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1
Yungkurth, Erika J., and Bruce G. Coury. "Orientation Information on Spatial Displays." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 34, no. 19 (1990): 1474–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129003401912.
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Pomara, Lars Y., Robert J. Cooper, and Lisa J. Petit. "Mixed-Species Flocking and Foraging Behavior of Four Neotropical Warblers in Panamanian Shade Coffee Fields and Forests." Auk 120, no. 4 (2003): 1000–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/120.4.1000.
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Abstract We quantified foraging rates and foraging visibility metrics for four Neotropical warblers—Slate-throated Redstart (Myoborus miniatus), Golden-crowned Warbler (Basileuterus culicivorus), Wilson's Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla), and Black-and-White Warbler (Mniotilta varia)—under flocking and solitary conditions in western Panama to test hypotheses regarding the relative influences of predation pressure and social facilitation on foraging behavior. We also compared foraging behavior in primary forests and in traditionally managed shade coffee fields for two species (Slate-throated Redstart and Wilson's Warbler) to estimate spatial variation in foraging behavior and compare it to variation due to social situation (flocking or solitary). We then assessed the contribution of spatial variation in flocking propensity to the total spatial variation in foraging rates within species. We observed very little overall within-species variability in foraging behavior between social situations or study locations. Only Slate-throated Redstart's behavior was consistent with the hypothesis that flock membership reduces predation pressure and therefore reduces the amount of foraging time spent being vigilant against predators, allowing birds to forage more quickly and find more prey items per minute. No species' behavior supported the hypothesis that flocking birds forage more efficiently than solitary birds by obtaining useful information from flock mates about the location or suitability of foraging resources or techniques. The effort required to find prey items did not vary between study locations (forest and coffee field plots) for Wilson's Warbler. Because flocking also had no effect on foraging behavior of Wilson's Warbler, a reduction in flocking propensity in coffee habitat, relative to forest, did not cause further foraging behavior differences between study locations. Spatial variation in Slate-throated Redstart's foraging behavior independent of a flocking effect was minor; but flocking affected foraging rates, and flocking propensity was lower in coffee fields than in forest, so that location and flocking effects combined to widen foraging rate differences between locations. Thus, variations in flocking behavior and foraging behavior interacted differently for those two species.
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Chua, Fook Kee. "The processing of spatial frequency and orientation information." Perception & Psychophysics 47, no. 1 (1990): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03208168.
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Endsley, Mica R., and S. Armida Rosiles. "Vertical Auditory Localization for Spatial Orientation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 1 (1995): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503900113.
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The use of three-dimensional auditory technology which provides localization of auditory cues presented through headphones is proposed as a means of providing supplemental information to pilots on the spatial orientation of an aircraft. This technique shows promise for reducing accidents due to spatial disorientation associated with high visual load. A study was conducted using Air Force pilots as subjects to determine desirable cue characteristics for accurately localizing auditory cues using this technique. The study examined the use of nine different cue types at each of two frequency levels. It was found that the accuracy of subjects' localization of cues in elevation was greatly enhanced by the use of multidimensional cues which provided redundant elevation information through varying frequencies and distance from the horizon cues in addition to the inherent spatial location information.
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Olzak, Lynn A., and Thomas D. Wickens. "Discrimination of Complex Patterns: Orientation Information is Integrated across Spatial Scale; Spatial-Frequency and Contrast Information are Not." Perception 26, no. 9 (1997): 1101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p261101.
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Real-world objects are complex, containing information at multiple orientations and spatial scales. It is well established that at initial cortical stages of processing, local information about an image is separately represented at multiple spatial scales. However, it is not yet established how these early representations are later integrated across scale to signal useful information about complex stimulus features, such as edges and textures. In the studies reported here, we investigate the scale-integration processes involved in distinguishing among complex patterns. We use a concurrent-response paradigm in which observers simultaneously judge two components of compound gratings that differ widely in spatial frequency. In different experiments, each component takes one of two slightly different values along the dimensions of spatial frequency, contrast, or orientation. Using analyses developed within the framework of a multivariate extension of signal-detection theory, we ask how information about the frequency, contrast, or orientation of the components is or is not integrated across the two grating components. Our techniques permit us to isolate and identify interactions due to excitatory or inhibitory processes from effects due to noise, and to separately assess any attentional limitations that might occur in processing. Results indicate that orientation information is fully integrated across spatial scales within a limited orientation band and that decisions are based entirely on the summed information. Information about spatial frequency and contrast is not summed over spatial scale; cross-scale results show sensory independence. However, our results suggest that observers cannot simultaneously use information about frequency or contrast when it is presented at different spatial scales. Our results provide direct evidence for the existence of a higher-level summing circuit tailored to signal information about orientation. The properties of this mechanism differ substantially from edge-detector mechanisms proposed by Marr and others.
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Martínez-Clark, R., C. Cruz-Hernández, J. Pliego-Jimenez, and A. Arellano-Delgado. "Control algorithms for the emergence of self-organized behaviours in swarms of differential-traction wheeled mobile robots." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 15, no. 6 (2018): 172988141880643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881418806435.
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This article proposes three control algorithms for the emergence of self-organized behaviours, including aggregation, flocking and rendezvous, in swarm robotics systems. The proposed control algorithms are based on a local polar coordinates’ control law available in the literature for posture regulation; this law is adapted to work in a self-organized robotic swarm using distance and bearing as coupling information. Therefore, the robots only need to know the radial distance and orientation to the goal; additionally, the three algorithms are based on self-organization, eliminating the need for a preset coupling topology among the robots. In particular, the flocking algorithm has a first stage for topology creation, while the rendezvous and aggregation algorithms change the topology on every iteration depending on the local interactions of the robots. The effectiveness of the algorithms was evaluated through numerical simulations of swarms of up to 100 differential traction wheeled mobile robots.
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MacEachren, Alan M. "Learning Spatial Information from Maps: Can Orientation-Specificity Be Overcome?∗." Professional Geographer 44, no. 4 (1992): 431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1992.00431.x.
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Dakin, Steven C. "Information limit on the spatial integration of local orientation signals." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 18, no. 5 (2001): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.18.001016.
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Maij, Femke, Eli Brenner, and Jeroen B. J. Smeets. "Temporal Information Can Influence Spatial Localization." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 1 (2009): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91253.2008.
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To localize objects relative to ourselves, we need to combine various sensory and motor signals. When these signals change abruptly, as information about eye orientation does during saccades, small differences in latency between the signals could introduce localization errors. We examine whether independent temporal information can influence such errors. We asked participants to follow a randomly jumping dot with their eyes and to point at flashes that occurred near the time they made saccades. Such flashes are mislocalized. We presented a tone at different times relative to the flash. We found that the flash was mislocalized as if it had occurred closer in time to the tone. This demonstrates that temporal information is taken into consideration when combining sensory information streams for localization.
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Hill, Oliver W., and M. Hadi Moadab. "Spatial Information and Temporal Representation in Memory." Perceptual and Motor Skills 81, no. 3_suppl (1995): 1339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.81.3f.1339.
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This study examined the effect of spatial cues on memory for temporal order. Improved performance for temporal order with added spatial cues was found only for certain directions and orientations. Dependent measures included memory for items, order, and response latency. The presence of a spatial cue had a significant effect on memory for order but not on memory for an item. For response latency, there were significant main effects for visual field and direction. There were also several significant interactions of visual field, direction, and orientation. The implications of these findings for the understanding of the relationship of spatial and temporal information in memory are discussed.
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Ryzhkov, Igor Victorovych. "SECONDARY INFORMATION PROCESSING METHODS WHILE ESTIMATING THE SPATIAL ORIENTATION OF OBJECTS." Applied Aspects of Information Technology 3, no. 4 (2020): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/aait.04.2020.1.
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The study is devoted to solving the scientific problem of ensuring unbiasedness and increasing the efficiency of assessing the spatial orientation of objects by applying new methods of secondary information processing in software and hardware components of computer systems. The paper describes a developed method for compensating for magnetic anomalies that affect magnetically sensitive sensors of the inclinometer rotation angles. It is based on recording the inclinometer readings and the angle of rotation of the drill pipe as it rotates in the mouth of well in a range of 360 degrees. This makes it possible to determine and further take into account the value of the magnetic deviation from the drill string in the readings of the inclinometer. A method is described for determining the parameters of a magnetic anomaly from an external stationary source of a constant magnetic field by using redundant information from the readings of inclinometery transducers in the mouth of well and at the point of assessment. This allows to expand the boundaries and scope of magnetometric transducers in difficult conditions. Methods for calculating the desired azimuth, as well as the parameters of the intensity vector of the magnetic anomaly are proposed. The errors of inclinometers based on sensor devices of various physical nature (fluxgates, gyroscopes, accelerometers), both rigidly fixed and with the use of gimbals pendulum suspensions, are considered. The factors influencing the bias of the estimation of the angles of the spatial orientation of the drilling tool, expressed through the Euler angles, are analyzed. The analysis took into account the effect of various reasons: deviations of the transducers' sensitivity axes from mutual orthogonality and the reference trihedron of the axes associated with the body; changes in the zero signal and transfer ratios under the influence of temperature; non-identical electrical parameters; inaccurate installation of the pendulum gimbal sensor frames in the tilt plane and along the vertical of the place. The permissible boundary values of each of the given errors have been determined. Consideration of these errors can significantly increase the unbiasedness of the assessment of the position of the object in difficult conditions. The practical significance of the results presented in the paper is the development of software and hardware components for assessing the spatial orientation of objects on the basis of the designed inclinometers capable of operating in difficult operating conditions and having a small diameter of the protective casing. Similar software and hardware components for assessing the spatial orientation of objects can be used: for the construction of underground communications; for the assembly of large-sized and remote objects; for static sounding of soils; for monitoring the state of building structure elements during operation.
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Burke, D. J. "Interpreting spatial information and regulating mitosis in response to spindle orientation." Genes & Development 23, no. 14 (2009): 1613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1826409.
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Douglas, Lisa J., and Herbert A. Colle. "Spatial Orientation with a Prominent Hallway Landmark." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 21 (2005): 1873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504902112.
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The design of 3-D perspective interfaces can be facilitated by using virtual room displays for spatially organizing information inside of rooms, but additional design methods are needed to enhance between-room spatial knowledge. To evaluate its potential as a design enhancement, a prominent landmark in the hallway between the rooms was compared with a no landmark condition. Participants navigated a shopping center via hallways on a desktop virtual environment. Pointing and sketch map data were obtained as measures of configural (or survey) spatial knowledge for objects in the same store or in different stores. A robust “room effect” was found. Spatial knowledge was better for objects in the same store than for objects in different stores. However, the landmark had little or no effect on between-store spatial knowledge. These results suggest that landmarks may not be effective at enhancing the design of 3-D human-computer interfaces.
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Girvan, Joanna, and Victoria Braithwaite. "ORIENTATION BEHAVIOUR IN STICKLEBACKS: MODIFIED BY EXPERIENCE OR POPULATION SPECIFIC?" Behaviour 137, no. 7-8 (2000): 833–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900502475.
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AbstractTo investigate the mechanisms underlying preferred spatial information use in Three-spined sticklebacks we reared fish derived from contrasting habitats (pond and river populations) under a range of conditions. The rearing conditions were designed to determine whether the spatial information used by sticklebacks is population specific, whether it is learned or whether it is produced by an interaction between these two factors. Fish reared under different conditions were trained to solve two experimental tasks to determine what spatial information they preferred to use. The results indicate that the fish learned spatial cues relevant to the environment that they were raised in but there was also evidence of a gene by environment interaction that influenced which spatial cues were learned.
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RAHMAN, QAZI, GLENN D. WILSON, and SHARON ABRAHAMS. "Sexual orientation related differences in spatial memory." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 9, no. 3 (2003): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617703930037.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate and extend previously reported sex differences in object location memory by comparing the performance of heterosexual and homosexual males and females. Subjects were 240 healthy, right-handed heterosexual and homosexual males and females. They were instructed to study 16 common, gender-neutral objects arranged randomly in an array and subsequently tested for object recall, object recognition and spatial location memory. Females recalled significantly more objects than males, although there were no group differences in object recognition. Decomposition of significant interactions between sex and sexual orientation on spatial location memory (controlling for differences in object recall, age and IQ) revealed that heterosexual females and homosexual males scored better than heterosexual males, and no different from each other. There were no differences between homosexual and heterosexual females. The findings suggest that homosexual males and heterosexual females encode, store and retrieve positional and relational information about spatial layouts similarly, pointing to within-sex variations in the neural architecture underlying spatial memory. (JINS, 2003, 9, 376–383.)
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Colle, Herbert A., and Gary B. Reid. "Spatial Orientation in 3-D Desktop Displays: Using Rooms for Organizing Information." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45, no. 3 (2003): 424–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/hfes.45.3.424.27257.
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Understanding how spatial knowledge is acquired is important for spatial navigation and for improving the design of 3-D perspective interfaces. Configural spatial knowledge of object locations inside rooms is learned rapidly and easily (Colle & Reid, 1998), possibly because rooms afford local viewing in which objects are directly viewed or, alternatively, because of their structural features. The local viewing hypothesis predicts that the layout of objects outside of rooms also should be rapidly acquired when walls are removed and rooms are sufficiently close that participants can directly view and identify objects. It was evaluated using pointing and sketch map measures of configural knowledge with and without walls by varying distance, lighting levels, and observation instructions. Although within-room spatial knowledge was uniformly good, local viewing was not sufficient for improving spatial knowledge of objects in different rooms. Implications for navigation and 3-D interface design are discussed. Actual or potential applications of this research include the design of user interfaces, especially interfaces with 3-D displays.
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Ge, Q. J., and B. Ravani. "Computation of Spatial Displacements from Redundant Geometric Features." Journal of Mechanical Design 116, no. 4 (1994): 1073–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919489.
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This paper follows a previous one on the computation of spatial displacements (Ravani and Ge, 1993). The first paper dealt with the problem of computing spatial displacements from a minimum number of simple features of points, lines, planes, and their combinations. The present paper deals with the same problem using a redundant set of the simple geometric features. The problem for redundant information is formulated as a least squares problem which includes all simple features. A Clifford algebra is used to unify the handling of various feature information. An algorithm for determining the best orientation is developed which involves finding the eigenvector associated with the least eigenvalue of a 4 × 4 symmetric matrix. The best translation is found to be a rational cubic function of the best orientation. Special cases are discussed which yield the best orientation in closed form. In addition, simple algorithms are provided for automatic generation of body-fixed coordinate frames from various feature information. The results have applications in robot and world model calibration for off-line programming and computer vision.
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Arthur, E. J., P. A. Hancock, and S. T. Chrysler. "Spatial Orientation in Real and Virtual Worlds." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 4 (1993): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303700416.
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Virtual environments promise an almost limitless vista of expansion for human capabilities. They are being touted as the interface of the future and have begun to generate an expectation of a revolution in human-computer interaction greater than any seen to date. Like much hyperbole that cascades around innovative technology, little is based in knowledge while much is based on expectation or sheer speculation. In previous work, we have examined some of the basic human factors questions about usability. Here we specifically examine the ability to reproduce a complex spatial layout of objects having experienced them under a variety of viewing conditions. Subjects learned the spatial layout of nine common objects arranged on a flat plane. Viewing conditions consisted of free binocular virtual, free binocular real, and monocular real. The first two allowed active exploration of the environment while the latter condition allowed only a single viewpoint. The dependent variables were mapping accuracy and triadic comparisons of relative inter-object distances. Mapping results showed a significant effect of viewing condition, where in contrast to expectations the single eye was superior to the virtual and real binocular conditions. Results for the triadic comparisons showed a significant interaction of gender by viewing condition. The spatial representation formed by using virtual reality appears equivalent to that of the representation with the actual objects. The are a number of implications of these data with respect to interface design, in particular the question of potential information overload in virtual interfaces.
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Ryzhkov, I. V. "Methods of secondary information transformation for the evaluating of object’s spatial orientation." Bulletin of Prydniprovs’ka State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 5 (November 10, 2019): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.221019.92.527.
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Swink, Morgan, and Cheri Speier. "Presenting Geographic Information: Effects of Data Aggregation, Dispersion, and Users' Spatial Orientation." Decision Sciences 30, no. 1 (1999): 169–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1999.tb01605.x.
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Davies, T. Claire, and Shane D. Pinder. "Spatial Orientation Using Echolocation — Characterising Signals for Downconversion." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 11 (2005): 1009–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504901102.
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Individuals with visual impairments sometimes use echolocation for spatial orientation and obstacle detection. An advantage to echolocation is the ability to determine the location of obstacles without physical contact. Echolocation has essentially become obsolete with the increase in environmental noise. If echolocation could be performed at ultrasound and downconverted directly to the auditory domain, visually impaired travellers may be better able to spatially orient. As a first step in this project, we needed to determine auditory signals that could have the potential to allow us to extract meaningful spatial information from the environment. To do this, we evaluated different possible clicks for obstacle detection, examined the ability to determine wall distance with low and high frequency sounds, and finally we used low and high frequency sounds to quantify feedback echoes as a spatial environment changes. This preliminary work showed that echoes that are carried on a higher frequency carrier can be downconverted to produce similar signals to those produced when echoed in the auditory domain directly.
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Vidal, Manuel, Mark Lipshits, Joseph McIntyre, and Alain Berthoz. "Gravity and spatial orientation in virtual 3D-mazes." Journal of Vestibular Research 13, no. 4-6 (2003): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2003-134-612.
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In order to bring new insights into the processing of 3D spatial information, we conducted experiments on the capacity of human subjects to memorize 3D-structured environments, such as buildings with several floors or the potentially complex 3D structure of an orbital space station. We had subjects move passively in one of two different exploration modes, through a visual virtual environment that consisted of a series of connected tunnels. In upright displacement, self-rotation when going around corners in the tunnels was limited to yaw rotations. For horizontal translations, subjects faced forward in the direction of motion. When moving up or down through vertical segments of the 3D tunnels, however, subjects facing the tunnel wall, remaining upright as if moving up and down in a glass elevator. In the unconstrained displacement mode, subjects would appear to climb or dive face-forward when moving vertically; thus, in this mode subjects could experience visual flow consistent with rotations about any of the 3 canonical axes. In a previous experiment, subjects were asked to determine whether a static, outside view of a test tunnel corresponded or not to the tunnel through which they had just passed. Results showed that performance was better on this task for the upright than for the unconstrained displacement mode; i.e. when subjects remained "upright" with respect to the virtual environment as defined by subject's posture in the first segment. This effect suggests that gravity may provide a key reference frame used in the shift between egocentric and allocentric representations of the 3D virtual world. To check whether it is the polarizing effects of gravity that leads to the favoring of the upright displacement mode, the experimental paradigm was adapted for orbital flight and performed by cosmonauts onboard the International Space Station. For these flight experiments the previous recognition task was replaced by a computerized reconstruction task, which proved to be more efficient in terms of the time required to achieve reliable results. Suppressing gravity did not immediately affect relative performance between the two modes, indicating that on-line graviceptor information is not directly responsible for this differential effect. Trends in the evolution of responses over the course of a 10-day mission, however, suggest that human subjects might adapt their ability to represent internally complex 3D displacements.
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Flanders, Martha, and John F. Soechting. "Frames of Reference for Hand Orientation." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7, no. 2 (1995): 182–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1995.7.2.182.
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In reaching and grasping movements, information about object location and object orientation is used to specify the appropriate proximal arm posture and the appropriate positions for the wrist and fingers. Since object orientation is ideally defined in a frame of reference fixed in space, this study tested whether the neural control of hand orientation is also best described as being in this spatial reference frame. With the proximal arm in various postures, human subjects used a handheld rod to approximate verbally defined spatial orientations. Subjects did quite well at indicating spatial vertical and spatial horizontal but made consistent errors in estimating 45° spatial slants. The errors were related to the proximal arm posture in a way that indicated that oblique hand orientations may be specified as a compromise between a reference frame fixed in space and a reference frame fixed to the arm. In another experiment, where subjects were explicitly requested to use a reference frame fixed to the arm, the performance was consistently biased toward a spatial reference frame. The results suggest that reaching and grasping movements may be implemented as an amalgam of two frames of reference, both neurally and behaviorally.
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Szczepański, Grzegorz, Leszek Morzyński, Dariusz Pleban, and Rafał Młyński. "CIOP-PIB test stand for studies on spatial sound perception using ambisonics." Occupational Safety – Science and Practice 565, no. 10 (2018): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6477.
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Acoustic signals can be a source of information affecting workers’ safety in the working environment. Sound perception, directional hearing and spatial orientation of people in the working environment depend on a number of factors, such as acoustic properties of the work room, noise and its parameters, the use of hearing protection, hearing loss or the use of hearing aids. Learning about the impact of these factors on perception, directional hearing and orientation requires using spatial sound and is essential for creating safe working conditions. This article presents basic information about ambisonics, a technique of spatial sound processing, and a test stand developed at the Central Institute for Labor Protection – National Research Institute for research on sound perception, directional hearing and spatial orientation of people using ambisonics.
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Lathrop, William B., and Mary K. Kaiser. "Perceived Orientation in Physical and Virtual Environments: Changes in Perceived Orientation as a Function of Idiothetic Information Available." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 11, no. 1 (2002): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474602317343631.
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Two experiments examined perceived spatial orientation in a small environment as a function of experiencing that environment under three conditions: real-world, desktop-display (DD), and head-mounted display (HMD). Across the three conditions, participants acquired two targets located on a perimeter surrounding them, and attempted to remember the relative locations of the targets. Subsequently, participants were tested on how accurately and consistently they could point in the remembered direction of a previously seen target. Results showed that participants were significantly more consistent in the real-world and HMD conditions than in the DD condition. Further, it is shown that the advantages observed in the HMD and real-world conditions were not simply due to nonspatial response strategies. These results suggest that the additional idiothetic information afforded in the realworld and HMD conditions is useful for orientation purposes in our presented task domain. Our results are relevant to interface design issues concerning tasks that require spatial search, navigation, and visualization.
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Victor, J. D., K. Purpura, E. Katz, and B. Mao. "Population encoding of spatial frequency, orientation, and color in macaque V1." Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 5 (1994): 2151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.5.2151.
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1. We recorded local field potentials in the parafoveal representation in the primary visual cortex of anesthetized and paralyzed macaque monkeys with a multicontact electrode that provided for sampling of neural activity at 16 sites along a vertical penetration. Differential recordings at adjacent contacts were transformed into an estimate of current source density (CSD), to provide a measure of local neural activity. 2. We used m-sequence stimuli to map the region of visual space that provided input to the recording site. The local field potential recorded in macaque V1 has a population receptive field (PRF) size of approximately 2 deg2. 3. We assessed spatial tuning by the responses to two-dimensional Gaussian noise, spatially filtered to retain power only within one octave. Responses to achromatic band-limited noise stimuli revealed a prominent band-pass spatial tuning in the upper layers, but a more low-pass spatial tuning in lower layers. 4. We assessed orientation tuning by the responses to band-limited noise whose spectrum was further restricted to lie within 45 degrees wedges. The local field potential showed evidence of orientation tuning at most sites. Orientation tuning in upper and lower layers was manifest by systematic variations not only in response size but also in response dynamics. 5. We assessed chromatic tuning by the responses to isotropic band-limited noise modulated in a variety of directions in tristimulus space. Some lower-layer locations showed a nulling of response under near-isoluminant conditions. However, response dynamics in upper and lower layers depended not only on luminance contrast, but also on chromatic inputs. 6. Responses to near-isoluminant stimuli and to low-contrast luminance modulation were shifted to lower spatial frequencies. 7. We determined the extent to which various temporal frequencies in the response conveyed information concerning spatial frequency, orientation, and color under the steady-state conditions used in these studies. In each case, information is distributed in the response dynamics across a broad temporal frequency range, beginning at 4 Hz (the lowest frequency used). For spatial frequency the information rate remains significant up to at least 25 Hz. For orientation tuning and chromatic tuning, the information rate is lower overall and remains significant up to 13 Hz. In contrast, for texture discrimination, information is shifted to lower temporal frequencies.
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Fan, Hong Chao, Feng Lian Niu, and Rong Liang. "Rigid Body Orientation Analysis Model Based on Stereo Vision." Applied Mechanics and Materials 707 (December 2014): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.707.372.
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In order to satisfy the orientation measuring requirements of rigid-body such as work piece, cutting tool in industry, the paper presents a binocular vision detection technique based on spatial position information of markers to extract rigid-body pose information and analyzes the pose accuracy of rigid-body using the principal component analysis (PCA) when spatial position error of markers exist. The simulation experiment demonstrates the maximum angle error of orientation is about 0.59 degree when the position error of markers satisfy the Gaussian distribution with the mean is zero and the standard deviation is 0~3mm. The experimental results verify this method can robustly solve the orientation of rigid body using the position information of markers with position errors, and it provides a theoretical and experimental basis for orientation measurement of rigid body.
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Karnath, H. O., M. Fetter, and M. Niemeier. "Disentangling Gravitational, Environmental, and Egocentric Reference Frames in Spatial Neglect." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10, no. 6 (1998): 680–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892998563095.
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Previous studies in neglect patients using rotation of the body around the roll-axis revealed neglect of visual stimuli not only in the egocentric, body-centered left but also in the environmental left. The latter has been taken as evidence for a gravity-based environment-centered component of neglect occurring independently of the subject's actual body orientation. However, by using visual stimuli in a normally lightened room, the studies confounded the gravitational upright with the visible upright of the surround. Thus, it is possible that the visible upright of the environment may have served the role of the gravitational upright relative to which neglect occurred. The present experiment evaluated the influence of gravity on contralateral neglect when no visual information was presented. In complete darkness, neglect patients' exploratory eye movements were recorded in five experimental conditions: body in normal upright position, body tilted 30° to the left and 30° to the right, and body pitched 30° backward and 30° forward. In the upright orientation, the patients with neglect showed a bias of ocular exploration to the ipsilesional right side. In egocentric body coordinates, we found no significant differences between the orientation of the biased search field in the different experimental conditions showing that the search field shifted with the orientation of the body. No significant decrease or enhancement of neglect was observed when body orientation was varied in the different conditions. In conclusion, the present results revealed that the modulation of gravitational forces has no significant influence on the exploratory bias of these patients. When visual information was excluded and only graviceptive information was available, the patients' failure to explore the contralesional part of space appeared purely body-centered. The results argue against a disturbed representation of space in neglect that encodes locations in a gravity-based reference system.
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Li, J., M. M. Cohen, C. W. DeRoshia, and L. T. Guzy. "Effects of Observer Orientation on Perception of Ego- and Exocentric Spatial Locations." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (1997): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970208.
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Perceived eye position and/or the perceived location of visual targets are altered when the orientation of the surrounding visual environment (Cohen et al, 1995 Perception & Psychophysics571 433) or that of the observer (Cohen and Guzy, 1995 Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine66 505) is changed. Fourteen subjects used biteboards as they lay on a rotary bed that was oriented head-down −15°, −7.5°, supine, head-up +7.5°, and +15°. In the dark, subjects directed their gaze and set a target to the apparent zenith (exocentric location); they also gazed at a subjective ‘straight ahead’ position with respect to their head (egocentric location). Angular deviations of target settings and changes in vertical eye position were recorded with an ISCAN infrared tracking system. Results indicated that, for exocentric locations, the eyes deviate systematically from the true zenith. The gain for compensating changes in head orientation was 0.69 and 0.73 for gaze direction and target settings, respectively. In contrast, ‘straight ahead’ eye positions were not significantly affected by changes in the subject's orientation. We conclude that subjects make systematic errors when directing their gaze to an exocentric location in near-supine positions. This suggests a systematic bias in the integration of extra-ocular signals with information regarding head orientation. The bias may result from underestimating changes in the orientation of the head in space. In contrast, for egocentric locations, where head orientation information can potentially be discarded, gaze directions were unaffected by head orientation near supine.
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Naimov, U. R. "Algorithm for Correcting Target Coordinates in the Information-Measuring System of a Radar Station Based on Information about Spatial Orientation." Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics 23, no. 2 (2020): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2020-23-2-55-62.
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Introduction. The concepts of constructing promising radar systems (radars) show that these will be integral type complexes. The creation of such systems implies the presence in their composition of an information system consisting of channels that produce a functionally completed procedure for processing signals and information to solve a definite task.Aim. Development of a target coordinate correction algorithm based on spatial orientation information.Materials and methods. The tasks were solved by methods of mathematical analysis and numerical modeling. To justify reliability and performance of the proposed algorithm, a model was developed. The model allowed one to obtain accuracy characteristics of the algorithm.Results. As a result of the simulation, the accuracy characteristics of the target coordinate correction algorithm based on spatial orientation information were investigated. It determines the quality of building of the target trajectory and the quality of the target tracking system. The structure and the description of the developed algorithm were given, an implementation option was shown. The results of estimation of the accuracy of the algorithm were presented.Conclusion. As a result of the analysis of the target coordinate correction algorithm based on information about the target’s spatial orientation, as well as modeling of its operation, a conclusion about the reliability and the performance of the proposed algorithm was drawn The presented data of experimental studies on the accuracy characteristics of the proposed algorithm showed the feasibility of the decisions made. The presented results allow one to determine the most appropriate and effective way to develop simplified versions of the algorithm.
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Alberts, Bart B. G. T., Luc P. J. Selen, Giovanni Bertolini, Dominik Straumann, W. Pieter Medendorp, and Alexander A. Tarnutzer. "Dissociating vestibular and somatosensory contributions to spatial orientation." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 1 (2016): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00056.2016.
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Inferring object orientation in the surroundings heavily depends on our internal sense of direction of gravity. Previous research showed that this sense is based on the integration of multiple information sources, including visual, vestibular (otolithic), and somatosensory signals. The individual noise characteristics and contributions of these sensors can be studied using spatial orientation tasks, such as the subjective visual vertical (SVV) task. A recent study reported that patients with complete bilateral vestibular loss perform similar as healthy controls on these tasks, from which it was conjectured that the noise levels of both otoliths and body somatosensors are roll-tilt dependent. Here, we tested this hypothesis in 10 healthy human subjects by roll tilting the head relative to the body to dissociate tilt-angle dependencies of otolith and somatosensory noise. Using a psychometric approach, we measured the perceived orientation, and its variability, of a briefly flashed line relative to the gravitational vertical (SVV). Measurements were taken at multiple body-in-space orientations (−90 to 90°, steps of 30°) and head-on-body roll tilts (30° left ear down, aligned, 30° right ear down). Results showed that verticality perception is processed in a head-in-space reference frame, with a systematic SVV error that increased with larger head-in-space orientations. Variability patterns indicated a larger contribution of the otolith organs around upright and a more substantial contribution of the body somatosensors at larger body-in-space roll tilts. Simulations show that these findings are consistent with a statistical model that involves tilt-dependent noise levels of both otolith and somatosensory signals, confirming dynamic shifts in the weights of sensory inputs with tilt angle.
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Singh, Pankaj, Pooran Negi, Fernanda Laezza, Manos Papadakis, and Demetrio Labate. "Multiscale Analysis of Neurite Orientation and Spatial Organization in Neuronal Images." Neuroinformatics 14, no. 4 (2016): 465–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12021-016-9306-9.
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LINDNER, NETANEL H., PETRA F. SCUDO, and DAGMAR BRUß. "QUANTUM ESTIMATION OF RELATIVE INFORMATION." International Journal of Quantum Information 04, no. 01 (2006): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749906001657.
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We derive optimal schemes for preparation and estimation of relational degrees of freedom between two quantum systems. We specifically analyze the case of rotation parameters representing relative angles between elements of the SU(2) symmetry group. Our estimation procedure does not assume prior knowledge of the absolute spatial orientation of the systems and as such does not require information on the underlying classical reference frame in which the states are prepared.
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Sherry, D., and S. Duff. "Behavioural and neural bases of orientation in food-storing birds." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 1 (1996): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.1.165.
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Food-storing birds retrieve hoarded food by remembering the locations of large numbers of spatially dispersed caches. The basic patterns of spatial orientation in these animals have been established in research on two major groups of food-storing birds, chickadees and tits (Paridae), and jays and nutcrackers (Corvidae). Experiments using displacement of landmark arrays show that food-storing birds rely on visual information from nearby landmarks to locate concealed caches. The appearance of the cache sites themselves seems to be relatively unimportant in cache retrieval, perhaps because local features are subject to change during the lifetime of a cache. Under some conditions, food-storing birds use sun-compass information to orient their search for caches, but appear to integrate sun-compass information with landmark information. Lesions of the avian hippocampus disrupt cache retrieval and other spatial tasks in food-storing birds without disrupting the formation of simple associations. Comparative studies show that food-storing birds possess a hippocampus larger than that of non-food-storing birds, probably as an evolutionary consequence of their dependence on spatial orientation for cache retrieval. Experience with cache retrieval plays a role in the development of increased hippocampal size, and there are indications of seasonal variation in hippocampal size in food-storing species.
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Werner, Steffen, and Melanie Jaeger. "Intrinsic Reference Systems in Map Displays." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 17 (2002): 1628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204601721.
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Within the area of navigation displays, the distinction between track-up display and fixed-orientation displays ( north-up) has received a lot of attention. Theoretically, this distinction has been linked to different spatial frames of reference. Using alignment effects, recent studies on the role of different reference systems in human spatial memory have identified the important role of environmental and intrinsic reference systems for the cognitive organization of spatial information. In the first experiment of its kind, we tested the effects of alignment of an observer with the visible, local environment and the global, large-scale environment depicted in a You-are-Here type of map display while holding the usually emphasized relation between map orientation and observer orientation constant. Our results show that both alignments have a strong and additive effect on memory performance, suggesting a new and important dimension for the design of spatial information displays such as maps.
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Victor, Jonathan D., and Keith P. Purpura. "Spatial Phase and the Temporal Structure of the Response to Gratings in V1." Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 2 (1998): 554–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.2.554.
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Victor, Jonathan D. and Keith P. Purpura. Spatial phase and the temporal structure of the response to gratings in V1. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 554–571, 1998. We recorded single-unit activity of 25 units in the parafoveal representation of macaque V1 to transient appearance of sinusoidal gratings. Gratings were systematically varied in spatial phase and in one or two of the following: contrast, spatial frequency, and orientation. Individual responses were compared based on spike counts, and also according to metrics sensitive to spike timing. For each metric, the extent of stimulus-dependent clustering of individual responses was assessed via the transmitted information, H. In nearly all data sets, stimulus-dependent clustering was maximal for metrics sensitive to the temporal pattern of spikes, typically with a precision of 25–50 ms. To focus on the interaction of spatial phase with other stimulus attributes, each data set was analyzed in two ways. In the “pooled phases” approach, the phase of the stimulus was ignored in the assessment of clustering, to yield an index H pooled. In the “individual phases” approach, clustering was calculated separately for each spatial phase and then averaged across spatial phases to yield an index H indiv. H pooled expresses the extent to which a spike train represents contrast, spatial frequency, or orientation in a manner which is not confounded by spatial phase (phase-independent representation), whereas H indiv expresses the extent to which a spike train represents one of these attributes, provided spatial phase is fixed (phase-dependent representation). Here, representation means that a stimulus attribute has a reproducible and systematic influence on individual responses, not a neural mechanism for decoding this influence. During the initial 100 ms of the response, contrast was represented in a phase-dependent manner by simple cells but primarily in a phase-independent manner by complex cells. As the response evolved, simple cell responses acquired phase-independent contrast information, whereas complex cells acquired phase-dependent contrast information. Simple cells represented orientation and spatial frequency in a primarily phase-dependent manner, but also they contained some phase-independent information in their initial response segment. Complex cells showed primarily phase-independent representation of orientation but primarily phase-dependent representation of spatial frequency. Joint representation of two attributes (contrast and spatial frequency, contrast and orientation, spatial frequency and orientation) was primarily phase dependent for simple cells, and primarily phase independent for complex cells. In simple and complex cells, the variability in the number of spikes elicited on each response was substantially greater than the expectations of a Poisson process. Although some of this variation could be attributed to the dependence of the response on the spatial phase of the grating, variability was still markedly greater than Poisson when the contribution of spatial phase to response variance was removed.
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Pajdzik, L. A., and A. M. Glazer. "Three-dimensional birefringence imaging with a microscope tilting stage. II. Biaxial crystals." Journal of Applied Crystallography 39, no. 6 (2006): 856–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188980604009x.
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The technique enables precise three-dimensional birefringence information of optically biaxial materials to be obtained. Equations derived here describe a mathematical model of the tilting-stage system for such crystals in any general orientation. This leads to precise values of the three principal birefringences and the optical orientation. The method is also able to obtain information on preferred orientation in a biaxial polycrystalline material, providing comprehensive information on both optical orientation of crystallites and spatial resolution. In addition, an unknown crystalline material may be identified, or at least classified within a specific group of crystalline materials.
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Cai, Ying, Andrew D. Sheldon, Qing Yu, and Bradley R. Postle. "Overlapping and distinct contributions of stimulus location and of spatial context to nonspatial visual short-term memory." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 4 (2019): 1222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00062.2019.
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Stimulus location is not always informative during visual short-term memory (VSTM) for nonspatial features. Nevertheless, there is considerable evidence for the automatic encoding and retention of location information, regardless of its task relevance. To explore the functional and neural bases of the representation of spatial context in VSTM for nonspatial information, functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed while subjects performed delayed recall for the orientation of individual stimuli. Stimulus location varied across trials, and although this information was irrelevant for task performance, multivariate pattern analysis decoding of stimulus location sustained across trials, and also the decoding strength, predicted the precision of the recall of orientation. The influence of spatial context on the representation of orientation was operationalized by comparing the orientation reconstructions with multivariate inverted encoding models (IEM) trained in location context-dependent vs. -independent data. Although orientation reconstructions were robust for both location-dependent and location-independent IEMs, they were markedly stronger for the former. Furthermore, the functional relevance of location context was demonstrated by the fact that only the location-dependent neural representations of stimulus orientation predicted recall precision. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neural representation strength of stimulus location predicts the precision of visual short-term memory (VSTM) recall of nonspatial stimulus, even when this information is task irrelevant. Neural representations of nonspatial stimuli that incorporate location context are stronger than those that do not, and only the former representations are strongly linked to behavior. The contributions to nonspatial VSTM performance of the representation of location context are at least partly distinct from those of the representation of stimulus content.
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Gardner, Justin L., and Elisha P. Merriam. "Population Models, Not Analyses, of Human Neuroscience Measurements." Annual Review of Vision Science 7, no. 1 (2021): 225–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-093019-111124.
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Selectivity for many basic properties of visual stimuli, such as orientation, is thought to be organized at the scale of cortical columns, making it difficult or impossible to measure directly with noninvasive human neuroscience measurement. However, computational analyses of neuroimaging data have shown that selectivity for orientation can be recovered by considering the pattern of response across a region of cortex. This suggests that computational analyses can reveal representation encoded at a finer spatial scale than is implied by the spatial resolution limits of measurement techniques. This potentially opens up the possibility to study a much wider range of neural phenomena that are otherwise inaccessible through noninvasive measurement. However, as we review in this article, a large body of evidence suggests an alternative hypothesis to this superresolution account: that orientation information is available at the spatial scale of cortical maps and thus easily measurable at the spatial resolution of standard techniques. In fact, a population model shows that this orientation information need not even come from single-unit selectivity for orientation tuning, but instead can result from population selectivity for spatial frequency. Thus, a categorical error of interpretation can result whereby orientation selectivity can be confused with spatial frequency selectivity. This is similarly problematic for the interpretation of results from numerous studies of more complex representations and cognitive functions that have built upon the computational techniques used to reveal stimulus orientation. We suggest in this review that these interpretational ambiguities can be avoided by treating computational analyses as models of the neural processes that give rise to measurement. Building upon the modeling tradition in vision science using considerations of whether population models meet a set of core criteria is important for creating the foundation for a cumulative and replicable approach to making valid inferences from human neuroscience measurements.
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Escrig, M. Teresa, and Francisco Toledo. "The Integration of Qualitative Orientation and Named Distances: Application to a Qualitative Navigation Simulator." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 06, no. 04 (1997): 451–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213097000244.
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Human beings reason about different aspects of space (such as relative orientation, cardinal directions, distance, size and shape of objects) quite easily. With the aim of simulating human behavior, several models for these spatial concepts have been developed in the recent years. Cognitive considerations have made these frameworks qualitative, because they seem to deal better with the imprecision that human perception provides. However, an operational model to reason with all these spatial aspects in an integrated way has not been developed, up to now. The first aim of our research work has been the integration of different spatial concepts into the same spatial model which has been accomplished thanks to the definition of an operational model based on Constrain Logic Programming extended with Constraint Handling Rules. Although other aspects of space have been successfully represented by these techniques [2], in this paper we focus our attention in positional information, that is, orientation integrated with distance information. The Constraint Solver developed for managing positional information has a temporal complexity of O(n) 3, where n is the number of spatial landmarks considered in the reasoning process. The second aim of our work is to apply qualitative spatial reasoning to develop a Qualitative Navigation Simulator.
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Cao, Caroline G. L., and Paul Milgram. "Direction and Location Are Not Sufficient for Navigating in Nonrigid Environments: An Empirical Study in Augmented Reality." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 16, no. 6 (2007): 584–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres.16.6.584.
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Nonrigid environments, such as the human colon, present unique challenges in maintaining spatial orientation during navigation. This paper presents a design concept for presenting spatial information in an augmented reality (AR) display, together with results of an experiment conducted to evaluate the relative usefulness of three types of spatial information for supporting navigation and spatial orientation in a nonrigid environment. Sixteen untrained subjects performed a simulated colonoscopy procedure, using rigid and nonrigid colon models and six different AR displays comprising various combinations of direction, location, and shape information related to the scope inside the colon. Results showed that, unlike navigating in rigid environments, subjects took 44% longer to navigate the nonrigid environment and were less efficient, and suggested that it may be useful to train aspiring endoscopists in an equivalent rigid environment initially. A navigational aid presenting shape information was more beneficial than location or direction information for navigating in the nonrigid environment. Even though the AR navigational aid display did not speed up travel time, navigation efficiency and confidence in direction and location judgment for all subjects were improved. Subjectively, subjects preferred having shape information, in addition to position and direction information, in the navigational aid.
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Arnold, Aiden E. G. F., Andrea B. Protzner, Signe Bray, Richard M. Levy, and Giuseppe Iaria. "Neural Network Configuration and Efficiency Underlies Individual Differences in Spatial Orientation Ability." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 2 (2014): 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00491.
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Spatial orientation is a complex cognitive process requiring the integration of information processed in a distributed system of brain regions. Current models on the neural basis of spatial orientation are based primarily on the functional role of single brain regions, with limited understanding of how interaction among these brain regions relates to behavior. In this study, we investigated two sources of variability in the neural networks that support spatial orientation—network configuration and efficiency—and assessed whether variability in these topological properties relates to individual differences in orientation accuracy. Participants with higher accuracy were shown to express greater activity in the right supramarginal gyrus, the right precentral cortex, and the left hippocampus, over and above a core network engaged by the whole group. Additionally, high-performing individuals had increased levels of global efficiency within a resting-state network composed of brain regions engaged during orientation and increased levels of node centrality in the right supramarginal gyrus, the right primary motor cortex, and the left hippocampus. These results indicate that individual differences in the configuration of task-related networks and their efficiency measured at rest relate to the ability to spatially orient. Our findings advance systems neuroscience models of orientation and navigation by providing insight into the role of functional integration in shaping orientation behavior.
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BURIGO, MICHELE, and HOLGER SCHULTHEIS. "The effects of direction and orientation of located objects on spatial language comprehension." Language and Cognition 10, no. 2 (2018): 298–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2018.3.
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abstractSpatial descriptions such as “The spider isbehindthe bee” inform the listener about the location of the spider (the located object) in relation to an object whose location is known (i.e., the bee, also called the reference object). If the geometric properties of the reference object have been shown to affect how people use and understand spatial language (Carlson & Van Deman, 2008; Carlson-Radvansky & Irwin, 1994), the geometric features carried by the located object have been deemed irrelevant for spatial language (Landau, 1996; Talmy, 1983). This view on the (ir)relevance of the located object has been recently questioned by works showing that presenting the located object in misalignment with the reference object has consequences for spatial language understanding (Burigo, Coventry, Cangelosi, & Lynott, 2016; Burigo & Sacchi, 2013). In the reported study we aimed to investigate which geometric properties of the located object affect the apprehension of a spatial description, and to disentangle whether the information concerning its orientation (axis), direction (front/rear), or a combination of the two gives rise to conflict. The outcomes of three placing tasks suggest that only the information concerning the direction of the located object is critical for spatial language use.
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Carbonell-Carrera, Carlos, Jose Luis Saorin, and Stephany Hess-Medler. "Spatial Orientation Skill for Landscape Architecture Education and Professional Practice." Land 9, no. 5 (2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9050161.
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Professional landscape architecture organizations have requested training from educational institutions based on new skills and methodologies in the curriculum development of students. Landscape architects need to visualize and evaluate the spatial relationships between the different components of the landscape using two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) maps and geospatial information, for which spatial orientation skills are necessary. The data from six workshops conducted throughout the 2010–2020 period, in which 560 second-year engineering students participated using different strategies and technical tools for spatial orientation skills’ development, were collected in a unique study. Factors such as the technology used, the gaming environment, the type of task, the 2D/3D environment, and the virtual environment were considered. The Perspective-Taking Spatial Orientation Test was the measurement tool used. The results show that mapping tasks are more efficient than route-based tasks. Strategies using 2D and a 2D/3D combination are more effective than those with only 3D. First-person perspective gaming environments are also a valid alternative. The technologies applied in this study are easy to use and free, and a measurement tool is provided. This facilitates an interdisciplinary approach between landscape architecture education and professional practice since these workshops could also be easily carried out by professional bodies for landscape planning and management.
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Lanca, Margaret, and David J. Bryant. "Effect of Orientation in Haptic Reproduction of Line Length." Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, no. 3_suppl (1995): 1291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.3c.1291.
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We investigated the accuracy of haptic reproduction of line length and whether accuracy is influenced by line orientation. 13 blindfolded subjects felt along different line lengths at various orientations in the horizontal plane, then reproduced the line lengths in the same orientation as that felt. Efforts were made to equate learning and reproductive scanning movements. Reproductions of line lengths were a nonveridical power function of their true lengths, but the power function exponents did not differ across spatial orientations. It was concluded that people can encode line lengths across spatial orientations by a common power function if care is taken to equate proprioceptive information across learning and reproduction.
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Gray, Emily R., Laurie L. Bloomfield, Anne Ferrey, Marcia L. Spetch, and Christopher B. Sturdy. "Spatial encoding in mountain chickadees: features overshadow geometry." Biology Letters 1, no. 3 (2005): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0347.
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Encoding the global geometric shape of an enclosed environment is a principal means of orientation in human and non-human animals. Animals spontaneously encode the geometry of an enclosure even when featural information is available. Although features can be used, they typically do not overshadow geometry. However, all previously tested organisms have been reared in human-made environments with salient geometrical cues. Here, we show that wild-caught mountain chickadees ( Poecile gambeli ) do not spontaneously encode the geometry of an enclosure when salient features are present near the goal. However, chickadees trained without salient features encode geometric information, but this encoding is overshadowed by features.
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Geiser, Brian P., Thomas F. Kelly, David J. Larson, Jason Schneir, and Jay P. Roberts. "Spatial Distribution Maps for Atom Probe Tomography." Microscopy and Microanalysis 13, no. 6 (2007): 437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927607070948.
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A real-space technique for finding structural information in atom probe tomographs, spatial distribution maps (SDM), is described. The mechanics of the technique are explained, and it is then applied to some test cases. Many applications of SDM in atom probe tomography are illustrated with examples including finding crystal lattices, correcting lattice strains in reconstructed images, quantifying trajectory aberrations, quantifying spatial resolution, quantifying chemical ordering, dark-field imaging, determining orientation relationships, extracting radial distribution functions, and measuring ion detection efficiency.
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Sztwiertnia, K., and F. Haessner. "Orientation Characteristics of the Microstructure of Highly Rolled Pure Copper and Phosphorus-Copper." Textures and Microstructures 20, no. 1-4 (1993): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/tsm.20.87.
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Orientational aspects of the mutual arrangement of crystallites in a microstructure can be described by certain distribution functions of orientation or orientation differences. Among these functions the "principle" distributions are completely determined by the texture, whereas the "partial" distributions can be used to describe correlations between orientations. The most interesting partial distribution, the misorientation distribution function (MODF), concerns nearest neighbourhood relations. The basic source of information about all of these descriptions is the spatial arrangement of orientations in the sample. In the present case the local orientation arrangement in 95% rolled pure copper and phosphorus copper was determined in the TEM using Kikuchi-patterns.The analysis of the data show that:(i) the orientational details vary in a smaller lateral scale in phosphorus copper than in pure copper.(ii) the spatial arrangement of orientations in the sample is by no means random: spatial orientation "clustering" or "ordering" may occur.(iii) the MODF, which shows the distribution of orientation differences between neighboured areas in the microstructure, clearly reveals in both materials a strong preference for ~60°(111) and ~50°(110) relations. These and practically all other orientation differences found in the materials correspond to the Coincidence Site-Lattice (CSL) orientation relationships.
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Braithwaite, V. A., and J. R. Girvan. "Use of water flow direction to provide spatial information in a small-scale orientation task." Journal of Fish Biology 63 (December 2003): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2003.00218.x.
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Thiel, Brad L., and Christopher Viney. "Temperature effects on orientation-dependent Exelfs." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 714–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100087884.
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Recently, investigations have begun to explore the effects of Mean-Square-Relative-Displacements (MSRD), or thermal damping, on the EXELFS oscillations above electron absorption edges. These types of analysis can be extended to include orientation effects in anisotropic crystal systems. Furthermore, as this technique is a direct probe of the electronic structure of a crystal, this information could be combined with the crystal symmetry and Cauchy relations to examine various physical properties. One such property is the elastic compliance quadric.With the development of the parallel detection EELS spectrometer, EXELFS type studies have become practical. This makes accessible a large field of analysis, previously explored only by EXAFS. Thus, we are able to combine a wealth of experimental and data analysis algorithms from that technique with the high spatial resolution and crystallographic information afforded by the modern analytical TEM. We have developed computer simulation programs which demonstrate the feasibility of this hybrid analysis.