Relevant bibliographies by topics / Spatial multiplier

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Spatial multiplier'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 January 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Spatial multiplier"

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Huang, Daquan, Han He, and Tao Liu. "The Spatial Distribution and Influencing Factors of Employment Multipliers in China’s Expanding Cities." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 23, 2021): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031016.

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In the process of urbanization in developing countries, creating enough jobs to realize the transition from an agricultural population to a non-agricultural population is a major goal of development. The differences and localities of cities need to be considered in the policymaking process. This study estimated the local employment multipliers of expanding cities in China and calculated the employment multiplier of each city. First, there are obvious differences in the size of employment multipliers across cities; therefore, it is necessary to adopt different policies in employment promotion. Second, an inverted-U-shape relationship is detected between employment multiplier and city size, namely the larger the city, the greater the employment multiplier, but when the city size exceeds a certain value, the employment multiplier begins to decline. Third, different degrees of influence are generated by factors for cities at different levels of economic development. Based on the research results, we suggest that expansion of the trade sector be promoted in small- and medium-sized cities, to give full play to its employment multiplier effect; meanwhile, in large cities, the degree of specialization of the trade sector and diversification of the non-trade sector should be improved.
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Gkouzos, Andreas, and Manolis Christofakis. "Multiplier effects under a disaggregate economic base model." Journal of Economic Studies 45, no. 2 (May 14, 2018): 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-12-2016-0259.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the multiplier effects of economic activities in the local economy of Greek non-metropolitan prefectures at NUTS3 level according to the Eurostat classification. Design/methodology/approach A disaggregate economic base model using OLS regression with clustered standard errors is implemented in 49 non-metropolitan prefectures and 17 economic activities for 2000 and 2012. The specific model indicates a clear picture of multiplier effects of economic activities among the prefectures as it has a similar logic to the input-output analysis while bearing in mind the spatial effects among prefectures. The specific model has not applied for testing base multipliers in the Greek economy according to the academic literature. Findings Non-traditional export-oriented activities play a significant role in the economic growth of the non-metropolitan prefectures. Their multiplier effects are higher than the traditional basic activities. Especially, some of these activities indicate strong shifts on specific local activities, which tend to be the significant multiplier effects on the overall local economy. Of course, the existence of agglomeration economies plays a considerable role in non-metropolitan prefectures with a significant population and non-metropolitan prefectures which are in insular space or belong to the perimetric and interior mountainous space, which are sparsely populated. Originality/value The specific model applies at the NUTS3 level, according to the Eurostat classification. Also, the model indicates that the multiplier effects come from non-traditional export activities, such as, information-communication, arts entertainment, health services, professional support services and real estate in the overall local economy. Finally, the spatial correlation influences the sectoral multipliers.
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Bondar, Aleksandr, Alexey Buzulutskov, Aleksandr Dolgov, Andrey Sokolov, and Ekaterina Shemyakina. "Study of Two-Phase Cryogenic Avalanche Detector Characteristics in Argon with Optical Readout Based on Matrix of Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiodes." Siberian Journal of Physics 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54362/1818-7919-2013-8-2-36-43.

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In this article the operation of a two-phase cryogenic avalanche detector (CRAD) in Ar with optical readout using combined multiplier based on thick gas electronic multipliers (THGEMs) and a matrix of Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (GAPD) has been studied. The successful operation of such a detector when irradiated by x-ray photons with the average energy of 20 keV was demonstrated. The yield of such combined multiplier amounted at about 100 photoelectrons at THGEM avalanche gain of 160. In addition, the spatial resolution of the detector was measured; it turned out to be 1 mm
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Loehle, Craig. "Carbon Sequestration Due to Commercial Forestry: An Equilibrium Analysis." Forest Products Journal 70, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-19-00041.

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Abstract Carbon sequestration is one of the tools being used to respond to climate change risks. It is known that carbon stored in wood products is a type of sequestration. However, time frames for evaluating wood use can affect conclusions about sequestration benefits; a long-term perspective and large spatial scale may help clarify these issues. Therefore, I undertook an equilibrium analysis of ongoing commercial forestry operations, relative to carbon sequestration, at the landscape scale. I found that for simple exponential decay functions for wood remaining in use over time, the total sequestered wood at equilibrium is simply the integral of the decay function multiplied by wood product produced. I show that this simple multiplier is a linear function of half-life. For a 50-year wood half-life, this equilibrium multiplier is 72.1. The half-life depends on the specific wood product (lumber, etc.). For waste wood used for energy at mills, typical values yielded a 100-year sequestration (avoided emissions) value of 12H where H is tons of carbon in logs delivered to the mill. This exercise demonstrates that commercial forestry is a significant provider of carbon sequestration through wood products, in addition to other sequestration benefits. The simple multipliers developed here are intuitive and can be easily used with operational wood product data at any scale.
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Anselin, Luc. "Lagrange Multiplier Test Diagnostics for Spatial Dependence and Spatial Heterogeneity." Geographical Analysis 20, no. 1 (September 3, 2010): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1988.tb00159.x.

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Domański, Bolesław, and Krzysztof Gwosdz. "Multiplier Effects in Local and Regional Development." Quaestiones Geographicae 29, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10117-010-0012-7.

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Multiplier Effects in Local and Regional Development The aim of the paper is to outline demand-driven multiplier mechanisms, the theory behind them, and applicable quantification methods (aggregate models and incremental methods). The authors discuss a number of key problems related to multiplier effects as fundamental mechanisms of local and regional development. The study of the magnitude, industry structure, spatial distribution, and key determinants of those effects can help understand growth mechanisms in local and regional economies and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages associated with new, e.g. foreign, investment. Furthermore, the results of earlier empirical studies of the magnitude, spatial distribution and determinants of multiplier effects are presented together with the outcomes of the authors' own study.
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Robinson, Peter M., and Francesca Rossi. "Improved Lagrange multiplier tests in spatial autoregressions." Econometrics Journal 17, no. 1 (January 21, 2014): 139–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ectj.12025.

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Hanink, Dean M. "Spatial and Geographical Effects in Regional Multiplier Analysis." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 39, no. 3 (March 2007): 748–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37307.

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Imadudina, Annisaa Hammidah, Widiyanto Hari Subagyo Widodo, and Agustina Nurul Hidayati. "Land Use Predictions To The Response Of Kediri Airport." Jurnal Spatial Wahana Komunikasi dan Informasi Geografi 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/spatial.221.1.

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Kediri Regency is a district with sufficient development with the existence of PSN for the construction of Kediri Airport. Kediri Airport was finally designated as PSN. This Rp 10 trillion airport is included in PSN in accordance with Presidential Regulation Number 56 of 2018. After Kediri Airport, Immediately Build the Kertosono-Tulungagung Toll Road. Land Acquisition for the Kediri Section is Completed in 2021. With this national strategic project, investment development in Kediri Regency will definitely increase. Based on the above, it is very necessary to predict future land use to be able to know the response of land use to the integrated airport and toll road project. The methods used in this research are remote sensing, GIS analysis, cellular automata analysis and descriptive analysis. Knowing the spatial response will be a very meaningful input for planners, especially in formulating plans to maximize the multiplier effect caused by the airport and toll roads on the surrounding space.
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Galanin, M. P., V. V. Lukin, and P. V. Solomentseva. "Comparison of the Lagrange Multipliers Function Approximation Methods in Solving Contact Problems by the Independent Contact Boundary Technique." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Natural Sciences, no. 6 (105) (December 2022): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/1812-3368-2022-6-17-32.

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The paper considers the contact problem of the elasticity theory in a static spatial two-dimensional formulation without considering friction. For discretization of the elasticity theory equations, the finite element method was introduced using a triangular unstructured grid and linear and quadratic basis functions. To account for the contact boundary conditions, a modified method of Lagrange multipliers with independent contact boundary is proposed. This method implies the ability to construct a contact boundary with the smoothness degree required for the solution precision and to execute approximation of the Lagrange multiplier function independent of the grids inside the contacting bodies. Various types of the Lagrange multiplier function approximations were studied, including piecewise constant, continuous piecewise linear functions and piecewise linear functions with discontinuities at the difference cells boundaries. Examples of test calculations are provided both for problems with rectilinear and curvilinear contact boundaries. In both cases, the use of discontinuous approximations of the Lagrange multiplier function makes it possible to obtain a numerical solution with fewer artificial oscillations and higher rate of convergence at the grid refinement. It is shown that the numerical solution precision could be improved by more detailed discretization of the contact boundary without changing the grids inside the contacting bodies
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spatial multiplier"

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Acar, Alper. "Optimal Urban Planning and Housing Prices : a Spatial Analysis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCG008.

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La thèse étudie l'impact de l'aménagement urbain optimal surla diffusion des prix des logements dans un marché immobilier local. À travers une analyse du champ de la localisation optimale et de l'économétrie spatiale, cette étude vise à considérer comment les propriétés des graphes et les modèles de localisation optimale peuvent contribuer à mieux comprendre et à évaluer les impacts des effets de multiplicateur spatial dans l'économie. Pour ce faire, la recherche s'appuie sur une méthodologie combinant la création d'outils d'aide à la décision et l'étude des prix immobiliers par un modèle économétrique spatiale hiérarchique. Les résultats démontrent que la prise en compte des relations spatiales optimales permet une étude plus précise des impacts de l'aménagement urbain sur la diffusion des prix. A contrario, la considération de relations spatiales “classiques" sur ou sous-estime les impacts
This dissertation studies the effect of optimal urban planning on housing prices diffusion in local real-estate markets. The study uses facility location theory and spatial econometrics to investigate how graph properties and optimal location models can contribute to a better understanding and evaluation of the impact of spatial multiplier effects in the economy. To this end, the research is based on a methodology that combines the creation of decision-support tools and the study of real estate prices using hierarchical spatial econometric models. The results states that using optimal spatial relationships enables a more precise analysis of the impacts of urban planning on the diffusion of prices. Conversely, the consideration of “classical” spatial relationships either underestimates or overestimates the spatial impacts
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Hory, Marie-Pierre. "Essais sur la politique budgétaire : Multiplicateurs et interactions budgétaires." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE0506/document.

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Cette thèse étudie les déterminants de l’efficacité de la politique budgétaire, et en analyse les modalités de mise en oeuvre. Le premier chapitre compare la valeur du multiplicateur budgétaire dans les économies émergentes (EMEs)et dans les avancées (AEs). Le multiplicateur est plus faible dans les EMEs que dans les AEs, et si les déterminants du multiplicateur y sont similaires, leur impact et leur hiérarchisation y sont différents. Dans les EMEs, l’amélioration de l’efficacité de la politique budgétaire semble devoir passer par des changements structurels relatifs aux institutions.D’après le chapitre 2, le multiplicateur décroit avec la part de la dette des firmes libellée en monnaie étrangère qui se trouve être particulièrement élevée dans les EMEs. Des mesures limitant les prêts en monnaie étrangère et favorisant le développement du système financier local devraient permettre de recouvrer l’efficacité de la politique budgétaire. Le troisième chapitre montre que les gouvernements européens interagissent entre eux pour fixer leurs politiques budgétaires: ils s’imitent avec un an de délai. Ces interactions sont dues à de la concurrence par comparaison. L’objectif électoral des politiques budgétaires peut en réduire l’efficacité. Aussi, davantage d’institutions seraient nécessaires pour garantir une certaine coordination budgétaire en Europe. Les interactions décalées dans le temps témoignent d’un phénomène de leader-suiveur en Europe, et le chapitre 4 montre que l’Allemagne occupe la place de leader. L’Allemagne pourrait donc amorcer une certaine coordination budgétaire en Europe
This thesis analyzes the determinants of fiscal policy efficiency and the way fiscal policy is implemented. The first chapter compares the fiscal multiplier in emerging market economies (EMEs) with the one in advanced economies(AEs): the fiscal multiplier is smaller in EMEs than in AEs. While the determinants of fiscal multipliers are similar in both groups, their weights differ across groups. To improve fiscal policy efficiency EMEs seem to need structural policies to better their institutional quality. Chapter 2 empirically and theoretically shows that the fiscal multiplier decreases with the share of firms’ indebtedness that is denominated in foreign currency. EMEs have large debt denominated in foreign currency. Fostering the use of local currency to finance activity, for example via quotas on foreign loans, shall allow EMEs to improve the efficiency of their fiscal policies. Chapter 3 shows that European governments mimic each other in the implementation of fiscal policy with one year delay. These interactions are due to yardstick competition.The electoral objectives of governments may reduce fiscal policy efficiency and the incentive of governments to fiscally cooperate. If we believe in fiscal cooperation as a force to enhance fiscal policy efficiency, more institutions should be set up to foster cooperation in Europe. Moreover, the delayed interactions found are consistent with a leader-follower process, and Chapter 4 shows that Germany is the leader: European countries follow Germany in the implementation of fiscal policy. Hence, the push for fiscal cooperation could come from Germany
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Raboun, Oussama. "Multiple Criteria Spatial Risk Rating." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLED066.

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La thèse est motivée par une étude de cas intéressante liée à l’évaluation du risque nucléaire. Le cas d’étude consiste à évaluer l’impact d’un accident nucléaire survenu dans le milieu marin. Ce problème comporte des caractéristiques spatiales, différents enjeux économiques et environnementaux, des connaissances incomplètes sur les potentiels acteurs et un nombre élevé de scénarios d’accident possibles. Le cas d’étude a été résolu en utilisant différentes techniques d’analyse décisionnelle telles que la comparaison des loteries et les outils MCDA (Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis).Une nouvelle méthode de classification ordinale, nommée Dynamic-R, est née de cette thèse, visant à fournir une notation complète et convaincante. La méthode développée a fourni des résultats intéressants au cas d’étude et des propriétés théoriques très intéressantes qui sont présenté dans les chapitres 6 et 7 de ce manuscrit
The thesis is motivated by an interesting case study related to environmental risk assessment. The case study problem consists on assessing the impact of a nuclear accident taking place in the marine environment. This problem is characterized by spatial characteristics, different assets characterizing the spatial area, incomplete knowledge about the possible stakeholders, and a high number of possible accident scenarios. A first solution of the case study problem was proposed where different decision analysis techniques were used such as lotteries comparison, and MCDA (Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis) tools. A new MCDA rating method, named Dynamic-R, was born from this thesis, aiming at providing a complete and convincing rating. The developed method provided interesting results to the case study, and very interesting theoretical properties that will be presented in chapters 6 and 7 of this manuscript
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Younis, Abdelhamid. "Spatial modulation : theory to practice." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8990.

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Spatial modulation (SM) is a transmission technique proposed for multiple–input multiple– output (MIMO) systems, where only one transmit antenna is active at a time, offering an increase in the spectral efficiency equal to the base–two logarithm of the number of transmit antennas. The activation of only one antenna at each time instance enhances the average bit error ratio (ABER) as inter–channel interference (ICI) is avoided, and reduces hardware complexity, algorithmic complexity and power consumption. Thus, SM is an ideal candidate for large scale MIMO (tens and hundreds of antennas). The analytical ABER performance of SM is studied and different frameworks are proposed in other works. However, these frameworks have various limitations. Therefore, a closed–form analytical bound for the ABER performance of SM over correlated and uncorrelated, Rayleigh, Rician and Nakagami–m channels is proposed in this work. Furthermore, in spite of the low–complexity implementation of SM, there is still potential for further reductions, by limiting the number of possible combinations by exploiting the sphere decoder (SD) principle. However, existing SD algorithms do not consider the basic and fundamental principle of SM, that at any given time, only one antenna is active. Therefore, two modified SD algorithms tailored to SM are proposed. It is shown that the proposed sphere decoder algorithms offer an optimal performance, with a significant reduction of the computational complexity. Finally, the logarithmic increase in spectral efficiency offered by SM and the requirement that the number of antennas must be a power of two would require a large number of antennas. To overcome this limitation, two new MIMO modulation systems generalised spatial modulation (GNSM) and variable generalised spatial modulation (VGSM) are proposed, where the same symbol is transmitted simultaneously from more than one transmit antenna at a time. Transmitting the same data symbol from more than one antenna reduces the number of transmit antennas needed and retains the key advantages of SM. In initial development simple channel models can be used, however, as the system develops it should be tested on more realistic channels, which include the interactions between the environment and antennas. Therefore, a full analysis of the ABER performance of SM over urban channel measurements is carried out. The results using the urban measured channels confirm the theoretical work done in the field of SM. Finally, for the first time, the performance of SM is tested in a practical testbed, whereby the SM principle is validated.
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Ramalingam, Chitra. "Modeling Multiple Granularities of Spatial Objects." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/RamalingamC2002.pdf.

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Tamè, Luigi. "Multiple Spatial Representations for Haptic Perception." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368662.

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In everyday life, our body gets in contact with multiple tactile stimuli from the outside world. How our somatosensory system identifies and localises these multiple stimuli entering in contact with our body surface, is the general framework to which the researches of the present thesis belong. Tactile stimuli on our body can be spatially coded and represented by using multiple reference frames. Touch is initially encoded into a sensory-space within primary somatosensory map and then further stages of processing can represent the location of tactile event with respect to the overall body structure (body-space) or to the outside world (external-space). In the present thesis we report first a series of behavioural experiments aimed at investigating which spatial reference frame is adopted in a special context of sensory stimulation, namely the double simultaneous stimulation (DSS). Then, we used functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) as a tool for delineating the neural bases of the cognitive processes sub-serving the elaboration and representation of concurrent stimuli for conscious tactile perception. In a first behavioural study using the tactile DSS paradigm, we defined the spatial coding used by observers when tactile stimuli are delivered with different fingers combinations (i.e., within vs. between hands) and hand postures (i.e., hands palm-down vs. palm-up). In a second behavioural work we tested the influence of different visual modulations (e.g., seeing body parts or objects) and visual-proprioceptive conflict (e.g., seeing body parts in a different position with respect to one adopted by the participant) on the spatial representation of touch. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of changes to the visual structural morphology of a body part on the spatial representation of touch. Finally, using a fMRI adaptation paradigm for touches at the fingers, we aimed to define the neural bases of tactile perception in a repeated stimulations context. In particular, we assessed the mutual interaction between tactile stimuli located at body parts that are clearly distinct in terms of the body-space (e.g., left and right index fingers), but proximal in terms of neural representations (due to some bilateral responses of the somatosensory cortices).
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Tamè, Luigi. "Multiple Spatial Representations for Haptic Perception." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2010. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/168/1/Luigi_Tam%C3%A8_PhD_Thesis.pdf.

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In everyday life, our body gets in contact with multiple tactile stimuli from the outside world. How our somatosensory system identifies and localises these multiple stimuli entering in contact with our body surface, is the general framework to which the researches of the present thesis belong. Tactile stimuli on our body can be spatially coded and represented by using multiple reference frames. Touch is initially encoded into a sensory-space within primary somatosensory map and then further stages of processing can represent the location of tactile event with respect to the overall body structure (body-space) or to the outside world (external-space). In the present thesis we report first a series of behavioural experiments aimed at investigating which spatial reference frame is adopted in a special context of sensory stimulation, namely the double simultaneous stimulation (DSS). Then, we used functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) as a tool for delineating the neural bases of the cognitive processes sub-serving the elaboration and representation of concurrent stimuli for conscious tactile perception. In a first behavioural study using the tactile DSS paradigm, we defined the spatial coding used by observers when tactile stimuli are delivered with different fingers combinations (i.e., within vs. between hands) and hand postures (i.e., hands palm-down vs. palm-up). In a second behavioural work we tested the influence of different visual modulations (e.g., seeing body parts or objects) and visual-proprioceptive conflict (e.g., seeing body parts in a different position with respect to one adopted by the participant) on the spatial representation of touch. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of changes to the visual structural morphology of a body part on the spatial representation of touch. Finally, using a fMRI adaptation paradigm for touches at the fingers, we aimed to define the neural bases of tactile perception in a repeated stimulations context. In particular, we assessed the mutual interaction between tactile stimuli located at body parts that are clearly distinct in terms of the body-space (e.g., left and right index fingers), but proximal in terms of neural representations (due to some bilateral responses of the somatosensory cortices).
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Pokhrel, Prafulla. "TOWARDS IMPROVED IDENTIFICATION OF SPATIALLY-DISTRIBUTED RAINFALL RUNOFF MODELS." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194356.

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Distributed rainfall runoff hydrologic models can be highly effective in improving flood forecasting capabilities at ungauged, interior locations of the watershed. However, their implementation in operational decision-making is hindered by the high dimensionality of the state-parameter space and by lack of methods/understanding on how to properly exploit and incorporate available spatio-temporal information about the system. This dissertation is composed of a sequence of five studies, whose overall goal is to improve understanding on problems relating to parameter identifiability in distributed models and to develop methodologies for their calibration.The first study proposes and investigates an approach for calibrating catchment scale distributed rainfall-runoff models using conventionally available data. The process, called regularization, uses spatial information about soils and land-use that is embedded in prior parameter estimates (Koren et al. 2000) and knowledge of watershed characteristics, to constrain and reduce the dimensionality of the feasible parameter space.The methodology is further extended in the second and third studies to improve extraction of `hydrologically relevant' information from the observed streamflow hydrograph. Hydrological relevance is provided by using signature measures (Yilmaz et al 2008) that correspond to major watershed functions. While the second study applies a manual selection procedure to constrain parameter sets from the subset of post calibrated solutions, the third develops an automatic procedure based on a penalty function optimization approach.The fourth paper investigates the relative impact of using the commonly used multiplier approach to distributed model calibration, in comparison with other spatial regularization strategies and also includes investigations on whether calibration to data at the catchment outlet can provide improved performance at interior locations. The model calibration study conducted for three mid sized catchments in the US led to the important finding that basin outlet hydrographs might not generally contain information regarding spatial variability of the parameters, and that calibration of the overall mean of the spatially distributed parameter fields may be sufficient for flow forecasting at the outlet. This then was the motivation for the fifth paper which investigates to what degree the spatial characteristics of parameter and rainfall fields can be observable in catchment outlet hydrographs.
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Francisco-Revilla, Luis. "Multi-model adaptive spatial hypertext." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1444.

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Information delivery on the Web often relies on general purpose Web pages that require the reader to adapt to them. This limitation is addressed by approaches such as spatial hypermedia and adaptive hypermedia. Spatial hypermedia augments the representation power of hypermedia and adaptive hypermedia explores the automatic modification of the presentation according to user needs. This dissertation merges these two approaches, combining the augmented expressiveness of spatial hypermedia with the flexibility of adaptive hypermedia. This dissertation presents the Multi-model Adaptive Spatial Hypermedia framework (MASH). This framework provides the theoretical grounding for the augmentation of spatial hypermedia with dynamic and adaptive functionality and, based on their functionality, classifies systems as generative, interactive, dynamic or adaptive spatial hypermedia. Regarding adaptive hypermedia, MASH proposes the use of multiple independent models that guide the adaptation of the presentation in response to multiple relevant factors. The framework is composed of four parts: a general system architecture, a definition of the fundamental concepts in spatial hypermedia, an ontological classification of the adaptation strategies, and the philosophy of conflict management that addresses the issue of multiple independent models providing contradicting adaptation suggestions. From a practical perspective, this dissertation produced WARP, the first MASH-based system. WARP’s novel features include spatial transclusion links as an alternative to navigational linking, behaviors supporting dynamic spatial hypermedia, and personal annotations to spatial hypermedia. WARP validates the feasibility of the multi-model adaptive spatial hypermedia and allows the exploration of other approaches such as Web-based spatial hypermedia, distributed spatial hypermedia, and interoperability issues between spatial hypermedia systems. In order to validate the approach, a user study comparing non-adaptive to adaptive spatial hypertext was conducted. The study included novice and advanced users and produced qualitative and quantitative results. Qualitative results revealed the emergence of reading behaviors intrinsic to spatial hypermedia. Users moved and modified the objects in order to compare and group objects and to keep track of what had been read. Quantitative results confirmed the benefits of adaptation and indicated a possible synergy between adaptation and expertise. In addition, the study created the largest spatial hypertext to date in terms of textual content.
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Glenn, Dickins, and glenn dickins@dolby com. "Applications of Continuous Spatial Models in Multiple Antenna Signal Processing." The Australian National University. Research School of Information Sciences and Engineering, 2008. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20080702.222814.

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This thesis covers the investigation and application of continuous spatial models for multiple antenna signal processing. The use of antenna arrays for advanced sensing and communications systems has been facilitated by the rapid increase in the capabilities of digital signal processing systems. The wireless communications channel will vary across space as different signal paths from the same source combine and interfere. This creates a level of spatial diversity that can be exploited to improve the robustness and overall capacity of the wireless channel. Conventional approaches to using spatial diversity have centered on smart, adaptive antennas and spatial beam forming. Recently, the more general theory of multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) systems has been developed to utilise the independent spatial communication modes offered in a scattering environment.¶ Underlying any multiple antenna system is the basic physics of electromagnetic wave propagation. Whilst a MIMO system may present a set of discrete inputs and outputs, each antenna element must interact with the underlying continuous spatial field. Since an electromagnetic disturbance will propagate through space, the field at different positions in the space will be interrelated. In this way, each position in the field cannot assume an arbitrary independent value and the nature of wave propagation places a constraint on the allowable complexity of a wave-field over space. To take advantage of this underlying physical constraint, it is necessary to have a model that incorporates the continuous nature of the spatial wave-field. ¶This thesis investigates continuous spatial models for the wave-field. The wave equation constraint is introduced by considering a natural basis expansion for the space of physically valid wave-fields. This approach demonstrates that a wave-field over a finite spatial region has an effective finite dimensionality. The optimal basis for representing such a field is dependent on the shape of the region of interest and the angular power distribution of the incident field. By applying the continuous spatial model to the problem of direction of arrival estimation, it is shown that the spatial region occupied by the receiver places a fundamental limit on the number and accuracy with which sources can be resolved. Continuous spatial models also provide a parsimonious representation for modelling the spatial communications channel independent of specific antenna array configurations. The continuous spatial model is also applied to consider limits to the problem of wireless source direction and range localisation.
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Books on the topic "Spatial multiplier"

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Simons, Rainee N. Spatial frequency multiplier with active linearly tapered slot antenna array. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Martinez, Xavier. Perfect equilibrium, spatial competition and multiple outlets. London: London School of Economics and Political Science, 1985.

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V, Papkov Oleg, and Sukhanov Konstantin G, eds. Multiple gravity assist interplanetary trajectories. Australia: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1998.

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Box, Elgene Owen, ed. Vegetation Structure and Function at Multiple Spatial, Temporal and Conceptual Scales. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21452-8.

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Karl, Michael G. Assessing big sagebrush at multiple spatial scales: An example in southeast Oregon. [Denver, Colo.]: Bureau of Land Management, National Science and Technology Center, 2005.

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Mocroft, Andrew Paul. Temporal, spatial, and chromatic visual function in multiple sclerosis: A prospective, sequential study. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1991.

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1976-, De Boyser Katrien, ed. Between the social and the spatial: Exploring the multiple dimensions of poverty and social exclusion. Farnham, England: Ashgate, 2009.

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1976-, De Boyser Katrien, ed. Between the social and the spatial: Exploring the multiple dimensions of poverty and social exclusion. Farnham, England: Ashgate, 2009.

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1976-, De Boyser Katrien, ed. Between the social and the spatial: Exploring the multiple dimensions of poverty and social exclusion. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2009.

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Menaut, André, and Jean-Paul Callède. Les logiques spatiales de l'innovation sportive: Conditions d'émergence et configurations multiples. Pessac: Maison des sciences de l'homme d'Aquitaine, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Spatial multiplier"

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Okuyama, Yasuhide, Michael Sonis, and Geoffrey J. D. Hewings. "Economic Impacts of an Unscheduled, Disruptive Event: A Miyazawa Multiplier Analysis." In Advances in Spatial Science, 113–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03947-2_6.

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Cooper, Russel J. "An Extension of the Block Spatial Path Approach to Analysis of the Influence of Intra and Interregional Trade on Multiplier Effects in General Multiregional Input-Output Models." In Advances in Spatial Science, 303–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59787-9_15.

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Li, Yingjiu, X. Sean Wang, and Sushil Jajodia. "Discovering Temporal Patterns in Multiple Granularities." In Temporal, Spatial, and Spatio-Temporal Data Mining, 5–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45244-3_2.

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Kimura, Yoshio, and Hitoshi Kondo. "Revisiting Miyazawa on Multisectoral Multipliers." In Advances in Spatial Science, 53–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03947-2_3.

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Eschenbach, Carola, Christopher Habel, and Annette Leßmöllmann. "Multiple Frames of Reference in Interpreting Complex Projective Terms." In Spatial Language, 209–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9928-3_11.

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Linda, Tomaselli. "Determining Fiscal Allocation Multipliers." In Spatial Planning and Fiscal Impact Analysis, 71–95. New York, NY: Routledge, 2019.Identifiers: LCCN 2018041591 | ISBN 9781138387942 (hardback) | ISBN 9781138387973 (pbk.): Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429425912-6.

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Bucher, Leandra, and Jelica Nejasmic. "Relocating Multiple Objects during Spatial Belief Revision." In Spatial Cognition VIII, 478–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32732-2_31.

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Cole, Sam. "In the Spirit of Miyazawa: Multipliers and the Metropolis." In Advances in Spatial Science, 263–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03947-2_13.

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Batey, Peter W. J., and Moss Madden. "Interrelational Employment Multipliers in an Extended Input-Output Modeling Framework." In Advances in Spatial Science, 73–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03947-2_4.

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Rose, Adam, and Ping-Cheng Li. "Interrelational Multipliers for the US Economy: An Application to Welfare Reform." In Advances in Spatial Science, 347–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03947-2_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Spatial multiplier"

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Batsell, Stephen G., T. L. Jong, John F. Walkup, and Thomas F. Krile. "Comparison of noise due to passive and active spatial light modulators in optical matrix–vector multipliers." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.mhh4.

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A major source of noise in optical matrix-vector multipliers is the fluctuation of the emitted light.1 For LED and laser diode light sources, the counting distributions are Poisson. With the introduction of a spatial light modulator (SLM), however, the distribution changes. To determine the role of the SLM on the overall system noise, we measure the effect of the SLM on the noise distribution of the light, first using film (passive) and then using a magnetooptic SLM (active). We then compare the results with other noise sources in an optical matrix–vector multiplier. This comparison can be used to establish the accuracy limits of the processor.
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Kusrini, Dwi Endah, Brodjol S. S. Ulama, and Mutiah Salamah Chamid. "Generalized Method of Moment Estimation Method Lagrange Multiplier Test for Simultaneous Spatial of Dynamic Panel Data." In 1st International Conference on Mathematics and Mathematics Education (ICMMEd 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210508.108.

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"Interpolating Silicon Photo-Multiplier: A novel position sensitive device with submillimeter spatial resolution and depth of interaction capability." In 2013 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2013 NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2013.6829589.

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Honari, Mostafa, Byoungjun Park, Yonghwi Kim, and Myoung-Gyun Suh. "Matrix-Vector Multiplication using Mixed Space-Frequency Multiplexing of Optical Frequency Combs." In Nonlinear Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlo.2023.tu3b.3.

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We propose a parallel optical matrix-vector multiplier using mixed space-frequency multiplexing of optical frequency combs. The demonstrated system is highly modular, scalable and easy to program. With spatial multiplexing and hyperspectral encoding, such an architecture can enable future optical information processing systems beyond Peta OPS.
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Heinrich, Mark L., Ravindra A. Athale, Michael W. Haney, and Charles W. Stirk. "Design of a 16- × 16-bit digital optical multiplier using the residue number system." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.maa5.

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The residue number system (RNS) provides two main advantages to arithmetic computation: high dynamic range problems are subdivided into several independent modules of reduced dynamic range; and the arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, and multiplication are performed in parallel with no carries between residue digits. Thus a high-accuracy multiplication can be divided into several medium-accuracy multiplications which can all be performed in parallel. Traditionally, m × m position-coded RNS look-up tables (LUTs) exhibit a spatial complexity (defined as the number of active elements) of m2 for each modulus m, yielding a quadratic system complexity of Σ m i 2 , where the summation is over all the residue digits and m, is the particular modulus.
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Serrano, E., M. P. Y. Desmulliez, S. M. Prince, H. Inbar, and B. S. Wherrett. "Multiple-Quantum-Well Binary-Phase Modulators: Design and Tolerance Analysis." In Spatial Light Modulators. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/slmo.1997.stue.9.

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Over the last fifteen years, various types of semiconductor electro-absorption modulators have been fabricated and analysed. The potential use of such devices in photonic switching fabrics and inter-chip interconnections has provoked numerous studies of their performance capabilities and design trade-offs [1,2]. Of particular concern has been the impossibility, until recently, to manufacture fast 2-D multiple quantum well (MQW) phase modulator arrays. Trezza and coworkers reported a π-phase change in a reflection-mode vertical cavity asymmetric multiple quantum well [3], in which the absorption variation induced by an external applied field causes a change in the dominant role played by one of the cavity minors. Moreover, the device, named a phase-flip modulator, is designed so that no change in throughput is induced by the bias voltage. The π phase change at constant reflectivity requires a careful cavity design and the precise determination of the operating wavelength and voltage swing. A systematic study demands the implementation of a tolerance methodology. Results, based on such a methodology, will be presented that analyse which parameters are in achieving the best overall device performance, the optimum operating conditions and the higher degree of robustness (the tolerance) to the variations in device characteristics.
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Roy, Ankur, and Sivaji Lahiri. "Quantifying Connectivity of Fracture Networks: A Lacunarity Approach." In 3rd International Discrete Fracture Network Engineering Conference. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-dfne-22-0049.

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Abstract Connectivity estimated by simply considering the relative number of nodes in fracture networks, i.e., cross-cutting (X), abutting (Y), and isolated (I), without regard to their spatial distributions, is often not a unique identifier of fracture geometry. This research proposes a modified, lacunarity based estimate of connectivity which considers both the spatial distribution of such nodes in a network and also their abundance. We compare three pairs of natural fracture maps from different sources, each pair with the same connectivity but very different visual appearances. A study of the flow properties of these maps using a streamline simulator and invoking the fracture continuum model showed that pairs of maps with same connectivity but different visual appearances yield distinct recovery curves and time-of-flight (TOF) plots. A MATLAB toolbox, FracPaQ, is used to identify and spatially map the three different X, Y and I-nodes in fracture networks. The spatial clustering of nodes that facilitate conductivity (X, Y) and those that hinder flow (I), are calculated separately by implementing a log-transformed lacunarity summed over a range of scales as: <LXY> and <LI> respectively. The values are then used for generating a multiplier, κ = <LXY> / <LI>, which is incorporated into a new connectivity index, L-connectivity. The results show that pairs of fracture maps that have the same apparent connectivity, but with differences in visual appearances and hence, flow properties, can be distinguished based on this new lacunarity-based connectivity index. This parameter may therefore, prove to be a unique identifier of the connectivity of fracture networks. L-connectivity may be potentially utilized for estimating the network connectivity and, as a first pass for evaluating fracture network geometry by modelers and engineers who deal in fractured petroleum reservoirs and aquifers.
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Forbes, M. G., A. C. Walker, F. Pottier, B. Vögele, and C. R. Stanley. "Uniformity measurements on large InGaAs-AIGaAs multiple quantum well modulator arrays." In Spatial Light Modulators. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/slmo.1997.stue.8.

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III-V multiple quantum well modulators and detectors form a promising device technology for the optoelectronic interconnection of integrated circuits. Integration of large arrays with silicon electronics has been demonstrated by Lucent Technologies using the GaAs-AlGaAs material system [1]. Similar technology is being pursued in our own programme using InGaAs-AIGaAs MQW structures [2].
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Wilkinson, L. C., S. M. Prince, M. P. Y. Desmulliez, and C. R. Stanley. "Fabrication and Testing of a Multiple Quantum Well Binary Phase Modulator." In Spatial Light Modulators. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/slmo.1997.stue.5.

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Diffractive Optical Elements (DOEs) are used to manipulate the phase of a light beam in order to perform functions such as beam-steering, fan-out, wavelength discrimination and focusing. Typically, DOEs are fabricated by etching a structure into a piece of glass which generates a static phase profile being added to the input light beam. Dynamic diffractive optical elements which modulate the phase pattern of a beam can also be generated through the interaction of a liquid crystal with an electric field [1]. We report a more recent innovation [2] that uses an electrically addressed Multiple Quantum Well (MQW) structure incorporated into an asymmetric Fabry-Perot cavity to produce π phase modulation without any change in device reflectivity. The device relies on the change in absorption within the cavity to switch the dominance of the role played by one of the two Fabry-Perot mirrors thereby achieving the π phase change. Phase modulation is therefore obtained by electro-absorption modulation induced by the Quantum Confined Stark Effect (QCSE) which is acting in the MQW regions of the structure.
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Smirl, Arthur L., M. J. Snelling, X. R. Xuang, D. R. Harken, and E. Towe. "Electro-Optic Polarization Modulation in [110]-Oriented GaAs-InGaAs Multiple Quantum Wells." In Spatial Light Modulators. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/slmo.1997.smd.6.

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Normal incidence electro-optic spatial light modulators are desirable for applications in computing and communications. Ideally, such devices should be capable of high speed operation, have a large dynamic range, and accommodate broad spectral bandwidths. They should also be insensitive to small ambient and device temperature fluctuations and should be integrable with detector and control electronics. To date, most research on semiconductor modulators has focused on amplitude modulation and has relied on the quantum-confined-Stark effect (QCSE) to produce the required change in absorption. However, limitations on the number of quantum wells that realistically can be incorporated into multiple quantum well (MQW) amplitude modulators prevents the contrast ratio from exceeding ~10:1 (and more typically it is ~4:1). In addition, QCSE modulators with a narrow optical bandwidth inherently have a narrow operating temperature range.1
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Reports on the topic "Spatial multiplier"

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Torvikey, Gertrude Dzifa, and Fred Mawunyo Dzanku. In the Shadow of Industrial Companies: Class and Spatial Dynamics of Artisanal Palm Oil Processing in Rural Ghana. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2022.010.

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This paper is concerned with the multiple opportunities and challenges of artisanal palm oil processing and the potential multiplier effects on local economies. It examines the effect of the presence of large oil palm plantations and their industrial processing mills on artisanal palm oil processing in two districts in the Western region of Ghana. Although artisanal and industrial processors have co-existed for a long time in the same catchment areas, little is known about the impact of this relationship on artisanal processing. Acknowledging the importance of rural diversity, complexity, and difference in agriculture-based off-farm activities, this paper also examines the effect of community and household level factors on palm oil processing incidence and intensity as well as the impact of processing on food (in)security.
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Foy, Bernard R., Michael D. Di Rosa, Charles R. Jr Quick, and James P. Theiler. Passive Heterodyne Detection Using Multiple Spatial Modes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1053543.

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Diop, Loty, Mara van den Bold, Zhe Guo, and Roosmarijn Verstraeten. Spatial patterns of multiple malnutrition types in West Africa: Four country case studies. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134577.

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Boone, Jonathan, Bobby Sells, Matthew Davis, and Dan McDonald. Alternative analysis for construction progress data spatial visualization. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42166.

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The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) construction projects have multiple stakeholders that collaborate with project delivery team members during the execution of these projects. Many of these stakeholders are located across the U.S., which makes virtual interactions a common communication method for these teams. These interactions often lack spatial visualization, which can add complications to the progress reports provided and how the information is received/interpreted. The visualization of project progress and documents would be invaluable to the stakeholders on critical projects constructed by the USACE. This research was conducted to determine alternatives for migrating Resident Management System (RMS) data into a portal web viewer. This report provides proposed solutions to creating these links in efforts to better harmonize data management and improve project presentation.
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Ericson, Mark A., and Richard L. McKinley. The Intelligibility of Multiple Talkers Separated Spatially in Noise. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada388576.

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Gosnell, J. Stephen, Minkyung Lee, and Will McClintock. Building Marine Reserve Networks to Fit Multiple Needs: An Introduction to Marine Spatial Planning Using SeaSketch. American Museum of Natural History, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/cbc.ncep.0135.

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Marine spatial planning is growing in use as a tool to aid management efforts in coastal and ocean systems. In this exercise, we briefly review the history and rationale behind marine spatial planning and consider its relationship to and use in ecosystem-based management. We then outline an activity that introduces students to marine spatial planning through the use of SeaSketch (http://training-barbuda.seasketch.org). SeaSketch is a web-based program that allows users to create, analyze, and compare how marine protected areas and networks contribute to achieving conservation goals. Building on the use of SeaSketch to engage stakeholders in the creation of reserve networks off the island of Barbuda, students use a SeaSketch training environment to create networks of marine protected areas that meet habitat protection goals and consider how these networks impact local species and human fishing value. After creating and analyzing individual networks, students engage in small- and large-group discussions to consider and compare alternative plans and decide on final choices. At each of these levels, students can compare their chosen plans to the zoning regulations that were approved in Barbuda. A supplementary PowerPoint presentation accompanies the exercise.
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Sava, Elena, Guido Cervone, and Alfred Kalyanapu. Multiscale observation product (MOP) for temporal flood inundation mapping of the 2015 Dallas Texas Flood. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48713.

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This paper presents a new data fusion multiscale observation product (MOP) for flood emergencies. The MOP was created by integrating multiple sources of contributed open-source data with traditional spaceborne remote sensing imagery to provide a sequence of high spatial and temporal resolution flood inundation maps. The study focuses on the 2015 Memorial Day floods that caused up to US$61 million of damage. The Hydraulic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model was used to simulate water surfaces for the northern part of the Trinity River in Dallas, using reservoir surcharge releases and topographic data provided by the US Army Corps of Engineers. A measure of fit assessment is performed on the MOP flood maps with the HEC-RAS simulated flood inundation output to quantify spatial differences. Estimating possible flood inundation using individual datasets that vary spatially and temporally allow an understanding of how much each observational dataset contributes to the overall water estimation. Results show that water surfaces estimated by MOP are comparable with the simulated output for the duration of the flood event. Additionally, contributed data, such as Civil Air Patrol, although they may be geographically sparse, become an important data source when fused with other observation data.
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Beck, Tanya, and Ping Wang. Morphodynamics of barrier-inlet systems in the context of regional sediment management, with case studies from West-Central Florida, USA. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41984.

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The temporal and spatial scales controlling the morphodynamics of barrier-inlet systems are critical components of regional sediment management practice. This paper discusses regional sediment management methods employed at multiple barrier-inlet systems, with case studies from West-Central Florida. A decision-support tool is proposed for regional sediment management with discussion of its application to barrier-inlet systems. Connecting multiple barrier islands and inlets at appropriate spatio-temporal scales is critical in developing an appropriately scoped sediment management plan for a barrier-inlet system. Evaluating sediment bypassing capacity and overall inlet morphodynamics can better inform regional sand sharing along barrier-inlet coastlines; particularly where sediment resources are scarce and a close coupling between inlet dredging and beach placement is vital to long-term sustainable management. Continued sea-level rise and anthropogenic activities may intensify the need for investigating longer-term processes and expanding regional planning at a centennial timescale and are acknowledged as challenging tasks for RSM studies. Specifically, we suggested that a regionally focused, multi-inlet study was necessary for management plan of individual inlet for the west-central Florida case studies. Key recommendations based on the case studies are included.
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Maldonado, Leonardo, and Osmel Manzano. Measuring Regional Inequality in the Andean Countries: A Multiple-Stage Nested Theil Decomposition Using Night Light Emissions. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012952.

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This paper examines inequality in the Andean countries using satellite-recorded nighttime lights and gridded population datasets from 2012 to 2021. We follow a multiple-stage nested Theil index decomposition method accounting for each country's lowest administrative divisions to enhance our understanding of how spatial dimensions contribute as primary sources of inequality and how these contributions vary across each country. The main findings reveal a decrease in overall inequality for the Andean region throughout the period (primarily driven by a decline in between-country inequality) and an increase in the relative importance of within-country inequality. In addition, there are spatial heterogeneities by country. Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru experienced a decline in wealth inequality over the past decade due to decreased disparities between provinces and less inequality within departments and provinces, respectively. In contrast, the inequality components in Ecuador and Venezuela exhibit a more balanced contribution to overall inequality. And, while Ecuador does not show a significant change in overall inequality during the period, the inequality increase in Venezuela is primarily driven by changes in the disparity between all geographic subgroups.
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Kung, R., K. Douglas, and C. D. Stacey. Canada west coast topo-bathymetric digital elevation model, British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331539.

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The joint Natural Resources Canada/Department of Fisheries and Oceans Marine Spatial Planning Program requires the highest resolution bathymetric elevation data and adjacent land-based topographic elevation data that are available. This digital elevation model of Canada's west coast compiles the best data available from multiple government agencies to create a regional model gridded at 10 metre spacing. The transitions between the marine and terrestrial areas are near-seamless creating a surface of elevations for non-navigational scientific research, cartographic, and general marine spatial planning use. The product is available on the Federal Geospatial Platform at: https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/e6e11b99-f0cc-44f7-f5eb-3b995fb1637e
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