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Kenda, Loren Lee. "The Spatial Mismatch and Skills Mismatch Hypothesis: A Study of the Columbus Metropolitan Area Using Spatial Interpolation Methods." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392733133.
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Mazile, One. "Labour market and spatial mismatch in Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8948.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-54).The paper undertakes to research a spatial and skills mismatch in the city of Cape Town. The argument is that industry is moving towards the north of the city and away from areas of the south east. This physically displaces low and semi-skilled employees or potential employees who work or seek work in these firms. Areas of the south east are typically inhabited by low and semi-skilled workers who are forced to seek work away from where they live. This is because their areas are economically inactive and do not offer much prospects for development or employment in the current situation. We find that prospective employees or those already employed have to endure lengthy and expensive commutes to work on a daily basis. The city transport system, which includes bus, train and taxis, seems to be still largely inefficient and does not serve these employees well, or is not readily accessible in all the areas it is needed. The research was conducted in the industrial areas of Montague Gardens, Blackheath, Paarden Island, Epping Industria, Airport Industria and Phillipi. These areas were chosen because being industrial areas they would typically have a large number of low to semiskilled workers employed in their firms. Unlike professional or service related firms who would typically employ more qualified or educated (in terms of tertiary qualifications) workers. An interview schedule was prepared and we went to these areas and interviewed which ever firms agreed to it. The firms in the area were chosen in no specific way, we literally went for door to door asking for participants. The research was qualitative in nature, the interview questions were detailed and in depth (see appendices for actual schedule) and lasted for about 20m ins depending on the amount of time the interviewees were willing to spare. The results were analysed by comparing the reasons for relocating amongst each firm, the aim was to try and decipher what were the driving factors of this spatial shift and what implications it had for employees who had to endure these commutes. The significant findings are that the relocation or the move towards the north is driven by the availability of land or space and price. The north seems to offer more affordable premises and much more land, thus more value for money. There are adequate parking and storage facilities. Firms hardly considered workers in their search for new locations. Further south east employees are not left out of potential employment because of their physical distance from these economic nodes, most employees have managed to organise themselves and get to work, even with an unbalanced transport system.
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Uneklint, Oscar. "SPATIAL & TRANSPORTATION MISMATCH IN SWEDEN, 2015 : EFFECTS OF MISMATCH & EASEMENT OF TRANSPORTATION IN ÖRNSKÖLDSVIK & SUNDSVALL." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-150995.
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SPATIAL & TRANSPORTATION MISMATCH IN SWEDEN, 2015: EFFECTS OF MISMATCH & EASEMENT OF TRANSPORTATION IN ÖRNSKÖLDSVIK & SUNDSVALL (Master thesis by Oscar Uneklint, 2018). The paper firstly aims to investigate how spatial and transportation workplace-access influences employment outcomes in the cities and municipalities of Sundsvall & Örnsköldsvik, located at the coastal north of Sweden. Secondly, the paper aims to evaluate the performance of the local public transportation networks in easing the effects of mismatch. Sweden’s sparse population, lesser degree of segregation and egalitarian economic model questions the influence of spatial mismatch in Sweden, recent increase in immigration and inequalities gives urgency to such questions. Accuracy of investigation is improved by the availability of microlevel-data but may be improved further by additional instruments. Results confirm minor influence of spatial access and major influence of transportation access on employment outcomes in the study area, 2015. The minor effect of job-access is stronger at the neighborhood-level, than commuting-level. The local public transportation networks reveal core-periphery structures and visualizes the strengths, weaknesses and complementarity of each system. While Örnsköldsvik’s network is more equitable and interconnected, Sundsvall’s network is better serviced with fewer but more relevant stations resulting in different challenges for public transportation in easing employment mismatch and improving life chances.SPATIAL & TRANSPORTATION MISMATCH IN SWEDEN, 2015: EFFECTS OF MISMATCH & EASEMENT OF TRANSPORTATION IN ÖRNSKÖLDSVIK & SUNDSVALL (Masteruppsats av Oscar Uneklint, 2018). Studien syftar för det första till att undersöka hur transportoberoende och transportberoende tillgänglighet till arbetsplatser påverkar anställningsutfall i Sundsvalls och Örnsköldsviks tätorter och kommuner, lokaliserade vid norra Sveriges kuststråk. Sveriges fåtaliga befolkning, mindre segregation och utjämnande ekonomiska modell ifrågasätter tillämpningen av rumslig missmatchning i Sverige. Samtidigt leder ökad immigration och tilltagande socioekonomiska skillnader till att förståelsen av dessa frågor brådskar. Resultatet bekräftar ett mindre inflytande av transportoberoende tillgänglighet och ett större inflytande av transportberoende tillgänglighet till arbetsplatser inom undersökningsområdet, 2015. Samtidigt är effekten av arbetstillgång större inom kvarteret än på pendelavstånd. Precisionen av både de skattade effekterna och hur de lindras förbättras av tillgången till individbaserade data, men effektskattningen försvagas av få instrument-variabler. För det andra syftar studien att utvärdera det kollektiva transportsystemet i de båda städerna för att lindra och utjämna de skattade tillgänglighetseffekterna. Resultatet bekräftar tydliga centrum-periferi strukturer i båda nätverken och visualiserar tillgänglighet, frekvens, styrka, funktion och komplementaritet i respektive buslinjenät.
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Andrews, Lauren. "Spatial Mismatch for Low-Wage Workers in post-Katrina New Orleans." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2011. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1292.
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The theme of this study is spatial mismatch, a concept that gave rise to an ever-expanding body of research concerned with how and why residential and employment distributions have shifted within cities and across metropolitan areas. The concept grew out of John F. Kain's research on how racial discrimination and segregation affects the spatial patterns of people/subgroups and jobs in the postwar American urban environment. Specifically, "Housing Segregation" posits that housing-market discrimination is at the root of increased unemployment among inner-city, nonwhite workers; concurrently, the pace and volume of decentralization (of residents and employment) from central-cities reinforces low-income, overwhelmingly African-American isolation and immobility. This study contributes to the New Orleans literature by providing a pre- and post-Katrina snapshot of spatial mismatch. The analysis addresses research questions aimed at gauging the extent to which mismatch and job-isolation have changed for poor workers in the New Orleans metro area since Hurricane Katrina.
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Morgner, Katarina. "(UN) EQUAL ACCESSIBILITY TO URBAN LABOR MARKET : CASE STUDY OF STOCKHOLM." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-143818.
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Naidu, Claudia. "Spatial mismatch in Cape Town : business location and the impacts on workers." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8955.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-69).The south east and cape flats regions of Cape Town is home to abundant supplies of cheap and available unskilled labour. With the awareness that Cape Town may be slowly following the developmental path of Johannesburg and many other cities of the world, as decentralization, suburbanization, and the overall processes of economic 'tertiarisation' and urban transformation encompass the entire structure and culture of the city, we wonder about how the cities unskilled workforces are faring. Development has focused on the north of the city while the south east has been bypassed, causing residents to have to travel far out to find jobs and work. There is a clear spatial mismatch between places of work and places of residence for the workers of the South east, and overcoming this disconnection is challenged further by an inefficient and expensive public transport service, upon which they are fully dependent. By way of the interviews with businesses from various industrial areas in Cape Town, this thesis shows that many owners and management do not place much importance on where their workers, in particular unskilled and semi-skilled manual workers live and how they travel. It seems that when choosing a location for their businesses, size, price, and availability may limit owners' options of location choice and interviews reveal that owners may be responding to rather than driving development. Findings reveal that unskilled manual workers typically reside in the south east, while business owners, management and other white collar workers typically live in the northern and southern suburbs, as well as other central areas. Furthermore, transport patterns were evaluated and it is clear that the unskilled workers rely heavily on public transport while higher skilled occupational groups either have their own car, or are part of lift-clubs. The problem of a spatial mismatch is clearly skewed towards workers of the south east who rely on public transport, by intensifying the burdens of commuting times and costs. A further finding is that many businesses resort to highly informal methods of recruitment, such as word-of-mouth and internal referral techniques, revealing the significance of social networks in gaining access to job opportunities. This is especially important for workers trying to find employment in areas outside of the traditional economic nodes as it is expensive to commute to those areas regularly in search of employment. Having access to those businesses through employed family members, neighbours and relatives, is therefore critical.
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Alzaher, Mariam. "Mismatch negativity, un marqueur neuronal de la plasticité spatiale auditive chez les sujets sourds unilatéraux." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30253.
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Cette thèse évalue les différentes fonctions d'audition spatiale chez 3 types de populations : Normaux entendants (NE), sourds unilatéraux (SU) et sourds bilatéraux (SB). Afin de découvrir les mécanismes qui soulignent les stratégies spatio-auditives adaptative qui sont observés chez les SU avec surdité acquise. Le but principal de la thèse est de vérifier si la MMN pourrait être un marqueur neuronal de la plasticité spatiale auditive observée chez les patients SU, et de vérifier se les corrélats neuronaux sont cohérentes avec les performances spatiales auditives. Deux types d'investigations ont été appliqués sur 20 sujets NE, 21 SU et 14 SB. La première investigation s'agit d'un test d'identification de source sonore mesuré par l'erreur quadratique moyenne (RMS). La deuxième évaluation est une étude électroencéphalographie qui sert à analyser la MMN. La MMN étant défini comme un potentiel évoqué qui reflète la capacité du cerveau à détecter un changement dans les propriétés physiques d'un son. Nous avons utilisé un son standard dans une position de référence (50°) avec 3 déviation par rapport au standard (10°, 20° et 100°) dans des conditions binaurales et monaurales. Les sujets sourds unilatéraux ont été divisé en 3 groupes selon leur performance spatiale. Le groupe des bons performeurs (SU low rms) a montré des meilleurs scores RMS en comparaison avec les NE munie d'un bouchon d'oreille (NE-mon), avec des performances similaires à ceux des sujets NE en binaurale. Une augmentation progressive de la MMN avec l'angle de la déviation par rapport au standard a été noté chez tous les groupes. Avec une réduction importante de la MMN chez les NH en monaurale quand le bouchon a été appliqué du côté du standard. La MMN a montré des résultats cohérents avec nos observations comportementales, ou les sujets SU avec un bon score RMS avait également des amplitudes de la MMN plus importantes que celles des sujets NE en condition monaurale et similaires à celles des NE en condition binaurale. Les sujets SU possèdent des stratégies adaptatives saptio-auditives. Notre étude a pu démontré que la plasticité corticale spatio-auditive qui a lieu suite à la surdité est reflété par la MMN. Les observations neuronales (MMN) sont corrélées avec les observations comportementaux de localisation spatiale. Ce qui signifie que la plasticité corticale qui a lieu chez ces sujets, n'est pas limités aux fonctions d'identification de la source sonores, mais dépasse ces capacités vers des mécanismes plus complexes tel que la détection de déviation et la mémoire à court terme, qui interviennent dans la fonction de discrimination spatiale des sonsThis thesis investigates different spatial hearing functions in 3 types of populations: Normal Hearing Subjects (NHS), Unilateral Hearing Loss patients (UHL) and Bilateral Hearing Loss patients ( BHL). To discover the mechanisms underlying the adaptive strategies that are observed in UHL with acquired deafness. The main aim of the thesis is to verify whether spatial Mismatch Negativity (MMN) could be a neuronal marker of spatial auditory plasticity observed in UHL patients, and to verify whether these neural correlates are consistent with the spatial auditory performance. Two types of investigations were applied to 20 NHS, 21 UHL and 14 BHL. The first investigation is a sound source identification task measured by the root mean square error (RMS). The second assessment is an electroencephalography (EEG) study where we analyzed the amplitude and latency of the MMN. MMN is defined as an auditory evoked potential that reflects the brain's ability to detect a change in one physical property of a sound. We used a standard sound in a reference position (50°) with three deviations from the standard (10° , 20°, and 100°), in binaural and monaural conditions. UHL patients were divided into 3 groups according to their spatial performances. The group of good performers (UHL {low rms}) showed better RMS scores in comparison with NHS with earplugs (NHS-mon), with performances similar to those of NHS subjects in binaural condition. A progressive increase of the MMN with the angle of deviation from the standard was noted in all groups. With a significant reduction of MMN amplitude in monaural NHS when the ear plug was applied on the ipsilateral side of the standard. MMN showed consistent variation with the behavioral observations, where UHL {low rms} patients had larger MMN amplitudes than those of monaural NHS and similar to those of binaural NHS. UHL patients have adaptive spatial auditory strategies. Our study was able to demonstrate that spatial auditory plasticity that occurs after deafness can be reflected by the MMN. Neural observations (i.e. the MMN) are correlated with behavioral observations of spatial source identification. This means that the spatial cortical plasticity, that took place in these subjects, is not limited to the functions of identification of the sound source, but exceeds these capacities towards more complex mechanisms such as deviance detection and short-term memory, that are involved in the spatial discrimination function
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Sang, Sunhee. "Examining Commuting Patterns and Spatial Mismatch by Occupation and Gender: Disaggregate Journey-to-Work Model." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1230873662.
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Aggrey, Korsah Emmanuel. "Spatial Mismatch Between Hiv Infection and Access to Hiv Service Facilities in Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500170/.
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Since 2004, the number of people living with HIV (PLWH) has steadily increased by about 5% and currently, the number in Texas is about 86,000. Though the National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan seeks to ensure “unfettered access to quality healthcare”, barriers to access still exist especially among minority populations. This study examines the relationship between HIV infection rates and the geographic location of HIV service centers with a focus on 4 counties: namely, Dallas, Denton, Harris and Tarrant. The goal is to show whether there is a spatial mismatch between HIV rates and service providers. Are service facilities located in zip codes where they are most needed? Using the vulnerability framework and the Inverse Care Law (ICL), we address the research question using demographic variables (race/ethnicity, sex, poverty, education attainment) and HIV data. Our results show that extreme vulnerable zip codes have high HIV rates and closest proximity to HIV service providers.
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Anil, Bulent. "The persistence of spatial mismatch the determinants of moving decision among low-income households /." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11292007-111956/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from file title page. David L. Sjoquist, committee chair; Geoffrey K. Turnbull, Erdal Tekin, Charles L. Jaret, committee members. Electronic text (118 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed on July 14, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-117).
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Anil, Bulent. "The Persistence of Spatial Mismatch: The Determinants of Moving Decision Among Low-Income Households." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/43.
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This dissertation aims to investigate alternative explanations for the adjustment of low-income inner-city minorities to residential locations. Particularly, this study searches for an answer to find the reason why low-income inner-city minorities do not move to residential locations with more job opportunities (suburbs). Much of the basis for the analysis in this dissertation derives from the irreversible investment theory under the assumption that moving can be considered as an irreversible investment. First, this study formulates a search model in which individuals simultaneously search for jobs and residential locations in two places: suburb and inner-city. Second, by employing The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and Geocode files, this study attempts to address how social capital plays a role in households’ moving decisions under the irreversibility assumption. This study presents evidence that the social capital has a negative causal effect on moving decision, that is, the high levels of social capital reduce the probability of moving.
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Rahtz, Anna M. "Reverse Commute Bus Service to Entry-Level Employment: A Spatial Mismatch Study of Cincinnati." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1243127690.
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Rahtz, Anna. "Reverse commute bus service to entry-level employment a spatial mismatch sudy of Cincinnati /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1243127690.
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Thesis (Master of Community Planning)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.Advisor: David Edelman. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Aug. 18, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: reverse commute; access to jobs; entry level job; transit; bus. Includes bibliographical references.
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Hunter, Boyd Hamilton, and Boyd Hunter@anu edu au. "Changes in the Geographic Dispersion of Urban Employment in Australia." The Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences, 1996. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20080215.102127.
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This thesis is an empirical investigation of the concentration of employment in Australian cities since 1976. In 1976, Australians shared the same access to employment irrespective of where they lived. However, by 1991 the employmentpopulation ratios varied systematically by socio-economic status. The purpose of this thesis is to use a variety of basic statistical techniques to discern whether it matters where one lives.¶
A panel of 9384 small urban areas is constructed from the last four censuses to enable us to fully document the increasing spatial employment inequality in urban areas and to analyse the possible causes and effects of this increase. The first two chapters describe the overall changes in employment inequality in the urban panel using several summary indexes. Group averages from deciles ranked by socio-economic status are used to illustrate the nature of the problem.¶
The more formal analysis of the causes of increasing inequality commences with a shift share analysis of the changes in employment levels. The results show that national changes in industry structure play an important role in determining the intra-urban distribution of employment. The index of sectoral change also varies systematically within Australian cities, with sectoral change being concentrated in low status areas. The apparent importance of industry structure in determining the geographic dispersion of employment points to employment demand being a significant part of the story.¶
Basic regression techniques and principal component analysis are also used to shed light on several possible inter-related causes and effects of the increasing inequality of employmentpopulation ratios including: increased concentrations of personal characteristics, spatial mismatch, neighbourhood effects and the development of an underclass.¶
There are three main findings about the causes and effects of neighbourhood employment inequality. Firstly, spatial mismatch within or between Australian cities is not an important explanation of the changes in the geographic dispersion of employment. Outside Sydney the location of workers vis-à-vis firms does not influence neighbourhood employmentpopulation ratios. However, even in Sydney, spatial mismatch provides a very limited explanation of neighbourhood inequality.¶
Secondly, substantial neighbourhood-specific effects on employmentpopulation ratios are apparent in the bottom decile(s) of urban neighbourhoods ranked by socio-economic status. These neighbourhood effects explain between one and two-thirds of the differential between the top and bottom decile. The rest of the differential can be explained by differences in endowments of personal characteristics such as human capital variables.¶
Finally, there is convincing evidence that class, and perhaps even an Australian underclass, are important determinants of the distribution of employment outcomes. The underclass in Australia, as measured using techniques similar to US studies, is still very small but is increasing at an alarming rate. However, the sensitivity analysis shows that the underclass, so measured, is closely related to a more general concept of class captured in standard socio-economic status indexes.¶
The scope of this thesis is limited by the regional aggregates supplied in all four censuses. Regional aggregates prevent us from asking subtle questions about who is being affected by the observed changes. The lack of adequate individual-level migration data for neighbourhoods means that it is not possible to directly test any hypothesis about social mobility. This thesis is merely a preliminary analysis of whether the local social environment is important.
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Houston, Donald Sinclair. "Spatial barriers to employment within metropolitan areas : testing the spatial mismatch hypothesis using evidence from firm relocations in the Glasgow conurbation." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2001. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4357/.
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This thesis applies the spatial mismatch hypothesis to the Glasgow conurbation in Britain. It also develops an innovative methodology which addresses some of the methodological concerns associated with much previous work and allows three different types of spatial barrier to employment to be examined - commuting, residential mobility and job search / recruitment. Specifically, this thesis looks at firms which have relocated within the Glasgow conurbation. The number of employees who leave their job or move house because their employer relocates is examined in order to assess to what extent commuting and residential mobility are barriers to employment within metropolitan areas. Recruitment patterns to the firm's new sites are analysed in order to assess the extent of job search and recruitment as spatial barriers to employment. The results show that those without access to a car and those in lower-paid and lower-skilled jobs are least able to commute to the new sites, and are the least able to move house closer to work, and so consequently are more likely to leave their job. Those in higher paid and more secure jobs are more likely to move house closer to work. People recruited at the new sites tend to live much closer to the firms than the remaining original workforce, which suggests that across space, job search and recruitment processes, as well as social networks and other neighbourhood effects, may be greater barriers to employment than commuting. The theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed. It is argued that skills and spatial mismatches reinforce each other, and that this interaction needs to be incorporated into explanations of the relative importance of each. The proximity of jobs to neighbourhoods within metropolitan areas needs to be considered in understanding the level of unemployment in small areas.
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Hoekman, Guus. "The spatial mismatch hypothesis and the use of social networks for job search in Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13671.
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This dissertation explores the spatial mismatch hypothesis in Cape Town; in particular its mechanisms, how they interact with lower-skilled workers in the labour market, and what role social networks play. The spatial mismatch hypothesis suggests that a significant distance between residential areas and centres of employment (1) leads to a lengthy and expensive commute which makes the job search in economic centres more difficult, (2) reduces the amount of information about job opportunities that is available to lower-skilled workers, and (3) reduces the effectiveness of using one's social network as a means to find out about work opportunities. Through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with lower-skilled workers and employers, this research attempts to offer insights into the mechanisms of the spatial mismatch hypothesis and challenge the assumption that a causal relationship exists between spatial mismatch and the suggested consequences put forward by a literature that is dominated by quantitative studies. Rather than measuring the spatial mismatch, this research is intended to provide possible ways in which the spatial mismatch functions. It does not set out to prove anything in either a qualitative or quantitative way, but rather highlight the gaps in the current interpretation of the spatial mismatch hypothesis in order to gain a better understanding of its mechanisms.
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Petersen, Hayley. "The spatial mismatch hypothesis and Cape Town : a qualitative study on overcoming the barriers to job access." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10829.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-78).
Within the context of Cape Town, the study shows that barriers with regard to job access, such as transit and information barriers, concerning job opportunities or vacancies, can be and are overcome. Data were gathered through interviews conducted within the city of Cape Town with employees, owners and managers within the low-skilled employment sector. The use of informal social networks is shown to be frequently used within the low-skilled sector, by both employers and employees. Information concerning job vacancies and opportunities for the low-skilled, low-wage workforce are thus passed on through networks. The fact that job seekers, who are part of an employment-rich network regardless of space or distance between home and where work is located, have a better chance of job acquisition is also illustrated.
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MOEHRING, PATRICIA MARIE. "THE USE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (G.I.S.) FOR ANALYSES OF THE SPATIAL MISMATCH HYPOTHESIS, HAMILTON COUNTY, AND THE OHIO WORKS FIRST PROGRAM." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1027005938.
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Gqada, Ichumile. "The spatial mismatch hypothesis and the use of social networks for job search in Site C, Khayelitsha, Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12037.
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Includes abstract.Scroll down to electronic link to access the thesis.
This is a study on the spatial mismatch hypothesis, unemployment and the use of social networks for job search in Site C, Khayelitsha. The spatial mismatch hypothesis proposes that where employment centres are located a significant distance from low-income residential areas, the result is unemployment, low wages and limited access to information for people residing in these peripheral residential areas.
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Molero, Rodenas Beatriz Molero. "Différence d'échelle spatiale entre les mesures satellitaires et in situ d'humidité du sol : analyse par des approches spatio-temporelles." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30264/document.
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L'humidité du sol est une variable climatique essentielle dont le suivi à l'échelle globale est possible grâce à des instruments micro-ondes à bord des satellites. La précision de ces estimations est validée par comparaison directe aux mesures au sol. Tandis que les estimations satellitaires ont des résolutions allant de 30 à 100 km, les capteurs in situ sont généralement représentatifs d'une zone de quelques centimètres (résolution ponctuelle). Cette différence entre l'échelle spatiale des estimations satellitaires et in situ impacte le processus de validation et les statistiques obtenues à un niveau qui n'est pas connu actuellement. Cette thèse vise à améliorer la connaissance de l'impact du changement d'échelle spatiale, ainsi qu'à fournir des méthodes d'évaluation de celle-ci applicables à toute zone de validation. Pour ce faire, la relation entre les échelles spatiales et temporelles a été étudiée. Des séries modélisées et mesurées sur des régions différentes du globe ont été décomposées en échelles de temps allant de 0,5 et 128 jours, en utilisant des transformées en ondelettes. La représentativité spatiale des mesures à résolution ponctuelle a ensuite été évaluée, par échelle de temps, avec 4 approches différentes : l'analyse de la stabilité temporelle, la triple colocation, le pourcentage de zones corrélées (CArea) et une nouvelle approche utilisant des corrélations basées sur des ondelettes (WCor). De plus, l'incertitude d'échantillonnage a été évaluée séparément avec des approches bootstrap et des simulations de Monte Carlo de séries à résolution ponctuelle. À l'issue de ces expériences, il y a été constaté que la moyenne des valeurs de représentativité spatiale obtenues tend à augmenter avec l'échelle de temps, mais aussi leur dispersion. Cela implique que certaines stations ont de vastes zones de représentativité à des échelles saisonnières, tandis que d'autres ne l'ont pas. Aux échelles sous-hebdomadaires, toutes les stations présentaient de très petites zones de représentativité. Enfin, l'impact de l'incertitude d'échantillonnage s'est avéré assez important dans les métriques de validation satellitaireSoil moisture is an essential climate variable that is globally monitored with the help of satellite borne microwave instruments. The accuracy of satellite soil moisture estimations is assessed by direct comparison to in situ measurements. While satellite estimates have a resolution ranging between 30 and 100 km, in situ sensors typically measure over an area of a few centimetres (point resolution). This spatial scale mismatch between satellite and in situ soil moisture estimates impairs the validation process and the respective summary statistics to an extent that is not currently known. This thesis aims at improving the knowledge of the spatial scale mismatch, as well as providing methods for its assessment applicable to any validation area. To this end, the connection between the SM spatial and time scales was investigated. Modelled and measured soil moisture series at different regions of the globe were decomposed into time scales ranging from 0.5 to 128 days, using wavelet transforms. The spatial representativeness of the point measurements was then assessed, on a per time scale basis, with 4 different approaches: temporal stability analysis, triple collocation, the percentage of correlated areas (CArea) and a new approach that uses wavelet- based correlations (WCor). Moreover, one of the components of the mismatch, the sampling uncertainty, has been assessed separately with bootstrap and Monte Carlo simulations of point-support series. It was found that the average of the spatial representativeness values tends to increase with the time scales but so does their dispersion. This implies that some stations had large representativeness areas at seasonal scales, while others do not. At sub-weekly scales, all stations exhibited very small representativeness areas. Finally, the sampling uncertainty has been observed to have a considerable impact on satellite validation statistics
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Masingi, Carol. "Righting The Wrongs Of The Past: Corridors Of Freedom As A Pathway To Inclusive Development." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30929.
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South African cities are still largely unequal where the urban poor’s right to the city is not adequately addressed. As a result of the legacy of apartheid and the various housing policies that have been adopted to address housing segregation, Johannesburg remains spatially fragmented with the urban poor remaining isolated in the periphery of the city far from places of employment and opportunity. With the decentralization and deindustrialization of employment, commuting for the urban poor has become more time consuming and costly with an average monthly commute costing R1 500.00. The City of Johannesburg has committed to tackling these structural and spatial inequalities that exist in Johannesburg through its flagship programme called Corridors of Freedom. Corridors of Freedom aims to transform the spatial inequalities in Johannesburg through the creation of geographies of inclusion using transit oriented development (TOD). This is through investing in public transport with the development of the Rea Vaya Bus Rapid Transit System (BRT) and inclusionary housing as the backbone to eradicate spatial. Corridors of Freedom aims to address housing segregation through the extension of the Rea Vaya BRT system in peripheral townships and through inclusionary housing provision to promote inclusive development in Johannesburg. This study will evaluate whether Corridors of Freedom and its associated developments have the potential to improve the lives of potential beneficiaries of two townships, Kagiso in the West Rand and Soweto. The study seeks to understand how the presence of the Rea Vaya BRT system can assist the urban poor’s access to the city and places of employment and opportunity. A comparison is made between Soweto residents who directly benefit from using the Rea Vaya buses and the Kagiso residents who do not have access to the Rea Vaya buses. Several stakeholders were interviewed including both the residents of Kagiso and Soweto. It was concluded that the Rea Vaya BRT system is a poverty-reduction strategy for the urban poor and an attempt from the City of Johannesburg to correct the existing spatial inequalities.The Rea Vaya Bus Rapid Transit system along with well-located social housing is an important step towards addressing inclusivity and bringing people close to places of employment and opportunity.
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Van, Wyk Anya. "An analysis of the mechanisms within Cape Town businesses shaping recruitment methods : and its effect on the spatial mismatch in Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12301.
Full textAbstract:
Includes abstract.This dissertation posits that recruitment methods used by businesses in Cape Town are shaped by intricate mechanisms within business spaces. The walk-in recruitment method used by the two restaurants interviewed, is influenced by two distinct social mechanisms. The use of this recruitment method proves to be a geographically limited and it therefore reduces the prospects of employment for those living on the periphery of the city. Therefore, the walk-in recruitment method has exacerbated the spatial mismatch within Cape Town. However, there are Cape Town businesses that have specific mechanisms within their businesses that have shaped their use of word-of-mouth recruitment. The use of this method, has lessened the effects of the spatial mismatch, creating 'passages' into employment for those living on the periphery of the city. Once recruited through word-of-mouth, workers living on the periphery face the prospect of long-term employment through the use of in-house recruitment or promotion.
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Sari, Florent. "Les effets du contexte local sur l'emploi : différentes applications sur données géo-localisées." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0071/document.
Full textAbstract:
La présente thèse contribue à la littérature en économie urbaine sur les effets de quartiers en cherchant à répondre à trois questions liées : quelle est l’importance du territoire dans la sortie du chômage ? Peut-on parler d’effets de quartier en France ? Comment expliquer la géographie du chômage local ? La réponse à ces questions nécessite une démarche en plusieurs temps. D’abord, l’importance du territoire est analysée par une revue de littérature qui liste les différents mécanismes par lequel le contexte local peut influer sur l’accès à l’emploi des individus. Nous proposons également une analyse descriptive des disparités de chômage entre communes, en France et plus particulièrement en Ile-de-France. Les forts contrastes, qui se maintiennent même lorsque l’on considère la composition locale des demandeurs d’emplois, témoignent d’une relative importance du territoire.La thèse propose, par la suite, des analyses empiriques sur données individuelles pour démontrer l’existence d’effets de quartier en France. Nous montrons que la "qualité" du quartier et les caractéristiques qui lui sont propres déterminent le statut d’emploi des individus. Les individus qui vivent dans les quartiers les plus "défavorisés" ont moins de chances que les autres de trouver un emploi et lorsqu’ils en trouvent un, celui-ci est généralement de moindre qualité. Parmi les effets de quartiers observés, nous cherchons à mettre en évidence l’existence d’une discrimination liée au lieude résidence. Nous proposons des méthodologies distinctes mais complémentaires pour analyser l’effet de la réputation d’un quartier. Nous observons que cette dernière diminue les chances de trouver un emploi. Enfin, pour rendre compte de la géographie du chômage, la thèse propose différentes analyses à l’échelle de la commune et centrées sur la région Ile-de-France. L’objectif est de tester différents mécanismes évoqués dans la littérature en économie urbaine(ségrégation résidentielle, Spatial Mismatch, Skill Mismatch etc.) afin de voir lesquels sont les plus pertinents et lesquels doivent être considérés en priorité. Identifier les mécanismes en jeu est une étape nécessaire et importante pour orienter les politiques publiques qui chercheraient notamment à améliorer la situation des quartiers les plus défavorisésThis thesis contributes to the literature in urban economics on neighborhood effects by answering three questions : What is the importance of territory in unemployment-to-work transitions ? Are there neighborhood effects in France ? How to explainunemployment geography ? Answering to these questions requires an approach in several steps. Firstly, the importance of the territory is analyzed by a literature review that lists the different mechanisms by which the local context can affect individuals’ access to employment. We also propose a descriptive analysis of unemployment disparities between municipalities in France and especially in the Paris region. The strong contrasts, which are maintained even when one considers the composition of local job-seekers, show the relative importance of the territory. Then, the thesis proposes empirical analysis on individual data to demonstrate the existence of neighborhood effects in France. We show that the "quality" of the neighborhood and its characteristics determine individuals’ employment status. Individuals who live in deprived neighborhoods are less likely than others to find a job and when they find it, it is generally of lower quality. Among the observed neighborhoods effects, we seek to highlight the existence of territorial discrimination. We propose different but complementary methodologies to analyze the effect of the reputation of a neighborhood. We observe that it decreases the chances of finding employment. Finally, in order to explain unemployment geography, the thesis proposes some analysisformunicipalities in Paris region. The objective is to test different mechanisms discussed in the literature in urban economics (residential segregation, Spatial Mismatch, emphSkill Mismatch etc.) to see which are most relevant and which should be considered a priority. Identify the mechanisms involved is a necessary and an important step to guide public policies that want to improve the situation of deprived neighborhoods
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Goetz, Deborah Stacey. "An investigation into the barriers to employment for unskilled workers in Site C, Khayelitsha and Du Noon, Milnerton : does spatial mismatch theory apply?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11870.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-56).Due to past South African apartheid policies and new development trends, the spatial organisation of Cape Town is dispersed and decentralised. Many disadvantaged communities, including Khayelitsha, lie on the peripheral part of the city in the south east sector, distant from job opportunities. The rate of unemployment in these peripheral areas is high. One explanation suggested in the literature for the high unemployment rate in the peripheral areas of Cape Town is the Spatial Mismatch Theory. This theory argues that the spatial organisation of cities can drive unemployment because of the negative impact of the disconnection between places of work and places ofresidence (Rospabe and Selod, 2003). This thesis investigates whether or not the spatial mismatch theory is applicable to the cases of Khayelitsha and Du Noon in Cape Town. This research comparatively explores these case studies because of their similar skill set (unskilled), the high rate of unemployment, and the geographic location of each case relative to the job opportunities. This research adds to the literature by demonstrating under which conditions this spatial mismatch is more or less of a constraint. This thesis uses a qualitative research design using semi-structured, face-to-face interviews. A total of 18 respondents were interviewed, nine from each case site. The findings show that the spatial disconnection between Site C and job opportunities often resulted in long and costly commutes to work for many Site C residents, especially to the new developments. Du Noon residents did not experience a spatial mismatch when working in the northern suburbs. However, because Du Noon's transport system is undeveloped, it often made access to Cape Town's newly developed areas difficult.
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Sharma, Pratibha. "Modeling, Optimization, and Characterization of High Concentration Photovoltaic Systems Using Multijunction Solar Cells." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35917.
Full textAbstract:
Recent advancements in the development of high-efficiency multijunction solar cells
have led to a renewed interest in the design and implementation of high concentration photovoltaic systems. With the emergence of novel materials and design structures, understanding the operation of multijunction solar cells has become a challenging task. Modeling and simulation hence play an important role in the analysis of such devices. In this dissertation, techniques for accurate optoelectrical modeling of concentrating photovoltaic systems, based on multijunction solar cells, are proposed. A 2-dimensional, distributed circuit model is proposed, parametrized to values obtained by numerical modeling of three multijunction cell designs, namely: a three-junction, lattice matched design, a three-junction lattice-mismatched, inverted metamorphic design, and a four-junction,lattice matched design. Cell performance for all the three designs is evaluated under both
uniform and nonuniform illumination profiles at high concentrations and efficiency enhancement by optimizing finger spacing is proposed. The effect of luminescent coupling from higher bandgap subcells is also determined.Fresnel-lens based, refractive concentrating optical systems are modeled and optimized
using an optical ray-tracing simulator at two different concentrations, with and without
a secondary optical element. The corresponding optical efficiency, acceptance angle, and the degree of nonuniformity are determined for each optical system. An integrated approach,combining optical design with electrical modeling is proposed for optimizing the multijunction solar cell in tandem with the corresponding concentrating optics. The approach is validated by on-sun, acceptance angle measurements, using a three-junction,lattice-matched cell. Also, temperature effects are modeled and are experimentally validated for a three-junction, lattice-matched design. Experimental results with a single-junction, dilute-nitride cell, targeted for four-junction operation, are presented as well. A modified distributed circuit model is used for analysis of temperature effects in a four-junction solar cell, and the results under both uniform and nonuniform temperature profiles are presented.
When implemented, the designs and their corresponding analyses, may result in new
insights into the development of CPV systems, thereby enabling enhanced efficiencies at higher concentrations.
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Bergsten, Arvid. "Spatial complexity and fit between ecology and management : Making sense of patterns in fragmented landscapes." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-97618.
Full textAbstract:
Avoiding the negative effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity is especially challenging when also the management institutions are spatially and administratively distributed. This doctoral thesis introduces five case studies that investigate ecological, social and social-ecological relations in fragmented landscapes. I present new approaches in which research and governance can detect and manage mismatches between landscape ecology and planning. The case studies include urban and forested landscapes where an intense land-use is limiting the connectivity, i.e., the potential for many species to disperse between the remaining patches of habitat. Graph-theoretic (network) models are applied to map connectivity patterns and to estimate the outcome for dispersing species at the patch level and for the whole study system. In particular, the network models are applied to evaluate the spatial complexity and the potential mismatches between ecological connectivity and geographically distributed management institutions like protected areas and municipalities. Interviews with municipal ecologists complement the spatial analysis; revealing some problems and ways forward regarding the communication and integration of ecological knowledge within local spatial-planning agencies. The results also show that network models are useful to identify and communicate critical ecological and social-ecological patterns that call for management attention. I suggest some developments of network models as to include interactions between species and across governance levels. Finally, I conclude that more effort is needed for network models to materialize into ecological learning and transformation in management processes.At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: Manuscript.
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Östh, John. "Home, Job and Space : Mapping and Modeling the Labor Market." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7449.
Full textAbstract:
How does space affect individuals’ outcome on the labor market? And how do we measure it? Beyond the notion of the labor market as a system of supply and demand, lays a society of individuals and workplaces, whose relationships are undeniably complex. This thesis aims to shed some new light on how to investigate and analyze the complex labor market relationships from a spatial perspective. In this thesis, five self-contained articles describe the spatial relationship between individuals and workplaces. In the first article, the official delineation of local labor market areas is tested against the delineation of labor markets for different subgroups. Differences in the regionalization are discussed from the subgroups’ and municipals’ perspective. In the second article, two sources of bias in the computation of local labor market areas, and suggestions how to reduce them, are presented. In the third article the spatial mismatch hypothesis is tested and confirmed on a refugee population in Sweden. In articles four and five, a new model for the estimation of job accessibility is introduced and evaluated. The model, ELMO, is created to answer to the need for a new accessibility measure to be used in spatial mismatch related research. The usability of the model is validated through empirical tests, were the ELMO-model excels in comparison to the accessibility models it is tested against.
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Jurey, Nathan W. D. "The live-work-play district: from vision to implementation." Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13731.
Full textAbstract:
Master of Regional and Community PlanningDepartment of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Jae Hong-Kim
The concept of Live-Work-Play has grown in popularity in the field of planning, as various strands of the planning literature increasingly have highlighted the potential benefits of providing places to live, work, and play in close proximity. This study explores the theoretical foundations of the Live-Work-Play concept and discusses its effectiveness as a strategy for creating vibrant urban areas by reforming the spatial arrangement of the built environments. More specifically, the present study empirically examines how the segregation or the mixture of places to live, work, and play may create differences in terms of growth, inequality, education, the built environment, and transportation by analyzing the Boston metropolitan region as an example. The empirical analysis with the use of census tract level socio-economic data shows that the Live-Work-Play mixes can encourage more desirable travel patterns, while the mixes may not significantly promote growth in small areas. However, the analysis also revealed racial and income inequalities exist in the provision of the mixes in the Boston region. These findings suggest planners carefully should consider the equity issues when adopting the Live-Work-Play concept and providing its potential benefits.
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Sari, Florent, and Florent Sari. "Les effets du contexte local sur l'emploi : différentes applications sur données géo-localisées." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00710274.
Full textAbstract:
La présente thèse contribue à la littérature en économie urbaine sur les effets de quartiers en cherchant à répondre à trois questions liées : quelle est l'importance du territoire dans la sortie du chômage ? Peut-on parler d'effets de quartier en France ? Comment expliquer la géographie du chômage local ? La réponse à ces questions nécessite une démarche en plusieurs temps. D'abord, l'importance du territoire est analysée par une revue de littérature qui liste les différents mécanismes par lequel le contexte local peut influer sur l'accès à l'emploi des individus. Nous proposons également une analyse descriptive des disparités de chômage entre communes, en France et plus particulièrement en Ile-de-France. Les forts contrastes, qui se maintiennent même lorsque l'on considère la composition locale des demandeurs d'emplois, témoignent d'une relative importance du territoire.La thèse propose, par la suite, des analyses empiriques sur données individuelles pour démontrer l'existence d'effets de quartier en France. Nous montrons que la "qualité" du quartier et les caractéristiques qui lui sont propres déterminent le statut d'emploi des individus. Les individus qui vivent dans les quartiers les plus "défavorisés" ont moins de chances que les autres de trouver un emploi et lorsqu'ils en trouvent un, celui-ci est généralement de moindre qualité. Parmi les effets de quartiers observés, nous cherchons à mettre en évidence l'existence d'une discrimination liée au lieude résidence. Nous proposons des méthodologies distinctes mais complémentaires pour analyser l'effet de la réputation d'un quartier. Nous observons que cette dernière diminue les chances de trouver un emploi. Enfin, pour rendre compte de la géographie du chômage, la thèse propose différentes analyses à l'échelle de la commune et centrées sur la région Ile-de-France. L'objectif est de tester différents mécanismes évoqués dans la littérature en économie urbaine(ségrégation résidentielle, Spatial Mismatch, Skill Mismatch etc.) afin de voir lesquels sont les plus pertinents et lesquels doivent être considérés en priorité. Identifier les mécanismes en jeu est une étape nécessaire et importante pour orienter les politiques publiques qui chercheraient notamment à améliorer la situation des quartiers les plus défavorisés.
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Banerji, Ranajoy. "Optimisation d’une mission spatiale CMB de 4eme génération." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC199/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le rayonnement du Fond Diffus Cosmologique est une source riche et propre d’informations cosmologiques. L’étude du CMB au cours des dernières décennies a conduit à la mise en place d’un modèle standard pour la cosmologie et a permis de mesurer précisément ses principaux paramètres. Il a également transformé le domaine, en le basant davantage sur les données observationnelles et les approches numériques et statistiques.A l’heure actuelle, l’inflation est le principal paradigme décrivant les premiers moments de notre Univers. Elle prédit la génération de fluctuations de la densité de matière primordiale et des ondes gravitationnelles. Le signal de polarisation du CMB porte la signature de ces ondes gravitationnelles sous la forme de modes-B primordiaux. Une future génération de missions spatiale d’observation de la polarisation du CMB est bien adaptée à l’observation de cette signature de l’inflation.Cette thèse se concentre sur l’optimisation d’une future mission spatiale CMB qui observera le signal en modes-B pour atteindre une sensibilité de r = 0,001. Plus précisément, j’étudie la stratégie d’observation et l’impact des effets systématiques sur la qualité de la mesure de polarisationThe Cosmic Microwave Background radiation is a rich and clean source of Cosmological information. Study of the CMB over the past few decades has led to the establishment of a “Standard Model” for Cosmology and constrained many of its principal parameters. It hasalso transformed the field into a highly data-driven domain.Currently, Inflation is the leading paradigm describing the earliest moments of our Universe. It predicts the generation of primordial matter density fluctuations and gravitational waves. The CMB polarisation carries the signature of these gravitational waves in the form of primordial “B-modes”. A future generation of CMB polarisation space mission is well suited to observe this signature of Inflation.This thesis focuses on optimising a future CMB space mission that will observe the B-modesignal for reaching a sensitivity of r = 0.001. Specifically, I study the optimisation of the scanning strategy and the impact of systematics on the quality of polarisation measurement
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Lidji, Pascale. "Musique et langage : spécificités, interactions et associations spatiales." Thèse, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6347.
Full text
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Ou, Hua. "The impact of bilateral gain reduction on localization and speech perception in spatially-separated noise." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/868.
Full textAbstract:
Bilaterally independent (mismatched) hearing aids cannot replicate the natural timing and level cues between ears, and hence, may result in negative consequences for localization and speech perception in spatially-separated noise performance.
Five gain reduction patterns were used to evaluate the impact of bilaterally mismatched gain reduction schemes on localization and speech perception performance in noise, compared to an unaltered bilaterally linear time-invariant amplification scheme (reference scheme), in which audibility was optimized. The bilaterally mismatched gain reduction schemes were later matched (synchronized) between ears to explore the possibility of restoring the deteriorated performance due to the mismatched schemes. Sound quality and listening-effort ratings among different gain reduction patterns were assessed, as well as the relationship between self-reported localization ability in daily life and measured localization performance in a laboratory setting.
Twenty-four bilateral hearing aid users were enrolled in this study and tested in a virtual environment with insert earphones. The results indicated that bilaterally mismatched gain reduction schemes had a negative impact on localization, compared to the reference scheme; whereas matching gain reduction schemes between ears improved the deteriorated localization performance. In contrast, the use of bilaterally mismatched gain reductions did not negatively impact the speech perception performance in noise. Matching the gain reduction scheme between ears actually resulted in reduced speech perception performance, compared to the mismatched gain reductions. Self-reported localization abilities were not found to be strongly related to the measured localization performance in this study. Finally, these five different gain reduction patterns did not result in significantly different overall sound quality ratings and listening-effort ratings for hearing aid users. However, the use of gain reductions (mismatched or matched) reduced the perceived noise intrusiveness, compared to the use of reference schemes.
It is unclear why there was a discrepancy between the results of the localization and speech perception performance in the present study. It is likely that hearing-impaired listeners do not use binaural cues in the localization task in the same manner as in the speech perception task.
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Benia, Hadj Mohamed. "Spatially resolved optical measurements on supported metal particles and oxide surfaces with the STM." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15862.
Full textAbstract:
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde mit Hilfe eines Photon-STM die Korrelation zwischen optischen Eigenschaften und der lokalen Morphologie an zwei unterschiedlichen Systemen untersucht. Hierfür wurden zum einem oxidgetragene Ensemble von Silber-Partikeln präpariert, wobei sowohl die Partikelform (Kuppel- und Scheibenform) als auch die deponierte Partikeldichte variiert werden konnte. Neben der Präparation solcher Partikel auf Al10O13/NiAl, konnten sphärische Silber-Kolloide geordnet, als auch ungeordnet auf HOPG aufgebracht und untersucht werden. Dabei zeigte sich, dass das Verhältnis von Höhen zu Breiten nicht nur einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Mie-Resonanz des einzelnen Partikels hat, sondern auch die elektromagnetische Kopplung der Partikel in einem Ensemble stark kontrolliert. Die energetische Lage der Mie-Resonanz zeigt im Fall der kuppelförmigen Ag-Partikel eine starke Abhängigkeit vom Intepartikel-Abstand, was sich in einer Verschiebung zu höheren Energien für eine steigende Partikeldichte äußert. Eine solche Abhängigkeit konnte bei den Ensembles der scheibenförmigen Partikel nicht beobachtet werden. Des weiteren zeigte sich, dass, verglichen mit den ungeordneten Ensembles, die selbstorganisierte langreichweitige Ordnung der Silber-Kolloide auf HOPG nur einen schwachen Einfluss auf die energetische Position der Mie Resonanz hat.Das zweite hier untersuchte System sind dünne MgO Filme unterschiedlicher Dicken auf einem Mo(001) Substrat. Diese zeigen ein reichhaltiges Wachstumsverhalten, welches durch eine Differenz in den Gitterkonstanten von 5.3% begründet ist und erst ab etwa 25 ML zu einem flachen und defektarmen Film führt. Die so induzierte Spannung relaxiert bis zu einer Dicke von etwa 7 ML in einer periodischen Überstruktur die aus abwechselnd flachen und verkippten Ebenen an der MgO-Mo Grenzschicht hervorgeht. Für MgO Filme mit einer Dicke von etwa 12 ML werden dann Schraubenversetzungen, ausgedehnte verkippte Ebenen und Stufenkanten mit einer Orientierung entlang der Richtung beobachtet. Die optische Charakterisierung durch Feldemission von Elektronen aus der STM-Spitze in den MgO-Film wird dominiert von zwei Emissionsmaxima bei Energien von 3.1 eV und 4.4 eV. Die kontrollierte Nukleation von Gold Partikeln und die Erzeugung von Farbzentren im MgO Film erlaubten eine Zuordnung dieser Emissionen zu strahlenden Zerfällen von Exitonen an Ecken, Kinken bzw. Stufen des Magnesiumoxids. Solche Emissionsprozesse konnten allerdings nur unter Einstellungen beobachtet werden, bei denen ein gleichzeitiges Rastern der Oberfläche unmöglich ist. Bei moderaten Einstellungen war auch eine ortsaufgelösten Spektroskopie möglich, wobei dann neue Emissionsmechanismen beobachtet wurden. Dabei sind zwei Prozesse wesentlich; zum einen die Ausbildung von sog. Spitzen-induzierten Plasmonen im Bereich zwischen Spitze und dem Mo-Substrat, zum anderen strahlende Elektronenübergänge zwischen sog. Feldemissionsresonanzen, die sich im Spitze/MgO-Film System ausbilden.In this thesis, the correlation between the optical properties and the local morphology of supported silver nanoparticle ensembles and MgO thin films deposited on Mo(001) systems is explored by means of Photon-STM. In the first section, dome and disk shaped Ag nanoparticle ensembles with increasing density on an alumina film on NiAl(110) were analyzed as well as ordered and disordered ensembles of Ag nanocolloids on HOPG. The aspect ratio of the Ag nanoparticles was found to have a significant influence not only on the Mie plasmon resonance of a single particle, but also on the electromagnetic coupling within the nanoparticle ensembles. The Mie resonance in the ensemble of dome shaped Ag nanoparticles shows a strong dependence on the interparticle distance, where it shifts to higher energies with increasing particle density, due to destructive interference effects. In the disk-like Ag ensembles, however, the plasmon energy is independent of particle-particle separation. The long-range lateral ordering of size-selected Ag nanocolloids is found to induce a high dipole-dipole coupling within the ensemble. This is mainly reflected by the enhancement of the spectral intensity of the in-plane Mie mode, due to constructive coupling. However, ensembles with either well-ordered or disordered arrangements reveal no important difference in their optical properties, reflecting the weak influence of the long-range order in the particle ensemble. Thin MgO films with different thicknesses were grown on a Mo(001) surface. The stress resulting from the 5.3% lattice mismatch between the MgO(001) and the Mo(001) lattice parameters is found to control the surface morphology of the MgO film until thicknesses of around 25ML at which flat and defect-poor films are obtained. The relaxation of the stress induces a periodic network in the first 7ML of the MgO film, consisting of alternated flat and tilted mosaics. The presence of screw dislocations, steps oriented along the MgO directions, and tilted planes is observed when the MgO films are approximately 12ML thick. In addition, an increase of the MgO work function around these new surface features is revealed from STM spectroscopy. The photon emission induced by field-emitted electron injection from the STM tip into the MgO films is dominated by two emission bands located at 3.1eV and 4.4eV. To check the origin of these bands, further experiments, namely, nucleation of Au particles and creation of F-centers on the MgO surface, have been performed. The nucleation of Au particles at the low coordinated sites is found to quench the MgO optical signal, while the creation or annihilation of F-centers does not alter the MgO emission bands. The 3.1eV and the 4.4eV bands are therefore assigned to the radiative decay of MgO excitons at corner and kink sites, and step sites, respectively. Besides, spatially resolved optical measurements in the tunneling mode of the STM revealed different light emission mechanisms. These radiative processes are mainly related to tip-induced plasmons that form between the tip and the Mo support and to electron transitions between field-emission-resonance states in the STM tip-MgO film junction. The signal from exciton decays at corners and kinks of the MgO surface is however only observed at excitation conditions where the spatial resolution is already strongly reduced.
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Alvarez, Ma Claudine Agnes, and 雷瑞思. "Does Accessibility Affect Employment Levels? Examining the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis in the Philippines." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q423t7.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立政治大學
應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程(IMES)
106
The spatial mismatch hypothesis states that low access to potential employers or firms is associated with lower employment levels in a region, and that the distribution of these potential jobs and employment levels are not evenly distributed across space. This study aims to test this hypothesis in the context of the Philippines, where a trend of unbalanced regional development is becoming more and more apparent. The results reveal that access to firms has a positive significant effect on employment levels even when controlling for other location and working-age population characteristics. Moreover, the results also show that high-employment and high-access communities are significantly clustered in Manila, to the disadvantage of its neighboring provinces. These findings suggest that access to potential employers is a significant contributor to a region’s employment levels and that initiatives aimed at solving the unemployment problem should give more focus on job creation near underserved workers’ locations.
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Hunter, Boyd. "Changes in the Geographic Dispersion of Urban Employment in Australia." Phd thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/47287.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is an empirical investigation of the concentration of employment in Australian cities since 1976. In 1976, Australians shared the same access to employment irrespective of where they lived. However, by 1991 the employment–population ratios varied systematically by socio-economic status. The purpose of this thesis is to use a variety of basic statistical techniques to discern whether it matters where one lives.¶ A panel of 9384 small urban areas is constructed from the last four censuses to enable us to fully document the increasing spatial employment inequality in urban areas and to analyse the possible causes and effects of this increase. The first two chapters describe the overall changes in employment inequality in the urban panel using several summary indexes. Group averages from deciles ranked by socio-economic status are used to illustrate the nature of the problem.¶ ...
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McGue, Mary Colleen. "Examining transportation's role in social vulnerability : São Paulo, Brazil." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3016.
Full textAbstract:
The City of São Paulo is one of the largest cities in the world, with 11,244,369 people living in the metropolitan area and over 19,672,582 people living in the greater metropolitan region, which is made up of 38 cities in the surrounding area (IBGE, Census 2010). Ten percent of the population in the entire country of Brazil lives in São Paulo, and 15.6% of Brazil’s Gross Domestic Product comes from São Paulo. There is an average of 38.1 million trips taken per day in the metropolitan region. Most of the city’s low-income population lives in the periphery of the city, where the land is least expensive, yet most job opportunities are concentrated in the city center, creating a spatial mismatch. Spatial mismatch occurs when low-income residents live in one area of a city, but their places of employment and job opportunities are located in another part of the city. In a spatial mismatch situation, low-income residents often travel long distances to find work and suffer from isolation based on the disconnect between where they live, where they work, and the difficulty in getting from one place to another. The current transportation infrastructure is insufficient to transport the number of commuters from the periphery to and from the city center to work on a daily basis. In this study I will explore this spatial mismatch through an analysis of both qualitative and quantitative travel data for the entire São Paulo Metropolitan Area, with a specific focus on the Zona Sul of the periphery, in order to understand the limitations of transportation infrastructure and spatial mobility for residents of the city.text