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Journal articles on the topic 'Spatial mode demultiplexing'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 July 2024

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1

Liñares, Jesús, Xesús Prieto-Blanco, Carlos Montero-Orille, and Vicente Moreno. "Spatial mode multiplexing/demultiplexing by Gouy phase interferometry." Optics Letters 42, no. 1 (December 22, 2016): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.42.000093.

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2

Tsang, Mankei. "Subdiffraction incoherent optical imaging via spatial-mode demultiplexing." New Journal of Physics 19, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 023054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aa60ee.

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3

Len, Yink Loong, Chandan Datta, Michał Parniak, and Konrad Banaszek. "Resolution limits of spatial mode demultiplexing with noisy detection." International Journal of Quantum Information 18, no. 01 (January 31, 2020): 1941015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749919410156.

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We consider the problem of estimating the spatial separation between two mutually incoherent point light sources using the super-resolution imaging technique based on spatial mode demultiplexing (SPADE) with noisy detectors. We show that in the presence of noise, the resolution of the measurement is limited by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the minimum resolvable spatial separation has a characteristic dependence of [Formula: see text]. Several detection techniques, including direct photon counting, as well as homodyne and heterodyne detection are considered.
4

Bulow, Henning. "Optical-Mode Demultiplexing by Optical MIMO Filtering of Spatial Samples." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 24, no. 12 (June 2012): 1045–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2012.2193565.

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5

Hansen, L. M., L. Carosini, L. Jehle, F. Giorgino, R. Houvenaghel, M. Vyvlecka, J. C. Loredo, and P. Walther. "Single-active-element demultiplexed multi-photon source." Optica Quantum 1, no. 1 (September 28, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opticaq.1.000001.

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Temporal-to-spatial mode demultiplexing routes non-simultaneous events of the same spatial mode to distinct output trajectories. This technique has now been widely adopted, because it gives access to higher-number multi-photon states when exploiting solid-state quantum emitters. However, implementations so far have required an always-increasing number of active elements and are therefore rapidly facing resource constraints. Here, we propose and demonstrate a demultiplexing approach that uses only a single active element for routing to, in principle, an arbitrary number of outputs. We employ our device in combination with a high-efficiency single-photon source based on a quantum dot, and measure up to eight demultiplexed highly indistinguishable single photons. We discuss the practical limitations of our approach, and describe in which conditions it can be used to demultiplex, e.g., tens of outputs. Our scheme thus provides a path for the preparation of resource-efficient larger-scale multi-photon sources.
6

Hansen, L. M., L. Carosini, L. Jehle, F. Giorgino, R. Houvenaghel, M. Vyvlecka, J. C. Loredo, and P. Walther. "Single-active-element demultiplexed multi-photon source." Optica Quantum 1, no. 1 (September 28, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opticaq.494643.

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Temporal-to-spatial mode demultiplexing routes non-simultaneous events of the same spatial mode to distinct output trajectories. This technique has now been widely adopted, because it gives access to higher-number multi-photon states when exploiting solid-state quantum emitters. However, implementations so far have required an always-increasing number of active elements and are therefore rapidly facing resource constraints. Here, we propose and demonstrate a demultiplexing approach that uses only a single active element for routing to, in principle, an arbitrary number of outputs. We employ our device in combination with a high-efficiency single-photon source based on a quantum dot, and measure up to eight demultiplexed highly indistinguishable single photons. We discuss the practical limitations of our approach, and describe in which conditions it can be used to demultiplex, e.g., tens of outputs. Our scheme thus provides a path for the preparation of resource-efficient larger-scale multi-photon sources.
7

Chrostowski, Andrzej, Rafał Demkowicz-Dobrzański, Marcin Jarzyna, and Konrad Banaszek. "On super-resolution imaging as a multiparameter estimation problem." International Journal of Quantum Information 15, no. 08 (December 2017): 1740005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749917400056.

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We consider the problem of characterizing the spatial extent of a composite light source using the super-resolution imaging technique based on mode demultiplexing when the centroid of the source is not known precisely. We show that the essential features of this problem can be mapped onto a simple qubit model for joint estimation of a phase shift and a dephasing strength.
8

Sun, Chunlei, Wenhao Wu, Yu Yu, Guanyu Chen, Xinliang Zhang, Xia Chen, David J. Thomson, and Graham T. Reed. "De-multiplexing free on-chip low-loss multimode switch enabling reconfigurable inter-mode and inter-path routing." Nanophotonics 7, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 1571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0053.

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AbstractSwitching and routing are critical functionalities for a reconfigurable bandwidth-dense optical network, and great efforts had been made to accommodate mode-division multiplexing technology. Although the reconfigurable routing for spatial-mode groups between different optical paths was realized recently, a demultiplexing-switching-multiplexing process is necessary. Here we present a simplified and compact on-chip 2×2 multimode switch that can be easily upgradable to a larger scale. Fully and reconfigurable routing between not only optical paths but also spatial modes is achieved. To obtain a low loss multimode processing, a novel structure free from demultiplexing and re-multiplexing operations is adopted. The switch enables minimum and maximum insertion losses of 0.3 and 1.2 dB, with a compact footprint of 433 μm×433 μm and low crosstalk of <−16.6 dB for all channels. It is further extended to two types of 4×4 switch fabrics with cross-bar and ring-bus architectures, as demonstrations of high-level integration. System characterization with 32 Gb/s high-speed modulated signals is also carried out, reaching up to 256 Gb/s aggregate throughput. These results verify a general solution of 2×2 multimode switch for reconfigurable inter-mode and inter-path routing applicable in large-scale and high-density multimode optical network.
9

Serebryannikov, Andriy E., Diana C. Skigin, Guy A. E. Vandenbosch, and Ekmel Ozbay. "Multifunctional blazed gratings for multiband spatial filtering, retroreflection, splitting, and demultiplexing based on C2 symmetric photonic crystals." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 22 (June 14, 2022): 223101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0093989.

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The concept of multifunctional reflection-mode gratings that are based on rod-type photonic crystals (PhCs) with [Formula: see text] symmetry is introduced. The specific modal properties lead to the vanishing dependence of the first-negative-order maximum on the angle of incidence and the nearly sinusoidal redistribution of the incident-wave energy between zero order (specular reflection) and first negative diffraction order (deflection) at frequency variation. These features are key enablers of diverse functionalities and the merging of different functionalities into one structure. The elementary functionalities, of which multifunctional scenarios can be designed, include but are not restricted to multiband spatial filtering, multiband splitting, retroreflection, and demultiplexing. The proposed structures are capable of multifunctional operation in the case of a single polychromatic incident wave or multiple mono-/polychromatic waves incident at different angles. The generalized demultiplexing is possible in the case of several polychromatic waves. The aforementioned deflection properties yield merging demultiplexing with splitting in one functionality. In turn, it may contribute to more complex multifunctional scenarios. Finally, the proposed PhC gratings are studied in transmissive configuration, in which they show some unusual properties.
10

Shimizu, Shimpei, Atsushi Okamoto, Fumiya Mizukawa, Kazuhisa Ogawa, Akihisa Tomita, Taketoshi Takahata, Satoshi Shinada, and Naoya Wada. "Spatial mode demultiplexing technique using angularly multiplexed volume holograms with a phase plate." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 56, no. 9S (August 8, 2017): 09NA05. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.56.09na05.

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11

Boucher, Pauline, Claude Fabre, Guillaume Labroille, and Nicolas Treps. "Spatial optical mode demultiplexing as a practical tool for optimal transverse distance estimation." Optica 7, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.404746.

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12

Liu, Xing, Duo Deng, Zhenjun Yang, and Yan Li. "Dense Space-Division Multiplexing Exploiting Multi-Ring Perfect Vortex." Sensors 23, no. 23 (November 30, 2023): 9533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23239533.

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Vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) have gained much interest in optical communications because they can be used to expand the number of multiplexing channels and greatly improve the transmission capacity. However, the number of states used for OAM-based communication is generally limited by the imperfect OAM generation, transmission, and demultiplexing methods. In this work, we proposed a dense space-division multiplexing (DSDM) scheme to further increase the transmission capacity and transmission capacity density of free space optical communications with a small range of OAM modes exploiting a multi-ring perfect vortex (MRPV). The proposed MRPV is generated using a pixel checkerboard complex amplitude modulation method that simultaneously encodes amplitude and phase information in a phase-only hologram. The four rings of the MRPV are mutually independent channels that transmit OAM beams under the condition of occupying only one spatial position, and the OAM mode transmitted in these spatial channels can be efficiently demodulated using a multilayer annular aperture. The effect of atmospheric turbulence on the MRPV was also analyzed, and the results showed that the four channels of the MRPV can be effectively separated under weak turbulence conditions. Under the condition of limited available space and OAM states, the proposed DSDM strategy exploiting MRPV might inspire wide optical communication applications exploiting the space dimension of light beams.
13

Lee, Yeon Ui, Igor Ozerov, Frédéric Bedu, Ji Su Kim, Frédéric Fages, and Jeong Weon Wu. "Optical spin-dependent beam separation in cyclic group symmetric metasurface." Nanophotonics 9, no. 10 (June 25, 2020): 3459–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0160.

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AbstractCross-polarization scattering of a circularly polarized beam from nano-rod introduces a geometric phase to the outgoing beam with opposite circular polarization. By manipulating the spatial array of subwavelength nano-structure constituting metasurface, the geometric phase can be engineered to generate a variety of beam profiles, including vortex beam carrying orbital angular momentum via a process called spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion. Here we introduce a cyclic group symmetric metasurface composed of tapered arc nano-rods and explore how azimuthal angular distribution of total phase determines the feature of spin-dependent beam separation. When scattered from a circular array of tapered arc nano-rods possessing varying width with a fixed length, a dynamical phase having non-constant azimuthal gradient is introduced to an incoming Gaussian beam. This leads to a spin-dependent beam separation in the outgoing vortex beam profile, which is attributed to an azimuthal angle dependent destructive interference between scatterings from two plasmonic excitations along the width and the length of tapered arc nano-rod. Relation of cyclic group symmetry property of metasurface and the generated vortex beam profile is examined in detail by experimental measurement and analysis in terms of partial-wave expansion and non-constant azimuthal gradient of total phase. Capability of spatial beam profiling by spin-dependent beam separation in vortex beam generation has an important implication for spatial demultiplexing in optical communication utilizing optical angular momentum mode division multiplexing as well as for optical vortex tweezers and optical signal processing employing vortex beams.
14

Beaudot, W. H. A. "Dynamics in Parvocellular and Magnocellular Pathways: Consequences for Luminance and Colour Processing Streams." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l0710.

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An achromatic neuromorphic model of the vertebrate retina has already accounted for X and Y pathways (Beaudot and Hérault, 1994 Perception23 Supplement, 25) and has shown a temporal ‘coarse-to-fine’ processing of spatial information (Beaudot et al, 1995 Perception24 Supplement, 93). This model has been extended to colour vision. By taking into account the chromatic sensitivities of cones, functional properties of the parvocellular pathway are modelled. Approximating the responses of colour-opponent cells, the model provides a spatial multiplexing of luminance and chrominance information: sustained responses show spatial band-pass behaviour to luminance variations and low-pass behaviour to equiluminant colour changes. In addition the spatiotemporal inseparability for luminance in the parvocellular model leads to a temporal multiplexing of spatial luminance information: at higher temporal frequencies the spatial filtering is low-pass, conveying only luminance information. Demultiplexing this mixed information suggests interactions between retinal channels. By locally combining additive and subtractive mechanisms between opposite parvocellular pathways (eg G+/ R−± R+/ G−), and an inhibition from the magnocellular pathway, the existence of at least three functional subchannels is predicted: (i) a transient, spatially low-pass channel, (ii) a sustained, spatially band-pass channel, dedicated to the analysis of luminance information in a spatiotemporally separable way (eg moving shadows and static textures), and (iii) a spatiotemporally low-pass, colour-opponent channel leading to colour induction, which is little affected by the presence of shadows and is more representative of objects. This hypothesis of spatiotemporal demultiplexing of luminance and chrominance information, which should presumably occur at an early cortical level, is in accordance with the multiple-processing-streams organisation of the primate visual system.
15

Benotmane, Jasim Kada, Jan Kueckelhaus, Juergen Beck, Oliver Schnell, and Dieter Henrik Heiland. "TMIC-27. SPATIALLY RESOLVED T CELL RECEPTOR SEQUENCING (SPTCR-SEQ) UNCOVERS REGIONAL DIVERSITY OF ANTI-TUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSES." Neuro-Oncology 24, Supplement_7 (November 1, 2022): vii277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac209.1071.

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Abstract Regional diversity of anti-tumor immunity in glioblastoma (GBM) has been poorly investigated due to technical limitations. To overcome these hurdles, we developed SPTCR-seq (SPatial TCell Receptor sequencing) to spatially profile T cell immune response. Here, we performed 10X-Visium spatial transcriptomics and SPTCR-seq on 9 de-novo IDH wt glioblastoma. For SPTCR-seq, we captured enriched T-cell receptor (TCR) sequences by hybridization followed by Oxford nanopore (ONT) long-read sequencing. We established a computational pipeline for spatial demultiplexing, error correction and TCR reconstruction using a Seq2Vector model, followed by a long-term memory autoencoder to deconvolute and compare CDR3 sequence similarities across patients. The on-target rate for detected TCR genes reached over 85%, of which our long-TCR algorithm could completely reconstruct TCRs in over 70%. To decipher the regional diversity of T-cell clonality, we performed spatially weighted regression to estimate the overlap of T-cell clonal expansion to the recently described regional transcriptional niches. We found that myeloid cell infiltration was highly correlated with increased T cell diversity. We integrated single cell RNA-seq data and annotated T cell subtypes through the “natural barcode” of the CDR3 sequence, revealing that CD4+ T cells interact with myeloid cells via MHCII in segregated areas, also described as the Reactive Immune niche. In contrast, CD8+ T cells exhibit a dysfunctional/exhausted phenotype at the same location. In comparison to the myeloid-infiltrated regions, the hypoxia-associated niches showed increased CD8+ T cells with greater clonal expansion, suggesting an immune response anti-cancer immunity. Global spatial vector field analysis revealed a spatial co-occurrence of metabolic vulnerability and a mutational burden with CD8+ T effector cells negatively associated with myeloid cell infiltration. Integration of CDR3 sequences in different patients revealed higher similarity of motifs of CD4+ compared with CD8+ T cells in hypoxia areas. Our data provide new insights into the regional heterogeneity of cancer immunity.
16

Ruffato, Gianluca, Pietro Capaldo, Michele Massari, Alessia Mezzadrelli, and Filippo Romanato. "Pancharatnam–Berry Optical Elements for Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum Division Demultiplexing." Photonics 5, no. 4 (November 3, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics5040046.

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A Pancharatnam–Berry optical element is designed, fabricated, and optically characterized for the demultiplexing of beams with different polarization and orbital angular momentum states at the telecom wavelength of 1310 nm. The geometric phase control is achieved by fabricating properly-oriented subwavelength gratings on a silicon substrate, inducing a spatially-variant form birefringence. The digital grating pattern is transferred to the silicon substrate with a two-step nanofabrication protocol, using inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching to transfer the resist pattern generated with high-resolution electron beam lithography. The optical characterization of the sample confirms the expected capability to sort circularly polarized optical beams with different handedness and orbital angular momentum. Encompassing optical element design and silicon photonics, the designed silicon metasurface paves the way to innovative devices for total angular momentum mode division multiplexing with unprecedented levels of integration.
17

Strope, Benjamin, Katherine Pendleton, William Bowie, Gloria Echeverria, and Qian Zhu. "Abstract 3876: A spatial transcriptomic study of a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of residual disease refractory to conventional chemotherapy." Cancer Research 84, no. 6_Supplement (March 22, 2024): 3876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-3876.

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Abstract Combating chemotherapy resistance in TNBC is critical to improving quality of care and reducing fatality. To understand chemoresistance, it has been proposed that the spatial interactions between cell types in the tumor microenvironment (TME) could offer insights into the differential response to therapy and metastatic potential. Thus, this study utilizes spatially resolved transcriptomics (SRT) to profile the spatial interactions in TNBC TME. With the goal of understanding chemoresistance and providing a proof-of-concept for new technology, we launched a longitudinal SRT study of a TNBC PDX of residual disease before, during, and after adriamycin and cyclophosphamide (AC) treatment (Tx). SRT by 10X Visium was performed on Veh, AC-residual tumor (21 d post-Tx), and AC-regrown tumor (50 d post-Tx when tumors regrew). This study is divided into two parts. 1. Due to the lack of specialized tools for processing xenograft reads from SRT, we developed the Xenomake pipeline, which combines xenograft sorting and spatial barcode demultiplexing to assign reads into the host and graft organisms per spatial spot. It permits clustering the spots into stroma-rich (mouse), and epithelial-rich (human) regions. We show that it can find differential cytokines in the stroma (S) and epithelium (E), and finding SS, EE, and SE interactions. 2. Although using PDX necessitates immune-compromised mice, several types of stromal populations are present and analyzable. Thus, using Xenomake, we inferred the localization of stromal cell types in Visium spots including cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF), macrophages (MP), endothelial (ENDO), monocytes, and perivascular cells. We compared the spatial localization profiles (SLP) of stromal cell types across samples. With human reads, we computed the spatial pathway activity map (SPAM) for HALLMARK pathways. We correlated SPAM with stroma cell type SLP to survey stroma-epithelial interactions. Stroma cells are distributed in the tumor periphery in vehicle and AC50, while in AC21 there is a notable increase in stroma abundance and stroma infiltration within tumor mass. SLP of MP (Cd68+ and Csf1r+) is correlated with ENDO (Pecam1+), and CAF (Acta2+ and Pdgfrb+). Additionally, all 3 cell types are correlated with Vim and Cd44 expression. Although all samples show enrichment of MP, ENDO, and CAF, they interact differently with pathway activities of adjacent epithelial cells. In vehicle and AC50, the 3 cell types are colocalized with OXPHOS, MYC targets, E2F pathway, while in AC21, a switch to colocalization with EMT is observed. Further, hypoxia response and glycolysis display anti-correlation with stroma cell types, meaning that these pathway activities are further away from stroma and occupy distinct territories. The results suggest stroma-tumor metabolic crosstalk and ways of targeting residual disease. Citation Format: Benjamin Strope, Katherine Pendleton, William Bowie, Gloria Echeverria, Qian Zhu. A spatial transcriptomic study of a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of residual disease refractory to conventional chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3876.
18

Strope, Benjamin, Katherine Pendleton, William Bowie, Gloria Echeverria, and Qian Zhu. "Abstract PO2-28-08: A spatial transcriptomic study of a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of residual disease refractory to conventional chemotherapy." Cancer Research 84, no. 9_Supplement (May 2, 2024): PO2–28–08—PO2–28–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs23-po2-28-08.

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Abstract TNBC is one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer. Combating chemotherapy resistance is critical to improving quality of care and reducing fatality among TNBC patients. In order to understand the mechanisms of chemoresistance in TNBC tumors, it has been proposed that the spatial interactions between cell types in the tumor microenvironment (TME) could offer insights into the differential response to therapy among tumors, and metastatic potential of certain tumors over others. Thus, this study utilizes spatially resolved transcriptomic (SRT) technology to profile the spatial interactions in the TNBC TME. With the goal of better understanding chemoresistance in TNBC and providing a proof-of-concept for new technology, we have launched a longitudinal SRT study of a TNBC PDX of residual disease before, during, and after adriamycin and cyclophosphamide (AC) treatment (Tx). SRT by 10X Genomics Visium was performed on vehicle, AC-treated residual tumor (21 days post-Tx), and AC-treated regrown tumor (50 days post-Tx when tumors regrew to starting tumor volume). This study is divided into two parts: 1) development of a computational pipeline; 2) spatial colocalization analysis of residual and regrown tumors to understand chemoresistance. PART 1: Due to the lack of specialized tools for processing and sorting xenograft reads from SRT data, we developed the Xenomake pipeline, which combines a xenograft sorting algorithm (Xengsort) and spatial barcode demultiplexing pipeline to assign reads into the host and graft organisms for each spatial spot. RESULTS: Xenomake permits clustering the spatial spots into stroma-rich (enriched for mouse mRNAs), and epithelial-rich (enriched for human mRNAs) regions. We show that Xenomake can find differential cytokine production in the stroma and epithelium. Since PDX data separate the tumor into stroma and epithelium by organism, the pipeline enables fine-tuned downstream analysis such as stromal-stromal and stromal-epithelial interactions. Xenomake is thus generally applicable for SRT involving PDX samples. PART 2: Previously we detailed patterns of tumor regression into a residual tumor state, followed by uncontrolled regrowth in the absence of treatment in multiple PDX models of TNBC. Although using PDX models necessitates immune-compromised mice, several types of stromal populations are present and analyzable in these models. Thus, using organism-assigned reads processed by Xenomake, we computationally inferred the localization pattern of stromal cell types in Visium spots including cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF), macrophages (MP), endothelial cells (ENDO), monocytes, and perivascular-like cells. We compared the spatial localization profiles (SLP) of stromal cell types across samples. With human reads, we computed the spatial pathway activity map (SPAM) for the ~30 HALLMARK pathways across samples. We correlated the patterns of SPAM with stroma cell-type SLP to survey the stroma-epithelial interactions across samples. RESULTS: Stroma cells are generally distributed in the tumor periphery in vehicle and AC50, while in AC21 there is a notable increase in stroma abundance and stroma infiltration within tumor mass. SLP of MP (Cd68+ and Csf1r+) is correlated with ENDO (Pecam1+), and with CAF (Acta2+ and Pdgfrb+). Additionally, all 3 cell types are correlated with Vim and Cd44 expression. Although all samples show enrichment of MP, ENDO, and CAF, they interact differently with pathway activities of adjacent epithelial cells. In vehicle and AC50, the 3 cell types are colocalized with OXPHOS, MYC targets, E2F pathway, while in AC21, a switch to colocalization with EMT is observed. Furthermore, hypoxia response and glycolysis display anti-correlation with stroma cell types, meaning that these pathway activities are further away from stroma and occupy distinct territories. The results suggest stroma-tumor metabolic crosstalk and ways of targeting residual disease. Citation Format: Benjamin Strope, Katherine Pendleton, William Bowie, Gloria Echeverria, Qian Zhu. A spatial transcriptomic study of a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of residual disease refractory to conventional chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO2-28-08.
19

Grenapin, Florence, Dilip Paneru, Alessio D’Errico, Vincenzo Grillo, Gerd Leuchs, and Ebrahim Karimi. "Superresolution Enhancement in Biphoton Spatial-Mode Demultiplexing." Physical Review Applied 20, no. 2 (August 31, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.20.024077.

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20

Matlin, Erik F., and Lucas J. Zipp. "Imaging arbitrary incoherent source distributions with near quantum-limited resolution." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (February 18, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06644-3.

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AbstractWe demonstrate an approach to obtaining near quantum-limited far-field imaging resolution of incoherent sources with arbitrary distributions. Our method assumes no prior knowledge of the source distribution, but rather uses an adaptive approach to imaging via spatial mode demultiplexing that iteratively updates both the form of the spatial imaging modes and the estimate of the source distribution. The optimal imaging modes are determined by minimizing the estimated Cramér-Rao bound over the manifold of all possible sets of orthogonal imaging modes. We have observed through Monte Carlo simulations that the manifold-optimized spatial mode demultiplexing measurement consistently outperforms standard imaging techniques in the accuracy of source reconstructions and comes within a factor of 2 of the absolute quantum limit as set by the quantum Cramér-Rao bound. The adaptive framework presented here allows for a consistent approach to achieving near quantum-limited imaging resolution of arbitrarily distributed sources through spatial mode imaging techniques.
21

Santamaria Amato, Luigi, Deborah Pallotti, Mario Siciliani de Cumis, Daniele Dequal, and Cosmo Lupo. "Spatial-mode-demultiplexing for enhanced intensity and distance measurement." Optics Express, June 5, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.486617.

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22

Tsang, Mankei. "Subdiffraction incoherent optical imaging via spatial-mode demultiplexing: Semiclassical treatment." Physical Review A 97, no. 2 (February 21, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.97.023830.

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23

Ma, Rui, Ke Hai Luo, Sushil Pokharel, Zhao Wang, Olga Korotkova, Jingsong He, Wei Li Zhang, Dianyuan Fan, Anderson S. Gomes, and Jun Liu. "Orbital-angular-momentum dependent speckles for spatial mode sorting and demultiplexing." Optica, April 3, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.523846.

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24

Greenwood, Alexander Blake, Ruth Oulton, and Henkjan Gersen. "On the impact of realistic point sources in spatial mode demultiplexing super resolution imaging." Quantum Science and Technology, November 7, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/aca0b7.

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Abstract The desire to push beyond "Rayleigh's curse'' has resulted in new techniques for super resolution imaging by deconstructing scattered light from point sources into several spatial modes, as coupling to higher order modes is exquisitely sensitive to lateral displacement. Here we implement such an approach for high numerical aperture objectives and demonstrate that for gold nanoparticles, their intrinsic asymmetry results in coupling to higher order modes without lateral displacement. This situation not only applies to practical nanoparticles but is applicable to any dipole emitter due to the asymmetry of the emission. However, with full polarization analysis we suggest that one may be able to apply such spatial mode demultiplexing techniques.
25

Münzberg, Julian, Franz Draxl, Saimon Filipe Covre da Silva, Yusuf Karli, Santanu Manna, Armando Rastelli, Gregor Weihs, and Robert Keil. "Fast and efficient demultiplexing of single photons from a quantum dot with resonantly enhanced electro-optic modulators." APL Photonics, June 23, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0091867.

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Abstract:
We report on a multi-photon source based on active demultiplexing of single photons emitted from a resonantly excited GaAs quantum dot. Active temporal-to-spatial mode demultipexing is implemented via resonantly enhanced free-space electro-optic modulators, making it possible to route individual photons at high switching rates of 38 MHz. We demonstrate routing into four spatial modes with a high end-to-end efficiency of 79% and measure a four-photon coincidence rate of 0.17 Hz mostly limited by the single-photon source brightness and not by the efficiency of the demultiplexer itself. We use the demultiplexer to characterize the pairwise indistinguishability of consecutively emitted photons from the quantum dot with variable delay time.
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Linowski, Tomasz, Konrad Schlichtholz, Giacomo Sorelli, Manuel Gessner, Mattia Walschaers, Nicolas Treps, and Łukasz Rudnicki. "Application range of crosstalk-affected spatial demultiplexing for resolving separations between unbalanced sources." New Journal of Physics, October 9, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ad0173.

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Abstract:
Abstract Superresolution is one of the key issues at the crossroads of contemporary quantum optics and metrology. Recently, it was shown that for an idealized case of two balanced sources, spatial mode demultiplexing (SPADE) achieves resolution better than direct imaging even in the presence of measurement crosstalk [Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 100501 (2020)]. In this work, we consider arbitrarily unbalanced sources and provide a systematic analysis of the impact of crosstalk on the resolution obtained from SPADE. As we dissect, in this generalized scenario, SPADE's effectiveness depends non-trivially on the strength of crosstalk, relative brightness and the separation between the sources. In particular, for any source imbalance, SPADE performs worse than ideal direct imaging in the asymptotic limit of vanishing source separations. Nonetheless, for realistic values of crosstalk strength, SPADE is still the superior method for several orders of magnitude of source separations.
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Ruffato, Gianluca, Michele Massari, and Filippo Romanato. "Diffractive optics for combined spatial- and mode- division demultiplexing of optical vortices: design, fabrication and optical characterization." Scientific Reports 6, no. 1 (April 20, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep24760.

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