Relevant bibliographies by topics / Spatial mode interference

Academic literature on the topic 'Spatial mode interference'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Spatial mode interference"

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Leuthold, J., R. Hess, J. Eckner, P. A. Besse, and H. Melchior. "Spatial mode filters realized with multimode interference couplers." Optics Letters 21, no. 11 (June 1, 1996): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.21.000836.

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Slagmolen, B. J. J., D. A. Shaddock, M. B. Gray, and D. E. McClelland. "Frequency stability of spatial mode interference (tilt) locking." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 38, no. 11 (November 2002): 1521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jqe.2002.804267.

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Ottaway, D. J., M. B. Gray, D. A. Shaddock, C. Hollitt, P. J. Veitch, J. Munch, and D. E. McClelland. "Stabilization of injection-locked lasers using spatial mode interference." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 37, no. 5 (May 2001): 653–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3.918577.

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Chow, Jong H., Glenn de Vine, Malcolm B. Gray, and David E. McClelland. "Measurement of Gouy phase evolution by use of spatial mode interference." Optics Letters 29, no. 20 (October 15, 2004): 2339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.29.002339.

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Karpeev, S. V., V. V. Podlipnov, and A. M. Algubili. "An interference scheme for generating inhomogeneously polarized laser radiation using a spatial light modulator." Computer Optics 44, no. 2 (April 2020): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-co-698.

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An optical system for converting linearly polarized laser beams into cylindrical vector beams is developed and experimentally investigated. The scheme is based on the coherent addition of mode beams using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The simplicity and versatility of the optical setup is achieved through the use of different sections in the area of the spatial light modulator for the si-multaneous generation of two spatially separated given mode beams. Each of the beams then propagates in one of the arms of the interferometer and undergoes the necessary polarization-phase transformations to obtain a cylindrical vector beam after the addition of mode beams.
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FUCHS, ARMIN, J. A. SCOTT KELSO, and HERMANN HAKEN. "PHASE TRANSITIONS IN THE HUMAN BRAIN: SPATIAL MODE DYNAMICS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 02, no. 04 (December 1992): 917–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127492000537.

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Pattern formation and switching between self-organized states are often associated with instabilities in open, nonequilibrium systems. We describe an experiment which shows that systematically changing a control parameter induces qualitative changes in sensorimotor coordination and brain activity, as registered by a 37-SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) array. Near the instability point, predicted features of nonequilibrium phase transitions (critical slowing down, fluctuation enhancement) are observed in both the psychophysical data and the brain signals obtained from single SQUID sensors. Further analysis reveals that activity from the entire array displays spatial patterns evolving in time. Such spatiotemporal patterns are characterized by the dynamics of only a few coherent spatial modes.
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Chanthawong, Narin, Satoru Takahashi, Kiyoshi Takamasu, and Hirokazu Matsumoto. "High-Accuracy Calibration of CMM Using Temporal-Coherence Fiber Interferometer with Fast-Repetition Comb Laser." Key Engineering Materials 625 (August 2014): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.625.66.

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A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is a measuring system with the means to move probing system and capability to determine spatial coordinates on working surface. CMM is used in many industry fields from few micrometers of work pieces to a 5-meter truck. The verification method of CMM is done following international standard. The artifacts for calibrated reference length are the end standards, such as gauge block and step gauge, or laser interferometer for large size CMM. The current laser interferometer is operated by continuous laser and interference fringe counting. One constraint of continuous laser is an incremental measurement. The measurement path cannot be interrupted during the measurement period. We developed a new absolute interferometer system from a short-pulse mode-locked fiber laser. A Fabry–Pérot etalon (FPE) is used to select high-frequency parts of repetition-frequency modes of the mode-locked comb laser at the wavelength of 1.55 μm. The 5-GHz repetition-modified laser beam, which is realized by a new fiber-type FPE, is transmitted to a fiber-type Michelson interferometer. The interference fringes exhibit a temporal coherence interference and can be used for measuring spatial positioning. The temporal coherence between different pairs of modified pulse trains is referred to as absolute length standards. The performance of CMM was determined directly from different positions of two interference fringe patterns.
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Yang, Weiguo. "Single-SectionFabry-Perot Mode-Locked Semiconductor Lasers." Advances in OptoElectronics 2011 (March 2, 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/780373.

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We present a review of the theoretical models and experimental verification of the single-section Fabry-Perot mode-locked semiconductor lasers based on multiple-spatial-mode (MSM) coupling. The mode-locked operation at the repetition rates of 40 GHz and higher and the pulse width of a few picoseconds are confirmed by the intensity autocorrelation, the fast photo detection and RF spectrum, and the optical spectral interference measurement of ultrafast pulse. The spatial mode coupling theory of single-section Fabry-Perot mode-locked semiconductor lasers is also reviewed, and the results are compared with the experimental observations. The small signal modulation response of these lasers, which exhibits high-frequency responses well beyond the relaxation oscillation resonance limit, is also modeled theoretically, and the simulation is verified by the experimental measurements.
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Zhao, Xiaoyu, Zhenhua Xu, Ming Feng, Qun Li, Peiwen Zhang, Jia You, Song Gao, and Baoshu Yin. "Satellite Investigation of Semidiurnal Internal Tides in the Sulu-Sulawesi Seas." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 2530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132530.

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The mode-1 semidiurnal internal tides that emanate from multiple sources in the Sulu-Sulawesi Seas are investigated using multi-satellite altimeter data from 1993–2020. A practical plane-wave analysis method is used to separately extract multiple coherent internal tides, with the nontidal noise in the internal tide field further removed by a two-dimensional (2-D) spatial band-pass filter. The complex radiation pathways and interference patterns of the internal tides are revealed, showing a spatial contrast between the Sulu Sea and the Sulawesi Sea. The mode-1 semidiurnal internal tides in the Sulawesi Sea are effectively generated from both the Sulu and Sangihe Island chains, forming a spatially inhomogeneous interference pattern in the deep basin. A cylindrical internal tidal wave pattern from the Sibutu passage is confirmed for the first time, which modulates the interference pattern. The interference field can be reproduced by a line source model. A weak reflected internal tidal beam off the Sulawesi slope is revealed. In contrast, the Sulu Island chain is the sole energetic internal tide source in the Sulu Sea, thus featuring a relatively consistent wave and energy flux field in the basin. These energetic semidiurnal internal tidal beams contribute to the frequent occurrence of internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the study area. On the basis of the 28-year consistent satellite measurements, the northward semidiurnal tidal energy flux from the Sulu Island chain is 0.46 GW, about 25% of the southward energy flux. For M2, the altimetric estimated energy fluxes from the Sulu Island chain are about 80% of those from numerical simulations. The total semidiurnal tidal energy flux from the Sulu and Sangihe Island chains into the Sulawesi Sea is about 2.7 GW.
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Ou, Zhi Long, Yong Qin Yu, Jia Rong Zheng, Ji Shun Wang, Xue Chen, Pei Guang Yan, and Chen Lin Du. "In-Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser." Advanced Materials Research 658 (January 2013): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.658.232.

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We have demonstrated several MZIs based on two spaced 3-dB LPFGs with different interference lengths in conventional SMFs fabricated in air by femtosecond laser pulses with the duration of 200 fs and the repetition rate of 250 kHz. Experimental results show that the average fringe spatial period increases with the resonance wavelength, while decreases with the interference length in approximately inverse proportion. The dominant cladding mode interfering with core mode has been calculated. The MZI sensitivity on temperature, refractive index and strain with a length of 16mm has also been investigated.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spatial mode interference"

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Shaddock, Daniel Anthony, and Daniel Shaddock@jpl nasa gov. "Advanced Interferometry for Gravitational Wave Detection." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20020227.171850.

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In this thesis we investigate advanced techniques for the readout and control of various interferometers. In particular, we present experimental investigations of interferometer configurations and control techniques to be used in second generation interferometric gravitational wave detectors. We also present a new technique, tilt locking, for the readout and control of optical interferometers. ¶ We report the first experimental demonstration of a Sagnac interferometer with resonant sideband extraction (RSE). We measure the frequency response to modulation of the length of the arms and demonstrate an increase in signal bandwidth of by a factor of 6.5 compared to the Sagnac with arm cavities only. We compare Sagnac interferometers based on optical cavities with cavity-based Michelson interferometers and find that the Sagnac configuration has little overall advantage in a cavity-based system. ¶ A system for the control and signal extraction of a power recycled Michelson interferometer with RSE is presented. This control system employs a frontal modulation scheme requiring a phase modulated carrier field and a phase modulated subcarrier field. The system is capable of locking all 5 length degrees of freedom and allows the signal cavity to be detuned over the entire range of possibilities, in principle, whilst maintaining lock. We analytically investigate the modulation/demodulation techniques used to obtain these error signals, presenting an introductory explanation of single sideband modulation/demodulation and double demodulation. ¶ This control system is implemented on a benchtop prototype interferometer. We discuss technical problems associated with production of the input beam modulation components and present several solutions. Operation of the interferometer is demonstrated for a wide range of detunings. The frequency response of the interferometer is measured for various detuned points and we observe good agreement with theoretical predictions. The ability of the control system to maintain lock as the interferometer is detuned is experimentally demonstrated. ¶ Tilt locking, a new technique to obtain an error signal to lock a laser to an optical cavity, is presented. This technique produces an error signal by efficient measurement of the interference between the TEM00 and TEM10 modes. We perform experimental and theoretical comparisons with the widely used Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) technique. We derive the quantum noise limit to the sensitivity of a measurement of the beam position, and using this result calculate the shot noise limited sensitivity of tilt locking. We show that tilt locking has a quantum efficiency of 80%, compared to 82% for the PDH technique. We present experimental demonstrations of tilt locking in several applications including frequency stabilisation, continuous-wave second harmonic generation, and injection locking of a Nd:YAG slab laser. In each of these cases, we demonstrate that the performance of tilt locking is not the limiting factor of the lock stability, and show that it achieves similar performance to the PDH based system. ¶ Finally, we discuss how tilt locking can be effectively applied to two beam interferometers. We show experimentally how a two beam interferometer typically gives excellent isolation against errors arising from changes in the photodetector position, and experimentally demonstrate the use of tilt locking as a signal readout system for a Sagnac interferometer.
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Kiyohara, Takayuki. "Generation of heralded multi-photon parallel state for realizing a large-scale photonic quantum circuit." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253284.

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Keil, Mitchel J. "Automatic generation of interference-free geometric models of spatial mechanisms." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08252008-162631/.

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Dutriaux, Léo. "Vers des modèles spatiaux incarnés : mémoire, posture et possibilités d'action." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB233.

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La cognition incarnée est un courant théorique qui considère que l'esprit doit être compris dans le contexte de son corps, et de l'interaction de ce dernier avec l'environnement. Elle s'est construite en réaction à l'approche cognitiviste classique qui voit la cognition dite « centrale » (mémoire, raisonnement, compréhension...) comme un système de traitement de l'information de symboles amodaux, indépendant des systèmes sensorimoteurs. S'opposant à cette vision, la cognition incarnée soutient notamment que 1/ la cognition aurait pour fonction de guider l'action 2/ elle serait ancrée dans les systèmes sensorimoteurs, c'est-à-dire qu'elle aurait des ressources de traitement en commun avec eux plutôt que d'en être indépendante. Depuis les années 80, les travaux s'inscrivant dans cette approche sont chaque année plus nombreux. Pourtant, la cognition spatiale envisagée selon cette perspective reste encore un domaine peu exploré. L'objectif de la revue de littérature présentée dans cette thèse est de montrer que différentes sources d'informations des représentations spatiales, la perception, la mémoire, et le langage, sont incarnées. Si leurs sources sont incarnées, alors il y a de bonnes raisons de penser que les représentations spatiales le sont aussi. Nous rapportons ensuite quelques éléments suggérant que les représentations spatiales pourraient être incarnées. Notre travail expérimental a eu pour objectif de montrer que la mémoire d'objets pouvant constituer une base à la formation d'une représentation spatiale est incarnée, dans le sens où elle aurait pour fonction de guider l'action, et qu'elle est ancrée dans les systèmes sensorimoteurs. A cette fin, nous avons réalisé plusieurs études explorant, au travers de postures réduisant les possibilités d'action, le rôle du système moteur dans la mémoire (Expériences 1 à 11), le langage (Expériences 9a à 10), et les représentations spatiales (Expériences 10 et 11). Les Expériences 1 à 8 ont montré dans l'ensemble qu'une posture contraignante a un effet négatif sur la mémoire d'images ou de noms d'objets manipulables, mais pas sur la mémoire des objets-non-manipulables (effet PI). Les Expériences 9a et 9b ont utilisé des phrases et ont montré que l'effet de la posture sur la mémoire de noms d'objets manipulables est présent lorsqu'il est associé à un verbe impliquant une action, mais pas lorsqu'il est associé à un verbe n'impliquant pas d'action. Les Expériences 10 et 11 ont utilisé respectivement des descriptions spatiales et des environnements virtuels, et ont montré nouvellement que des objets décrits ou présentés à une distance ne permettant par leur atteinte manuelle sont moins bien mémorisés que ceux situés à une distance proche. Après avoir discuté de ces résultats, nous proposerons notre conception des modèles de situations spatiaux incarnés
The embodied cognition framework claims that the mind must be understood in the context of its relationship to a physical body that interacts with the world. It has been developed in response to the classical cognitivist approach, which regards the so-called « central » cognition (memory, reasoning, comprehension...) as an amodal symbols processing system, independent from the sensorimotor systems. Contrary to this idea, embodied cognition claims in particular that 1/ cognition is for action 2/ cognition is grounded on sensorimotor systems, that is, it shares processing resources with sensorimotor systems, rather than being independent from them. Since the 1980s, the amount of work within this framework is growing each year. Yet, there are still few researches on spatial cognition with this approach. The aim of the state of art of this thesis is to show that several sources of information of spatial representations, such as perception, memory, and language, are embodied. If their sources are embodied, then it is likely that spatial representations are also embodied. We will report then some direct elements in favor of the embodiment of spatial representations. The aim of our empirical work was to show that the memory of objects, which can potentially be part of a spatial representation, is embodied in the sense that it is for action, and that it is grounded on sensorimotor systems. To fulfill this aim, a body of studies has been run in order to explore, by the mean of postures decreasing the possibilities for action, the role of the motor system in memory (Experiment 1 to 11), language (Experiment 9a to 10), and spatial representations (Experiment 10 and 11). Experiments 1 to 8 showed as a whole that a constraining posture has a negative effect on the memory of manipulable objects, but not on non-manipulable objects (PI effect). Experiments 9a and 9b used sentences. They showed an effect of posture on the memory of manipulable objects only when their name is associated with a verb which involves an action, but not when it is associated with a verb which does not involve an action. Experiments 10 and 11 used respectively spatial descriptions and virtual environments, and newly showed that the objects described or presented out of reach are less recalled than those located at a close distance. After a discussion of these results, we will propose our conception of embodied spatial situation models
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Basley, Jérémy. "An Experimental Investigation on Waves and Coherent Structures in a Three-Dimensional Open Cavity Flow." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112245/document.

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Une écoulement de cavité ouverte tridimensionnel saturé non-linéairement est étudié par une approche spatio-temporelle utilisant des données expérimentales résolues à la fois en temps et en espace. Ces données ont été acquises dans deux plans longitudinaux, respectivement perpendiculaire et parallèle au fond de la cavité, dans le régime incompressible, en air ou en eau. À l'aide de multiples méthodes de décompositions globales en temps et en espace, les ondes et les structures cohérentes constituant la dynamique dans le régime permanent et pouvant être produites par des mécanismes d'instabilités différents sont identifiées et caractérisées.Tout d'abord, on approfondit la compréhension de l'effet des non-linéarités sur les oscillations auto-entretenues de la couche cisaillée impactante et leurs interactions avec l'écoulement intra-cavitaire. En particulier, l'analyse spectrale d'une portion de l'espace des paramètres permet de mettre en évidence un lien entre l'accrochage des modes d'oscillations auto-entretenues, la modulation d'amplitude au niveau du coin impactant et l'intermittence de ces modes. De plus, l'observation des basses fréquences intéragissant fortement avec les oscillations de la couche de mélange démontre l'existence d'une dynamique tridimensionnelle intrinsèque à l'intérieur de la cavité malgré les perturbations causées par la couche cisaillée instable.Les analyses de stabilité linéaire ont montré que des instabilités centrifuges peuvent résulter de la courbure induite par la recirculation. L'étude de la dynamique après saturation révèle de nombreuses structures cohérentes dont les propriétés sont quantifiées et classées en s'appuyant sur la forme des instabilités sous-jacentes: des ondes transverses progressives ou stationnaires. Enfin, certains comportements des structures saturées suggèrent que les mécanismes non-linéaires gouvernant le développement de l'écoulement une fois sorti du régime linéaire pourraient être étudiés dans le cadre des équations d'amplitude
A space-time study of a three-dimensional nonlinearly saturated open cavity flow is undertaken using time-resolved space-extended experimental data, acquired in both cross-stream and spanwise planes, in incompressible air and water flows. Through use of multiple modal decompositions in time and space, the waves and coherent structures composing the dynamics in the permanent regime are identified and characterised with respect to the instabilities arising in the flow.Effects of nonlinearities are thoroughly investigated in the impinging shear layer, regarding the self-sustained oscillations and their interactions with the inner-flow. In particular, the analysis conducted throughout the parameter space enlightens a global connection between the selection of locked-on modes and the amplitude modulation at the impingement and the mode switching phenomenon. Furthermore, observations of low frequencies interacting drastically with the shear layer flapping motion underline the existence of intrinsic coherent three-dimensional dynamics inside the cavity in spite of the shear layer disturbances.Linear stability analyses have demonstrated that centrifugal instabilities are at play along the main recirculation. The present investigation of the dynamics after onset of the saturation reveals numerous space-time coherent structures, whose properties are quantified and classified with respect to the underlying instabilities: travelling or standing spanwise waves. Finally, some patterns exhibited by the saturated structures suggest that the nonlinear mechanisms governing the mutations of the flow after the linear regime could gain more insight in the frame of amplitude equations
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Sun, Yi-Lin, and 孫宜嶙. "Application of a UV Single Mode Fiber as Spatial Filter for a Laser Interference Lithography System." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32840884234068804248.

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碩士
國立清華大學
奈米工程與微系統研究所
99
In order to fabricate silicon grating at nano-scale for nano-imprint lithography, we develop a novel laser interference lithography system to achieve the goal. Our robust Lloyd’s mirror interferometer is designed for fabricating periodic structures with a flexibility of variable line-width and pitch. Even thought, these kinds of system is the most stable design compared to multi-beam interferometer, the stability of Lloyd’s mirror is still an issue due to laser pointing ability. Fringe-locking mechanism is demonstrated to improve stability, but it’s extremely expensive and complex. The main focus of this study is to eliminate the effects of pointing stability of laser by Single Mode Fiber (SMF) which also serves as the spatial filter, beam transport system, and beam expander for a laser interference lithography (LIL) system. This study will discuss the principle of interference lithography and SMF, and then exam the possibility of the theory by experiment. Now, the fiber could stably preserve the linear polarization of the light with ITE:ITM >100. Exposure times over 10 minutes with expanded beams result in high contrast patterns without any need for fringe-locking. This study will improve the yield rate and the identity of each process in the future.
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Shaddock, Daniel. "Advanced Interferometry for Gravitational Wave Detection." Phd thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/48188.

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In this thesis we investigate advanced techniques for the readout and control of various interferometers. In particular, we present experimental investigations of interferometer configurations and control techniques to be used in second generation interferometric gravitational wave detectors. We also present a new technique, tilt locking, for the readout and control of optical interferometers. ¶ ...
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Farrahi, Moghaddam Jeiran. "The effect of interference on reactivation of spatial memories in reconsolidation model by using an innovative experimental paradigm in healthy young adults at the behavioral level." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22822.

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Books on the topic "Spatial mode interference"

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Anderson, James A. Loose Ends. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0017.

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This chapter presents some ideas about Ersatz Brain Theory, which generalizes models presented in the book. It is based on three equal components: computation, cognition, and neuroscience. In the Ersatz Brain, the basic computing elements are locally interconnected groups of neurons, for example, cortical columns, and not single neurons. Columns are more powerful than neurons alone because of the potential for selectivity and reliability. A “network of networks” modular architecture is formed from interconnected groups. Response selection emerges from the stability properties of dynamical systems. Traveling waves and interference patterns also grow naturally out of dynamics and local connections. The resulting systems operate using similar rules at multiple spatial scales for different levels of integration.
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Jobani, Yuval, and Nahshon Perez. Governing the Sacred. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190932381.001.0001.

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Contested sacred sites pose a difficult challenge in the field of toleration. Holy sites are often at the center of intense contestation between different groups regarding a wide variety of issues, including ownership, access, usage rights, permissible religious conduct, and many other aspects. As such, they are often the source of immense levels of violence, and intractable, long-standing conflicts. Governing the Sacred profiles five central contested sacred sites which exemplify the immense difficulties associated with such sites: Devils Tower National Monument (Wyoming, U.S.), Babri Masjid/Ram Janmabhoomi (Uttar-Pradesh, India), the Western Wall (Jerusalem), the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem), and the Temple Mount/Haram esh-Sharif (Jerusalem). The in-depth, contextual and casuistic study of these sites, which differ in spatial, cultural, and religious settings, enables the construction of a novel, critical typology of five corresponding models or ways of governing the sacred. By telling the fascinating stories of five high-profile contested sacred sites, Governing the Sacred develops and critically explores five different models of governing contested sacred sites: “non-interference,” “separation and division,” “preference,” “status quo,” and “closure.” Each model, in turn, relies on different sets of considerations, central among them trade-offs between religious liberty and social order. Beyond its scholarly contribution, the novel typology developed in Governing the Sacred aims to assist democratic governments in their attempt to secure public order and mutual toleration among opposed groups in contested sacred sites.
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Book chapters on the topic "Spatial mode interference"

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Anderson, David. "Introduction." In Landscape and Subjectivity in the Work of Patrick Keiller, W.G. Sebald, and Iain Sinclair, 1–18. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847199.003.0001.

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The introduction commences with a ‘detour’ into the history of landscape art and the picturesque, suggesting ways that this mode pre-empted what may seem like more modern ideas about the interference between perception and representation. This discussion is folded into a brief account of the so-called ‘spatial turn’ and the interventions of theorists including Doreen Massey and Marc Augé, establishing an immediate context for the work of Keiller, Sebald, and Sinclair. Suggesting a twin heritage of the ‘English Journey’ on the one hand and the French Surrealists and Situationists on the other, the introduction then offers the tension between amant and amateur as a way of characterizing the balance of exotic/everyday, plan/coincidence, and high-brow/low-brow in these figures’ work. It considers the role of pedestrianism and melancholia before closing with a discussion of Walter Benjamin and Gustave Doré’s ‘New Zealander’.
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Krishnan, Kannan M. "Transmission and Analytical Electron Microscopy." In Principles of Materials Characterization and Metrology, 552–692. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830252.003.0009.

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Transmission electron microscopy provides information on all aspects of the microstructure — structural, atomic, chemical, electronic, magnetic, etc. — at the highest spatial resolution in physical and biological materials, with applications ranging from fundamental studies to process metrology in the semiconductor industry. Developments in correcting electron-optical aberrations have improved TEM resolution to sub-Å levels. Coherent Bragg scattering (diffraction), incoherent Rutherford scattering (atomic mass), and interference (phase) are some contrast mechanisms in TEM. For phase contrast, optimum imaging is observed at the Scherzer defocus. Magnetic domains are imaged in Fresnel, Foucault, or differential phase contrast (DPC) modes. Off-axis electron holography measures phase shifts of the electron wave, and is affected by magnetic and electrostatic fields of the specimen. In scanning-transmission (STEM) mode, a focused electron beam is scanned across the specimen to sequentially form an image; a high-angle annular dark field detector gives Z-contrast images with elemental specificity and atomic resolution. Series of (S)TEM images, recorded every one or two degrees about a tilt axis, over as large a tilt-range as possible, are back-projected to reconstruct a 3D tomographic image. Inelastically scattered electrons, collected in the forward direction, form the energy-loss spectrum (EELS), and reveal the unoccupied local density of states, partitioned by site symmetry, nature of the chemical species, and the angular momentum of the final state. Energy-lost electrons are imaged by recording them, pixel-by-pixel, as a sequence of spectra (spectrum imaging), or by choosing electrons that have lost a specific energy (energy-filtered TEM). De-excitation processes (characteristic X-ray emission) are detected by energy dispersive methods, providing compositional microanalysis, including chemical maps. Overall, specimen preparation methods, even with many recent developments, including focused ion beam milling, truly limit applications of TEM.
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Grether, Gregory F., Adam M. Siepielski, and Miguel Gómez-Llano. "Ecological differentiation, interference, and coexistence in Odonata." In Dragonflies and Damselflies, 203–18. 2nd ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898623.003.0015.

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Abstract Recent work in coexistence theory has begun to more fully consider the diverse factors that may foster or retard species coexistence and the spatial scales over which this may occur. This chapter considers how ecological differentiation and interference may influence coexistence in Odonata. Studies of ecological differentiation have revealed how resource competition and predator–prey interactions may foster species coexistence, but they have also revealed evidence of neutrality among co-occurring odonate species. Both niche and neutral processes may simultaneously shape odonate assemblages, which can arise locally as well as regionally among different populations. Common forms of interspecific interference in Odonata include intraguild predation at the larval stage, and aggression (e.g. territorial fighting) and reproductive interference (e.g. attempted mating) at the adult stage. Currently, more is known about the evolutionary effects of interference between co-occurring species than about how interference impacts coexistence. In theory, intraspecific interference mechanisms, such as sexual conflict and territoriality, could promote coexistence by increasing intraspecific density-dependence relative to interspecific density-dependence. Conversely, interspecific interference could hinder local coexistence while promoting regional coexistence. Odonata is a promising taxon for advancing a general understanding of the role of interference in coexistence, in part because the types and intensity of interference vary within clades that exhibit minimal ecological differentiation. Ultimately, understanding how coexistence mechanisms structure Odonata communities will require investigating the roles of ecological differentiation and interference at both the larval and adult stages.
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Lourido, Isaac. "O espaço literário ibérico na última década." In Biblioteca di Rassegna iberistica. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-323-6/008.

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This chapter develops a methodological framework for the analysis of the relationships between literary systems in the Iberian Peninsula. This proposal combines sociological, systemic and spatial methodologies. Without neglecting historical processes, it studies the autonomy of systemic units, literary, cultural and identity planning, the constitution of centres and peripheries, interferences and conflicts between systems, or the definition of boundaries. It focuses on some processes and practices of the last decade, such as new institutional planning for Galician-Portuguese relationships, the changes in the Galeusca model, or the recognition of Galician poetry in the Spanish literary field.
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Vargas-Rosales, Cesar, Sergio Barrientos, David Munoz, and Jose R. Rodriguez. "Connectivity and Topology Organization in Ad-Hoc Networks for Service Delivery." In Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication, 202–28. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-027-3.ch011.

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This chapter introduces the concept of connectivity and robustness of a mobile ad-hoc network as a function of the node density and coverage radius. It presents an elementary analytical model based on the spatial Poisson process to formulate the connectivity problem as the computation of the existence of wireless links forming paths obtained by Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm. It also introduces a simple clustering strategy that starts forming groups based on one-hop distance and then adjust the coverage radius of the nodes in order to decrease the interference, processing load and isolated nodes in the network. It includes results of scenarios with different robustness of origin-destination pairs and number of clusters and shows the benefits of using the introduced policies.
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Saremi, Amin. "Spatial Audio Signal Processing for Speech Telecommunication inside Vehicles." In Advances in Fundamental and Applied Research on Spatial Audio [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105002.

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Since the introduction of hands-free telephony applications and speech dialog systems in automotive industry in 1990s, microphones have been mounted in car cabins to capture, and route the driver’s speech signals to the corresponding telecommunication networks. A car cabin is a noisy and reverberant environment where engine activity, structural vibrations, road bumps, and cross-talk interferences can add substantial amounts of acoustic noise to the captured speech signal. To enhance the speech signal, a variety of real-time signal enhancement methods such as acoustic echo cancelation, noise reduction, de-reverberation, and beamforming are typically applied. Moreover, the recent introduction of AI-driven online voice assistants in automotive industry has resulted in new requirements on speech signal enhancement methods to facilitate accurate speech recognition. In this chapter, we focus on spatial filtering techniques that are designed to spatially enhance signals that arrive from certain directions while attenuating signals that originate from other locations. The fundamentals of conventional beamforming and echo cancelation are explained and are accompanied by some real-world examples. Moreover, more recent techniques (namely blind source segregation, and neural-network based adaptive beamforming) are presented in the context of automotive applications. This chapter provides the readers with both fundamental and hands-on insights into the fast-growing field of automotive speech signal processing.
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Coolidge, Frederick L. "The Hippocampus." In Evolutionary Neuropsychology, 166–79. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190940942.003.0008.

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All mammals have a well-developed hippocampus compared to that of fish, reptiles, and birds, although the latter still have homologous structures. The cells of the hippocampus have differentiated roles: place cells become active and rearrange themselves in new environments, which create new and stable maps of those environments. Grid cells are able to approximate distances, forming an additional neuronal basis for spatial navigation. The hippocampus and olfactory bulbs have intimately related functions. The story of patient H.M. revealed that declarative memories are consolidated by the hippocampus, but procedural memories can be established without hippocampal involvement. Declarative memories remain vulnerable to disruption and forgetting up to about 3 years after memorization. Memories consolidated during sleep are less prone to interference and more stable than memories followed by additional stimulation or learning.
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Wang, Ning, Hanghang Zhao, Wulue Zheng, and Chaoshuo Wang. "Hardware Detection Method of Transmission Line Patrol Inspection Image Based on Improved YOLOV4 Model." In Fuzzy Systems and Data Mining VI. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia200748.

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In order to solve the problem of intelligent hardware detection in aerial images, a hardware target detection method based on improved YOLOV4 model is proposed. In order to solve the problems of dense hardware and occlusion in aerial images, the improved network based on channel and spatial hybrid attention mechanism can further improve the detection effect of dense occlusion hardware and reduce image false detection and missed detection. In order to solve the problem that there is a great error in the position of the detection frame caused by the interference between the hardware and the hardware and between the hardware and the background, the prior frame is optimized by K-means++, and it is determined that the anchors generated by K=12 is the best, and the detection boxes are more suitable for the target. The experimental results show that the proposed method solves the problems of missing detection, misdetection and inaccurate detection frame to some extent, in which the mAP (mean Average Precision) value of the performance index is increased from 65.03% to 70.72%. The research can lay a good foundation for further state detection and fault diagnosis of typical hardware.
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Cai, Yuan Zhong, Feng Wu, Jing Li, Jin Wang, and Mei Huang. "Application of UAV Technology to Planning Study on Chinese Villages in Guanzhong." In Bioeconomical Solutions and Investments in Sustainable City Development, 180–95. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7958-8.ch008.

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Driven by the state strategy of rural revitalization, Chinese rural areas receive unprecedented opportunities for development. However, China's Guanzhong region faces numerous problems in its rural planning research, such as 1) lack of terrain maps of most villages, 2) satellite maps collected from open platforms are inaccurate and fail to support a more detailed spatial analysis, 3) data and information are 2-dimensional, 4) data collection is inefficient. And, most villages consist of several village groups that are usually 400~500 m apart. Areas of Guanzhong are located on the plain, with low architectural height and an excellent environment of net clearance. In addition, there are no large-scale factors, mineral areas, and industrial facilities, which means low interference from the magnetic field. Compared with urban regions, such rural areas have a better work environment for UAV and better conditions of collecting needed data.
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He, Xing, Rui Huang, Minqi Yu, Wenwei Zeng, and Suihan Zhang. "Multi-State Recognition Method of Substation Switchgear Based on Image Enhancement and Deep Learning." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde221211.

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s. Since the current substation robot inspection process exists in the high-voltage switchgear status recognition is highly susceptible to the influence of complex environments such as low image contrast, light clutter interference, and blurred reading status details, this paper proposes an image enhancement and deep learning based substation switchgear state recognition method. A multi-scale Retinex-based image enhancement is proposed to enhance the adaptability of outdoor switchgear images to light changes; improve the YOLOx target detection network to introduces a lightweight ECA attention mechanism without dimensionality reduction based on the original YOLOx model’s backbone network CSPDarknet, allowing the model to learn classification features while also focusing on learning spatial features. The experimental results show that the improved network can accurately identify the boundary information of anomalies, and the quality of its prediction results will not be reduced for noise-containing data, and the network shows strong generalization, robustness, accuracy and rapidity, providing certain conditions for realizing substation equipment condition monitoring.
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Conference papers on the topic "Spatial mode interference"

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Galvez, E. J., E. Johnson, B. J. Reschovsky, L. E. Coyle, and A. Shah. "Imaging spatial-helical mode interference of single photons." In OPTO, edited by Enrique J. Galvez, David L. Andrews, and Jesper Glückstad. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.843076.

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Alarcón, J., Miguel Villalobos, Andres Camilo Quintero, and Alejandra Valencia. "Multiphoton interference of distinguishable photons based on photonic inner mode structure." In Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/laop.2022.w4a.38.

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Two photon interference in transverse momentum variables is presented via spatially resolved correlation measurements. Interest is devoted to study theoretically and experimentally the interference when the input photons are distinguishable in their spatial variables.
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Jiang, Zhijuan. "Research on Interference of Spatial Construction Mode with Logistics Technology." In 3rd International Conference on Science and Social Research (ICSSR 2014). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icssr-14.2014.184.

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Chang, En-Chiang, Yi-Lin Sun, Pao-Te Lin, David G. Mikolas, and Chien-Chung Fu. "Lloyd's mirror interference lithography using a single mode fiber spatial filter." In 2012 IEEE Sensors. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2012.6411576.

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Wang, Hao, Shiva Kumar, and Changqing Xu. "Reduction of multipath interference in a few mode fibers using spatial filters." In Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Abdul A. S. Awwal, Khan M. Iftekharuddin, and Bahram Javidi. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.732594.

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Hlubina, Petr. "Optical interference in few-mode fibers: effect of temporal and spatial coherence." In International Conference on Interferometry '94, edited by Eric Udd and Ralph P. Tatam. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.195540.

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Mikolas, David, En-Chiang Chang, Pao-Te Lin, Yi-Lin Sun, and Chien-Chung Fu. "Ultraviolet step-index silica single mode fiber as a spatial filter for interference lithography." In 2013 6th International Conference on Advanced Infocomm Technology (ICAIT). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icait.2013.6621571.

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Li, H. D., and L. He. "Effects of Blade Count on Three-Bladerow Interaction in a Transonic Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30310.

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This paper presents some numerical parametric studies of the multi-row interaction mechanisms for a one and half stage (NGV-rotor-stator) transonic turbine. Firstly both steady and unsteady flows under the nominal operating condition for this turbine have been validated against the experimental data available. The sub-harmonic interaction induced by the two fundamental passing frequencies from the upstream and downstream vanes has been identified in the rotor row. But more significant is an aperiodic unsteady flow pattern characterized by variable amplitudes and inter-blade phase angles in the downstream stator row. Although the time-averaged blade forces only vary by about 5%, the maximum unsteady force can be changed by factor of three among stator blades. The parametric studies have revealed a strong dependence of the aperiodic flow behavior on blade count ratio between the NGV and the stator. The spatial mode of the unsteadiness amplitude variation is shown to correspond exactly to the spatial wavelength due to the NGV-stator interference. The longer the spatial NGV-stator interference wavelength, the larger the aperiodic unsteady loading variation. Given that the spatial mode amplifies the unsteady loading aperiodically on the stator, the present results suggest that the choice of stator-stator relative blade counts may be used to limit the maximum unsteady force on the downstream stator.
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Zuckerman, Neil, and Jennifer R. Lukes. "Dependent Scattering of Acoustic Phonons From Particles Embedded in an Anisotropic Medium." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41850.

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Dependent scattering of acoustic phonons by multiple nanometer-scale inclusions in anisotropic media is investigated using a new molecular dynamics simulation technique. The spectral-directional characteristics of the scattering are found by calculation of three-dimensional scattering phase functions and cross sections for inclusions of varying sizes in various spatial arrangements. The technique enables computation of the effects of reflected wave interference and sequential scattering, mode conversion, lattice strain, elastic anisotropy, and atomic-scale granularity on acoustic phonon scattering from structured inclusions. The results will improve understanding and prediction of heat transfer in quantum-dot superlattices and other engineered thermal materials with nanometer-scale structures.
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Vasyukov, V. N., D. N. Zima, I. F. Lozovskiy, Yu V. Morozov, A. A. Murasev, I. A. Pichkov, M. A. Rajfeld, D. O. Sokolova, and A. A. Spektor. "Investigation of principles of simulation of space-time processing of wideband signals." In Spatial Data Processing for Monitoring of Natural and Anthropogenic Processes 2021. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25743/sdm.2021.87.17.032.

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The paper states the principles of simulation of wideband signals applied in a surveillance radar. The resource of the radar model is analyzed with respect to sample rate of processed signals and required memory size as generated signals, noises, active and passive interferences demand a lot of memory. It is proposed to simulate only active intervals of operation of a pulse radar at zero frequency in the frequency domain.
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Reports on the topic "Spatial mode interference"

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Maydykovskiy, Igor, and Petra Užpelkis. The Concept of space-time quanta in future technologies. Intellectual Archive, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2464.

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The article discusses the possibility of using the technological advantages that appear in connection with the discovery of the physical essence of Time and new interpretation of the structure of space in the form of space-time quanta. One of the problems that can be successfully solved on the basis of the new physical model is the problem of establishing the true nature of gravity. The solution to this problem is directly related to the implementation of the idea of unsupported motion based on the interaction in a certain way of the created asymmetric interference structure of longitudinal waves with the natural structure of spatial frequencies.
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