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1
H, Peterson Seth, ed. Using HFire for spatial modeling of fire in shrublands. Albany, CA: United States Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2009.
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H, Peterson Seth, ed. Using HFire for spatial modeling of fire in shrublands. Albany, CA: United States Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2009.
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3
Puga, Diego. The spread of industry: Spatial agglomeration in economic development. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1996.
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Puga, Diego. The spread of industry: Spatial agglomeration in economic development. London: London School of Economics, Centre for Economic Performance, 1996.
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Batty, Michael. The spatial impact of computer culture: An essay on post-industrialism and the spread of the personal computer. Cardiff: UWIST. Dept. of Town Planning, 1985.
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Cliff, A. D. The spread of measles in Fiji and the Pacific: Spatial components in the transmission of epidemic waves through island communities. Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1985.
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The spatial analysis of radiocarbon databases: The spread of the first farmers in Europe and of the fat-tailed sheep in Southern Africa. Oxford, England: Archaeopress, 2004.
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van Berkel, Klaas, and Ernst Homburg. The Laboratory Revolution and the Creation of the Modern University, 1830-1940. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463720434.
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The modern research university originated in Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century, largely due to the creation and expansion of the teaching and research laboratory. The universities and the sciences underwent a laboratory revolution that fundamentally changed the nature of both. This revolutionary development began in chemistry, where Justus Liebig is credited with systematically employing his students in his ongoing research during the 1830s. Later, this development spread to other fields, including the social sciences and the humanities. The consequences for the universities were colossal. The expansion of the laboratories demanded extensive new building programs, reshaping the outlook of the university. The social structure of the university also diversified because of this laboratory expansion, while what it meant to be a scientist changed dramatically. This volume explores the spatial, social, and cultural dimensions of the rise of the modern research laboratory within universities and their consequent reshaping.
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Poghosyan, Tigran, Salvatore Dell'Erba, and Emanuele Baldacci. Spatial Spillovers in Emerging Market Spreads. International Monetary Fund, 2011.
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Poghosyan, Tigran, Salvatore Dell'Erba, and Emanuele Baldacci. Spatial Spillovers in Emerging Market Spreads. International Monetary Fund, 2011.
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Dell'Erba, Salvatore, and Emanuele Baldacci. Spatial Spillovers in Emerging Market Spreads. International Monetary Fund, 2011.
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Using HFire for spatial modeling of fire in shrublands. Albany, CA: United States Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2009.
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13
Rengel, Roberto J. The Interior Plan. 3rd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing Inc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501369681.
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The Interior Plan is an introductory-level text introducing students to the process of interior design space planning. Topics include the design of effective spatial sequences, functional relationships among project parts, arrangement of furniture, planning effective circulation systems, making spaces accessible, and designing safe environments with efficient emergency egress systems. Exercises throughout the book facilitate learning by encouraging students to apply ideas and concepts immediately after reading about them. In the third edition, the author expands on the evolution of design ideas and how they affect interior environments and the people who use them, thinking sustainably, and how interior elevations and reflective ceilings affect the plan. New to This Edition -New and updated examples in residential, commercial, retail, and hospitality planning -New spreads addressing interior elevations, reflected ceiling plans, and interior planning for sustainability -New pedagogical features in every chapter, including learning objectives, discussion questions, and key terms Instructor Resources -Instructor’s Guide provides suggestions for planning the course and using the text in the classroom, supplemental assignments, and lecture notes -PowerPoint® presentations include images from the book and provide a framework for lecture and discussion STUDIO Features Include: -Download examples of common design pitfalls and how to avoid them -Review concepts with flashcards of essential vocabulary and design strategies
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Smallman-Raynor, Matthew R., Andrew D. Cliff, J. Keith Ord, and Peter Haggett. A Geography of Infection. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192848390.001.0001.
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A Geography of Infection explores the distinctive spatial patterns and processes by which infectious diseases spread from place to place and can grow from local and regional epidemics into global pandemics. The book focuses initially on the local scale of doctors’ practices and small islands where epidemic outbreaks are slight in the numbers infected and in geographical extent. Such local area studies raise two questions. First, how and where do epidemic diseases emerge and second, why do more diseases appear to be emerging now? To approach such questions implies a shift in spatial gear from painting epidemics with a fine-tipped local brush to an expanded palette on which doctors’ practices and small islands are replaced by regional and global populations. Simultaneously, time bands are extended backwards to the origins of civilization and forwards into the twenty-first century. It eventually leads to a consideration of global pandemics—both historical (e.g. plague, cholera, and influenza) and contemporary (HIV/AIDS and COVID-19)—and examines the ways the spread of infection can be prevented.
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Dymski, Gary. Finance and Financial Systems: Evolving Geographies of Crisis and Instability. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.4.
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This chapter explores geographical approaches to financial systems, with special attention to their instability. After examining the foundational contributions that launched the geography of finance, the chapter summarizes spatial research on the global spread of innovative practices in finance. It then asks why so little attention was paid to macro-aspects of financial crises prior to September 2008. A review of geographers’ research of sub-prime lending and crisis finds that this work, extensive as it is in analyzing the microfoundational aspects of sub-prime lending and securitization, pays no attention to the macro-dimension of financial instability. This lacuna is shared with mainstream macroeconomics, which famously failed to see the sub-prime crisis coming. The chapter then explores economist Hyman Minsky’s macro-approach to financial instability and crisis. The chapter concludes by arguing that developing a spatial analysis of financial instability should be a high priority for the emerging geography of finance.
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The Spatial Analysis of Radiocarbon Databases: The Spread of the First Farmers in Europe and of the Fat-Tailed Sheep in Southern Africa (Bar International). Archaeopress, 2004.
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Smallman-Raynor, Matthew, and Andrew Cliff. War Epidemics. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233640.001.0001.
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Down the ages, war epidemics have decimated the fighting strength of armies, caused the suspension and cancellation of military operations, and have brought havoc to the civil populations of belligerent and non-belligerent states alike. This book examines the historical occurrence and geographical spread of infectious diseases in association with past wars. It addresses an intrinsically geographical question: how are the spatial dynamics of epidemics influenced by military operations and the directives of war? The term historical geography in the title indicates the authors' primary concern with qualitative analyses of archival source materials over a 150-year time period from 1850, and this is combined with quantitative analyses less frequently associated with historical studies.
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Acuto, Felix, and Ivan Leibowicz. Inca Colonial Encounters and Incorporation in Northern Argentina. Edited by Sonia Alconini and Alan Covey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219352.013.2.
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This chapter discusses Inca rule over Northern Argentina from a landscape perspective, analyzing the politics of space of Inca imperialism. For the indigenous peoples of this rather large region of the South Andes, this process of colonial encounter entailed their forced relocation, the imposition of an Inca landscape overlapping the native one, the intrusion and remodeling of some of their towns and villages, and the seizure of their sacred places and shrines. Through this strategic intervention and reshaping of the native landscape, the Incas sought to construct a new socio-spatial order that served them to set the relationships with their subjects, to spread their ideology, and to redefine the interaction with supernatural entities.
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Cairney, Paul, Michael Keating, Sean Kippin, and Emily St Denny. Public Policy to Reduce Inequalities across Europe. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898586.001.0001.
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Abstract There is a broad consensus across European states and the EU that social and economic inequality is a problem that needs to be addressed. Yet inequality policy is notoriously complex and contested. This book approaches the issue from two linked perspectives. First, a focus on functional requirements highlights what policymakers think they need to deliver policy successfully, and the gap between their requirements and reality. We identify this gap in relation to the theory and practice of policy learning, and to multiple sectors, to show how it manifests in health, education, and gender equity policies. Second, a focus on territorial politics highlights how the problem is interpreted at different scales, subject to competing demands to take responsibility. This contestation and spread of responsibilities contributes to different policy approaches across spatial scales. We conclude that governments promote many separate equity initiatives, across territories and sectors, without knowing if they are complementary or contradictory. This outcome could reflect the fact that ambiguous policy problems and complex policymaking processes are beyond the full knowledge or control of governments. It could also be part of a strategy to make a rhetorically radical case while knowing that they will translate into safer policies. It allows them to replace debates on values, regarding whose definition of equity matters and which inequalities to tolerate, with more technical discussions of policy processes. Governments may be offering new perspectives on spatial justice or new ways to reduce political attention to inequalities.
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Cliff, A. D., M. R. Smallman-Raynor, P. Haggett, D. F. Stroup, and S. B. Thacker. Infectious Diseases: A Geographical Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199244737.001.0001.
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The last four decades of human history have seen the emergence of an unprecedented number of 'new' infectious diseases: the familiar roll call includes AIDS, Ebola, H5N1 influenza, hantavirus, hepatitis E, Lassa fever, legionnaires' and Lyme diseases, Marburg fever, Rift Valley fever, SARS, and West Nile. The outbreaks range in scale from global pandemics that have brought death and misery to millions, through to self-limiting outbreaks of mainly local impact. Some outbreaks have erupted explosively but have already faded away; some grumble along or continue to devastate as now persistent features in the medical lexicon; in others, a huge potential threat hangs uncertainly and worryingly in the air. Some outbreaks are merely local, others are worldwide. This book looks at the epidemiological and geographical conditions which underpin disease emergence. What are the processes which lead to emergence? Why now in human history? Where do such diseases emerge and how do they spread or fail to spread around the globe? What is the armoury of surveillance and control measures that may curb the impact of such diseases? But, uniquely, it sets these questions on the modern period of disease emergence in an historical context. First, it uses the historical record to set recent events against a much broader temporal canvas, finding emergence to be a constant theme in disease history rather than one confined to recent decades. It concludes that it is the quantitative pace of emergence, rather than its intrinsic nature, that separates the present period from earlier centuries. Second, it looks at the spatial and ecological setting of emergence, using hundreds of specially-drawn maps to chart the source areas of new diseases and the pathways of their spread. The book is divided into three main sections: Part 1 looks at early disease emergence, Part 2 at the processes of disease emergence, and Part 3 at the future for emergent diseases.
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J. A. Talbert, Richard, and Fred S. Naiden. Mercury's Wings. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195386844.001.0001.
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Mercury’s Wings: Exploring Modes of Communication in the Ancient World is the first volume of essays on ancient communications. The authors, who include Classicists, art historians, Assyriologists, and Egyptologists, take the broad view of communications as a vehicle, not just for the transmission of information, but also for the conduct of religion, commerce, and culture. Encompassed within this scope are varied purposes of communication such as propaganda and celebration, as well as profit and administration. Each chapter deals with either a communications network, a means or type of communication, or the special features of religious communication or communication in and among large empires. The spatial, temporal, and cultural boundaries of this volume take in the Near East as well as Greece and Rome, and cover a period of some 2,000 years, beginning in the second millennium BCE and ending with the spread of Christianity during the last centuries of the Roman Empire in the West. In all, about one quarter of the chapters deal with the Near East, one quarter with Greece, one quarter with Greece and Rome together, and one quarter with the Roman Empire and its Persian and Indian rivals.
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Weninger, Bernhard, and Lee Clare. 6600–6000 cal BC Abrupt Climate Change and Neolithic Dispersal from West Asia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.003.0003.
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Recent advances in palaeoclimatological and meteorological research, combined with new radiocarbon data from western Anatolia and southeast Europe, lead us to formulate a new hypothesis for the temporal and spatial dispersal of Neolithic lifeways from their core areas of genesis. The new hypothesis, which we term the Abrupt Climate Change (ACC) Neolithization Model, incorporates a number of insights from modern vulnerability theory. We focus here on the Late Neolithic (Anatolian terminology), which is followed in the Balkans by the Early Neolithic (European terminology). From high-resolution 14C-case studies, we infer an initial (very rapid) west-directed movement of early farming communities out of the Central Anatolian Plateau towards the Turkish Aegean littoral. This move is exactly in phase (decadal scale) with the onset of ACC conditions (~6600 cal BC). Upon reaching the Aegean coastline, Neolithic dispersal comes to a halt. It is not until some 500 years later—that is, at the close of cumulative ACC and 8.2 ka cal BP Hudson Bay cold conditions—that there occurs a second abrupt movement of farming communities into Southeast Europe, as far as the Pannonian Basin. The spread of early farming from Anatolia into eastern Central Europe is best explained as Neolithic communities’ mitigation of biophysical and social vulnerability to natural (climate-induced) hazards.
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Wampler, Brian, Stephanie McNulty, and Michael Touchton. Participatory Budgeting in Global Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897756.001.0001.
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Participatory Budgeting (PB) incorporates citizens directly into budgetary decision-making. It continues to spread across the globe as government officials and citizens adopt this innovative program in the hopes of strengthening accountability, civil society, and well-being. Governments often transform PB’s rules and procedures to meet local needs, thus creating wide variation in how PB programs function. Some programs retain features of radical democracy, others focus on community mobilization, and yet other programs seek to promote participatory development. This book provides a theoretical and empirical explanation to account for widespread variation in PB’s adoption, adaptation, and impacts. The book first develops six “PB types,” then, to illustrate patterns of change across the globe, four empirical chapters present a rich set of case studies that illuminate the wide differences among these programs. The empirical chapters are organized regionally, with chapters on Latin America, Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe and North America. The empirical chapters demonstrate that there are temporal, spatial, economic, and organizational factors that produce different programs across regions but similar programs within each region. A key finding is that the change in PB rules and design is now leading to significant differences in the outcomes these programs produce. We find that some programs successfully promote accountability, expand civil society, and improve well-being, but, that we continue to lack evidence that might demonstrate if PB leads to significant social or political change elsewhere.
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Gibson, Catherine. Geographies of Nationhood. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844323.001.0001.
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Geographies of Nationhood examines the meteoric rise of ethnographic mapmaking in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a form of visual and material culture that gave expression to territorialised visions of nationhood. In the Russian Empire’s Baltic provinces, the development of ethnographic cartography, as part of the broader field of statistical data visualisation, progressively became a tool that lent legitimacy and an experiential dimension to nationalist arguments, as well as a wide range of alternative spatial configurations that rendered the inhabitants of the Baltic as part of local, imperial, and global geographies. The book argues that map production and the spread of cartographic literacy as a mass phenomenon in Baltic society transformed how people made sense of linguistic, ethnic, and religious similarities and differences by imbuing them with an alleged scientific objectivity that was later used to determine the political structuring of the Baltic region and beyond. The book treads new ground by expanding the focus beyond elites to include a diverse range of mapmakers, such as local bureaucrats, commercial enterprises, clergymen, family members, teachers, and landowners. It shifts the focus from imperial learned and military institutions to examine the proliferation of mapmaking across diverse sites in the Russian Empire, including the provincial administration, local learned societies, private homes, and schools. Understanding ethnographic maps in the social context of their production, circulation, consumption, and reception is crucial for assessing their impact as powerful shapers of popular geographical conceptions of nationhood, state-building, and border-drawing.
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Peters, Joris, Nadja Pöllath, and Benjamin S. Arbuckle. The emergence of livestock husbandry in Early Neolithic Anatolia. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.18.
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Analysis of spatio-temporal variation in patterns of animal exploitation helps our understanding of the transition from hunting to husbandry of Ovis, Capra, Sus, and Bos in Pre-Pottery Neolithic Anatolia (c.9500–7000 bce). Despite interaction with humans since the final Pleistocene, domestication of Sus in southeastern Anatolia is only evidenced after 8500 bce. This timing coincides with efforts to exert cultural control over Ovis, Capra, and Bos. Applying a broad methodological spectrum, it is shown that in southeastern Anatolia, the Neolithic ‘package’ was in place at the end of the ninth millennium bce, whereas in contemporaneous central Anatolia, livestock husbandry only included sheep and goat. Initially, animal management practices may have focused on a single species, but after 8000 bce, herding strategies comprised at least two species, likely a risk-reducing strategy. Conceivably, large-scale social gatherings, e.g. at Göbekli Tepe, promoted the spread of practices associated with ungulate management and domestication.
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Blevins, Cameron. Paper Trails. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053673.001.0001.
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Paper Trails presents a new history of the American state and its efforts to conquer, occupy, and integrate the western United States between the 1860s and early 1900s. The success of this project depended on an unassuming government institution: the US Post. As millions of settlers rushed into remote corners of the region, they relied on the mail to stay connected to the wider world. Letters and newspapers, magazines and pamphlets, petitions and money orders, all traveled across the most expansive communications network on earth. Paper Trails maps the year-by-year spread of this infrastructure using a dataset of more than one hundred thousand post offices, revealing a new and unfamiliar picture of the federal government in the West. Despite its size, the US Post was both nimble and ephemeral, rapidly spinning out its infrastructure to distant places before melting away at a moment’s notice. The administration of this network bore little resemblance to the civil service bureaucracies typically associated with government institutions today. Instead, the US Post grafted public mail service onto the private operations of thousands of local businesses, contracting with stagecoach companies to carry bags of mail and paying local merchants to distribute letters from their stores. The postal network’s sprawling geography and localized operations force a reconsideration of the American state, its history, and the ways in which it exercised power. This book tells the story of one of the most dramatic reorganizations of people, land, and resources in American history and the underlying spatial circuitry that wove this project together.
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Holmes, Jonathan, and Philipp Hoelzmann. The Late Pleistocene-Holocene African Humid Period as Evident in Lakes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.531.
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From the end of the last glacial stage until the mid-Holocene, large areas of arid and semi-arid North Africa were much wetter than present, during the interval that is known as the African Humid Period (AHP). During this time, large areas were characterized by a marked increase in precipitation, an expansion of lakes, river systems, and wetlands, and the spread of grassland, shrub land, and woodland vegetation into areas that are currently much drier. Simulations with climate models indicate that the AHP was the result of orbitally forced increase in northern hemisphere summer insolation, which caused the intensification and northward expansion of the boreal summer monsoon. However, feedbacks from ocean circulation, land-surface cover, and greenhouse gases were probably also important.Lake basins and their sediment archives have provided important information about climate during the AHP, including the overall increases in precipitation and in rates, trajectories, and spatial variations in change at the beginning and the end of the interval. The general pattern is one of apparently synchronous onset of the AHP at the start of the Bølling-Allerød interstadial around 14,700 years ago, although wet conditions were interrupted by aridity during the Younger Dryas stadial. Wetter conditions returned at the start of the Holocene around 11,700 years ago covering much of North Africa and extended into parts of the southern hemisphere, including southeastern Equatorial Africa. During this time, the expansion of lakes and of grassland or shrub land vegetation over the area that is now the Sahara desert, was especially marked. Increasing aridity through the mid-Holocene, associated with a reduction in northern hemisphere summer insolation, brought about the end of the AHP by around 5000–4000 years before present. The degree to which this end was abrupt or gradual and geographically synchronous or time transgressive, remains open to debate. Taken as a whole, the lake sediment records do not support rapid and synchronous declines in precipitation and vegetation across the whole of North Africa, as some model experiments and other palaeoclimate archives have suggested. Lake sediments from basins that desiccated during the mid-Holocene may have been deflated, thus providing a misleading picture of rapid change. Moreover, different proxies of climate or environment may respond in contrasting ways to the same changes in climate. Despite this, there is evidence of rapid (within a few hundred years) termination to the AHP in some regions, with clear signs of a time-transgressive response both north to south and east to west, pointing to complex controls over the mid-Holocene drying of North Africa.