomedes aquaticus (Pisauridae). The abundance of aquatic insects with a winged adult stage, a major component of the diet of D. aquaticus, was markedly higher at less flood-prone rivers and declined with increasing flood disturbance. It was expected that spider populations would be largest at these stable rivers where the aquatic prey abundance was highest. However, a habitat (loose, unembedded riverbank rocks) manipulation revealed that the lack of scouring floods at these sites led to habitat-limited populations, preventing response to the increased prey resource. In fact a peak shaped relationship of spider biomass and abundance was found, with the largest spider populations at intermediately disturbed rivers. In addition, patchy habitat availability was the most likely cause of the small scale (4 m2) aggregation of spiders seen at the most stable and disturbed rivers. These patterns were also associated with strong interactions between the spiders. Stable isotope analysis of field collected spiders and an experimental manipulation of spider densities and food availability indicated that cannibalism rates were likely to be significantly higher at stable and disturbed rivers than those intermediate on the disturbance gradient. Differences in D. aquaticus population size structure and life history traits across the flood disturbance gradient were driven by interactions between resource availability, environmental stability and cannibalism rates. To separate the effects of habitat availability and aquatic prey abundance I used drying rivers, as the amount of aquatic insect prey alters as the water recedes. Desiccation mortality and low aquatic prey biomass most likely caused the spiders' spatial distribution and size class structure to alter in drying river reaches, potentially also leading to differences in cannibalism rates. Overall, cross-ecosystem transfers of prey had large impacts on the distribution, cannibalism rates and life history traits of D. aquaticus but their effects were modified by the nature of the ecosystem boundary. Thus river flow regime controlled the magnitude of the subsidy and its use by a consumer. Hence, cross-ecosystem subsidies will not always lead to larger consumer populations and consumer responses will depend on interactions between large-scale processes.

Sanitation marketing is an emerging approach of strengthening the local private sector to implement scalable and sustainable improved sanitation coverage in developing countries, specifically among the poor. It encourages the enhancement of sanitation market supply and demand by developing distribution infrastructure and stimulating consumer interest. Unlike interventions that provide hardware subsidies to initiate sanitation demand, financial support for sanitation marketing is used exclusively for the research and development of the market; this encourages the private sector to become independent and self-sufficient. Qualitative data suggests that while sanitation marketing projects have been successful at implementing replicable and sustainable sanitation coverage, they are not effective in close proximity to other programs that provide hardware subsidies. The aim of this study is to determine how hardware subsidies impacted iDE’s (formerly International Development Enterprise) Cambodia Sanitation Marketing Scale-Up (SMSU) project using quantitative data collected between 2010 and 2014, and to develop an approach that best illustrates this relationship. Using their project database of 48,844 transactions in 9 provinces, QGIS 2.8.1 and MS Excel were used to determine the correlations between the NGO (subsidized) and customer sales. QGIS maps and time-lapse animations were effective in spatially juxtaposing the quantity and location of both NGO and customer sales, and MS Excel charts quantified the relationship as a function of time, identifying opposing correlational patterns. Within the Cambodia SMSU project, the provision of hardware subsidies (represented by NGO sales) resulted in the attrition of the sanitation marketplace (represented by customer sales) when the NGO sales landed between 71 and 889 in a single month, averaging 400 NGO sales in a month. Overall, 14 districts showed decreased customer sales in the presence of subsidies, and 36 districts showed increased customer sales in the presence of subsidies. Within this study, any district with over 395 sales in one month showed a decline in customer sales. There were 106 months within this project that the NGO and customer sales had a positive correlation and 110 months showing a negative correlation.

Nutrient inputs from productive marine environments have been shown to directly and indirectly subsidise primary producers and consumers in terrestrial ecosystems (e.g. Polis and Hurd 1995; 1996; Anderson and Polis 1998; 1999). But does this theory hold true on islands surrounded by oligotrophic waters, which account for a significant proportion of the marine environment? The aim of the present study was to examine the applicability of the spatial subsidisation hypotheses proposed by Polis and his co-authors to an oligotrophic system in south-western region of Western Australia. These aims were achieved by comparing soil and plant nutrients, and the nitrogen stable isotope signatures of soil, plants, detritus and invertebrates in areas with (islands) and without (mainland sites) inputs from seabirds. In addition, the responses of plant nutrients and vegetation assemblages to guano additions were examined in a controlled field experiment.

Drivers of environmental change in one location can have profound effects on ecosystem services and human well-being in distant locations, often across international borders. The telecoupling provides a conceptual framework for describing these interactions-for example, locations can be defined as sending areas (sources of flows of ecosystem services, energy, or information) or receiving areas (recipients of flows). However, the ability to quantify feedbacks between ecosystem change in one area and societal benefits in other areas requires analytical approaches. We use spatial subsidies-an approach developed to measure the degree to which a migratory species' ability to provide services in one location depends on habitat in another location-as an example of how telecoupling can be operationalized. Using the cotton pest control and ecotourism services of Mexican free-tailed bats as an example, we determined that of the 16 states in the United States and Mexico where the species resides, three states (Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado) are receiving areas, while the rest of the states are sending areas. In addition, the magnitude of spatial subsidy can be used as an indicator of the degree to which different locations are telecoupled to other locations. In this example, the Mexican free-tailed bat ecosystem services to cotton production and ecotourism in Texas and New Mexico are heavily dependent on winter habitat in four states in central and southern Mexico. In sum, spatial subsidies can be used to operationalize the telecoupling conceptual framework by identifying sending and receiving areas, and by indicating the degree to which locations are telecoupled to other locations.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à différents aspects relatifs à l'économie des énergies renouvelables (EnR) électriques. Celles-ci ont été choisies par de nombreux pays, désireux de réduire leur empreinte carbone, dans le cadre de la lutte contre le changement climatique.N'étant la plupart du temps pas compétitives face aux moyens de production conventionnels, les EnR nécessitent des subventions publiques, à la fois nationales et locales, pour être rentables. J'analyse l'efficacité de ces aides dans le cas du photovoltaïque chez les particuliers français, en tenant compte des phénomènes de communication, qui participent fortement à la diffusion. Je montre combien ces derniers peuvent être un levier supplémentaire dans le développement des EnR.Ensuite, j'étudie l'impact des schémas régionaux de raccordement au réseau des EnR, dans le cas de l'éolien terrestre en France. Ces schémas introduisent une différenciation spatiale des frais de raccordement. Cela permet de réorienter les investissements vers les régions dans lesquelles le réseau est moins contraint, ce que je quantifie.Les réseaux jouent également un rôle dans le développement des EnR via leur tarification. Celle-ci est essentielle dans le cas de l'autoconsommation, qui fait peser des risques sur l'équilibre budgétaire du gestionnaire de réseau. Ainsi, je détermine notamment les prix à l'optimum économique de second rang dans le cas d'un tarif binôme énergie-puissance.Enfin, j'analyse l'impact de la production renouvelable sur les prix de gros de l'électricité en Allemagne. Je montre que les EnR induisent une baisse des prix différenciée en fonction de l'équilibre offre-demande. Ceci pénalise les centrales de pointe nécessaires à la sécurité d'approvisionnement, ainsi que les EnR de demain, qui devront se passer de subventions
This thesis deals with several aspects of the economics of electric renewable energy sources (RES). These have been chosen by many countries, willing to reduce their carbon footprint, in order to fight climate change.As RES are usually not competitive against conventional power plants, they rely on national and local subsidies in order to be profitable. I analyse the efficiency of such support schemes in the case of solar photovoltaics for residential households in France. Communication phenomena also take a huge part in the diffusion process. My work shows in how far these are an additional driver of RES development.Then, I study the impact of regional network connection schemes for renewables in France, in the field of onshore wind energy. These schemes introduce a spatial differentiation of network connection charges. They enable to reallocate investments in regions in which the electricity network is less constrained, and I quantify this reallocation.Electricity networks also play a role in the development of RES through their tarification. The latter is fundamental in the case of self-consumption (or "prosumption"), that puts the budget balance of the network operator at risk. Thus, I derive second-best prices in the case of a two-part energy-capacity tariff.Finally, I analyse the impact of renewable generation on electricity wholesale prices in Germany. I show that RES induce a decrease in prices, which depends on the supply-demand equilibrium. This penalises peaking power plants that are necessary to the security of supply, as well as future renewables, which shall progressively become profitable without subsidies

The potential relationship between riparian arachnids and aquatic insect productivity was assessed in forest streams throughout the central South Island of New Zealand. Initially, a survey was conducted of thirty seven, first-third order forest streams. Streams were selected to represent a range of benthic invertebrate standing crops (as a surrogate measure of "productivity") from Banks Peninsula streams with relatively high benthic invertebrate densities to acid mine drainage streams near Reefton that were almost devoid of aquatic life. At each site benthic invertebrate densities and biomass were measured in riffle habitats and adjacent gravel bars were sampled for terrestrial invertebrates. At a sub-set of 16 sites, a 20 metre longitudinal web-building spider survey was conducted along each bank of the stream. As an additional component, a 20 metre transect starting at the stream margin and running perpendicularly into the forest was used to survey the density of web-building spiders with increasing distance from the stream. Results from the survey of in-situ stream insect biomass and gravel bar invertebrates showed a strong relationship between aquatic insect biomass and the biomass of riparian arachnids (R2 = 0.42, P < 0.001) having accounted for potentially confounding factors such as stream size, elevation, substrate and disturbance. The 20 metre longitudinal survey showed that streams with the highest in-situ insect biomass had significantly higher densities of web-building spiders along their banks (R2 = 0.28, P < 0.05), having accounted for potential confounding variables of elevation, habitat architecture and stream and channel width. The stream to forest survey showed a strong exponential decay in web-building spider densities with increasing distance from the stream (R2 = 0.96, P < 0.0001). Regardless of stream productivity web-building spiders were most abundant at the stream margins and rapidly declined to very low densities 20 metres from the stream. In order to further test the relationship between riparian web-building spider densities and stream insect productivity, a stream fertilization experiment was conducted on six first-second order streams in the Maimai experimental catchment, Reefton. Three streams were enriched by the addition of a fertiliser solution mainly consisting of sodium nitrate for seven months, and the other three streams were used as controls. Water chemistry, benthic invertebrate communities, emerging aquatic adults, and the densities of web-building spiders along the stream corridor and in the forest were monitored in three seasons (spring, summer and autumn) over the course of the nutrient-addition. By the end of the experiment, conductivity was significantly higher in nutrient-addition streams than in the control streams (F = 80.5, P < 0.001), but chlorophyll concentrations showed no significant differences between treatments. Both benthic mayfly densities (F = 6.15, P < 0.05) and the biomass of adult aquatic dipterans (Chironomidae, Simuliidae) (F = 9.25, P < 0.01) were significantly higher in nutrient-addition streams in the last sampling round. Spiders recorded from intercept traps indicated that by the end of the experiment spider activity was significantly higher within 2.5 metres of the nutrient-addition streams (F = 5.70, P < 0.01). However, seasonal densities of web-building spiders along the stream margin and in the forest decreased with no significant differences observed between nutrient-addition and control streams. The results from these studies indicate that adult insects emerging from streams represent an important source of prey that could influence the biomass and abundance of riparian arachnids. Additionally, the results imply that stream productivity and size could mediate the strength of the interaction between riparian and stream habitats. Moreover, feedback mechanisms present in both systems could have implications for such interactions. The elevated densities of web-building spiders observed at the stream margin led to the proposal of the "Highway Robber" hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that such higher densities of spiders are the result of increased insect activity along the stream corridor: the emergence of adult aquatic insects was predicted to vary less over temporal and spatial scales than that of terrestrial insects due to the poorly synchronized life histories in many New Zealand stream insects. I conclude by suggesting that there are numerous anthropocentric perturbations such as loss of heterogeneity, introduced species, pollution and habitat degradation that could undermine and decouple the intimate linkages between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

The intensification of agriculture for increased food production is leading to new challenges for biodiversity conservation, particularly managing complex changing landscapes for mutually beneficial outcomes for agriculture and the environment. My thesis aimed to understand the diversity and distribution of beetles (Coleoptera), and the mechanisms shaping beetle assemblages across a dynamic and fragmented agricultural landscape. I used a landscape-scale study in south-eastern Australia to examine beetle assemblages in remnant woodland patches and four types of adjoining farmlands: crop, fallow, plantings, and fine woody debris applied over harvested crop. My thesis comprised four chapters written as journal articles. In Paper I, I examined seasonal differences in beetle assemblages between the woodland interior and four adjoining farmland uses. I found that overall species richness was significantly lower in woodlands than farmlands, although both habitats supported significantly different assemblages. Abundance responses were taxon-specific, and influenced by interactions between land-use and season. These results suggest the importance of maintaining farmland heterogeneity with a mix of low-intensity land-uses, with further agricultural intensification a likely threat to beetle diversity in the region. In Paper II, I examined temporal patterns of edge responses and movement of beetle assemblages between woodlands and the four farmland uses. The use of directional pitfall traps allowed inference of cross-habitat movement. Farmland use and season interactively affected beetle abundance across farmland–woodland edges. Applying woody debris was a novel way of reducing seasonal fluctuations in edge responses and increasing permeability for cross-habitat movement. Edges likely provided resources for beetles in adjoining habitats, but seasonal movement of predators into edges might negatively affect prey assemblages. In Paper III, I quantified relationships between ground-layer structure, plant species richness and plant composition, and the diversity and composition of beetles from different habitats or seasons. Plant composition better predicted beetle composition than vegetation structure. Plant richness and vegetation structure both significantly affected beetle abundance and composition. The influence of these vegetation attributes often varied depending on habitat and season for all trophic groups. These dynamic plant–beetle relationships suggest a need for targeted ways of managing vegetation to improve beetle diversity in different parts of the landscape. In Paper IV, I disentangled the effects of farmland use, edge effects and vegetation structure on the morphological traits of Carabidae species. Carabid body size increased across a distance from edges between woodlands and farmlands, and there were strong mediating effects of farmland use on this association. Vegetation structure was associated with traits relating to body size, flying ability and body shape, and helped explain some of the effects of farmland use and edge effects on body size. These results provide evidence of vegetation- and land-use-mediated filtering of traits as an important factor shaping carabid assemblages in human-modified landscapes. My results indicate that farmlands can provide important habitat for many beetle species. However, spatio-temporal changes in farmland habitat strongly influence beetle assemblages across the landscape. Conservation strategies, therefore, need to take a whole-of-landscape approach, and exploit heterogeneity of mixed-farmlands over space and time to maximise outcomes for biodiversity.

Kleine regionale Flughäfen leiden oft unter begrenzter Nachfrage sodass sie ihre Kosten nicht decken können. Die Frage ist wie solche Flughäfen effizient strukturiert, bewirtschaftet und möglicherweise finanziell unterstützt werden können. Viele solcher Flughäfen werden einzeln betrieben und erhalten direkte lokale oder nationale Subventionen, während andere von den Quersubventionen leben. Die Dissertation befasst sich zuerst mit der Abschätzung der Effizienz von 85 regionalen europäischen Flughäfen (2002-2009) durch Anwendung der „Data Envelopment Analysis“. Die Schätzungen zeigen, dass die potenziellen Einsparungen 50 Prozent und gesteigerten Einnahmemöglichkeiten 25 Prozent betragen. Die Zugehörigkeit zu einem Flughafensystem reduziert die Effizienz um 5 Prozent. Das durchschnittliche Break-Even Passagieraufkommen hat sich im letzten Jahrzehnt mit 464.000 Passagiere mehr als verdoppelt. Die Flughäfen hätten ihre Kosten mit allein 166.000 Passagiere decken können, wären sie effizient betrieben worden. Der zweite Teil beschäftigt sich mit einem Vergleich der Flughäfen von AENA und DHMI (2009-2011). Eine „Russell measure“ der DEA zeigt, dass die Mehrheit der Flughäfen unter zunehmenden Skalenerträge arbeitet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen höhere durchschnittliche Effizienz der spanischen Flughäfen. Aber ein verstärkte privates Engagement steigert die Effizienz in den türkischen Flughäfen. Wir schlagen verschiedene wirtschaftspolitische Optionen vor um die Effizienz zu verbessern, wie zum Beispiel die Dezentralisierung von Flughafen-Management und die Verbesserung des Flughafennetzes durch die Schließung ineffizienter Flughäfen. Im letzten Teil wird eine räumliche Regressionsmethode verwendet um verschiedene Hypothesen zu testen. Die Ergebnisse von subventionierten französischen und norwegischen Flughäfen zeigen eine negative Auswirkung von Subventionen auf Kosteneffizienz der Flughäfen. Darüber hinaus wird die Bedeutung von Skaleneffekten veranschaulicht.
Small and regional airports often have insufficient revenues to cover their costs. The question is how such airports could be efficiently structured, managed and financially supported. Some airports are operated individually and receive direct subsidies from the local and federal governments. Others survive through cross-subsidizations. This dissertation first deals with the efficiency of 85 small regional European airports for the years 2002-2009 by applying a data envelopment analysis. Estimates show the potential savings and revenue opportunities to be 50 percent and 25 percent respectively. Belonging to an airport system reduces efficiency by about 5 percent. The average break-even passenger throughput over the last decade more than doubled to 464 thousand passengers. However airports behaving efficiently could have covered their operational costs with a mere 166 thousand passengers annually. The second part addresses the comparison of airports belonging to AENA and DHMI for the years between 2009 and 2011. The majority of airports operate under increasing returns to scale. A Russell measure of data envelopment analysis is implemented. Results indicate higher average efficiency levels at Spanish airports, but private involvement enhances efficiency at Turkish ones. Certain policy options including a greater decentralization of airport management and the restructuring of the airport network (by closing some inefficient airports) should be considered to increase the airport systems’ efficiency. In the final part of the dissertation, we have studied how the airport specific characteristics drive the unit costs. In order to capture the spatial interdependence of airport costs, a spatial regression methodology is applied. Two separate datasets of subsidized French and Norwegian airports are used to test various hypotheses. The results show a negative effect of subsidies on airport cost efficiency. Furthermore, the significance of scale economies is illustrated.

The Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program is the primary federal program for producing new units of affordable housing. The program provides financial incentives to private developers to develop and operate affordable rental housing. In recent years, evidence has emerged that the program has led to clusters of subsidized housing in some cities. It is hardly surprising that some clustering would exist in a program in which the housing is constructed and owned by private developers. Despite the significant number of units produced by the program and despite the potential tendency for clustering of units built under this program, the locational patterns within the LIHTC program remain largely unexamined. Instead, most studies of the LIHTC program have focused on the national level rather than on individual cities. In contrast to previous studies, this study seeks to improve our understanding of variations in the LIHTC program across cities. The hypothesis of this study is that, because private developers produce housing in the LIHTC program and because the factors that influence private developers vary across cities, there is likely to be significant variation in the locational patterns of LIHTC developments across cities. The results of this study show, among other things, that clustering of LIHTC properties exists in the study cities, this clustering is extreme in some cases, and the clusters are associated with high poverty tracts in some cities. Given the LIHTC program's emphasis on market-driven policies and a similar emphasis in some other federal housing programs, such findings will likely be applicable to other affordable housing programs.

Orientador: Lindon Fonseca Matias
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: As Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) e as Áreas de Proteção Ambiental (APAs) são instrumentos jurídicos definidos por Legislação Federal, que prevê a criação de unidades territoriais com o intuito de proteger a diversidade biológica e garantir a qualidade ambiental dos ecossistemas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo central avaliar a distribuição espacial da vegetação natural em APPs. O recorte escolhido foi a APA Municipal de Campinas, que ocupa uma região estratégica em recursos naturais e culturais; mas que, no entanto, tem-se mostrado bastante vulnerável aos impactos ambientais produzidos durante os processos de uso e ocupação do território, culminando com grande parte de suas APPs desprovidas de vegetação natural e em situação de conflito com a legislação. O mapeamento e análise obedeceram a seguinte seqüência: (1) mapeamento da vegetação natural e uso da terra; (2) mapeamento das APPs; e (3) integração e análise dos dados obtidos. Os resultados foram editados em uma base cartográfica dinâmica, que permite, de forma interativo-amigável, visualizar e consultar informações sobre a configuração dos elementos naturais e culturais da área de estudo, contribuindo para a construção de um conhecimento crítico, fundamental à identificação de soluções alternativas de gestão territorial para a introdução de medidas de recuperação e conservação
Abstract: The Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) and the Environmental Protection Areas (EPAs) are juridical instruments defined by Brazilian Federal Legislation, which takes care of the creation of territorial units, with the purpose of protecting biological diversity and to guaranteeing the environmental quality of the ecosystems. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the spatial distribution of the natural vegetation in PPAs. The chosen region was the EPA of Campinas City, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, which occupies a strategic region in natural and cultural resources; however, it has shown itself to be quite vulnerable to the environmental impacts produced during the processes of territorial utilization and occupancy, resulting in a great part of the PPAs being deprived of their natural vegetation and left in a conflict situation with legislation. The mapping and analysis was done according to the following sequence: (1) mapping of the natural vegetation and land use; (2) mapping of the PPAs; and (3) integration and analysis of the obtained data. The results were edited in a dynamic cartographic base, which permits, in an interact-friendly way, to visualize and query informations about the natural and cultural elements configuration of the studied area, which serves as an aid for the construction of a fundamental critical knowledge to identify territorial management alternative solutions to introduce recuperation and conservation actions
Mestrado
Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial
Mestre em Geografia

This dissertation investigates the influence of spatially explicit animal behavior active subsidy distribution patterns. Active subsidies are animal-transported consumption and resources transfers from donor to recipient ecosystems. Active subsidies influence ecosystem structure, function and services in recipient ecosystems. Even though active subsidies affect ecosystem dynamics, most ecosystem models consider the influence of spatially-explicit animal behavior on active subsidy distributions, limiting the ability to predict corresponding spatial impacts across ecosystems. Spatial subsidy research documents the need for systematic models and analyses frameworks to provide generally insights into the relationship between animal space use behavior and active subsidy patterns, and advance knowledge of corresponding ecosystem impacts for a variety of taxa and ecological scenarios.

To advance spatial subsidy research, this dissertation employs a combined individual-based and movement ecology approach in abstract modeling frameworks to systematically investigate the influence of 1) animal movement behavior given mortality (chapter 2), 2) animal sociality (chapter 3) and 3) landscape heterogeneity (chapter 4) on active subsidy distribution. This dissertation shows that animal movement behavior, sociality and landscape heterogeneity influence the extent and intensity of active distribution and impacts in recipient ecosystems. Insights from this dissertation demonstrate that accounting for these factors in the development of ecosystem models will consequentially enhance their utility for predicting active subsidy spatial patterns and impacts. This dissertation advances spatial subsidy research by providing a road map for developing a comprehensive, unifying framework of the relationship between animal behavior and active subsidy distributions.