Academic literature on the topic 'Spatial metrics'
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Journal articles on the topic "Spatial metrics"
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Koch, Julian, Mehmet Cüneyd Demirel, and Simon Stisen. "The SPAtial EFficiency metric (SPAEF): multiple-component evaluation of spatial patterns for optimization of hydrological models." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 5 (May 15, 2018): 1873–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1873-2018.
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Abstract. The process of model evaluation is not only an integral part of model development and calibration but also of paramount importance when communicating modelling results to the scientific community and stakeholders. The modelling community has a large and well-tested toolbox of metrics to evaluate temporal model performance. In contrast, spatial performance evaluation does not correspond to the grand availability of spatial observations readily available and to the sophisticate model codes simulating the spatial variability of complex hydrological processes. This study makes a contribution towards advancing spatial-pattern-oriented model calibration by rigorously testing a multiple-component performance metric. The promoted SPAtial EFficiency (SPAEF) metric reflects three equally weighted components: correlation, coefficient of variation and histogram overlap. This multiple-component approach is found to be advantageous in order to achieve the complex task of comparing spatial patterns. SPAEF, its three components individually and two alternative spatial performance metrics, i.e. connectivity analysis and fractions skill score, are applied in a spatial-pattern-oriented model calibration of a catchment model in Denmark. Results suggest the importance of multiple-component metrics because stand-alone metrics tend to fail to provide holistic pattern information. The three SPAEF components are found to be independent, which allows them to complement each other in a meaningful way. In order to optimally exploit spatial observations made available by remote sensing platforms, this study suggests applying bias insensitive metrics which further allow for a comparison of variables which are related but may differ in unit. This study applies SPAEF in the hydrological context using the mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM; version 5.8), but we see great potential across disciplines related to spatially distributed earth system modelling.
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Fry, Edward W. S., Sophie Triantaphillidou, Robin B. Jenkin, Ralph E. Jacobson, and John R. Jarvis. "Scene-and-Process-Dependent Spatial Image Quality Metrics." Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 63, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 60407–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/j.imagingsci.technol.2019.63.6.060407.
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Abstract Spatial image quality metrics designed for camera systems generally employ the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), the Noise Power Spectrum (NPS) and a visual contrast detection model. Prior art indicates that scene-dependent characteristics of non-linear, content-aware image processing are unaccounted for by MTFs and NPSs measured by traditional methods. The authors present two novel metrics: the log Noise Equivalent Quanta (log NEQ) and Visual log NEQ. They both employ Scene-and-Process-Dependent MTF (SPD-MTF) and NPS (SPD-NPS) measures, which account for signal transfer and noise scene dependency, respectively. The authors also investigate implementing contrast detection and discrimination models that account for scene-dependent visual masking. Also, three leading camera metrics are revised to use the above scene-dependent measures. All metrics are validated by examining correlations with the perceived quality of images produced by simulated camera pipelines. Metric accuracy improved consistently when the SPD-MTFs and SPD-NPSs were implemented. The novel metrics outperformed existing metrics of the same genre.
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Parisien, Marc-André, Vernon S. Peters, Yonghe Wang, John M. Little, Erin M. Bosch, and Brian J. Stocks. "Spatial patterns of forest fires in Canada, 1980 - 1999." International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, no. 3 (2006): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf06009.
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The present study characterized the spatial patterns of forest fires in 10 fire-dominated ecozones of Canada by using a database of mapped fires ≥200 ha from 1980 to 1999 (n = 5533 fires). Spatial metrics were used individually to compare measures of fire size, shape (eccentricity and complexity), clustering, and geographic orientation among ecozones and were used concurrently in a multivariate analysis. In addition, a set of factors that influence the fire regime at the ecozone level – topography, climate, fuels, and anthropogenic factors – was compared with the metric outputs. We found significant differences in all spatial metrics among ecozones. The multivariate analysis showed that the Montane Cordillera ecozone, which covers most of British Columbia, had the most distinctive fires: its fires were smaller, less complex, and had a more regular distribution. The fire regime descriptors of ecozones were useful to interpret the spatial variation of some spatial metrics, such as fire size, eccentricity, and clustering, but provided little insight into the mechanisms of patterns of fire complexity, which were shown to be sensitive to data quality. Our results provide additional information about the creation of spatially heterogeneous landscapes. Furthermore, they illustrate the potential use of spatial metrics for a more detailed characterization of fire regimes and provide novel information for ecosystems-based land management.
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Crowder, David W., and Panayiotis Diplas. "Evaluating spatially explicit metrics of stream energy gradients using hydrodynamic model simulations." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 1497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f00-074.
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Localized energy gradients and velocity shelters created by boulders, bars, and channel banks are often essential components of aquatic habitat. Two-dimensional hydraulic models have the potential to predict the amounts and locations of such spatially varying flow patterns. However, little effort has been devoted to reproducing these flow features and developing spatial habitat metrics to describe and differentiate between various types of flow patterns. Two-dimensional numerical simulations, based on actual channel geometry, are used here to model a variety of flow patterns encountered in natural streams. The simulation results are used to develop spatial habitat metrics that quantify local velocity gradients and changes in kinetic energy. The proposed metrics are evaluated at various points within the different flow patterns of interest. The metrics produce large values for flow patterns exhibiting considerable spatial variation and small values in areas experiencing uniform flow conditions. Comparisons with other researchers' field data suggest that the metric values produced in the modeled flows are consistent with values found near fish resting and feeding locations. The habitat metrics, measures of the flow's rate of spatial change in kinetic energy, can also be incorporated into bioenergetic models to facilitate the computation of fish energy expenditure rates.
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Crowder, David W., and Panayiotis Diplas. "Vorticity and circulation: spatial metrics for evaluating flow complexity in stream habitats." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 633–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-037.
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Channel topography, formed by boulders, submerged bars, and meanders, creates complex flow patterns. These flow patterns exist over a variety of spatial scales and provide habitat for many aquatic organisms. Spatial flow features cannot be adequately characterized with qualitative descriptions or hydraulic metrics such as depth and velocity. Two-dimensional hydraulic model simulations, based on detailed channel geometry, are used to develop and test vorticity (a point metric) and a circulation-based metric (an area metric) as means of quantifying spatial flows occurring within micro-, meso-, and macro-habitat features. The proposed spatial metrics are computed throughout distinctly different regions of a study site. The vorticity metric produces small absolute values in uniform flows and large absolute values in complex flows. Circulation metric values varied by a factor of 11.7 within distinctly different regions of the modeled study site and suggest that the metric provides a means of quantifying flow complexity within a study reach or within individual mesoscale habitats such as pools, eddies, riffles, and transverse flows. The circulation metric is used to quantify flow complexity around three brown trout (Salmo trutta) redds to provide an example of how the proposed metric might be employed in habitat studies.
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Fu, Gang, Wei Wang, Junsheng Li, Nengwen Xiao, and Yue Qi. "Prediction and Selection of Appropriate Landscape Metrics and Optimal Scale Ranges Based on Multi-Scale Interaction Analysis." Land 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 1192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111192.
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Landscape metrics are widely used in landscape planning and land use management. Understanding how landscape metrics respond with scales can provide more accurate prediction information; however, ignoring the interference of multi-scale interaction may lead to a severe systemic bias. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the scaling sensitivity of metrics based on multi-scale interaction and predict their optimal scale ranges. Using a big data method, the multivariate adaptive regression splines model (MARS), and the partial dependence model (PHP), we studied the scaling relationships of metrics to changing scales. The results show that multi-scale interaction commonly exists in most landscape metric scaling responses, making a significant contribution. In general, the scaling effects of the three scales (i.e., spatial extent, spatial resolution, and classification of land use) are often in a different direction, and spatial resolution is the primary driving scale in isolation. The findings show that only a few metrics are highly sensitive to the three scales throughout the whole scale spectrum, while the other metrics are limited within a certain threshold range. This study confirms that the scaling-sensitive scalograms can be used as an application guideline for selecting appropriate landscape metrics and optimal scale ranges.
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Ibadah, Nisrine, Khalid Minaoui, Mohammed Rziza, Mohammed Oumsis, and César Benavente-Peces. "Deep Validation of Spatial Temporal Features of Synthetic Mobility Models." Computers 7, no. 4 (December 16, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers7040071.
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This paper analyzes the most relevant spatial-temporal stochastic properties of benchmark synthetic mobility models. Each pattern suffers from various mobility flaws, as will be shown by the models’ validation. A set of metrics is used to describe mobility features, such as the speed decay problem, the density wave phenomenon, the spatial node distribution, and the average neighbor percentage. These metrics have already been validated for the random waypoint mobility model (RWPMM), but they have not yet been verified for other mobility patterns that are most frequently used. For this reason, this investigation attempts to deeply validate those metrics for other mobility models, namely the Manhattan Grid mobility, the Reference Point Group mobility, the Nomadic Community mobility, the Self-Similar Least Action Walk, and SMOOTH models. Moreover, we propose a novel mobility metric named the “node neighbors range”. The relevance of this new metric is that it proves at once the set of outcomes of previous metrics. It offers a global view of the overall range of mobile neighbors during the experimental time. The current research aims to more rigorously understand mobility features in order to conduct a precise assessment of each mobility flaw, given that this fact further impacts the performance of the whole network. These validations aim to summarize several parameters into 18,126 different scenarios with an average of 486 validated files. An exhaustive analysis with details like those found in this paper leads to a good understanding of the accurate behaviors of mobility models by displaying the ability of every pattern to deal with certain topology changes, as well as to ensure network performances. Validation results confirm the effectiveness and robustness of our novel metric.
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Wohlgemuth, Melville, Angeles Salles, and Cynthia Moss. "Spatial attention in natural tasks." Molecular Psychology: Brain, Behavior, and Society 1 (December 22, 2022): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/molpsychol.17488.1.
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Little is known about fine scale neural dynamics that accompany rapid shifts in spatial attention in freely behaving animals, primarily because reliable indicators of attention are lacking in standard model organisms engaged in natural tasks. The echolocating bat can serve to bridge this gap, as it exhibits robust dynamic behavioral indicators of overt spatial attention as it explores its environment. In particular, the bat actively shifts the aim of its sonar beam to inspect objects in different directions, akin to eye movements and foveation in humans and other visually dominant animals. Further, the bat adjusts the temporal features of sonar calls to attend to objects at different distances, yielding a metric of acoustic gaze along the range axis. Thus, an echolocating bat’s call features not only convey the information it uses to probe its surroundings, but also provide fine scale metrics of auditory spatial attention in 3D natural tasks. These explicit metrics of overt spatial attention can be leveraged to uncover general principles of neural coding in the mammalian brain.
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Israel, Emil, and Amnon Frenkel. "Social justice and spatial inequality." Progress in Human Geography 42, no. 5 (April 21, 2017): 647–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132517702969.
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Justice has recently been deliberated in different spatial disciplines. Still, the question of its metrics remains unresolved. Accordingly, this article introduces a conceptual framework in which a metric notion of justice can be employed in different spatial contexts, drawing upon the theoretical conceptualization of Amartya Sen’s ‘capabilities’ and Pierre Bourdieu’s ‘field’, capital forms and ‘habitus’. The main hypothesis assumes that capital resources, which are formed in an individual’s living environment, determine their life chances, thus influencing spatial equality of opportunity (i.e. social justice).
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Biraghi, C. A., and E. Lenzi. "SPATIAL PATTERN ANALYSIS THROUGH DISTRIBUTION METRICS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2022 (June 1, 2022): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2022-69-2022.
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Abstract. Moving from the controversial results on the link between urban structure and performance aspect, this article wants to encourage the development of the independent research on urban structure, and more generally on spatial patterns, at different scales to enable future further correlations with a wider set of performance aspects (environmental, social, economic, medical). The work also exploits the potential of several unsupervised learning algorithms, whose performance and power are increasingly promising and whose use is becoming more widespread in different fields; but for which there are still many challenges concerning the correct application in urban areas and the interpretability of the results. We propose an approach for the creation of new spatial attributes and metrics (features) aiming to quantitatively describe the qualitative distribution of objects (e.g., buildings) in a 2D space. It explores an incremental bottom-up process for the creation of groups of objects (e.g., urban patches) and the evaluation of their physical properties alone and in respect with a sample area at each iteration. The process consists of 7 phases: data preparation, data processing, parameters collection, feature calculation, feature selection, clustering, results comparison. The results can be mainly divided in two. First, the feature selection allowed to extract a minimum set of non-redundant, valid, and consistent features that can explain qualitative distribution aspects of spatial patterns. Second, the comparison between feature-based and neural network clustering, gave useful insights for a preliminary understanding of unsupervised learning techniques internal mechanisms.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spatial metrics"
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Mirkarimi, Hamed, and hamed mirkarimi@student rmit edu au. "Landscape ecological planning for protected areas using spatial and temporal metrics." RMIT University. Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080507.122506.
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The natural characteristics of protected areas have changed for a variety of reasons through time. Changes in protected area landscapes can occur because of natural and/or cultural processes. Natural processes such as geomorphological disturbance and climatic condition can permanently and/or temporarily change the characteristics of the environment. In addition, changes in human needs, knowledge and activities are the cultural driving forces behind changing characteristics of landscape through time. These changes can be studied both spatially and temporally. Spatially, protected area landscape structures such as shape, size and location with respect to their neighbourhood context can be studied to describe landscape configuration. Temporally, landscape functions such as different geographical locations and land characteristics can be studied to determine the rate of temporal variability in landscape. Any changes in temporal characteristics may lead to changes in spatial characteristics of protected areas and vice versa. This thesis has developed a framework to enhance the landscape ecological planning approach with attention to changes in landscapes of protected areas. Considering landscape ecological concepts, this framework draws upon spatial and temporal characteristics of protected areas. Initially, a basic model of the landscape ecological approach to protected area planning and data requirements for landscape ecological planning was developed according to the concept of landscape ecological planning. In order to examine the model in the real world, the data requirements for landscape ecological planning were implemented using a case study method. The basic list of data required for landscape ecological planning was further developed through the case study approach by highlighting the importance of road metrics in the process of planning. In addition, the case study approach proved that spatial and temporal metrics can be used in the interpretation of spatial configuration and temporal variability of protected areas th rough a quantitative method. The framework was developed for three case studies in Iran and three case studies in Australia. A number of metrics were applied in order to quantify spatial and temporal aspects of the protected areas. A list of spatial and temporal criteria was developed to assist interpretation of area compaction, spatial fragmentation and temporal variability of protected areas. Using the criteria list, a new framework for spatial and temporal evaluation of protected areas has been developed. This can be used to determine spatial and temporal management issues of protected areas at the landscape scale. Then planning scenarios for spatial and temporal issues of protected areas at the landscape scale can be suggested. The developed framework has the potential to be applied to all protected areas even where detailed ecological data and information are not available. In addition, when all data required are available, the developed framework using spatial and temporal metrics has the potential to suggest a flexible zoning plan for protected areas.
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Vilmi, A. (Annika). "Assessing freshwater biodiversity:insights from different spatial contexts, taxonomic groups and response metrics." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526216669.
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Abstract Freshwater ecosystems are severely threatened by a variety of anthropogenic stressors. In order to keep track with at least part of the changes, it is important to efficiently assess and monitor freshwater biological diversity. Biological assessment programs are developed to detect human-induced changes in the ecological state of aquatic systems. These programs typically rely on the assumption that environmental conditions are the sole drivers of biological communities occupying a site and, thus, these local communities would correctly inform about environmental conditions. Recently, this background principle of current bioassessment methods has faced some criticism, stemming from the idea that community structuring is a more complex process than just a mere result of local environmental conditions. In this thesis, I studied the natural and anthropogenic drivers of freshwater biodiversity. I was particularly interested if the various biodiversity metrics studied showed any spatial patterns and if so, for which reasons these patterns might occur. To obtain a comprehensive picture of spatial patterns in biodiversity, I studied multiple spatial contexts, biological groups and indices. I found that environmental conditions were not the only drivers of freshwater biodiversity. Instead, different spatial patterns, likely stemming from dispersal processes, were surprisingly powerful drivers of aquatic communities and index values derived from them. The spatial context (i.e. spatial extent and connectivity) of the aquatic study systems likely played a major role in structuring biodiversity. I also found that the distinct biological groups and indices studied were partly related to different predictor variables. The findings of this thesis are of importance to the development of new bioassessment methods. The results of this thesis also suggest that the spatial context of the study setting should be acknowledged when interpreting results based on current bioassessment methodsTiivistelmä Makeanveden ekosysteemit ovat hyvin alttiita ihmistoiminnalle. Ekosysteemissä mahdollisesti tapahtuvien muutosten havaitseminen vaatii tehokkaita vesistöjen ekologisen tilan ja luonnon monimuotoisuuden arviointi- ja seurantamenetelmiä. Näiden menetelmien toimintaperiaatteen yleisenä tausta-ajatuksena on, että biologiset yhteisöt määräytyvät paikallisten ympäristöolojen mukaan. Tietyn paikan yhteisön oletetaan siis heijastavan kyseisen paikan ympäristön tilaa. Viime aikoina tausta-ajatus paikallisten ympäristöolojen merkityksestä ainoana eliöyhteisöjä muovaavana tekijänä on kuitenkin kohdannut kritiikkiä. Kriitikot painottavat, että biologisten yhteisöjen rakenteeseen vaikuttavat monet muutkin asiat kuin paikalliset ympäristöolosuhteet ja niissä tapahtuvat ihmisperäiset muutokset. Väitöskirjassani tutkin sisävesien luonnon monimuotoisuuteen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Olin erityisen kiinnostunut siitä, näkyykö tutkituissa biologisissa parametreissa maantieteellisessä tilassa ilmeneviä spatiaalisia säännönmukaisuuksia. Saadakseni mahdollisimman laaja-alaisen käsityksen luonnon monimuotoisuudessa esiintyvistä spatiaalisista säännönmukaisuuksista, tutkin useaa spatiaalista kontekstia, eliöryhmää ja indeksiä. Tutkimuksessa selvisi, että paikalliset ympäristöolosuhteet eivät ole ainoita luonnon monimuotoisuuteen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Erilaiset spatiaaliset säännönmukaisuudet, todennäköisesti eliöiden levittäytymiseen liittyvien seikkojen aiheuttamina, olivat yllättävän yleisiä makeiden vesien eliöyhteisöjen rakenteessa ja niihin perustuvien indeksien arvoissa. Tutkimussysteemien spatiaalinen konteksti (alueen laajuus ja paikkojen väliset spatiaaliset suhteet) selvästi vaikutti luonnon monimuotoisuutta kuvastavien indeksien arvojen vaihteluun. Lisäksi selvisi, että eri eliöryhmät ja indeksit olivat useimmiten liitoksissa hyvin erilaisiin selittäviin muuttujiin, osoittaen, että nämä mittarit kuvastavat eri asioita. Väitöskirjassa esitetyt havainnot on tärkeää huomioida vesistöjen ekologisen tilan ja luonnon monimuotoisuuden arviointi- ja seurantamenetelmiä kehitettäessä. Spatiaalisen kontekstin merkitys olisi hyvä huomioida myös nykyisten arviointi- ja seurantamenetelmien tuottamien tulosten tulkinnassa
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Myrberg, Anton. "Spatial complexity metrics: : What is available and how they assess novice projects." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för programvaruteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-21907.
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McKenzie, Samuel John Paul. "Spatial metrics of land cover change in an agricultural landscape in Northern Ireland." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529577.
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Krenz, Kimon. "Network centralities in polycentric urban regions : methods for the measurement of spatial metrics." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10052165/.
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The primary aim of this thesis is to explain the complex spatial organisations of polycentric urban regions (PURs). PURs are a form of regional morphology that often evolves from post-industrial structures and describe a subnational area featuring a plurality of urban centres. As of today, the analysis of the spatial organisation of PURs constitutes a hitherto uncharted territory. This is due to PURs’ inherent complexity that poses challenges for their conceptualisation. In this context, this thesis reviews theories on the spatial organisation of regions and cities and seeks to make a foundational methodological contribution by joining space syntax and central place theory in the conceptualisation of polycentric urban regions. It takes into account human agency embedded in the physical space, as well as the reciprocal effect of the spatial organisation for the emergence of centralities and demonstrates how these concepts can give insights into the fundamental regional functioning. The thesis scrutinises the role that the spatial organisation plays in such regions, in terms of organising flows of goods and people, ordering locational occupation and fostering centres of commercial activity. It proposes a series of novel measurements and techniques to analyse large and messy datasets. This includes a method for the application of large-scale volunteered geographic information in street network analysis. This is done, in the context of two post-industrial regions: the German Ruhr Valley and the British Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire region. The thesis’ contribution to the understanding of regional spatial organisation and the study of regional morphology lies in the identification of spatial structural features of socio-economic potentials of regions and particular areas within them. It constitutes the first comparative study of comprehensive large-scale regional spatial networks and presents a framework for the analysis of regions and the evaluation of the predictive potential of spatial networks for socio-economic patterns and the location of centres in regional contexts.
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Ramotubei, Pheello. "Understanding landscape dynamics using spatial metrics: A case of Maseru City Council (MCC), Lesotho." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30018.
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Remote sensing provides accurate and timely data for earth’s change detections for better decision making. Both land use and land covers (LULC) are important dynamics in understanding the dynamics interaction between human activities and the environment and the changes within the environment due to these interactions. Rapid population growth together with an irreversible process of urbanisation results in productive agricultural land which serves as the main source of livelihood under pressure for residential purposes. The reason being rapid urbanisation led to rapid increase of informal settlement in the developing countries and hence information about location and the extent of these informal settlements is needed to guide resources allocation distribution for upgrading and decision making processes. Thus a quantitative measure like the spatial metrics is used in this research to provide information on the rate and pattern of urban expansion for urban planners to device a mechanism for proper spatial planning and provide a management policy direction for solving complex problem of population growth and the encroachment of the informal settlements into fertile agricultural land along the urban peripheries emanating from internal and international migrations. The study indicates that there has been an increase of 928 Ha in the built up land between 2005 and 2016, while at the same time the agricultural has decreased by 820 Ha at the expense of the built up land. This indicates that in 11 years, percentage decrease of 0.35% in agricultural land is lost for built up land annually. In the similar manner, around the urban peripheries there is a loss of 3.4% of agricultural land (60.36 Ha) annually for informal settlement between 2005 and 2016 The spatial metrics which provide the quantitative description of composition and configuration of landscape shows that the urban peripheries are gradually being transformed from being simple compact to being more fragmented and complex as indicated by Area Weighted Mean Patch Fractal Dimension (AWMPFD) greater than one. This study indicates a need for immediate intervention through planned settlement to cater for an ever increasing population growth from natural birth and different types of migrations.
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Sousa, F. Raquel R. F. de. "Exploratory spatial analysis of topographic surface metrics for the prediction of water table occurrence." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/12215.
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Starting from the premise that water table in aquifers follows topographic surface as
well as underground flow direction tends to be consistent with the surface streams
flow directions, the present work presents the essays of the research to define a model
that predicts, through a piecewise multiple regression, groundwater level in the
Estremoz-Cano Aquifer System and in the surrounding igneous and metamorphic rocks
of the OMZ as a function of topography, namely a set of terrain metrics like curvature
and structural curvature to be related with the static water level (SWL) measured on
dug wells of farms and cottages.
The spatial analysis of the topographic surface draining water to the sampled aquifer
systems is based on a DEM at different resolutions to acquire and infer information
about the surface shape and processes, namely the hydrologic characteristics of the
basins and its relation with infiltration process and the prediction of water table; Análise exploratória da métrica da superfície topográfica para previsão do nível
freático da água subterrânea
### Resumo:
O presente trabalho parte da premissa de que não só o nível freático acompanha a
linha topográfica do terreno, mas também a direcção de escorrência das bacias
subterrâneas tende a coincidir com a direcção predominante de escorrência das bacias
hidrográficas à superfície, principalmente em aquíferos fraturados.
O presente trabalho apresenta o estudo realizado na investigação de um modelo que
explique o nível freático no sistema aquífero Estremoz-Cano e na área circundante a
este, nas rochas ígneas e metamórficas da ZOM, em função da curvatura e das
características métricas do terreno. Na base dos modelos desenvolvidos estiveram os
dados de elevação do terreno a diferentes resoluções, a curvatura e a convexidade
deste, assim como as características hidrológicas e a influência destas nos processos de
infiltração.
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Hai, Pham Minh, and Yasushi Yamaguchi. "CHARACTERIZING THE URBAN GROWTH OF HANOI, NAGOYA, AND SHANGHAI CITY USING REMOTE SENSING AND SPATIAL METRICS." IEEE, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/12105.
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Näkne, Henrik. "Video Quality Metric improvement using motion and spatial masking." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för visuell information och interaktion, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-275114.
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Objective video quality assessment is of great importance in video compression and other video processing applications. In today's encoders Peak Signal to Noise Ratio or Sum of Absolute Differences are often used, though these metrics have limited correlation to perceived quality. In this paper other block-based quality measures are evaluated with superior performance on compression distortion when evaluating correlation with Mean Opinion Scores. The major results are that Block-based Visual Information Fidelity with optical flow and intra-frame Gaussian weighting outperforms PSRN, VIF, and SSIM. Also, a block-based weighted Mean Squared Error method is proposed that performs better than PSRN and SSIM, however not VIF and BB-VIF, with the advantage of high locality, which is useful in video encoding. The previously mentioned weighting methods have not been evaluated with SSIM, which is proposed for further studies.
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Loraamm, Rebecca Whitehead. "Road-based Landscape Metrics for Quantifying Habitat Fragmentation." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3214.
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Landscape metrics measure the composition and configuration of habitats within landscapes; often the goal is to measure fragmentation. While a variety of existing metrics characterize the connectivity and contiguity of habitat patches, most do not explicitly consider the fragmenting effects of roads in their formulations. This research develops a set of new landscape metrics that explicitly quantify how roads disconnect and break apart habitat patches. This research introduces the following four metrics to consider the fragmenting effects of transportation networks: (1) Number of Connected Patches, a measure of connectivity; (2) Euclidean Nearest Neighbor-Roads, a measure of proximity; (3) Road Density, a measure of dispersion, and (4) Distance to Roads, a measure of division. Each of these formulations explicitly considers the presence of roadways. The metrics are applicable at three spatial scales: patch, class, and landscape.
Number of Connected Patches (NCP) provides a new roadway-sensitive measure of patch connectivity by computing the number of patches of identical cover type in a landscape that can be traversed on the shortest straight line distance between them without crossing a road. Euclidean Nearest Neighbor-Roads (ENNR) calculates the distance to the Euclidean nearest neighbor of a patch of the same cover type that is not separated by a roadway. Road Density (RD) leverages the ratio of total roadway network length intersecting a patch, class, or landscape versus respective total unit area. Distance to Roads (DR) provides a new measure of division by taking the shortest Euclidean distance in meters of any patch to the nearest roadway.
The performance of the new metrics is evaluated using simulated landscape data with different transportation network structures and habitat patch configurations. This is accomplished by comparing output from the road-based metrics to existing metrics that quantify habitat density, isolation, dispersion, and division. The results of the study demonstrate that the new road-based landscape metrics provide an improved means of quantifying habitat fragmentation caused by transportation networks. This is especially evident as simulated transit network increases for each landscape; response of new metrics to increased road presence is linear and as expected given metric design. These metrics have successfully captured notable patch, class, and landscape level characteristics and their associated responses which are not available with treatment by conventional measures of landscape fragmentation.
Books on the topic "Spatial metrics"
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Sudra, Paweł. Rozpraszanie i koncentracja zabudowy na przykładzie aglomeracji warszawskiej po 1989 roku = Dispersion and concentration of built-up areas on the example of the Warsaw agglomeration after 1989. Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego, Polska Akademia Nauk, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/9788361590057.
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The research problem undertaken in the study is the occurrence of dispersed and concentrated built-up (in particular residential) area patterns caused by suburbanisation processes in a large urban agglomeration, on the example of the Warsaw metropolitan area. The research concerned the period after 1989, when the political and economic transformation in Poland began. The historical and contemporary socio-economic conditions of suburbanization and urban sprawl are described, which have the features of a spontaneous, chaotic dispersion, quite different than in Western countries. It is partly to blame for faulty spatial planning. The succession of urban development into rural areas is subordinated to the factors of the construction market. In the empirical part of the analysis, topographic data on all buildings in the urban agglomeration and databases on land use derived from satellite images were used to investigate settlement changes. A multidimensional study was carried out relating to various spatial scales, types of spatial relations and territorial units. Measures of spatial concentration of point patterns as well as landscape metrics were used for this purpose. The indicators used were subject to critical methodological evaluation afterwards. The study was performed in several temporal cross-sections. The locations of new development in agricultural, forest and wasteland areas have been identified. Finally, recommendations for the implementation of appropriate spatial policy and improvement of the spatial order in the Warsaw agglomeration were formulated
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Mercati, Flavio. York’s Solution to the Initial-Value Problem. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789475.003.0008.
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In this chapter I briefly review York’s method (or the conformal method) for solving the initial value problem of (GR). This method, developed initially by Lichnerowicz and then generalized by Choquet-Bruhat and York, allows to find solutions of the constraints of (GR) (in particular the Hamiltonian, or refoliation constraint) by scanning the conformal equivalence class of spatial metrics for a solution of the Hamiltonian constraint, exploiting the fact that, in a particular foliation (CMC), the transverse nature of the momentum field is preserved under conformal transformations. This method allows to transform the initial value problem into an elliptic problem for the solution for which good existence and uniqueness theorems are available. Moreover this method allows to identify the reduced phase space of (GR) with the cotangent bundle to conformal superspace (the space of conformal 3-geometries), when the CMC foliation is valid. SD essentially amounts to taking this phase space as fundamental and renouncing the spacetime description when the CMC foliation is not available.
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Rao, Prasada. Welfare Comparisons with Heterogeneous Prices, Consumption, and Preferences. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.25.
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The chapter provides an overview of the methods and techniques employed by economic statisticians in compiling measures of real expenditure for use in making temporal and spatial comparisons of economic welfare. The role of money-metric utility in making price and welfare comparisons is explored. Temporal measures of price change based on the Konus cost-of-living index and the associated measures of welfare change for individuals and groups of individuals are discussed. Links between the commonly used Laspeyres, Paasche, Fisher, and Tornqvist index numbers and the Konus index-based measures of price and real expenditure change are established. A section of the chapter is devoted to spatial price comparisons where heterogeneity in prices, consumption, and preferences poses challenges for statisticians. Multilateral index number methods based on the money-metric utility used in spatial and cross-country price and welfare comparisons including the Geary, Gini-Éltetö-Köves-Szulc, and spatial chaining methods are canvassed.
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Schreiner, Christopher S. Processing and representing categorical and metric spatial relations in large-scale environments. 1997.
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Lefroy, Ted, Allan Curtis, Anthony Jakeman, and James McKee, eds. Landscape Logic. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643103559.
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In 2005, researchers from four Australian universities and CSIRO joined forces with environmental managers from three state agencies and six regional catchment management authorities to answer the question: 'Can we detect the influence of public environmental programs on the condition of our natural resources?' This was prompted by a series of national audits of Australia's environmental programs that could find no evidence of public investment improving the condition of waterways, soils and native vegetation, despite major public programs investing more than $4.2 billion in environmental repair over the last 20 years.
Landscape Logic describes how this collaboration of 42 researchers and environmental managers went about the research. It describes what they found and what they learned about the challenge of attributing cause to environmental change. While public programs had been responsible for increase in vegetation extent, there was less evidence for improvement in vegetation condition and water quality. In many cases critical levels of intervention had not been reached, interventions were not sufficiently mature to have had any measurable impact, monitoring had not been designed to match the spatial and temporal scales of the interventions, and interventions lacked sufficiently clear objectives and metrics to ever be detectable. In the process, however, new knowledge emerged on disturbance thresholds in river condition, diagnosing sources of pollution in river systems, and the application and uptake of state-and-transition and Bayesian network models to environmental management.
The findings discussed in this book provide valuable messages for environmental managers, land managers, researchers and policy makers.
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Wittman, David M. Spacetime Geometry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199658633.003.0011.
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This chapter shows that the counterintuitive aspects of special relativity are due to the geometry of spacetime. We begin by showing, in the familiar context of plane geometry, how a metric equation separates frame‐dependent quantities from invariant ones. The components of a displacement vector depend on the coordinate system you choose, but its magnitude (the distance between two points, which is more physically meaningful) is invariant. Similarly, space and time components of a spacetime displacement are frame‐dependent, but the magnitude (proper time) is invariant and more physically meaningful. In plane geometry displacements in both x and y contribute positively to the distance, but in spacetime geometry the spatial displacement contributes negatively to the proper time. This is the source of counterintuitive aspects of special relativity. We develop spacetime intuition by practicing with a graphic stretching‐triangle representation of spacetime displacement vectors.
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Malawey, Victoria. A Blaze of Light in Every Word. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190052201.001.0001.
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A Blaze of Light in Every Word presents a conceptual model for analyzing vocal delivery in popular song recordings focused on three overlapping areas of inquiry: pitch, prosody, and quality. The domain of pitch, which refers to listeners’ perceptions of frequency, considers range, tessitura, intonation, and registration. Prosody, the pacing and flow of delivery, comprises phrasing, metric placement, motility, embellishment, and consonantal articulation. Qualitative elements include timbre, phonation, onset, resonance, clarity, paralinguistic effects, and loudness. Intersecting all three domains is the area of technological mediation, which considers how external technologies, such as layering, overdubbing, pitch modification, recording transmission, compression, reverb, spatial placement, delay, and other electronic effects, impact voice in recorded music. Though the book focuses primarily on the sonic and material aspects of vocal delivery, it situates these aspects among broader cultural, philosophical, and anthropological approaches to voice with the goal to better understand the relationship between sonic content and its signification. Drawing upon transcription and spectrographic analysis as the primary means of representation, as well as modes of analysis, this book features in-depth analyses of a wide array of popular song recordings spanning genres from indie rock to hip-hop to death metal, develops analytical tools for understanding how individual dimensions make singing voices both complex and unique, and synthesizes how multiple aspects interact to better understand the multidimensionality of singing voices.
Book chapters on the topic "Spatial metrics"
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Grasl, Thomas, and Athanassios Economou. "Spatial Similarity Metrics." In Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures (CAADFutures) 2007, 251–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6528-6_19.
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Guan, Chenghe. "Spatial metrics of urban form." In Vertical Urbanism, 189–209. New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: China perspectives: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351206839-14.
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García-Álvarez, David, and Martin Paegelow. "Spatial Metrics to Validate Land Use Cover Maps." In Land Use Cover Datasets and Validation Tools, 205–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90998-7_11.
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AbstractWhen validating Land Use Cover (LUC) products, pattern analysis can be used to assess the agreement between the patterns of two maps. It therefore complements other methods and techniques that focus exclusively on the quantity (proportions) and allocation agreement between the categories. Spatial metrics are the first step for any analysis of the patterns of categorical maps. With the wide range of spatial metrics available, it is possible to fully characterize the pattern of any map. It can also be characterized in greater detail using other more complex techniques, as explained in the next chapter of this book (Chap. “Advanced Pattern Analysis to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”). This chapter provides an introduction to the essentials of pattern analysis by explaining the theory behind the calculations of spatial metrics. To this end, we offer examples of how to use spatial metrics to validate LUC maps (either single maps or series) and Land Use Cover Change (LUCC) simulations from modelling exercises. We also include two example exercises illustrating how spatial metrics can be used for general purposes of pattern characterization without validation. Despite all the spatial metrics currently available, in this chapter we will be focusing exclusively on the most common and most suitable metrics for carrying out the type of analyses being performed here. Most of the spatial metrics proposed in the literature are closely related. This means that users must select the metrics that provide most information for their specific cases, so as to avoid reiteration and make sure that clear conclusions are reached. The example exercises were drawn up with maps (CORINE, SIOSE) and modelling exercises from the Asturias Central Area and Ariège Valley databases.
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Zhao, Yaolong, and Yuji Murayama. "Urban Dynamics Analysis Using Spatial Metrics Geosimulation." In Spatial Analysis and Modeling in Geographical Transformation Process, 153–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0671-2_10.
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Rockcastle, Siobhan, and Marilyne Andersen. "Application of New Metrics to Abstract Spatial Models." In Annual Dynamics of Daylight Variability and Contrast, 53–68. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5233-0_5.
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Iop, Alessandro, Olga Viberg, Adrian Elmi-Terander, Erik Edström, and Mario Romero. "On Extended Reality Objective Performance Metrics for Neurosurgical Training." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 573–79. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42682-7_44.
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AbstractThe adoption of Extended Reality (XR) technologies for supporting learning processes is an increasingly popular research topic for a wide variety of domains, including medical education. Currently, within this community, the metrics applied to quantify the potential impact these technologies have on procedural knowledge acquisition are inconsistent. This paper proposes a practical definition of standard metrics for the learning goals in the application of XR to surgical training. Their value in the context of previous research in neurosurgical training is also discussed. Objective metrics of performance include: spatial accuracy and precision, time-to-task completion, number of attempts. The objective definition of what the learner’s aims are enables the creation of comparable XR systems that track progress during training. The first impact is to provide a community-wide metric of progress that allows for consistent measurements. Furthermore, a measurable target opens the possibility for automated performance assessments with constructive feedback.
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Sharmiladevi, S., and S. Siva Sathya. "Evaluation Metrics of Spatial and Spatiotemporal Data Mining Techniques." In Emerging Technologies in Data Mining and Information Security, 449–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9774-9_42.
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Mancini, Gianluca, Daniele Ventura, Edoardo Casoli, Andrea Belluscio, and Giandomenico Ardizzone. "Colonization of transplanted Posidonia Oceanica: understanding the spatial dynamics through high-spatial resolution underwater photomosaics." In Ninth International Symposium “Monitoring of Mediterranean Coastal Areas: Problems and Measurement Techniques”, 719–28. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0030-1.68.
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Following the restoration of a P. oceanica meadow impacted by the Concordia shipwreck, we investigated the spatial dynamic of the most important and protected Mediterranean endemic seagrass over a two-year period applying three spatial metrics: number of patches, mean patch size and total cover. By means of underwater photomosaics, we noticed a diminution in the number of patches in favour of the mean size and total cover. The outcomes showed that, under suitable environmental conditions, P. oceanica colonizes rapidly the dead matte substrate.
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Biancardi, Alberto M., and Jim M. Wild. "New Disagreement Metrics Incorporating Spatial Detail – Applications to Lung Imaging." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 804–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60964-5_70.
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Turner, Monica G., and Martin Simard. "Using Spatial Statistics and Landscape Metrics to Compare Disturbance Mosaics." In Learning Landscape Ecology, 175–90. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6374-4_11.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Spatial metrics"
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Yang, Chunting, Lian Zhao, and Zaiyi Liao. "Spatial-Temporal Distortion Metrics for Video." In 2009 WRI World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csie.2009.606.
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Baxter, Donald, Frédéric Cao, Henrik Eliasson, and Jonathan Phillips. "Development of the I3A CPIQ spatial metrics." In IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging, edited by Frans Gaykema and Peter D. Burns. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.905752.
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Žefran, Miloš, Vijay Kumar, and Christopher Croke. "Choice of Riemannian Metrics for Rigid Body Kinematics." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/mech-1148.
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Abstract The set of spatial rigid body motions forms a Lie group known as the special Euclidean group in three dimensions, SE(3). Chasles’s theorem states that there exists a screw motion between two arbitrary elements of SE(3). In this paper we investigate whether there exist a Riemannian metric whose geodesics are screw motions. We prove that no Riemannian metric with such geodesics exists and we show that the metrics whose geodesics are screw motions form a two-parameter family of semi-Riemannian metrics.
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Lima, Antonio, and Mirco Musolesi. "Spatial dissemination metrics for location-based social networks." In the 2012 ACM Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2370216.2370429.
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Nancel, Mathieu, Daniel Vogel, Bruno De Araujo, Ricardo Jota, and Géry Casiez. "Next-Point Prediction Metrics for Perceived Spatial Errors." In UIST '16: The 29th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2984511.2984590.
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Zhang, Qianghui, Junjie Wu, Zhongyu Li, Yulin Huang, Jianyu Yang, and Haiguang Yang. "On the spatial resolution metrics of bistatic SAR." In 2016 CIE International Conference on Radar (RADAR). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/radar.2016.8059319.
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Larochelle, Pierre M., and Andrew P. Murray. "Projection Metrics for Rigid-Body Displacements." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84698.
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An open research question is how to define a useful metric on SE(n) with respect to (1) the choice of coordinate frames and (2) the units used to measure linear and angular distances. We present two techniques for approximating elements of the special Euclidean group SE(n) with elements of the special orthogonal group SO(n+1). These techniques are based on the singular value and polar decompositions (denoted as SVD and PD respectively) of the homogeneous transform representation of the elements of SE(n). The projection of the elements of SE(n) onto SO(n+1) yields hyperdimensional rotations that approximate the rigid-body displacements (hence the term projection metric. A bi-invariant metric on SO(n+1) may then be used to measure the distance between any two spatial displacements. The results are PD and SVD based projection metrics on SE(n). These metrics have applications in motion synthesis, robot calibration. motion interpolation, and hybrid robot control.
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Swenson, Nigel, Garrett Scott, Peter Bloch, Paresh Soni, Nuha Nishat, Anjali Asar, Cindy Grimm, Xiaoli Fern, and Ravi Balasubramanian. "Improving Grasp Classification through Spatial Metrics Available from Sensors." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icra48506.2021.9561750.
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Pinardi, Daniel, and Angelo Farina. "Metrics for Evaluating the Spatial Accuracy of Microphone Arrays." In 2021 Immersive and 3D Audio: from Architecture to Automotive (I3DA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i3da48870.2021.9610887.
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Ershov, Sergey Valentinovich, Vadim Gennadjevich Sokolov, Alexey Gennadievich Voloboy, and Vladimir Alexandrovich Galaktionov. "Effective Simulation of Spatial Daylight Autonomy and Annual Sunlight Exposure." In 32nd International Conference on Computer Graphics and Vision. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/graphicon-2022-64-72.
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Nowadays the daylight analysis is widely used by architects because it influences on the room usage and comfortability. The natural daylight has a lot of benefits. There are many issues related to the daylight which affects the function and perception of the illuminated area. The issues are direct sunlight and discomfort glare, illumination level and distribution on the working plane. The correct building design that takes into account the daylight analysis aspects leads to decrease of the artificial light usage and energy saving. So simulation of the metrics used in daylight analysis is an important task. The paper considers the simulation of two main standard characteristics widely used in the modern daylight estimation: spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) and Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE). The calculation of both metrics is regulated by the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) standards. The metric calculation provides daylight illumination data for whole year with one hour step. This means that several thousand simulations have to be run. So effective light simulation methods must be elaborated and used here. The paper presents the methods which deal with rather complex and precise building models under daylight illumination and realistic environment. Spatial Daylight Autonomy metric is calculated considering blinds control that opens or closes them depending on the over-exposure by the direct sunlight. Thus, simulation of sDA involves an optimization procedure defining blinds configuration at each hourly moment. The sDA and ASE calculations for architecture scene are provided as examples.
Reports on the topic "Spatial metrics"
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Morton, A., and E. Stephan. Spatial Composition of Metrics. RFC Editor, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc6049.
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Stephan, E., L. Liang, and A. Morton. IP Performance Metrics (IPPM): Spatial and Multicast. RFC Editor, October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc5644.
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Runion, Kyle, Safra Altman, and Elizabeth Murray. Analytic methods for establishing restoration trajectories. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45562.
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This special report identifies metrics (standard and novel) and analytic approaches to developing trajectories and then describes the conceptual process of using those metrics and approaches to develop restoration trajectories to inform adaptive management in salt-marsh systems. We identify the composite time series trajectory (CTST) approach, in which metrics are measured from restoration sites of different ages within a small spatial range, and the retrospective single-site trajectory (RSST) approach, in which the same restoration metrics are measured over time at one restoration site. In all, we assessed the metrics of 39 studies of salt-marsh restoration in the United States between 1991 and 2019.
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Go, Eugenia, Kentaro Nakajima, Yasuyuki Sawada, and Kiyoshi Taniguchi. On the Use of Satellite-Based Vehicle Flows Data to Assess Local Economic Activity: The Case of Philippine Cities. Asian Development Bank, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220079-2.
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Satellite image-derived vehicle counts were used to measure local economic activity following the opening of the new terminal at the Mactan-Cebu International Airport in the Philippines. Results reveal that the terminal’s opening has had positive impacts on Cebu’s local economy. A comparison of the vehicle count measure with luminosity-derived metrics suggests that the former is better at capturing seasonal and spatial variations in treatment effects, especially for beach tourism activities in Cebu.
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Matthews, Stephen N., Louis Iverson, Matthew Peters, and Anantha Prasad. Assessing potential climate change pressures across the conterminous United States. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6941248.ch.
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The maps and tables presented here represent potential variability of projected climate change across the conterminous United States during three 30-year periods in this century and emphasizes the importance of evaluating multiple signals of change across large spatial domains. Maps of growing degree days, plant hardiness zones, heat zones, and cumulative drought severity depict the potential for markedly shifting conditions and highlight regions where changes may be multifaceted across these metrics. In addition to the maps, the potential change in these climate variables are summarized in tables according to the seven regions of the fourth National Climate Assessment to provide additional regional context. Viewing these data collectively further emphasizes the potential for novel climatic space under future projections of climate change and signals the wide disparity in these conditions based on relatively near-term human decisions of curtailing (or not) greenhouse gas emissions.
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Ptsuty, Norbert, Andrea Habeck, and Christopher Menke. Shoreline position and coastal topographical change monitoring at Gateway National Recreation Area: 2017–2022 and 2007–2022 trend report. National Park Service, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299536.
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This trend report summarizes the results of shoreline position and coastal topography monitoring conducted at Gateway National Recreation Area (GATE) in 2007 through 2022. The data collection and report were completed by Rutgers University for the National Park Service, Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network, Inventory and Monitoring Program. Gateway National Recreation Area (GATE) is made up of three units: Sandy Hook Unit, Jamaica Bay Unit (Breezy Point, Plumb Beach), and Staten Island Unit (Great Kills, Miller Field, Fort Wadsworth). Shoreline position change results include a spatial depiction and statistical analysis of annual changes and 5-year changes in shoreline position as well as a longer-term trend analysis incorporating the full shoreline analysis of 2007 through 2022, all following the model presented in Psuty et al. (2022a). Coastal topography datasets include profiles of survey data collected annually, annual change metrics, net change metrics, as well as an alongshore depiction of net change, following the model presented in Psuty et al. (2012). This 2007–2022 trend report is the third GATE trend report to incorporate both shoreline position and coastal topographical change data. Due to the variable exposure to incident waves influencing inputs of sediment to the alongshore transport system in the various units from updrift sources, there was no common direction of shoreline displacement or profile change throughout the GATE park units. Engineering structures along the beach and adjacent to inlets altered the shoreline position and coastal topography responses in much of GATE. Generally, the largest vectors of shoreline position change and changes in coastal topography were produced by natural impacts such as storms and by anthropogenic impacts such as dredging or beach nourishment at an updrift location. All of the park units in GATE displayed the impacts of an absence of a source of sediment to counter the erosional impacts of the coastal storms. All of the units had a net inland displacement of shoreline position over the survey period, with some short term recovery associated with local pulses of sediment transfer. Sites with ocean exposure were more heavily eroded (Sandy Hook Oceanside, Breezy Point Oceanside, and Great Kills Oceanside), than sheltered sites (Sandy Hook Bayside, Breezy Point Bayside, Great Kills Bayside, Plumb Beach, Miller Field, Fort Wadsworth). A comparison of the shoreline position and profile data from this survey period with those from the previous trend reports highlights the impacts of Hurricane Sandy and the variety of recovery episodes throughout GATE (Psuty et al. 2018). The trend lines for the sites are often divided into pre-Hurricane Sandy (2012) and post- Hurricane Sandy because of the magnitude of the changes to the shoreline position (1D) and coastal topography (2D) metrics. There was considerable resilience in the system to re-establish the dune-beach system, although not in its original location. The continuing negative sediment budget and the increasing rate of relative sea-level rise will result in episodic inland migration of the dune-beach system and will necessitate a concomitant review of the allocation of space for visitor use and recreation.
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Pstuty, Norbert, Mark Duffy, Dennis Skidds, Tanya Silveira, Andrea Habeck, Katherine Ames, and Glenn Liu. Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network Geomorphological Monitoring Protocol: Part I—Ocean Shoreline Position, Version 2. National Park Service, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293713.
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Following a review of Vital Signs – indicators of ecosystem health – in the coastal parks of the Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network (NCBN), knowledge of shoreline change was ranked as the top variable for monitoring. Shoreline change is a basic element in the management of any coastal system because it contributes to the understanding of the functioning of the natural resources and to the administration of the cultural resources within the parks. Collection of information on the vectors of change relies on the establishment of a rigorous system of protocols to monitor elements of the coastal geomorphology that are guided by three basic principles: 1) all of the elements in the protocols are to be based on scientific principles; 2) the products of the monitoring must relate to issues of importance to park management; and 3) the application of the protocols must be capable of implementation at the local level within the NCBN. Changes in ocean shoreline position are recognized as interacting with many other elements of the Ocean Beach-Dune Ecosystem and are thus both driving and responding to the variety of natural and cultural factors active at the coast at a variety of temporal and spatial scales. The direction and magnitude of shoreline change can be monitored through the application of a protocol that tracks the spatial position of the neap-tide, high tide swash line under well-defined conditions of temporal sampling. Spring and fall surveys conducted in accordance with standard operating procedures will generate consistent and comparable shoreline position data sets that can be incorporated within a data matrix and subsequently analyzed for temporal and spatial variations. The Ocean Shoreline Position Monitoring Protocol will be applied to six parks in the NCBN: Assateague Island National Seashore, Cape Cod National Seashore, Fire Island National Seashore, Gateway National Recreation Area, George Washington Birthplace National Monument, and Sagamore Hill National Historic Site. Monitoring will be accomplished with a Global Positioning System (GPS )/ Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) unit capable of sub-meter horizontal accuracy that is usually mounted on an off-road vehicle and driven along the swash line. Under the guidance of a set of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) (Psuty et al., 2022), the monitoring will generate comparable data sets. The protocol will produce shoreline change metrics following the methodology of the Digital Shoreline Analysis System developed by the United States Geological Survey. Annual Data Summaries and Trend Reports will present and analyze the collected data sets. All collected data will undergo rigorous quality-assurance and quality-control procedures and will be archived at the offices of the NCBN. All monitoring products will be made available via the National Park Service’s Integrated Resource Management Applications Portal.
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Downing, W. Logan, Howell Li, William T. Morgan, Cassandra McKee, and Darcy M. Bullock. Using Probe Data Analytics for Assessing Freeway Speed Reductions during Rain Events. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317350.
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Rain impacts roadways such as wet pavement, standing water, decreased visibility, and wind gusts and can lead to hazardous driving conditions. This study investigates the use of high fidelity Doppler data at 1 km spatial and 2-minute temporal resolution in combination with commercial probe speed data on freeways. Segment-based space-mean speeds were used and drops in speeds during rainfall events of 5.5 mm/hour or greater over a one-month period on a section of four to six-lane interstate were assessed. Speed reductions were evaluated as a time series over a 1-hour window with the rain data. Three interpolation methods for estimating rainfall rates were tested and seven metrics were developed for the analysis. The study found sharp drops in speed of more than 40 mph occurred at estimated rainfall rates of 30 mm/hour or greater, but the drops did not become more severe beyond this threshold. The average time of first detected rainfall to impacting speeds was 17 minutes. The bilinear method detected the greatest number of events during the 1-month period, with the most conservative rate of predicted rainfall. The range of rainfall intensities were estimated between 7.5 to 106 mm/hour for the 39 events. This range was much greater than the heavy rainfall categorization at 16 mm/hour in previous studies reported in the literature. The bilinear interpolation method for Doppler data is recommended because it detected the greatest number of events and had the longest rain duration and lowest estimated maximum rainfall out of three methods tested, suggesting the method balanced awareness of the weather conditions around the roadway with isolated, localized rain intensities.
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Bingham, Sonia, and Craig Young. Sentinel wetlands in Cuyahoga Valley National Park: I. Ecological characterization and management insights, 2008–2018. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2296885.
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Sentinel wetlands at Cuyahoga Valley National Park (NP) comprise a set of twenty important management areas and reference sites. These wetlands are monitored more closely than other wetlands in the wetlands monitoring program and are the focus of the volunteer monitoring program for water levels. We used the Ohio Rapid Assessment Method (ORAM) to evaluate habitat in the sentinel wetlands. A total of 37 long-term sample plots have been established within these wetlands to monitor biological condition over time using vegetation as an indicator. Vegetation is intensively surveyed using the Vegetation Index of Biotic Integrity (VIBI), where all plant species within the plot are identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible (genus or species). Sample plots were surveyed twice from 2008 to 2018 and the vegetation data were evaluated using five metrics: VIBI, Floristic Quality Assessment Index (FQAI), percent sensitive plant species, percent invasive graminoids, and species richness. These metrics are discussed for each location. This report also highlights relevant land use histories, common native plant species, and invasive species of concern at each wetland. This is the first report in a two-part series, designed to summarize the results from intensive vegetation surveys completed at sentinel wetlands in 2008–2018. Boston Mills, Virginia Kendall Lake, Stumpy Basin, Columbia, and Beaver Marsh are all in excellent condition at one or more plots. They have unique habitats with some specialized plant species. Fawn Pond is in good condition at most plots and scores very high in comparison to other wetlands within the riverine mainstem hydrogeomorphic class. Metric scores across mitigation wetlands were low. Two of the three wetlands (Brookside and Rockside) are not meeting the benchmarks originally established by the United States Army Corps of Engineers and Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Krejci is still a young mitigation site and success will be determined over time. Park-supported invasive species control efforts will be crucial for long-term success of these sites and future mitigation/restoration projects. The wetlands monitored because of proposed ecological restoration projects (Pleasant Valley, Stanford, and Fawn Pond) have extensive invasive plant communities. These restoration sites should be re-evaluated for their feasibility and potential success and given an order of prioritization relative to the newer list of restoration sites. Cuyahoga Valley NP has added many new areas to their list of potential wetland restoration sites after these areas were selected, and there may be better opportunities available based on restoration objectives. Restoration goals should be based on the park's desired future conditions, and mitigation goals of outside partners may not always be in line with those. The multiple VIBI plots dispersed throughout the large wetlands at Cuyahoga Valley NP detected and illuminated spatial patterns in condition. Many individual wetlands had a wide range of VIBI scores within their boundaries, sometimes reflecting localized disturbances, past modifications, and management actions. Most often, these large fluctuations in condition were linked to local invasive plant infestations. These infestations appear to be the most obvious and widespread threat to wetland ecosystems within the park, but also the most controllable threat. Some sensitive species are still present in some of the lowest scoring plots, which indicates that invasive plant species control efforts may pay off immediately with a resurgence of native communities. Invasive plant control at rare habitat sites would have large payoffs over time by protecting some of the park's most unique wetlands. Reference wetlands would also be good demonstration sites for park managers to try to maintain exemplary conditions through active management. Through this work, park managers can evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness, and scalability of management practices required to maintain wetland condition.
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Thoma, David. Landscape phenology, vegetation condition, and relations with climate at Canyonlands National Park, 2000–2019. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299619.
Full textAbstract:
Quantitatively linking satellite observations of vegetation condition and climate data over time provides insight to climate influences on primary production, phenology (timing of growth), and sensitivity of vegetation to weather and longer-term patterns of weather referred to as climate. This in turn provides a basis for understanding potential climate impacts to vegetation—and the potential to anticipate cascading ecological effects—such as impacts to forage, habitat, fire potential, and erosion—as climate changes in the future. This report provides baseline information about vegetation production and condition over time at Canyonlands National Park (NP), as derived from satellite remote sensing. Its objective is to demonstrate methods of analysis, share findings, and document historic climate exposure and sensitivity of vegetation to weather and climate as a driver of vegetation change. This report represents a quantitative foundation of vegetation–climate relationships on an annual timestep. The methods can be modified to finer temporal resolution and other spatial scales if further analyses are needed to inform park planning and management. The knowledge provided in this report can inform vulnerability assessments for Climate Smart Conservation planning by park managers. Patterns of pivot points and responses can serve as a guide to anticipate what, where, when, and why vegetation change may occur. For this analysis, vegetation alliance groups were derived from vegetation-map polygons (Von Loh et al. 2007) by lumping vegetation types expected to respond similarly to climate. Relationships between vegetation production and phenology were evaluated for each alliance map unit larger than a satellite pixel (~300 × 300 m). We used a water-balance model to characterize the climate experienced by plants. Water balance translates temperature and precipitation into more biophysically relevant climate metrics, such as soil moisture and drought stress, that are often more strongly correlated with vegetation condition than temperature or precipitation are. By accounting for the interactions between temperature, precipitation, and site characteristics, water balance helps make regional climate assessments relevant to local scales. The results provide a foundation for interpreting weather and climate as a driver of changes in primary production over a 20-year period at the polygon and alliance-group scale. Additionally, they demonstrate how vegetation type and site characteristics, such as soil properties, slope, and aspect, interact with climate at local scales to determine trends in vegetation condition. This report quantitatively defines critical water needs of vegetation and identifies which alliance types, in which locations, may be most susceptible to climate-change impacts in the future. Finally, this report explains how findings can be used in the Climate Smart Conservation framework, with scenario planning, to help manage park resources through transitions imposed by climate change.