Academic literature on the topic 'Spatial subsidies'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Spatial subsidies.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Spatial subsidies"
1
Morais, Renato A., Alexandre C. Siqueira, Patrick F. Smallhorn-West, and David R. Bellwood. "Spatial subsidies drive sweet spots of tropical marine biomass production." PLOS Biology 19, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): e3001435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001435.
Full textAbstract:
Spatial subsidies increase local productivity and boost consumer abundance beyond the limits imposed by local resources. In marine ecosystems, deeper water and open ocean subsidies promote animal aggregations and enhance biomass that is critical for human harvesting. However, the scale of this phenomenon in tropical marine systems remains unknown. Here, we integrate a detailed assessment of biomass production in 3 key locations, spanning a major biodiversity and abundance gradient, with an ocean-scale dataset of fish counts to predict the extent and magnitude of plankton subsidies to fishes on coral reefs. We show that planktivorous fish-mediated spatial subsidies are widespread across the Indian and Pacific oceans and drive local spikes in biomass production that can lead to extreme productivity, up to 30 kg ha−1 day−1. Plankton subsidies form the basis of productivity “sweet spots” where planktivores provide more than 50% of the total fish production, more than all other trophic groups combined. These sweet spots operate at regional, site, and smaller local scales. By harvesting oceanic productivity, planktivores bypass spatial constraints imposed by local primary productivity, creating “oases” of tropical fish biomass that are accessible to humans.
2
Depestele, Jochen, Marie-Joëlle Rochet, Ghislain Dorémus, Pascal Laffargue, and Eric Willem Maria Stienen. "Favorites and leftovers on the menu of scavenging seabirds: modelling spatiotemporal variation in discard consumption." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 9 (September 2016): 1446–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0326.
Full textAbstract:
Fishery discards subsidise the food supply of a large community of scavenging seabirds, thus substantially influencing seabird ecology. Seabird preference for certain types of discards determines the number and composition of discards available for non-avian marine scavengers. To quantify both portions of discards temporally as well as spatially, we have used a modelling framework that integrates the spatial and temporal variation in seabird distribution, seabird attraction to fishing vessels, and discard distribution. The framework was applied to a case study in the Bay of Biscay, where a wide variation in discard consumption was observed across seabird foraging guilds, discard types, periods, and locations. Seabirds removed about one-quarter of the Bay of Biscay discards. The remaining sinking discards have limited potential to subsidize scavenging benthic communities on a large scale, but they may contribute substantially to scavenger diets on a local scale. Changes in food subsidies caused by discard mitigation measures, such as the “landing obligation” in the European Common Fisheries Policy, are likely to have ecosystem effects on both scavenging seabirds and non-avian marine scavengers.
3
Cheung, Ka Shing, Siu Kei Wong, Kwong Wing Chau, and Chung Yim Yiu. "The Misallocation Problem of Subsidized Housing: A Lesson from Hong Kong." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 1855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041855.
Full textAbstract:
Providing affordable housing has become one of China’s key national policy agenda items. The shared-equity model in Hong Kong, implemented since the late 1970s, has assisted many families in owning a home in the public housing market. However, little attention has been paid to their welfare after acquiring their subsidized units. This study aims to examine how shared-equity homeownership distorts residential mobility through in-kind subsidies. Panel data analysis reveals that the more in-kind subsidies owners receive, the longer they would hold on to their units in spite of spatial mismatches. Private owners, on the other hand, would trade their units without such distortion. Conceptually, the lower mobility of assisted owners could be interpreted as a new source of misallocation in Glaeser and Luttmer’s welfare analysis. Practically, this throws into question the sustainability of a subsidizing homeownership policy: does the government ultimately want assisted homeowners to move from public housing to private housing in the future (for which high mobility would be intended)? If so, new thinking on how to make in-kind subsidies transferable is needed.
4
Willand, Nicola, Trivess Moore, Ralph Horne, and Sarah Robertson. "Retrofit Poverty: Socioeconomic Spatial Disparities in Retrofit Subsidies Uptake." Buildings and Cities 1, no. 1 (2020): 14–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/bc.13.
Full text
5
Ellis‐Soto, Diego, Kristy M. Ferraro, Matteo Rizzuto, Emily Briggs, Julia D. Monk, and Oswald J. Schmitz. "A methodological roadmap to quantify animal‐vectored spatial ecosystem subsidies." Journal of Animal Ecology 90, no. 7 (June 3, 2021): 1605–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13538.
Full text
6
Katz, Justin. "Place-Based Manufacturing Subsidies and the Spatial Distribution of Production." Atlantic Economic Journal 47, no. 4 (December 2019): 521–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11293-019-09640-7.
Full text
7
Martin, Richard W. "Spatial Mismatch and Costly Suburban Commutes: Can Commuting Subsidies Help?" Urban Studies 38, no. 8 (July 2001): 1305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980120061034.
Full text
8
Cai, Qiao, Zou Wang, and Lingling Xiao. "The Effect of Transportation and Housing Subsidies on Urban Sprawl." Journal of Systems Science and Information 6, no. 3 (June 29, 2018): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21078/jssi-2018-237-12.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper analyses theoretically the effect of transportation and housing subsidies on urban sprawl, modal choice decisions and urban spatial structure using a spatial general equilibrium model in a monocentric city with two transport modes. Our analysis shows that public transit subsidy leads to urban shrink, whilst subsidizing automobile and housing make the city sprawl. We also find the effects of the other factors on urban sprawl, such as households income and demand, rural land rent, the income tax rate, the total fixed cost of public transit and automobile and the travelling marginal cost of public transit and automobile. Furthermore, this paper also studies how to maximize the urban-area-wide spatial equilibrium utility level.
9
Weaver, Daniel M., Stephen M. Coghlan, and Joseph Zydlewski. "Sea lamprey carcasses exert local and variable food web effects in a nutrient-limited Atlantic coastal stream." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 11 (November 2016): 1616–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0506.
Full textAbstract:
Resource flows from adjacent ecosystems are critical in maintaining structure and function of freshwater food webs. Migrating sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) deliver a pulsed marine-derived nutrient subsidy to rivers in spring when the metabolic demand of producers and consumers are increasing. However, the spatial and temporal dynamics of these nutrient subsidies are not well characterized. We used sea lamprey carcass additions in a small stream to examine changes in nutrients, primary productivity, and nutrient assimilation among consumers. Algal biomass increased 57%–71% immediately adjacent to carcasses; however, broader spatial changes from multiple-site carcass addition may have been influenced by canopy cover. We detected assimilation of nutrients (via δ13C and δ15N) among several macroinvertebrate families including Heptageniidae, Hydropsychidae, and Perlidae. Our research suggests that subsidies may evoke localized patch-scale effects on food webs, and the pathways of assimilation in streams are likely coupled to adjacent terrestrial systems. This research underscores the importance of connectivity in streams, which may influence sea lamprey spawning and elicit varying food web responses from carcass subsidies due to fine-scale habitat variables.
10
Wicki, Ludwik, and Robert Pietrzykowski. "Zróżnicowanie przestrzenne wykorzystania środków na modernizację gospodarstw rolnych z Programu Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 124 (December 29, 2018): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2018.124.32.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the study is to determine changes in utilization of spatial diversity for the modernization of farms in Poland under the Rural Development Program for 2007–2013 and 2014–2020. The analysis covered the period 2007–2018. The analysis was conducted on the basis of data obtained from ARMA, GUS and Eurostat. Moran spatial autocorrelation index (Ig) was used to assess changes in spatial diversity. It was found that within the RDP 2014–2020 there were changes in the spatial distribution of the use of subsidies to support investments in agricultural holdings. It was observed that there was an increase in the intensity of use of subsidies for investments in voivodships in which large farms prevailed, and limiting the activity in using this measure in voivodships with fragmented agriculture. This may mean that small farms do not generate sufficient surplus needed to co-finance development investments. Support for investment for modernization of farms under the RDPs can be used primarily by economically large farms. Small farms do not have sufficient funds to co-finance development investments.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spatial subsidies"
1
Giang, Do Truong. "Tariffs and export subsidies in a spatial economic model." Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1407/.
Full textAbstract:
In the recent years there are many researchs discussing the effects of trade policy (tariffs, subsidies etc.) in international trade. The results are manifold. Some authors show that trade policy has negative effects on welfare, some spatial economists demonstrate that trade policy can have positive effects on welfare. This paper considers the effects of the trade policy made by both countries participating in international trade in a spatial economic model. It can be showed that trade policy of both trade partners (tariffs of one country and export subsidies of the other country) can improve the world welfare in comparison with free trade.
2
Leroux, Shawn. "Constant and temporally variable spatial subsidies and the strength of trophic cascades." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95157.
Full textAbstract:
Natural ecosystems are open to flows of energy, materials, and organisms. These subsidies are ubiquitous and influence ecosystem structure and functioning at local and regional extents. Subsidized consumers can attain higher biomass and abundance than unsubsidized consumers but the indirect, cascading effects generated from subsidized consumers are not well understood. I derive ecosystem models to investigate the relationship between subsidies and trophic cascades. I show that the ratio of subsidy to equivalent in situ prey may not be the best predictor of consumer response to subsidies, particularly when subsidies are temporally variable. I predict strong generalist consumer responses to subsidies in ecosystems with high in situ prey and relatively frequent subsidies. Next, I use response ratios to quantify the relative effect of predator regulation of herbivores and consumer-mediated recycling on producers stocks. I observe that predator regulation of herbivores has a larger, positive, effect on producer stocks than consumer-mediated recycling, however, consumer-mediated recycling can influence producer biomass in many cases. The relative contribution of both mechanisms to cascading trophic interactions depends on feeding relationships between predator and prey, nutrient turnover rates and the rate of external nutrient loading. Trophic cascade theory and experiments to date, have been conducted in closed ecosystems but recent evidence suggests that predators can have cascading effects across ecosystem boundaries. I derive a model of a recipient ecosystem and demonstrate that ecosystems with higher rates of constant subsidies experience stronger trophic cascades because these subsidies facilitate higher secondary production and consumption. I extend this previous model to meta-ecosystem extents in order to consider the effects of reciprocal pulsed subsidies on ecosystem functioning. I show that reciprocal pulsed subsidies can be reinforcing, particularly when thLes écosystèmes naturels sont ouverts aux flux d'énergie, de matière, et d'organismes. Omniprésents, ces apports allochtones ont un impact sur la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. S'il est clair que des consommateurs bénéficient directement de ces flux, nous n'avons qu'une connaissance rudimentaire de leurs effets indirects sur les réseaux trophiques. Je développe des modèles d'écosystème afin d'étudier la relation existante entre flux de matière et d'organismes et cascades trophiques. Je démontre ainsi que le ratio de la biomasse des apports sur la biomasse de proie locale ne prédit pas l'effet des flux sur les consommateurs, notamment lorsque ces apports sont variables dans le temps. L'impact des flux sur la biomasse de consommateur se révèle d'autant plus grand quand la biomasse de proie locale est importante et que les flux sont fréquent. J'examine ensuite l'impact relatif du contrôle des herbivores et du recyclage de nutriments par les prédateurs sur la population de plantes et montre que, bien que les deux soient positifs, l'effet du contrôle des herbivores est plus fort. La contribution relative de ces deux mécanismes pour les cascades trophiques dépend des interactions entres proies et prédateurs, des taux de recyclages et des flux de nutriments provenant de l'extérieur. Les cascades trophiques sont généralement étudiées et conceptualisées dans des écosystèmes fermés. Cependant, il a récemment été mis en évidence que les prédateurs peuvent avoir des effets indirects dépassant les frontières d'un écosystème. A l'aide d'un modèle d'écosystème bénéficiant de flux allochtones, je démontre en effet que les cascades trophiques sont d'autant plus fortes quand les écosystèmes reçoivent des flux de matière et d'organismes fréquents. Ce modèle est ensuite étendu à l'échelle de méta-écosystèmes afin d'examiner l'effet des flux réciproques et variables dans le temps sur la force des cascade
3
Su, Qing. "The effect of transportation subsidies on urban sprawl." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001615.
Full text
4
HARRISON, Sofie, and sofieh@student ecu edu au. "The influence of seabird-derived nutrients on island ecosystems in the oligotrophic marine waters of south-western Australia." Edith Cowan University. Computing, Health And Science: School Of Natural Sciences, 2006. http://adt.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2007.0010.html.
Full textAbstract:
Nutrient inputs from productive marine environments have been shown to directly and indirectly subsidise primary producers and consumers in terrestrial ecosystems (e.g. Polis and Hurd 1995; 1996; Anderson and Polis 1998; 1999). But does this theory hold true on islands surrounded by oligotrophic waters, which account for a significant proportion of the marine environment? The aim of the present study was to examine the applicability of the spatial subsidisation hypotheses proposed by Polis and his co-authors to an oligotrophic system in south-western region of Western Australia. These aims were achieved by comparing soil and plant nutrients, and the nitrogen stable isotope signatures of soil, plants, detritus and invertebrates in areas with (islands) and without (mainland sites) inputs from seabirds. In addition, the responses of plant nutrients and vegetation assemblages to guano additions were examined in a controlled field experiment.
5
Greenwood, Michelle Joanne. "The population dynamics of a riparian spider: interactive effects of flow-related disturbance on cross-ecosystem subsidies and spider habitat." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1453.
Full textAbstract:
The transfer of prey resources between ecosystems can have dramatic consequences for both recipient and donor systems by altering food web stability and the likelihood of trophic effects cascading across the ecosystem boundary. Landscape-scale factors influence the importance, direction and magnitude of energy flows, but may also alter the ability of consumer organisms to respond to spatio-temporal changes in allochthonous prey availability. Here, I used flood and drying disturbance gradients to investigate interactions between these two processes on populations of a riparian fishing spider Dolomedes aquaticus (Pisauridae). The abundance of aquatic insects with a winged adult stage, a major component of the diet of D. aquaticus, was markedly higher at less flood-prone rivers and declined with increasing flood disturbance. It was expected that spider populations would be largest at these stable rivers where the aquatic prey abundance was highest. However, a habitat (loose, unembedded riverbank rocks) manipulation revealed that the lack of scouring floods at these sites led to habitat-limited populations, preventing response to the increased prey resource. In fact a peak shaped relationship of spider biomass and abundance was found, with the largest spider populations at intermediately disturbed rivers. In addition, patchy habitat availability was the most likely cause of the small scale (4 m2) aggregation of spiders seen at the most stable and disturbed rivers. These patterns were also associated with strong interactions between the spiders. Stable isotope analysis of field collected spiders and an experimental manipulation of spider densities and food availability indicated that cannibalism rates were likely to be significantly higher at stable and disturbed rivers than those intermediate on the disturbance gradient. Differences in D. aquaticus population size structure and life history traits across the flood disturbance gradient were driven by interactions between resource availability, environmental stability and cannibalism rates. To separate the effects of habitat availability and aquatic prey abundance I used drying rivers, as the amount of aquatic insect prey alters as the water recedes. Desiccation mortality and low aquatic prey biomass most likely caused the spiders' spatial distribution and size class structure to alter in drying river reaches, potentially also leading to differences in cannibalism rates. Overall, cross-ecosystem transfers of prey had large impacts on the distribution, cannibalism rates and life history traits of D. aquaticus but their effects were modified by the nature of the ecosystem boundary. Thus river flow regime controlled the magnitude of the subsidy and its use by a consumer. Hence, cross-ecosystem subsidies will not always lead to larger consumer populations and consumer responses will depend on interactions between large-scale processes.
6
Devuyst, Danielle. "Application of Spatial and Descriptive Analysis Methods to Determine Relationship Between Hardware Subsidies and the Sanitation Marketplace." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6081.
Full textAbstract:
Sanitation marketing is an emerging approach of strengthening the local private sector to implement scalable and sustainable improved sanitation coverage in developing countries, specifically among the poor. It encourages the enhancement of sanitation market supply and demand by developing distribution infrastructure and stimulating consumer interest. Unlike interventions that provide hardware subsidies to initiate sanitation demand, financial support for sanitation marketing is used exclusively for the research and development of the market; this encourages the private sector to become independent and self-sufficient. Qualitative data suggests that while sanitation marketing projects have been successful at implementing replicable and sustainable sanitation coverage, they are not effective in close proximity to other programs that provide hardware subsidies.
The aim of this study is to determine how hardware subsidies impacted iDE’s (formerly International Development Enterprise) Cambodia Sanitation Marketing Scale-Up (SMSU) project using quantitative data collected between 2010 and 2014, and to develop an approach that best illustrates this relationship. Using their project database of 48,844 transactions in 9 provinces, QGIS 2.8.1 and MS Excel were used to determine the correlations between the NGO (subsidized) and customer sales. QGIS maps and time-lapse animations were effective in spatially juxtaposing the quantity and location of both NGO and customer sales, and MS Excel charts quantified the relationship as a function of time, identifying opposing correlational patterns.
Within the Cambodia SMSU project, the provision of hardware subsidies (represented by NGO sales) resulted in the attrition of the sanitation marketplace (represented by customer sales) when the NGO sales landed between 71 and 889 in a single month, averaging 400 NGO sales in a month. Overall, 14 districts showed decreased customer sales in the presence of subsidies, and 36 districts showed increased customer sales in the presence of subsidies. Within this study, any district with over 395 sales in one month showed a decline in customer sales. There were 106 months within this project that the NGO and customer sales had a positive correlation and 110 months showing a negative correlation.
7
Harrison, Sofie A. "The influence of seabird-derived nutrients on island ecosystems in the oligotrophic marine waters of south-western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2006. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/68.
Full textAbstract:
Nutrient inputs from productive marine environments have been shown to directly and indirectly subsidise primary producers and consumers in terrestrial ecosystems (e.g. Polis and Hurd 1995; 1996; Anderson and Polis 1998; 1999). But does this theory hold true on islands surrounded by oligotrophic waters, which account for a significant proportion of the marine environment? The aim of the present study was to examine the applicability of the spatial subsidisation hypotheses proposed by Polis and his co-authors to an oligotrophic system in south-western region of Western Australia. These aims were achieved by comparing soil and plant nutrients, and the nitrogen stable isotope signatures of soil, plants, detritus and invertebrates in areas with (islands) and without (mainland sites) inputs from seabirds. In addition, the responses of plant nutrients and vegetation assemblages to guano additions were examined in a controlled field experiment.
8
López-Hoffman, Laura, Jay Diffendorfer, Ruscena Wiederholt, Kenneth J. Bagstad, Wayne E. Thogmartin, Gary McCracken, Rodrigo L. Medellin, Amy Russell, and Darius J. Semmens. "Operationalizing the telecoupling framework for migratory species using the spatial subsidies approach to examine ecosystem services provided by Mexican free-tailed bats." RESILIENCE ALLIANCE, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626546.
Full textAbstract:
Drivers of environmental change in one location can have profound effects on ecosystem services and human well-being in distant locations, often across international borders. The telecoupling provides a conceptual framework for describing these interactions-for example, locations can be defined as sending areas (sources of flows of ecosystem services, energy, or information) or receiving areas (recipients of flows). However, the ability to quantify feedbacks between ecosystem change in one area and societal benefits in other areas requires analytical approaches. We use spatial subsidies-an approach developed to measure the degree to which a migratory species' ability to provide services in one location depends on habitat in another location-as an example of how telecoupling can be operationalized. Using the cotton pest control and ecotourism services of Mexican free-tailed bats as an example, we determined that of the 16 states in the United States and Mexico where the species resides, three states (Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado) are receiving areas, while the rest of the states are sending areas. In addition, the magnitude of spatial subsidy can be used as an indicator of the degree to which different locations are telecoupled to other locations. In this example, the Mexican free-tailed bat ecosystem services to cotton production and ecotourism in Texas and New Mexico are heavily dependent on winter habitat in four states in central and southern Mexico. In sum, spatial subsidies can be used to operationalize the telecoupling conceptual framework by identifying sending and receiving areas, and by indicating the degree to which locations are telecoupled to other locations.
9
Martin, De Lagarde Cyril. "Promoting renewable energy : subsidies, diffusion, network pricing, and market impacts Drivers and diffusion of residential photovoltaics in France Network connection schemes for renewable energy: a spatial analysis." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED076.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse s'intéresse à différents aspects relatifs à l'économie des énergies renouvelables (EnR) électriques. Celles-ci ont été choisies par de nombreux pays, désireux de réduire leur empreinte carbone, dans le cadre de la lutte contre le changement climatique.N'étant la plupart du temps pas compétitives face aux moyens de production conventionnels, les EnR nécessitent des subventions publiques, à la fois nationales et locales, pour être rentables. J'analyse l'efficacité de ces aides dans le cas du photovoltaïque chez les particuliers français, en tenant compte des phénomènes de communication, qui participent fortement à la diffusion. Je montre combien ces derniers peuvent être un levier supplémentaire dans le développement des EnR.Ensuite, j'étudie l'impact des schémas régionaux de raccordement au réseau des EnR, dans le cas de l'éolien terrestre en France. Ces schémas introduisent une différenciation spatiale des frais de raccordement. Cela permet de réorienter les investissements vers les régions dans lesquelles le réseau est moins contraint, ce que je quantifie.Les réseaux jouent également un rôle dans le développement des EnR via leur tarification. Celle-ci est essentielle dans le cas de l'autoconsommation, qui fait peser des risques sur l'équilibre budgétaire du gestionnaire de réseau. Ainsi, je détermine notamment les prix à l'optimum économique de second rang dans le cas d'un tarif binôme énergie-puissance.Enfin, j'analyse l'impact de la production renouvelable sur les prix de gros de l'électricité en Allemagne. Je montre que les EnR induisent une baisse des prix différenciée en fonction de l'équilibre offre-demande. Ceci pénalise les centrales de pointe nécessaires à la sécurité d'approvisionnement, ainsi que les EnR de demain, qui devront se passer de subventionsThis thesis deals with several aspects of the economics of electric renewable energy sources (RES). These have been chosen by many countries, willing to reduce their carbon footprint, in order to fight climate change.As RES are usually not competitive against conventional power plants, they rely on national and local subsidies in order to be profitable. I analyse the efficiency of such support schemes in the case of solar photovoltaics for residential households in France. Communication phenomena also take a huge part in the diffusion process. My work shows in how far these are an additional driver of RES development.Then, I study the impact of regional network connection schemes for renewables in France, in the field of onshore wind energy. These schemes introduce a spatial differentiation of network connection charges. They enable to reallocate investments in regions in which the electricity network is less constrained, and I quantify this reallocation.Electricity networks also play a role in the development of RES through their tarification. The latter is fundamental in the case of self-consumption (or "prosumption"), that puts the budget balance of the network operator at risk. Thus, I derive second-best prices in the case of a two-part energy-capacity tariff.Finally, I analyse the impact of renewable generation on electricity wholesale prices in Germany. I show that RES induce a decrease in prices, which depends on the supply-demand equilibrium. This penalises peaking power plants that are necessary to the security of supply, as well as future renewables, which shall progressively become profitable without subsidies
10
Burdon, Francis John. "The effects of stream productivity on aquatic-terrestrial linkages." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1415.
Full textAbstract:
The potential relationship between riparian arachnids and aquatic insect productivity was assessed in forest streams throughout the central South Island of New Zealand. Initially, a survey was conducted of thirty seven, first-third order forest streams. Streams were selected to represent a range of benthic invertebrate standing crops (as a surrogate measure of "productivity") from Banks Peninsula streams with relatively high benthic invertebrate densities to acid mine drainage streams near Reefton that were almost devoid of aquatic life. At each site benthic invertebrate densities and biomass were measured in riffle habitats and adjacent gravel bars were sampled for terrestrial invertebrates. At a sub-set of 16 sites, a 20 metre longitudinal web-building spider survey was conducted along each bank of the stream. As an additional component, a 20 metre transect starting at the stream margin and running perpendicularly into the forest was used to survey the density of web-building spiders with increasing distance from the stream. Results from the survey of in-situ stream insect biomass and gravel bar invertebrates showed a strong relationship between aquatic insect biomass and the biomass of riparian arachnids (R2 = 0.42, P < 0.001) having accounted for potentially confounding factors such as stream size, elevation, substrate and disturbance. The 20 metre longitudinal survey showed that streams with the highest in-situ insect biomass had significantly higher densities of web-building spiders along their banks (R2 = 0.28, P < 0.05), having accounted for potential confounding variables of elevation, habitat architecture and stream and channel width. The stream to forest survey showed a strong exponential decay in web-building spider densities with increasing distance from the stream (R2 = 0.96, P < 0.0001). Regardless of stream productivity web-building spiders were most abundant at the stream margins and rapidly declined to very low densities 20 metres from the stream. In order to further test the relationship between riparian web-building spider densities and stream insect productivity, a stream fertilization experiment was conducted on six first-second order streams in the Maimai experimental catchment, Reefton. Three streams were enriched by the addition of a fertiliser solution mainly consisting of sodium nitrate for seven months, and the other three streams were used as controls. Water chemistry, benthic invertebrate communities, emerging aquatic adults, and the densities of web-building spiders along the stream corridor and in the forest were monitored in three seasons (spring, summer and autumn) over the course of the nutrient-addition. By the end of the experiment, conductivity was significantly higher in nutrient-addition streams than in the control streams (F = 80.5, P < 0.001), but chlorophyll concentrations showed no significant differences between treatments. Both benthic mayfly densities (F = 6.15, P < 0.05) and the biomass of adult aquatic dipterans (Chironomidae, Simuliidae) (F = 9.25, P < 0.01) were significantly higher in nutrient-addition streams in the last sampling round. Spiders recorded from intercept traps indicated that by the end of the experiment spider activity was significantly higher within 2.5 metres of the nutrient-addition streams (F = 5.70, P < 0.01). However, seasonal densities of web-building spiders along the stream margin and in the forest decreased with no significant differences observed between nutrient-addition and control streams. The results from these studies indicate that adult insects emerging from streams represent an important source of prey that could influence the biomass and abundance of riparian arachnids. Additionally, the results imply that stream productivity and size could mediate the strength of the interaction between riparian and stream habitats. Moreover, feedback mechanisms present in both systems could have implications for such interactions. The elevated densities of web-building spiders observed at the stream margin led to the proposal of the "Highway Robber" hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that such higher densities of spiders are the result of increased insect activity along the stream corridor: the emergence of adult aquatic insects was predicted to vary less over temporal and spatial scales than that of terrestrial insects due to the poorly synchronized life histories in many New Zealand stream insects. I conclude by suggesting that there are numerous anthropocentric perturbations such as loss of heterogeneity, introduced species, pollution and habitat degradation that could undermine and decouple the intimate linkages between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Books on the topic "Spatial subsidies"
1
Gyourko, Joseph E. The spatial distribution of housing-related tax benefits in the United States. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.
Find full text
2
Shaik, Saleem. Did 1933 New Deal legislation contribute to farm real estate: Temporal and spatial analysis. Fargo, N.D: Dept. of Agribusiness and Applied Economics, North Dakota State University, 2010.
Find full text
3
Msuya, Elibariki E., Aida Cuthbert Isinika, and Fred Mawunyo Dzanku. Agricultural Intensification Response to Agricultural Input Subsidies in Tanzania: A Spatial-Temporal and Gender Perspective, 2002–15. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
In Tanzania, structural adjustment policies implemented during the 1980s removed all agricultural subsidies. However, declining productivity and production of maize and rice—the main food crops—forced the government to restore subsidies in 2003. This chapter examines the impact of the agricultural input subsidy programme, looking at farmers’ response to subsidized inorganic fertilizer and improved maize and rice seed—discerning gender and temporal impacts. Farmers in Iringa and Morogoro were highly responsive to the fertilizer and seed components of the input subsidy, and their response was sensitive to the magnitude of the subsidy. Farmers in Morogoro were less responsive to both technologies due to dominance of rice production. Adoption was lower for female-managed farms, with corresponding lower livelihood outcomes, attributed to lower resource endowment. It is therefore recommended that underperforming farmers, including female farm manages in lower wealth ranks, required initiative to improve their productivity and production.
4
Avner, Paolo, Shomik Raj Mehndiratta, Vincent Viguie, and Stephane Hallegatte. Buses, Houses or Cash? Socio-Economic, Spatial and Environmental Consequences of Reforming Public Transport Subsidies in Buenos Aires. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8166.
Full text
5
Morgan, Kevin, Terry Marsden, and Jonathan Murdoch. Worlds of Food. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199271580.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
From farm to fork, the conventional food chain is under enormous pressure to respond to a whole series of new challenges - food scares in rich countries, food security concerns in poor countries, and a burgeoning problem of obesity in all countries. As more and more people demand to know where their food comes from, and how it is produced, issues of place, power, and provenance assume increasing significance for producers, consumers, and regulators, challenging the corporate forces that shape the 'placeless foodscape'. Far from being confined to niche products, questions about the origins of food are also surfacing in the conventional sector, where labelling has become a major political issue. Drawing on theories of multi-level governance, three leading scholars in the field explore the geo-politics of the food chain in different spatial arenas: the World Trade Organization, where free trade principles clash with fair trade concerns in the debate about agricultural reform; the European Union, where producers are under pressure from environmentalists for a more traceable and sustainable food system; and the US, where there is a striking contradiction between the rhetoric of free markets and the reality of a heavily subsidised farming sector. To understand the local impact of these global trends, the authors explore three different regional worlds of food: the traditional world of localised quality in Tuscany, the peripheral world of commodity production in Wales, and the frontier world of agri-business in California.
Book chapters on the topic "Spatial subsidies"
1
Bathla, Seema, Pramod Kumar Joshi, and Anjani Kumar. "Spatial Patterns in Public Expenditure, Subsidies, and Outcomes." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 29–56. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3584-0_3.
Full text
2
Lucianto, Andrean Eka, and Herdis Herdiansyah. "Spatial Assessment of Micro-hydropower Plant in Subsidized Housing Case: Perumnas Parung Panjang." In ICSDEMS 2019, 141–48. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3765-3_13.
Full text
3
Mokhtarzadeh, Fatemeh, and G. Cornelis van Kooten. "Economic analysis of a softwood lumber quota regime and a policy to subsidize biomass generation of electricity." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 83–109. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The REPA spatial price equilibrium model developed in Chapter 4 is used to investigate the regional welfare impacts of a quota on exports of Canadian softwood lumber to the U.S. In the model, Canada is divided into seven regions and the U.S. into five regions, with the rest of the world constituting a 13th region; the model is calibrated to the bilateral trade flows that existed in 2016 when there was free trade in lumber. Various quota levels are examined in terms of their impact on producers and consumers in both countries. Canadian producers are found to be better off with a hard quota compared with free trade, although the quota leads to a reduction in market share while driving a wedge between Canadian and U.S. prices, both of which are aggravated with harder quotas. Overall, the loss of export sales to the U.S. is not recouped with sales to the rest of the world. The REPA model is also used to examine the impact of EU demand for wood pellets to generate electricity. Results indicate that pellet prices will approximately double.
4
Mokhtarzadeh, Fatemeh, and G. Cornelis van Kooten. "Economic analysis of a softwood lumber quota regime and a policy to subsidize biomass generation of electricity." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 83–109. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0083.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The REPA spatial price equilibrium model developed in Chapter 4 is used to investigate the regional welfare impacts of a quota on exports of Canadian softwood lumber to the U.S. In the model, Canada is divided into seven regions and the U.S. into five regions, with the rest of the world constituting a 13th region; the model is calibrated to the bilateral trade flows that existed in 2016 when there was free trade in lumber. Various quota levels are examined in terms of their impact on producers and consumers in both countries. Canadian producers are found to be better off with a hard quota compared with free trade, although the quota leads to a reduction in market share while driving a wedge between Canadian and U.S. prices, both of which are aggravated with harder quotas. Overall, the loss of export sales to the U.S. is not recouped with sales to the rest of the world. The REPA model is also used to examine the impact of EU demand for wood pellets to generate electricity. Results indicate that pellet prices will approximately double.
5
With, Kimberly A. "Landscape Effects on Ecosystem Structure and Function." In Essentials of Landscape Ecology, 512–46. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198838388.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Landscape ecosystem ecology is concerned with the study of how landscape structure affects ecosystem structure and function, and how landscape heterogeneity in turn is generated or sustained by the redistribution of nutrients or organisms within and among ecosystems. This chapter begins with an overview of how landscape context influences ecosystem processes, including the effects of land management and land-cover change on nutrient dynamics and productivity. Next, the chapter considers the linkages among systems (metaecosystems) and how spatial subsidies are important for understanding ecosystem function in a landscape context. The chapter then explores under what conditions landscape function becomes disrupted, possibly precipitating irreversible system state changes, before concluding with a clarion call for landscape sustainability; that is, landscape management that preserves the productivity, multifunctionality, and ecological resilience of landscapes in the face of future societal demands, intensifying land use, and rapid climate change.
6
"Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations." In Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, edited by Mark S. Wipfli. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch4.
Full textAbstract:
<em>Abstract.</em>—Much is known about the importance of the physical characteristics of salmonid habitat in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest, with far less known about the food sources and trophic processes within these habitats, and the role they play in regulating salmonid productivity. Freshwater food webs supporting salmonids in Alaska rely heavily on nutrient, detritus, and prey subsidies from both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Adult salmon provide a massive input of marine biomass to riverine ecosystems each year when they spawn, die, and decompose, and are a critical food source for young salmon in late summer and fall; riparian forests provide terrestrial invertebrates to streams, which at times comprise over half of the food ingested by stream-resident salmonids; up-slope, fishless headwater streams are a year-round source of invertebrates and detritus for fish downstream. The quantity of these food resources vary widely depending on source, season, and spatial position within a watershed. Terrestrial invertebrate inputs from riparian habitats are generally the most abundant food source in summer. Juvenile salmonids in streams consume roughly equal amounts of freshwater and terrestrially-derived invertebrates during most of the growing season, but ingest substantial amounts of marine resources (salmon eggs and decomposing salmon tissue) when these food items are present. Quantity, quality, and timing of food resources all appear to be important driving forces in aquatic food web dynamics, community nutrition, and salmonid growth and survival in riverine ecosystems.
7
Ewijk, Casper van, and Arjan Lejour. "Low Interest Rates Offer the Opportunity to Reform the Tax Treatment of Owner-Occupied Housing." In Tax by Design for the Netherlands, 66–85. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192855244.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Home ownership is subsidized by the Dutch tax system compared with other assets. Due to falling interest rates in recent decades, older home owners, who have (largely) repaid their mortgage loan, have benefited relatively more from the favourable tax treatment of owner-occupied housing compared with younger home owners, because for the latter the mortgage interest deductibility is relatively more important than the taxation of home equity (via the taxation of imputed rent). The subsidy on owner-occupied housing results in welfare losses because it stimulates excessive housing consumption, distorts financing decisions, and puts pressure on the housing market and spatial planning. In addition, the subsidy—in combination with mandatory pension savings—leads to excessive saving by many households and unnecessary restrictions on consumption in earlier phases of the lifecycle. For these reasons, the subsidy on owner-occupied housing should be eliminated under a uniform tax treatment of all capital income, where the tax treatment of owner-occupied housing is neutral relative to other assets.
Conference papers on the topic "Spatial subsidies"
1
Yu, Rongjian, and Jinwei Wang. "Government Subsidies, Spatial Agglomeration and Innovation Performance--An empirical study of industrial policy disputes." In 2017 International Seminar on Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Information Technology (ANIT 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/anit-17.2018.46.
Full text
2
Ratkovskaya, T. G. "SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION WITHIN THE METHODOLOGY OF ALLOCATION OF SUBSIDIES FOR BUDGET SECURITY EQUALIZATION." In Пространственный анализ социально-экономических систем: история и современность. Новосибирск: Сибирское отделение РАН, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53954/9785604607893_581.
Full text
3
Talha Farooqi, Abu, and Sourav Banerjea. "Visual Culture, Disciplinary Engagement and Drawing: Pedagogical Possibilities for an Indian Way of Architectural Thinking." In 2019 ACSA Teachers Conference. ACSA Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.teach.2019.33.
Full textAbstract:
Architectural thinking and design process have always been dependent upon the representational medium and language of architecture – conventional drawings, diagramming, models, and iconography, to name a few. As a result of technological advancement (therefore possibilities) and socio-economic change, representation techniques have evolved, from conventional processes to ‘augment-ed reality’. Representation techniques and means in the production of architecture are critical to cover the conceptual range in which architecture can be created. This paper places this issue within the larger heterogeneous culture comprising technological, social, eco-nomic aspects and aims to unravel the conceptual underpinnings of the existing architectural thinking, representational culture in India. It examines ‘drawing’ as a convincing and disciplinary medium of language and representation and steers towards a ‘representation-al maxim’ between technology and value, discipline and consumption, tradition and modernity in the context of architectural thinking process in India.The forces of capitalism, globalization, consumer culture, celebrity and media culture, visual culture, technocracy have been instrumental in creating reality-based representational systems, which are reluctant to engage with the discipline of architecture and think beyond it. Steenson1 remarks about Augmented Reality “A novel form of spatial representation, which substitutes for the actual experience”. With access to augmented reality technology, the client no longer has to interpret the traditional plans, section and elevations, nor look into printed photomontage or virtual walkthroughs. He will be able to stand in his yet to come living room, go, on foot, from there to the kitchen, visit the bedrooms and, by doing so, get an ‘augmented’ experience of those spaces. Software is the agent of consumption, and it is only in the architectural process (thinking & delving), that this consumptive culture subsides, notwithstanding the fact that, for many architects and students, software and technology are steadily and consciously becoming ‘ends’ rather than ‘means’ in the design process.
4
Hagen, Øistein, Jørn Birknes-Berg, Ida Håøy Grue, Gunnar Lian, Kjersti Bruserud, and Tone Vestbøstad. "Long-Term Area Statistics for Maximum Crest Height Under a Fixed Platform Deck." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77263.
Full textAbstract:
As offshore reservoirs are depleted, the seabed may subside. Furthermore, the extreme crests estimates are now commonly higher than obtained previously due to improved understanding of statistics of non-linear irregular waves. Consequently, bottom fixed installations which have previously had sufficient clearance between the deck and the sea surface may be in a situation where wave impact with the deck must be considered at relevant probability levels. In the present paper, we investigate the long-term area statistics for maximum crest height under a fixed platform deck for 2nd order short crested and long crested sea based on numerical simulations as a function of platform deck dimension for jackets. The results are for one location in the northern North Sea, but some key results are also reported and verified for a more benign southern North Sea location. Time domain simulations for long crested and short crested waves over a spatial domain with dimension of a platform deck are performed, and relevant statistics for airgap assessment determined. Second order waves are simulated for the different cells in the (Hs, Tp) scatter diagram for Torsethaugen two-peak wave spectrum for long-crested and short-crested sea. A total of 1000 3-hour sea states are generated per cell, and time series generated for 160 spatial points under a platform deck. Short-term and long-term statistics are established for the maximum crest height as function of platform dimension; inline and transverse to the wave direction, and over the area. Results are given for the linear sea and for the second order time series. The annual q-probability estimates for the maximum crest height over area as a function of platform dimension is determined for a location at the Norwegian Continental Shelf by weighting the short-term statistics for the individual cells in the scatter diagram with the long-term probability of occurrence of the sea state. To reduce the number of numerical second order simulations, the effect of excluding cells that have a negligible effect on the long term extreme crest estimate is discussed. The percentiles in the distribution of maximum crest (over area) in design sea states that corresponds to the extreme values obtained from the long-term analysis are determined for long crested and short crested sea. The increase in the extreme crest over an area compared to the point in space estimate is estimated for both linear and second order surface elevation.