Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Spatial indicators'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Spatial indicators.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Spatial indicators.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Farragher, Tracey Marie. "Spatial epidemiology of indicators of male reproductive health in Scotland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29096.
Abstract:
Objectives: (i) Describe the geographical distributions of three indicators of male reproductive health in Scotland (i.e. testicular cancer, cryptorchidism and hypospadias); (ii) Describe the conjoint geographical distribution of the three indicators specified in (i); and (iii) Identify explanatory factors that might account for the geographical distribution of male reproductive health in Scotland. Methods: An epidemiology study modelling the geographical distributions using routinely collected data of the three indicators. Results: There are similarities in the spatial pattern of the cryptorchidism and hypospadias relative risks, with both conditions having clusters of high relative risks in the East and South-West of Scotland. The spatial variation of the testicular cancer relative risks is not similar to the other two conditions nor is it conclusive that it, has a distinct spatial pattern. The relative risks of the postcode sectors for all the indicators are associated with radon measurements and the rural/urban indicator. The spatial analysis of individual information concerning the cryptorchidism cases indicate that the spatial variation of the relative risks might also be explained by individual information; namely maternal age and co-morbidity with hypospadias. Conclusions; There does appear to be geographically varying risk factors associated with these three conditions. Furthermore, as the spatial variation of cryptorchidism and hypospadias is similar it is likely that they have some common aetiology. As the same risk factors were found to be associated with testicular cancer and the congenital malformations, then this carcinoma appears to share some aetiology with cryptorchidism and hypospadias. Therefore there are geographically varying risk factors whose exposure occurs in utero, that are associated with all three conditions, providing some evidence to support the proposed hypothesis. Further studies are required to investigate the associations between all the disease/conditions of male reproductive health and the various potential risk factors.
2
Lantto, M. (Maija). "Spatial analysis of eutrophication-related indicators in the northern Bothnian Bay." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2016. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201605071653.
Abstract:
At present, eutrophication is one of the biggest threats to the Baltic Sea environment. Eutrophication is a process in which water body gathers essential plant nutrients, mainly phosphorus and nitrogen into its system. Eutrophication causes a variety of changes to the marine environment. These effects include an increased primary production, turbidity and sedimentation, the occurrence of anoxia and hypoxia, as well as changes in macroalgal community structures.
The most common parameters used to study the negative effects of eutrophication on the environment are nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, water transparency and oxygen. In the past, several efforts and actions were made in order to minimize the negative effects of eutrophication to the sea, for example by European directives. Some of these directives require the use of biological quality elements such as marine flora and fauna as an indicator for the water quality. Because of these requirements, it is important to study the use of filamentous algae as an indicator of eutrophication.
This thesis contributes to a better understanding of the impact of land use on the environmental indicators of eutrophication and the opportunity to use filamentous algae as an indicator of eutrophication in the Bothnian Bay. The study area is situated in the Finnish side of the Bay, extending from the city of Oulu in south to the city of Tornio in north. This thesis analyses the impact of the land use practices on the environmental indicators of eutrophication by determining the optimum buffer sizes for land use. Different land use practices show clear correlations to the environmental variables and, based on these results, it can be stated that there is a connection between the two components.
In order to investigate the correlation between filamentous algae and eutrophication indicators, the used indicators needed were interpolated to the whole study area. The interpolation was needed, because the datasets were collected from different areas and the resolution of the data of the filamentous algae was much higher. Since the amount of data points from the environmental variables was relatively low with 59 sites, 61 additional data points were chosen to increase the coverage of the data. Linear regression models were created for the environmental variables and based on these models values were estimated for the added data point.
The interpolations of the environmental variables were compared with the average values of filamentous algae with the help of Spearman’s rho correlation matrix. In the tests, statistically significant correlations towards the environmental indicators of eutrophication were found. The analyses indicate a connection between the amounts of filamentous algae and eutrophication related indicators. Based on this, in can be concluded that filamentous algae is a useful indicator of eutrophication in the northern Bothnian Bay, when it is used together with other eutrophication indicators. However, attention needs to be paid when comparing data of filamentous algae in a large scale, since other physical factors, such as water temperature, have a significant impact to the distribution and abundance of the algae.
3
MOURA, IURI BARROSO DE. "BRT TRANSOESTE: ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=25321@1.
Abstract:
Este estudo apresenta uma avaliação do projeto BRT Transoeste, no município do Rio de Janeiro - RJ, sob a perspectiva da mobilidade e do desenvolvimento urbano sustentáveis. O BRT Transoeste consiste no primeiro sistema Bus Rapid Transit implantado no município e foi proposto inicialmente visando atender a compromisso, em termos de mobilidade urbana, da Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro com o Comitê Olímpico Internacional – COI para realização dos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016. Este sistema, que atravessa bairros das Áreas de Planejamento 4 (Barra da Tijuca) e 5 (Zona Oeste) da cidade, foi concebido para exercer a função de sistema estruturador de transporte de passageiros de sua área de influência. Com o auxílio de Sistema de Informações Geográficas - SIG, foram analisados indicadores associados à cobertura espacial do sistema, às condições de circulação no espaço urbano, ao uso e a ocupação do solo e ao ordenamento territorial em sua Área de Influência Direta. Os resultados obtidos a partir da análise destes indicadores espaciais foram avaliados através de seis princípios de desenho ou projeto para cidades sustentáveis desenvolvidos pelo Grupo de Pesquisa Móbile, da COPPE/UFRJ. Estes princípios evidenciam a necessidade de integração do planejamento de transporte e do uso do solo para promoção da mobilidade e do desenvolvimento urbano sustentáveis.This study presents a BRT Transoeste project evaluation in the city of Rio de Janeiro, from a sustainable mobility and urban development perspective. The BRT Transoeste is the first Bus Rapid Transit system implemented in the municipality and was proposed initially to fufill the agreement between Rio de Janeiro City Government and the International Olympic Committee for the 2016 Olympic Games. This system crossing the city neighborhoods in Planning Area 4 (Barra da Tijuca) and 5 (West Side) was envisioned to work as a passenger transportation structuring system for its area of influence. The Geographic Information System – GIS helped analyze indicators associated with the system s spatial coverage, urban space circulation conditions, land occupation, use and zoning laws in its direct area of influence. The Móbile Research Group (COPPE/UFRJ) developed six principles for sustainable city design to analyze results obtained for these spatial indicators. These principles make clear the need to integrate transportation and land use planning to promote sustainable mobility and urban development.
4
Sevenet, Marie. "La forme en 3D dans l'analyse spatiale des territoires urbanisés et de la durabilité urbaine." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE2048/document.
Abstract:
Depuis le début XXIème siècle, les documents d’urbanisme s’attèlent à « reconstruire la ville sur la ville » et même à densifier le bâti existant. Or, non seulement les aspirations de la population ne vont pas nécessairement dans le même sens, mais encore, ce mode de construction implique une connaissance fine du volume urbain. L’attente de nouvelles méthodes d’analyse des territoires, combinant 2D et 3D, est forte dans le domaine de l’aménagement du territoire afin de densifier les espaces urbains et combler les vacuités tout en surélevant le bâti existant, et en respectant les principes d’un développement urbain durable soucieux de la qualité de vie. Cependant, les méthodes utilisées à ce jour à des fins de recherche fondamentale ou appliquée en aménagement, intègrent peu la 3D, c’est à dire la dimension verticale des éléments géographiques, naturels ou anthropiques. Le travail de recherche envisagé dans la thèse a pour objet l’intégration de la 3D dans l’analyse spatiale à l’aide de SIG, de l’analyse d’image et de l’analyse morphologique afin de proposer des nouvelles méthodes et des outils utiles aux acteurs du territoireSince the beginning of the 21 century the urban planning documents are focused on the “reconstruction of the city inside the recent city territory” and results in the densification of the urban structure (e.g. elevating existing buildings or increasing compactness). However, this construction mode needs a detailed understanding of the urban volume. To meet this demand, new analysis methods are strongly desired, integrating 2D and 3D in urban planning. This might allow density increase in decaying inner urban areas while respecting the social sustainable development and enhancing the quality of life. However the currently used methods used in fundamental science or applied science rarely include the third dimension in their consideration; more detailed the vertical axis of geographical, natural or anthropogenic elements.The here presented thesis is dedicated to the integration of the 3D methods into the urban planning by the help of analysis with applied geographic information systems (GIS). The work focuses on image and morphology analysis for developing new methodologies and tools dedicated to different decision makers in urban context
5
TROGU, DANIELE. "Development of a methodology for spatial composite indicators: a case study on landscape." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266364.
Abstract:
This thesis proposes a methodology for the construction of spatial composite indicators (SCI). The study starts from the premise that Composite Indicators (CIs) are regarded as very reliable tools to support decision processes. They are usually developed to describe complex phenomena of the reality in various domains, and more specifically, to rank spatial units (usually countries) in which a given indicator is calculated. Despite their wide use and their development, no attention has generally been paid to the spatial dimension of their input data and of their final score. Data are treated as normal statistical sampling, therefore their spatial structure and their spatial importance are considered to be equal across the spatial domain, without considerations about possible spatial variations. Nowadays, this appears to be a serious limit, considering the development of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI), which makes a large amount of spatial data available, and the development of spatial statistical techniques implemented in GIS, with combined together offer unprecedented opportunity for the spatialization of CIs.
6
Malioka, Vasiliki. "Condition indicators for the assessment of local and spatial deterioration of concrete structures /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=18333.
7
Costa, Valéria Grace. "Indicadores socioespaciais do habitat em grandes cidades brasileiras: Belém e Rio de Janeiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16137/tde-22082012-114252/.
Abstract:
O estudo tem a finalidade de avaliar e comparar a configuração espacial dos indicadores que caracterizam as carências socioespaciais em duas grandes cidades brasileiras: Belém e Rio de Janeiro. Para a construção dos indicadores socioespaciais do habitat foram utilizados os resultados da principal pesquisa domiciliar da Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE): o Censo Demográfico. O ano de referência é o de 2000. A elaboração de um índice sintético constituiu outra etapa da pesquisa, a partir do qual foram identificadas e mapeadas as áreas de carências socioespaciais. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que há semelhanças e diferenças quanto à configuração espacial das áreas de maiores carências socioespaciais nas duas cidades analisadas. Algumas das diferenças, entretanto, estão mais associadas à intensidade do que à configuração em si, denotando estágios diferenciados da evolução urbana e das carências socioespaciais das cidades. Quanto aos indicadores utilizados e analisados individualmente, foi possível constatar que se torna a cada dia mais difícil a obtenção de parâmetros universais para avaliar e medir as carências socioespaciais; contudo, alguns deles ainda se destacam neste sentido. Embora os resultados não tenham sido conclusivos, sugerem a necessidade e possibilidade de estabelecimentos de parâmetros regionais, metropolitanos e intraurbanos, no processo que envolve a seleção e elaboração de indicadores para a avaliação da localização das áreas de maiores carências socioespaciais, assim como as diversas formas de assentamentos informais.This study has the purpose of evaluating and comparing the spatial configuration of the indicators characterizing the socio-spatial needs in two large Brazilian cities: Belém and Rio de Janeiro. For constructing the socio-spatial habitat indicators were used the results from the main household survey of the Brazilian Institute of Geography (IBGE): the Demographic Census. The reference year is 2000.The development of a synthetic index was another step in the research, from which have been identified and mapped the areas of socio-spatial deficiencies in the two cities.The survey results show that there are similarities and differences between such areas. Some of the differences, however, are more associated with the intensity of processes than the setting itself, showing different stages of urban development and socio-spatial deficiencies. As for the indicators used and analyzed individually, it was established that it becomes increasingly more difficult to obtain universal parameters to evaluate and measure the socio-spatial deficiencies, however some of them still stand out in this regard. Although the results were not conclusive, they suggest the need and possibility of using regional, metropolitan and intra-urban parameters, in processes involving selection and development of indicators for selection of socio-spatial areas with major needs, as well as the various forms of informal settlements.
8
Wagner, Matthew Earl. "Spatial patterns of phytoplankton and periphyton growth as indicators of estuarine condition in Escambia Bay, Florida." [Pensacola, Fla.] : University of West Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/WFE0000010.
9
Dur, Fatih. "The integrated land use and transportation indexing model : assessing the sustainability of the Gold Coast, Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/54190/1/DurFatih_PhD_Thesis_20120511.pdf.
Abstract:
Urban sustainability and sustainable urban development concepts have been identified as the ultimate goal of many contemporary planning endeavours and have become central concepts on which the urban development policies are formulated. In the confinement of these concepts, land use and transport integration has been highlighted as one of the most important policy objectives considering the interrelationship between them and available intervention means of planning. While its interpretation varies, in Australia, it has been embraced as integration of land use and transport planning/policies and been an integral part of regional and local plans. Accordingly, a number of principles have been defined to guide its implementation, to name a few, planning for compact and connected urban development, encouraging active transport modes, creation of mixed-use activity centres and public transport precincts, provision of high quality public transport services, and enhancing character and amenity of urban areas. However, there is lack of an evaluation framework to measure the extent of achievement of implementation of these principles. In pursuit of filling this gap, this study aims to devise an evaluation framework to measure the performance of urban settings according to the integration principles in South East Queensland, Australia context and to demarcate problematic areas which can be intervened by planning tools...
10
Klein, David. "Regional Performance in Knowledge Economies : A Comparison of Performance Indicators and Regional Units across Spatial Econometric Models." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136299.
Abstract:
Policy makers, regional planners and the like have long tried in vain to come up with both economically profound and comprehensive regional policies. These policies are extremely important to achieve de- velopment goals in the European Union, which is why regulations for economic convergence and in- creasing competitiveness of regions are critical. Nowadays, technological progress poses new tasks for policy makers, as economic production shifted from industrial towards knowledge intensive processes. Therefore, it is widely accepted that knowledge is the new trigger of regional economic performance. Yet, established knowledge assets, such as creativity, human capital and entrepreneurship are scarcely studied jointly in research practice. This leaves the scientific community with a fragmented understand- ing of this topic, and can cause considerable confusion among policy makers. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, on the conceptual front, it investigates the role of knowledge assets for regional performance. The major question in this regard is whether the more recent creative class approach outperforms conventional human capital measures. Secondly, the paper aims to clarify both the significance of selecting regional performance indicators and the role of regional hierarchy. Work undertaken in this regard uses various indicators interchange- ably and often fails get to the bottom of what the choice of the indicator means for their approach. By the same token, there are persistent uncertainties about the choice and the relevance of regional units for spatial econometric analysis. Therefore, the analysis tries to study the consequences of choosing specific indicators and regional units. Using a general spatial model, the paper estimates a Cobb-Douglas production function of the economic performance of 290 Swedish municipalities between 2009 and 2014. With this mathematical approach, spatial autocorrelation and spatial error disturbances are eliminated, allowing for more comprehensive and spatially robust results. By doing so, multiple variables representing human capital, creativity, entre- preneurship and innovative activities are examined and compared across four models varying on re- gional scale and output indicators. This approach also controls for a set of industrial and socio-economic features of the regional environment. The study found significant differences for varying regional levels and performance indicators. Moreover, creativity, narrowly defined, seems to be most strongly linked to regional performance outperforming other variables, including human capital measures.
11
El, Haber ELias. "Effet de la variabilité spatiale des propriétés du sol sur la variabilité de la réponse sismique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU038/document.
Abstract:
Les couches de sol présentent fréquemment des hétérogénéités spatiales qui proviennent des processus d’érosion, de sédimentation et de l’effet de l’activité humaine. A ces hétérogénéités géologiques de premier ordre viennent s’ajouter des hétérogénéités de petite échelle au sein d’une même couche géologique. Sous sollicitation sismique faible ou forte, ces hétérogénéités spatiales des propriétés du sous-sol sont susceptibles de conduire à une variabilité spatiale importante des propriétés du mouvement sismique en surface (amplitude, durée, contenu fréquentiel, …). Dans cette thèse, une analyse probabiliste est réalisée pour évaluer l’effet de la variabilité spatiale de la vitesse des ondes de cisaillement (V_s) sur la variabilité du mouvement sismique en surface. Pour simplifier, une simple structure de sol 2D (une couche sédimentaire sur un demi-espace) est considérée. La structure 2D de V_s est modélisé comme un champ aléatoire en utilisant la méthode EOLE (Expansion Optimal Linear Estimation) et 9 modèles probabilistes sont considérés en faisant varier les trois paramètres de fluctuation du sol: le coefficient de variation (COV) sur V_s, les distances d'autocorrélation horizontale (θ_x) et verticale (θ_z). Les mouvements sismiques du sol en surface sont simulés à l’aide du logiciel de différences finies FLAC2D pour une excitation d'onde plane avec une polarisation SV.Une première partie porte sur l’étude de la variabilité en surface de différents indicateurs du mouvement sismique (fréquence de résonance, amplification, Intensité d’Arias, durée, corrélation spatiale). Nos simulations purement linéaires soulignent l’importance des ondes de surface diffractées localement au niveau des hétérogénéités du sol sur ces différents indicateurs et le contrôle de COV sur leur variabilité. Elles mettent également en évidence que, bien que les approches probabilistes 1D reproduisent correctement en moyenne les fréquences de résonance fondamentales et les amplifications associées, elles sous-estiment l’amplification à haute fréquence, l’Intensité d’Arias et la durée du mouvement sismique ainsi que leur variabilité. La deuxième partie porte sur la cohérence spatiale, calculée sur la phase forte et sur la coda des vitesses simulées en surface. Les résultats montrent que la perte de cohérence avec la fréquence ou la distance est principalement contrôlée par COV. A cette perte de cohérence globale s’ajoute la présence de fortes cohérences dans certaines bandes de fréquences étroites causées par les caractéristiques de propagation d’ondes de volume et de surface (résonance des ondes SV, phases d’Airy des ondes de Rayleigh). Ces observations sont cohérentes avec les observations sur les données réelles du site d’Argostoli en Grèce. La troisième partie s’intéresse à la prise en compte du comportement non-linéaire des sols. Le comportement non-linéaire du sol est basé sur des tests triaxiaux effectués sur la plaine alluviale de Nahr Beyrouth. L’effet du comportement non-linéaire et de sa variabilité est étudié pour les différents indicateurs du mouvement sismique (Intensité d’Arias, durée, corrélation spatiale, cohérence décalée)Soil layers frequently exhibit spatial heterogeneities that arise from the erosion, sedimentation processes and from the effects of human activity. To these first order geological heterogeneities are added small-scale heterogeneities within the same geological layer. Under weak or strong seismic loading, these spatial heterogeneities of the subsurface properties are likely to lead to a significant variability in the ground motion properties within short distance on surface (amplitude, duration, frequency content, ...). In this thesis, a probabilistic analysis is carried out to evaluate the effect of the spatial variability of shear wave velocity (V_s) on the variability of surface seismic response. For sake of simplicity, a simple 2D soil structure (a sedimentary layer over a half-space) is considered. The 2D structure of V_s is modeled as a random field using the EOLE (Expansion Optimal Linear Estimation) method and nine probabilistic models are considered by varying the three soil fluctuation parameters: the coefficient of variation (COV) on V_s, the horizontal and vertical autocorrelation distances (θ_x and θ_z, respectively). The surface ground seismic motion is simulated using the FLAC2D finite difference code using a SV plane-wave plane excitation.The first part deals with the study of the surface variability of different ground motion indicators (resonance frequency, amplification, Arias intensity, duration, spatial correlation). Our purely linear simulations emphasize the importance of the locally diffracted surface waves due to soil heterogeneities on these different indicators and the control of COV on their variability. They also show that, although 1D probabilistic approaches correctly estimate the average of the fundamental resonant frequencies and the associated amplifications, they underestimate the high frequency amplification, the Arias intensity and the duration of the ground motion on surface, as well as their variability. The second part deals with another estimator the ground motion spatial variability: the coherency and it is calculated on the strong phase and on the coda of simulated seismograms on surface. The results show that the variation of the coherency as a function of frequency or distance is mainly controlled by COV. To this overall behavior of the average coherency on surface is superimposed the presence of strong loss or increase of coherency in certain narrow frequency bands caused by the propagation characteristics of body and surface waves (resonance of SV waves, Airy phases of Rayleigh waves). These observations are consistent with the observations on real data from the Argostoli site in Greece. The third part focuses on taking into account the non-linear behavior of soils. The definition of non-linear properties of the soil is based on triaxial tests carried out on the alluvial plain of Nahr Beirut. The effect of non-linear behavior and its variability is studied for the different ground motion indicators, mainly in the time domain (Arias intensity, duration, spatial correlation, Lagged coherency)
12
Paiva, Simone de Sousa. "DistribuiÃÃo espacial e determinantes sociais de saÃde na populaÃÃo com AIDS no CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=10924.
Abstract:
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorApesar de avanÃos cientÃficos no tratamento ao HIV e de polÃtica pÃblica especÃfica à populaÃÃo infectada, a aids se constitui em sÃrio problema de saÃde, que acomete grupos mais vulnerÃveis. Desta forma, ao tratar de pessoas vivendo com HIV à necessÃrio levar em conta os determinantes sociais relacionados ao processo de saÃde-doenÃa. Objetiva-se analisar a distribuiÃÃo espacial de pacientes com aids no Estado do CearÃ, Brasil, e sua associaÃÃo com determinantes sociais de saÃde. Estudo ecolÃgico transversal, considerou-se indivÃduos com aids, de idade igual ou superior a 13 anos, residentes no CearÃ, notificados entre 2001 e 2011 pelo Sistema de InformaÃÃo de Agravos de NotificaÃÃo. Trabalhou-se com variÃveis sociodemogrÃficas obtidas na Secretaria da SaÃde do Estado, dados socioeconÃmicos, ambientais e de saÃde do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e EstatÃstica, do Departamento de InformÃtica do Sistema Ãnico de SaÃde do Brasil e do Departamento de AtenÃÃo BÃsica. ConstruÃram-se indicadores epidemiolÃgicos e sociais baseados no Modelo TeÃrico de DeterminaÃÃo Social sugerido por Whitehead e Dahlgren. Para anÃlise dos dados individuais empregou-se o software SPSS 20.0. Testes foram aplicados para comparaÃÃo das proporÃÃes (exato de Fisher ou qui-quadrado de Pearson), comparaÃÃo de mÃdias (t de Student), correlaÃÃo entre variÃvel dependente e suas regressoras (teste de Pearson) e teste para aferir a normalidade da variÃvel dependente (Shapiro-Wilk). Foram consideradas estatisticamente significantes anÃlises inferenciais de ρ inferior a 0,05. Para dados socioambientais e de saÃde foram utilizados mÃtodos de geoprocessamento e de geoanÃlise. Para identificaÃÃo de aglomerados espaciais, calculou-se taxa mÃdia de aids do perÃodo e relacionada com o mapa vetorial do CearÃ, atravÃs do programa ArcGis10.1. AutocorrelaÃÃo espacial foi verificada pelo Ãndice de Moran. O Modelo de RegressÃo Linear Global foi Ãtil para anÃlise multivariada. Foram construÃdos mapas do risco relativo à formaÃÃo de aglomerados de aids ao longo da sÃrie temporal. Obteve-se aprovaÃÃo do Comità de Ãtica da Secretaria da SaÃde do Estado, sob protocolo n 203.911. A aids à crescente no CearÃ, com maioria masculina, adulta, residente na Capital. Foi observado processo de feminizaÃÃo, juvenizaÃÃo e interiorizaÃÃo da epidemia. O uso de drogas à prevalente entre jovens e pessoas de baixa escolaridade. Ocorre tendÃncia crescente da doenÃa entre pessoas com sete a onze anos de estudo, e diferenÃa estatÃstica significativa entre os sexos. A Rede Social de Apoio e de SaÃde Especializada para aids concentra-se na RegiÃo Metropolitana do Estado. Clusters de aids com altas taxas foi verificada na RegiÃo LitorÃnea e em Ãreas prÃximas à fronteira do PiauÃ, provavelmente vinculados ao turismo e aos processos migratÃrios. As taxas de aids foram associadas com a maioria dos indicadores socioeconÃmicos estudados. Observou-se relaÃÃo positiva entre aids e desigualdades econÃmicas. Foi verificada associaÃÃo inversa entre o agravo e a atenÃÃo primÃria. Constatou-se risco para clusters de aids primeiramente nos SertÃes do Estado e maior risco relativo em municÃpios do Noroeste Cearense ao longo da sÃrie temporal. Segundo se conclui, a aids no Cearà possui Ãreas de dependÃncia espacial e as disparidades socioeconÃmicas e de acesso à saÃde geram determinaÃÃes preponderantes ao adoecimento pelo HIV.
Despite scientific advances in HIV treatment and the specific public policy for the infected population, aids represents a severe health problem that affects more vulnerable groups. Therefore, when treating HIV-positive people, the social determinants of the health-disease process need to be taken into account. The goal is to analyze the spatial distribution of aids patients in the State of CearÃ, Brazil, and its association with social determinants of health. In this cross-sectional ecological study, individuals with aids aged 13 years or older were considered, who lived in Cearà and had been notified between 2001 and 2011 in the Brazilian Case Registry Database. Sociodemographic variables were used that were collected from the State Health Secretary; socioeconomic, environmental and health data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, from the Informatics Department of the Brazilian Unified Health System and from the Primary Healthcare Department. Epidemiological and social indicators were constructed based on the Theoretical Model of Social Determination suggested by Whitehead and Dahlgren. For individual data analysis, SPSS 20.0 software was employed. Tests were applied for comparison of proportions (Fisherâs exact or Pearsonâs chi-square), comparison of means (Studentâs t), correlation between dependent variable and its regressor variables (Pearson) and a test to verify the normality of the dependent variable (Shapiro-Wilk). Inferential analyses with ρ inferior to 0.05 were considered statistically significant. For socio-environmental and health data, geoprocessing and geo-analysis methods were used. To identify spatial clusters, the mean aids rate for the period was calculated and related to the vector map of CearÃ, using the software ArcGis10.1. Spatial self-correlation was verified through Moranâs index. The Global Linear Regression Model was useful for multivariate analysis. Risk maps were constructed for the formation of aids clusters throughout the time series. Approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the State Health Secretary under protocol 203.911. Aids is increasing in CearÃ, with a mostly male, adult population living in the state capital. It was observed that the epidemic is expanding among women, young people and in the interior of the state. Drugs use prevails among young people and people with low education levels. A growing trend of the disease is observed among people with seven to 11 years of education, with a statistically significant difference between the sexes. The Social Support and Specialized Health Network for aids is concentrated in the Metropolitan Region of the State. Aids clusters with high rates were verified in the Coastal Region and in areas close to the border with the State of PiauÃ, probably linked to tourism and migration processes. The aids rates were associated with most of the socioeconomic indicators studies. A positive relation was observed between aids and economic inequalities. An inverse association was verified between the problem and primary care. The risk of clusters was verified primarily in the hinterland of the State and a greater relative risk in cities in the Northeast of Cearà throughout the time series. As concluded, aids in Cearà is marked by areas of spatial dependence and the disparities in socioeconomic and health access conditions produce preponderant determinations for illness caused by HIV.
13
De, Grandi Elsa Carla. "Spatial and temporal statistics of SAR and InSAR observations for providing indicators of tropical forest structural changes due to forest disturbance." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29511.
Abstract:
Tropical forests are extremely important ecosystems which play a substantial role in the global carbon budget and are increasingly dominated by anthropogenic disturbance through deforestation and forest degradation, contributing to emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. There is an urgent need for forest monitoring over extensive and inaccessible tropical forest which can be best accomplished using spaceborne satellite data. Currently, two key processes are extremely challenging to monitor: forest degradation and post-disturbance re-growth. The thesis work focuses on these key processes by considering change indicators derived from radar remote sensing signal that arise from changes in forest structure. The problem is tackled by exploiting spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Interferometric SAR (InSAR) observations, which can provide forest structural information while simultaneously being able to collect data independently of cloud cover, haze and daylight conditions which is a great advantage over the tropics. The main principle of the work is that a connection can be established between the forest structure distribution in space and signal variation (spatial statistics) within backscatter and Digital Surface Models (DSMs) provided by SAR. In turn, forest structure spatial characteristics and changes are used to map forest condition (intact or degraded) or disturbance. The innovative approach focuses on looking for textural patterns (and their changes) in radar observations, then connecting these patterns to the forest state through supporting evidence from expert knowledge and auxiliary remote sensing observations (e.g. high resolution optical, aerial photography or LiDAR). These patterns are descriptors of the forest structural characteristics in a statistical sense, but are not estimates of physical properties, such as above-ground biomass or canopy height. The thesis tests and develops methods using novel remote sensing technology (e.g. single-pass spaceborne InSAR) and modern image statistical analysis methods (wavelet-based space-scale analysis). The work is developed on an experimental basis and articulated in three test cases, each addressing a particular observational setting, analytical method and thematic context. The first paper deals with textural backscatter patterns (C-band ENVISAT ASAR and L-band ALOS PALSAR) in semi-deciduous closed forest in Cameroon. Analysis concludes that intact forest and degraded forest (arising from selective logging) are significantly different based on canopy structural properties when measured by wavelet based space-scale analysis. In this case, C-band data are more effective than longer wavelength L-band data. Such a result could be explained by the lower wave penetration into the forest volume at shorter wavelength, with the mechanism driving the differences between the two forest states arising from upper canopy heterogeneity. In the second paper, wavelet based space-scale analysis is also used to provide information on upper canopy structure. A DSM derived from TanDEM-X acquired in 2014 was used to discriminate primary lowland Dipterocarp forest, secondary forest, mixed-scrub and grassland in the Sungai Wain Protection Forest (East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo) which was affected by the 1997/1998 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The Jeffries- Matusita separability of wavelet spectral measures of InSAR DSMs between primary and secondary forest was in some cases comparable to results achieved by high resolution LiDAR data. The third test case introduces a temporal component, with change detection aimed at detecting forest structure changes provided by differencing TanDEM-X DSMs acquired at two dates separated by one year (2012-2013) in the Republic of Congo. The method enables cancelling out the component due to terrain elevation which is constant between the two dates, and therefore the signal related to the forest structure change is provided. Object-based change detection successfully mapped a gradient of forest volume loss (deforestation/forest degradation) and forest volume gain (post-disturbance re-growth). Results indicate that the combination of InSAR observations and wavelet based space-scale analysis is the most promising way to measure differences in forest structure arising from forest fires. Equally, the process of forest degradation due to shifting cultivation and post-disturbance re-growth can be best detected using multiple InSAR observations. From the experiments conducted, single-pass InSAR appears to be the most promising remote sensing technology to detect forest structure changes, as it provides three-dimensional information and with no temporal decorrelation. This type of information is not available in optical remote sensing and only partially available (through a 2D mapping) in SAR backscatter. It is advised that future research or operational endeavours aimed at mapping and monitoring forest degradation/regrowth should take advantage of the only currently available high resolution spaceborne single-pass InSAR mission (TanDEM-X). Moreover, the results contribute to increase knowledge related to the role of SAR and InSAR for monitoring degraded forest and tracking the process of forest degradation which is a priority but still highly challenging to detect. In the future the techniques developed in the thesis work could be used to some extent to support REDD+ initiatives.
14
Robinson, Jeffrey G. "An investigation of the seasonal and spatial occurrence of coliform bacteria in a distribution system." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/845953.
Abstract:
Bacteriological data from 1980 to 1991 were reviewed to determine whether coliform bacteria occurred seasonally and spatially within a midwestern city's distribution system. Coliform bacteria are used as microbiological indicator organisms to determine if a public water supply is safe for consumption. The public water_ distribution system examined had at least a twelve year history of the presence of coliform bacteria. Previous investigations have described the occurrence of the coliform bacteria as sporadic because there were no apparent patterns to their presence. An analysis of bacteriological data has not previously been performed to specifically detect seasonal and spatial occurrences of coliform bacteria.This study attempted to determine if seasonal or spatial patterns of coliform occurrences exist within the in the dominant coliform species. Data indicate that the highest percentage of coliform positive samples occurred in the summer, followed by fall, then winter, with spring having the lowest percentage of coliform positive samples. While Enterobacter cloacae was the dominant coliform species during the spring, summer and fall, Klebsiella oxytoca was the dominant coliform during the winter. Coliform occurrence throughout the distribution system was variable among the 43 sample sites. The percentage of positive samples from the various sites ranged from 0% to 10.5%. The five sites with the highest percentage of coliform positive samples were at the extremities of the distribution system. E. cloacae was dominant at 88% of the sites. K. oxytoca was dominant at 9% sites, which typically had a low percentage of coliform positive samples.Department of Biology
15
Dube, Tinashe H. "The application of architectural indicators to compare residential quality of life: A case study of Zimbabwean families currently residing in South Africa and the UK." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/64742.
Abstract:
Throughout human history, people have migrated from one area to another for many reasons, including searching for better economic, political or other conditions that are assumed to improve the human standard of living (Kotkin 2016:6; United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2014). Migration to urban areas has increased over the past century, and is only expected to continue doing so. In 2016, 54% of earth’s human population lived within urban areas, making it the largest urban population ever to occur on the planet (Brenner & Schmidt 2014:733; United Nations Population Fund 2014). A 2013 study by El Din, Shalaby, Farouh and Elariane states that, with more of the human population residing in urban areas than in the past, studies around human life in urban areas are more significant and necessary for the sake of increasing knowledge bases for the development of sustainable human environments (El Din et al. 2013:87, 88). Architects and urban planners focus on improving the quality of life of the end users of their designs at a contextual level, which in turn is beneficial as a good quality of life is considered to be one of the most important aspects for sustainable urban development (Othman, Aird & Buys 2015:22). Over the past 15 years there has been a knowledge shift towards global parameters for measurement of quality of life that are not uniform or based solely on economic indicators, but rather are developed so that these indicators can be used to measure quality of life at a contextual level in order to supply informative data and results (United Nations Population Fund 2016; Vermuni & Costanza 2006:124). There are contextual differences, similarities and variations for the definition of a good quality of life between the large urban areas in the developed world as well as in countries within the Global South, which contains the majority of the world’s Third World countries (Rigg 2007:8-10). With the global continuation of the urbanisation of the human population in different contexts, along with the migration of individuals between different parts of the world, urban planners and architects are challenged to design spaces that provide good quality of life within any urban context for an end user coming from any urban or rural context. This study seeks to investigate the means of assessing quality of life in residential spaces of end users who share similar values in terms of quality of life, but will be studied in three varied urban contexts, namely Zimbabwe, South Africa and the United Kingdom. Zimbabwe, is classified as a Low Income country by the United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs (2014), has experienced high levels of migration out of the country over the past 16 years (Humphris 2010), with the highest number of migrations into South Africa, which is classified as an Upper Middle Income Country, and the United Kingdom, classified as a High Income country (United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs 2014). This research paper seeks to measure and compare quality of life in the homes of Zimbabweans in the three contexts mentioned above, in order to gauge what aspects of residential design impact positively or negatively on the end user’s quality of life.Mini Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Architecture
MSc Applied Sciences in Architecture
Unrestricted
16
Feindouno, Sosso. "Structural vulnerability and fragility : an assessment based on composite indicators." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAD014.
Abstract:
Les concepts de vulnérabilité et de fragilité sont au cœur du débat sur la définition et la mise en œuvre des objectifs de développement durable. Cette thèse propose des outils pour évaluer la vulnérabilité structurelle et la fragilité sous divers aspects: économique, social et environnemental. L'approche proposée pour appréhender ces concepts repose sur la construction et le raffinement d'indicateurs composites. Elle est composée de quatre chapitres.Dans le Chapitre 1, nous construisons des séries rétrospectives de l’indice de vulnérabilité économique (EVI) proposé par le Comité des politiques de développement des Nations Unies pour l’identification des Pays les Moins Avancés (PMA). La vulnérabilité économique structurelle des PMA reste supérieure à celle des non-PMA. De plus, en se focalisant sur le cadre africain, nous montrons que les Etats fragiles sont économiquement plus vulnérables que les Etats non fragiles et que, la différence entre les deux groupes de pays est essentiellement due à l’ampleur des chocs. Enfin, en utilisant une approche basée sur la stochastique dominance et un horizon temporel de cinq ans, nous observons qu’il n’y a pas de baisse significative de l’EVI et de ses principaux composants au premier ordre. En revanche, une diminution généralisée peut être conclue au second ordre.Le Chapitre 2 est consacré à la question de la résilience structurelle à travers un indice de capital humain (HAI). Nous présentons les séries rétrospectives du HAI et de ses composants, pour lesquels des outils économétriques ont été utilisés pour imputer les données manquantes. Nous analysons la dynamique du HAI en évaluant la contribution de chacun de ses composants. Enfin, nous débattons de la problématique cruciale de la pondération et proposons un nouveau système de poids basé sur le rapport de corrélation et la linéarité (ou non linéarité) entre les composants.Le Chapitre 3 a trait à la vulnérabilité au changement climatique. Après avoir mis en lumière le flou existant autour de la définition et de la mesure de la vulnérabilité au changement climatique, nous construisons un indice composite appelé « Physical Vulnerability to Climate Change Index (PVCCI) ». Cet indice repose uniquement sur les caractéristiques physiques du changement climatique et est indépendant des politiques présentes et futures des pays. Il a vocation à être utilisé pour l’allocation internationale des ressources. Pour finir, le Chapitre traite de la relation entre conflits civils et vulnérabilité au changement climatique, mesurée ici par le PVCCI.Le Chapitre 4 part du constat que les pays africains accusent encore un retard dans l’attraction des investissements directs étrangers (IDE). Nous soupçonnons les facteurs de vulnérabilité économique structurelle, mesurée par l’EVI, d’être en partie responsables du manque d’intérêt relatif des investisseurs étrangers à l’égard de l’Afrique. Nous estimons un modèle spatial à correction d’erreur sur la période 1980-2010 pour évaluer les relations dynamiques entre les IDE et ses déterminants. Notre analyse révèle qu’à long terme, il existe une relation négative et significative entre les IDE et l’EVI. Les résultats suggèrent également qu’un EVI élevé dans les pays voisins a un impact négatif sur les IDE du pays hôte. Pour finir, nous montrons que la vulnérabilité économique structurelle joue un rôle important dans l’explication de l’écart en termes d’IDE entre les pays africains à faible revenu et les pays africains à revenu intermédiaire. La part de l’agriculture, de la foresterie et de la pêche dans le PIB apparait comme le principal facteur contribuant à cet écartVulnerability and fragility are at the heart of the global debate arising from the definition and implementation of the sustainable development goals. This PhD dissertation offers enhanced tools to assess structural vulnerability and fragility from various aspects: economic, social, and environmental. The proposed approach for apprehending these concepts is based on the construction and refinement of composite indicators. It is divided into four chapters.In Chapter 1, we build the retrospective series of the economic vulnerability index (EVI), proposed by the United Nations’ Committee for Development Policy (CDP). Some choices and measures are discussed, such as the methodology used to calculate the instabilities of exports and agricultural production. From our analyses, it appears that the structural economic vulnerability of LDCs is still higher compared to non-LDCs. As well, focusing on the African context, we show that fragile African states are economically more vulnerable than non-fragile African states, and the difference between the two groups of countries seems to come from the difference in the magnitude of shocks. Finally, employing a stochastic dominance approach and using a five-year testing horizon to assess the evolution of the EVI and its main components over time, we observe that there is no real decline of the EVI and its main components at the first order sense. But, an overall decrease can be concluded at the second order sense of dominance.The second chapter focuses on the issue of structural resilience through the Human Assets Index (HAI), another index designed by the UN-CDP for identification of LDCs. We start with a presentation of retrospective series of the HAI and its components, for which, to a limited extend, we have used econometric tools to consistently impute missing data. Secondly, we analyze the HAI’s dynamics by assessing the contributions of each component to this. Finally, we debate about the choice of equal weighting for the four components in the HAI. Taking into account the fact that the correlation between indicators is closely linked to the issue, we propose a new scheme pattern based on the correlation ratio and linearity (or nonlinearity) dependence between components. The third chapter is devoted to the climate change vulnerability. We design a composite indicator called “Physical Vulnerability to Climate Change (PVCCI)”. This indicator based only on the physical characteristics of climate change is independent of present and future country policy, and aims to be used for international allocation of resources. After explaining the specific methodology used to build the PVCCI and presenting the results for developing countries, we investigate the relationship between civil conflict and vulnerability to climate change measured here by the PVCCI. The starting point of the fourth chapter is that African countries are still lagging behind when it comes to attracting Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). We suspect the structural economic vulnerability, measured by the Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI), in part, responsible for the relative lack of interest of foreign investors towards Africa. We estimate a spatial error correction model during the time period from 1980 to 2010 to assess the dynamic relationships between FDI and its determinants. Our finding reveals that in the long run, there is a significant negative relationship between FDI and EVI. The results also suggest that a high EVI in neighboring countries negatively affects the amount of FDI into a host country. Later on, we also observe that structural economic vulnerability plays an important role in explaining the FDI gap between African Low-Income Countries and African Middle-Income Countries. The share of agriculture, forestry and fishery in GDP appears as the strongest contributing factor to this difference
17
Magno, Melissa A., Ingrid Luffman, Arpita Nandi, and Brian G. Evanshen. "SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN SOILS OF BUMPUS COVE, TN." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2018/schedule/126.
Abstract:
Mining processes generate waste rock, tailings, and slag that can increase heavy metal concentrations in soils. Un-reclaimed, abandoned mine sites are particularly prone to leaching these contaminants, which may accumulate and pose significant environmental and public health concerns. The characterization and spatial delineation of heavy metals of such soils is vital for risk assessment and soil reclamation. Bumpus Cove, once one of the richest mineralized districts of eastern TN, is home to at least 47 abandoned, un-reclaimed mines that were all permanently closed by the 1950s. This study evaluated 52 soil samples collected within a 0.67 km2 study area containing 6 known abandoned Pb, Zn, and Mn mines at the headwaters of Bumpus Cove Creek for heavy metal concentrations. Soil samples were analyzed for Zn, Mn, Pb, Cu, and Cd by means of microwave-assisted acid digestion and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Using the measured values and digital elevation model (DEM) derived from lidar data, ordinary kriging and cokriging interpolation techniques were used to predict the trend of heavy metal concentrations throughout the study area. Concentrations for Zn, Mn, and Pb show significant variability between sample sites (ranges of 12 – 1,354 mg/kg Zn, 6 – 2,574 mg/kg Mn, 33 – 2,271 mg/kg Pb). Cu and Cd were much less variable, with ranges of 1 - 65 mg/kg and 7 – 40 mg/kg, respectively. Of the measured heavy metals, only Zn and Pb exceed permissible limits in soils. Results show that ordinary kriging interpolation methods produced improved results over ordinary cokriging with and without lognormal transformations for all metals. Mn and Pb were found to transport further downhill following the natural drainage, whereas Zn, Cu and Cd concentrations exhibit localized variability without a clear transportation path. This study can provide a reference for state and local entities responsible for heavy metal monitoring in Bumpus Cove, TN.
18
Jacob, Hassler. "Long term trends of residential segregation in relation to housing policy in Stockholm : Following indicators of residential segregation over time through spatial analysis." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för geografi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-159964.
Abstract:
This thesis explores the development of residential segregation over a long time period in Stockholm, Sweden. By following the spatial distribution of two socio- economic indicators and two indicators of housing characteristics between 1930 and 2015, it describes how changing housing policy has affected the indicators. Historic data was gathered and compiled in a longitudinal data base. Spatial analysis of the variables produced results that indicate spatio-temporal variation in all variables, and indicate a central-peripheral pattern that has developed and persisted for long time periods. Variation in spatial distributions of the variables is furthermore connected to changes in undertaken housing policy. Regression models also indicate that the characteristics of residential segregation has arguably been different in different times. The long time period is argued to be important in segregation research because of the longevity of many segregation processes. Following continuous indices of residential segregation over long time periods is important as it may help us understand contemporary trends better, conversely creating better knowledge for policy makers when counter segregation policy is implemented. Long time approaches are, however, lacking the literature, motivating the analysis performed in this thesis.
19
Baez-Cazull, Susan Enid. "Spatial and temporal controls on biogeochemical indicators at the small-scale interface between a contaminated aquifer and wetland surface water." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2520.
20
Nielsen, Niels Christian. "Spatial metrics of structure and diversity : calculation from Earth observation and map data, for use as indicators in environmental management." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421848.
21
Henning, Matthias. "Preparation for lane change manoeuvres: Behavioural indicators and underlying cognitive processes." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-201001033.
Abstract:
Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der Erforschung der Fahrer-Fahrzeug-Interaktion mit dem Ziel der Fahrerabsichtserkennung bei Spurwechselmanövern. Diese Fahrmanöver sind mit einer überproportionalen Unfallhäufigkeit verbunden, die sich in den Unfallstatistiken widerspiegelt. Laut Statistischem Bundesamt (2008) kamen im Jahr 2007 12,0% (1857) aller Unfälle mit schwerem Sachschaden auf Autobahnen in Deutschland aufgrund von Zusammenstößen mit seitlich in die gleiche Richtung fahrenden Fahrzeugen zustande (S. 65). Mit Hilfe der Information über einen intendierten Spurwechsel kann ein System an das zukünftige Fahrerverhalten angepasst werden, um so die Funktionalität und damit das Sicherheitspotential des Gesamtsystems zu erhöhen. Zusätzlich können mit dieser Information auch unerwünschte Systemeingriffe unterdrückt werden, die den Fahrer stören und so zu einer Minderung der Akzeptanz des jeweiligen Fahrerassistenz- und Informationssystems führen könnten. So kann einerseits ein Assistenzsystem eingeschaltet werden, das den Spurwechsel erleichtert (z.B. Side Blind Zone Alert, Kiefer & Hankey, 2008). Zum anderen kann ein Assistenzsystem abgeschaltet werden, das den Fahrer irrtümlich warnen würde, wie zum Beispiel ein Spurverlassenswarner im Falle eines beabsichtigten Überfahrens der Fahrspur (Henning, Beyreuther et al., 2007).
In diesem Zusammenhang bilden drei Untersuchungen das Herzstück der vorliegenden Arbeit. In einer Feldstudie untersuchten Henning, Georgeon, Dapzol und Krems (2009) Indikatoren, die auf die Vorbereitung eines Spurwechsels hindeuten und fanden dabei vor allem Blickverhalten in den linken Außenspiegel als einen geeigneten und sehr frühen Indikator. Dieser dient wahrscheinlich vor allem dem Aufbau einer mentalen Repräsentation des rückwärtigen Verkehrs. In einer anschließenden Fahrsimulatorstudie wurde experimentell erforscht, wie diese mentale Repräsentation beschaffen ist und in welchen Komponenten des Arbeitsgedächtnisses sie gespeichert wird (Henning, Beyreuther, & Krems, 2009). In einer dritten Studie, bestehend aus zwei Laborexperimenten, wurde nach einer Schwelle für den Übergang von einer statischen in eine dynamische mentale Repräsentation sich nähernder Fahrzeuge mit Hilfe des Paradigmas des Representational Momentum (Freyd & Finke, 1984) gesucht und ebenfalls deren Lokalisation im Arbeitsgedächtnis erforscht (Henning & Krems, 2009).
Die den drei Manuskripten vorangestellte Einleitung dient der allgemeinen Einführung in das Thema und der Einordnung der Befunde. Dabei wird zuerst der Spurwechselprozess dargestellt, gefolgt von einer Diskussion der zugrundeliegenden kognitiven Prozesse und einem Exkurs über die Möglichkeiten der Spurwechselabsichtserkennung und deren Verbesserung im Lichte der Befunde.
22
Feldmeyer, Daniel [Verfasser], and Birkmann [Akademischer Betreuer] Jörn. "Development, mapping and validation of resilience and vulnerability indicators across spatial scales for climate related hazards / Daniel Feldmeyer ; Betreuer: Birkmann Jörn." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2021. http://d-nb.info/123540286X/34.
23
Amawatana, Chonchinee. "Environmental performance indicators for the lower Mekong subregion development." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16684/1/Chonchinee_Amawatana_Thesis.pdf.
Abstract:
The application of environmental performance indicators (EPIs) has received increasing attention by both governments and international organisations as a tool for assessing complex environmental scenarios in national and local decision making processes. However, at the regional scale there is a gap in the application of EPIs, as this has not been well understood and defined due to a limited theoretical foundation and often insufficient data from all participant countries. The regional scale is important because it can incorporate natural ecosystems which often transcend national boundaries. A case study is developed for the Lower Mekong Subregion (LMS), where four riparian Southeast Asian countries (Lao PDR, Thailand, Cambodia, and Viet Nam) share the Lower Mekong River.
The research proposes a conceptual framework to identify approaches for developing criteria for acceptable and appropriate EPIs which can be used to support and implement decision making processes by relevant organisations at the regional level. This research evaluates the application of environmental performance indicators using methodologies that assess cross-national quantitative and qualitative data and existing decision support systems. In addition, global and national indicators are examined for application and relation to the regional context.
The research finds that the application of EPIs varies according to spatial scale, and is diverse among the four countries. Data availability is also identified as a major problem encountered during the development and selection of EPIs. The study finds that the governance of the existing regional body is ineffective due to differing agendas pursued by each participating country. This is because the current regional body is structured only to facilitate information exchange and cooperation in a limited manner, focusing so far only on water management issues. LMS regional goals need to be set in order to guide the stakeholders in identifying an appropriate set of EPIs. Most importantly, the research is intended to be a catalyst for encouraging the participants to integrate methods and other species of EPIs proposed in this research in their environmental assessment policies.
24
Amawatana, Chonchinee. "Environmental performance indicators for the lower Mekong subregion development." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16684/.
Abstract:
The application of environmental performance indicators (EPIs) has received increasing attention by both governments and international organisations as a tool for assessing complex environmental scenarios in national and local decision making processes. However, at the regional scale there is a gap in the application of EPIs, as this has not been well understood and defined due to a limited theoretical foundation and often insufficient data from all participant countries. The regional scale is important because it can incorporate natural ecosystems which often transcend national boundaries. A case study is developed for the Lower Mekong Subregion (LMS), where four riparian Southeast Asian countries (Lao PDR, Thailand, Cambodia, and Viet Nam) share the Lower Mekong River. The research proposes a conceptual framework to identify approaches for developing criteria for acceptable and appropriate EPIs which can be used to support and implement decision making processes by relevant organisations at the regional level. This research evaluates the application of environmental performance indicators using methodologies that assess cross-national quantitative and qualitative data and existing decision support systems. In addition, global and national indicators are examined for application and relation to the regional context. The research finds that the application of EPIs varies according to spatial scale, and is diverse among the four countries. Data availability is also identified as a major problem encountered during the development and selection of EPIs. The study finds that the governance of the existing regional body is ineffective due to differing agendas pursued by each participating country. This is because the current regional body is structured only to facilitate information exchange and cooperation in a limited manner, focusing so far only on water management issues. LMS regional goals need to be set in order to guide the stakeholders in identifying an appropriate set of EPIs. Most importantly, the research is intended to be a catalyst for encouraging the participants to integrate methods and other species of EPIs proposed in this research in their environmental assessment policies.
25
Holanda, Eliane Rolim de. "AnÃlise espacial da infecÃÃo pelo HIV em crianÃas e gestantes do municÃpio de Recife, Pernambuco." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11953.
Abstract:
A disseminaÃÃo da aids representa processo dinÃmico, que incide sob grupos populacionais mais vulnerÃveis, envolvendo uma rede de determinantes biopsicossociais, comportamentais e ambientais. Teve-se como objetivo geral analisar a distribuiÃÃo espacial dos casos notificados de crianÃas com aids e de gestantes soropositivas ao HIV residentes no municÃpio de Recife e sua correlaÃÃo com indicadores sociais e de saÃde. Trata-se de estudo epidemiolÃgico, do tipo ecolÃgico, realizado com dados do Sistema de InformaÃÃo de Agravos de NotificaÃÃo, Sistema de InformaÃÃo sobre Nascidos Vivos e Sistema de InformaÃÃo sobre Mortalidade, de 2001 a 2011. Dados sociais por bairros foram captados do Censo DemogrÃfico de 2010. ConstruÃram-se indicadores epidemiolÃgicos, socioeconÃmicos e de saÃde para caracterizar os bairros e sua relaÃÃo com o adoecimento pelo HIV. Os endereÃos foram georreferenciados e compatibilizados com a base cartogrÃfica de Recife. CaracterÃsticas epidemiolÃgicas foram analisadas por meio da estatÃstica descritiva e para os dados das gestantes aplicou-se o teste qui-quadrado com resÃduos ajustados, usando o programa SPSS. Para identificaÃÃo do padrÃo espacial, os dados de Ãreas foram analisados pelo Ãndice de Moran Global e Local, e pelas tÃcnicas de mapeamento BoxMap, LISAMap e MoranMap gerados por meio do software Terraview v4.2.2 e dos mÃdulos espaciais do R v2.15.3. Empregou-se o coeficiente de correlaÃÃo de Pearson e modelos de regressÃo linear mÃltipla para testar associaÃÃes entre as variÃveis explicativas e as taxas de incidÃncia de crianÃas e gestantes infectadas. O nÃvel de significÃncia estabelecido foi de 5%. Os resultados demonstraram tendÃncia linear crescente da epidemia entre gestantes ao longo do recorte temporal investigado. Verificou-se associaÃÃo estatisticamente significante entre a realizaÃÃo do prÃ-natal com as variÃveis de escolaridade (p=0,037), tipo de parto (p<0,001), uso da profilaxia antirretroviral na gestaÃÃo (p=0,002), no parto (p<0,001) e no recÃm-nascido (p<0,001). NÃo fazer o prÃ-natal esteve associado com gestantes de menor escolaridade. Todos os casos de aids pediÃtrica foram adquiridos por transmissÃo vertical e 27,2% das crianÃas evoluÃram para Ãbito. Com a anÃlise espacial identificaram-se clusters de gestantes infectadas na regiÃo do centro e na parte distal do noroeste do municÃpio, assim como aglomerado de alta incidÃncia de crianÃas com aids situado tambÃm em bairros do centro. A anÃlise bivariada e multivariada apontou associaÃÃo das taxas de detecÃÃo de HIV em gestantes e de incidÃncia de aids em crianÃas com a maioria dos indicadores socioeconÃmicos e de saÃde estudados. PrecÃrias condiÃÃes de vida evidenciadas por regiÃes de baixa renda, elevado analfabetismo e infraestrutura inadequada foram preditores da transmissÃo vertical do HIV, convergindo para aumento dos casos entre populaÃÃes carentes. MÃtodos de geoprocessamento mostraram-se eficazes na identificaÃÃo de grupos vulnerÃveis e de Ãreas de alto risco para os quais devem ser direcionados cuidados e intervenÃÃes preventivas intersetoriais com vistas ao controle deste agravo. Conforme se conclui, a difusÃo geogrÃfica do HIV/aids entre crianÃas e gestantes do Recife nÃo ocorreu aleatoriamente, refletindo-se, por conseguinte, em Ãreas de dependÃncia espacial da transmissÃo vertical, e as desigualdades socioeconÃmicas e de acesso à saÃde influenciaram na maior suscetibilidade da disseminaÃÃo da doenÃa.The spread of AIDS is a dynamic process, which focuses on the most vulnerable populations, involving a network of biopsychosocial, behavioral and environmental factors. This study aimed at analyzing the spatial distribution of reported cases of children with AIDS and positiveHIV pregnant women residing in the city of Recife and its correlation with social and health indicators. This is an epidemiological study, ecological-type , conducted with data from the Information System on Notifiable Diseases, Information System on Live Births and Mortality Information System from 2001-2011. Social data were collected from the neighborhoods by census 2010. Epidemiological, socioeconomic and healthindicators were constructed in order to characterize the neighborhoods and its relationship with the HIV disease. The addresses were geocoded and matched with the base map of Recife. Epidemiological characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and for the pregnant data was applied the chi-square test with adjusted residuals using the SPSS.To identify the spatial pattern, data were analyzed by the Moran Global and Local Index, and the mapping techniques BoxMap, LISAMap and MoranMap generated by the software Terraview v4.2.2 and space modules R v2.15.3. The Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression models were used to test associations between the explanatory variables and the incidence rates of children and pregnant women infected. The significance was set at 5%. The results showed increasing linear trend of the epidemics among pregnant women during the spatial period investigated. There was a statistically significant association between the prenatal accomplishment and variables of education (p = 0.037), type of birth (p < 0.001), use of antiretroviral prophylaxis during pregnancy (p = 0.002), at birth (p < 0.001) and in the newborn (p < 0.001). Not accomplishing the prenatal was associated withpregnant women of lower education. All cases of pediatric AIDS were acquired by vertical transmission and 27.2% of children had died.The spatial analysis identified cluster of infected pregnant women in the downtown area and the distal part of the northwestern city, as well as cluster of high incidence of children with AIDS also located in downtown neighborhoods. The bivariate and multivariate analysis showed association of detection rates of HIV in pregnant women and AIDS incidence in children with most socioeconomic and health indicators studied. Precarious living conditions evidenced by low-income areas, high illiteracy and inadequate infrastructure were predictors of vertical transmission of HIV converging to increased cases among underserved populations. Geoprocessing methods were effective in identifying vulnerable groups and high-risk areas for which should be directed preventive care and intersectoral interventions aiming at controlling such a condition. It is concluded that the geographical spread of HIV/AIDS among children and pregnant women in Recife did not occur randomly; reflecting therefore in areas of spatial dependence of the vertical transmission and socioeconomic inequalities and access to health influenced the increased susceptibility of the spread of disease.
26
Santos, Augusto Seabra. "Os impactos do desmatamento na incidência de malaria na Amazônia: uma análise espacial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-20072017-170049/.
Abstract:
O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação dos casos de malária como desmatamento nos municípios da Amazônia Legal, entre os anos de 2003 e 2012. A pesquisa também intenta contribuir para a literatura ao realizar uma análise econométrica espacial, viabilizando capturar efeitos spillovers das variáveis em estudo sobre a incidência de malária na região. Primeiramente, evidenciou-se que os casos de malária na região da Amazônia Legal não são distribuídos aleatoriamente entre os municípios, ou seja, a doença é correlacionada espacialmente. Também foram encontrados indícios de que municípios com altos índices parasitários anuais de malária, estão rodeados de outros municípios que também apresentam alta incidência de paludismo. Em relação às estimações econométricas, foram encontradas evidências de que o desmatamento possui uma correlação estatística com os casos de paludismo, onde, áreas de até 425 Km2 de mata derrubada possuem uma relação positiva com os casos da doença, enquanto áreas desmatadas acima de 425 Km2 possuem relação negativa com contaminação por malária. Não obstante, o estudo também encontrou uma relação positiva dos dispêndios municipais per capita com saúde com os casos da doença. Já os gastos municipais com habitação e o efetivo bovino municipal tiveram efeitos negativos em relação à doença. Ademais, não foram encontradas evidências de que a área de soja e de que de mais culturas agrícolas possam afetar a dinâmica de infecção por malária. Já o Produto Interno Bruto municipal gerou resultados inconclusivos. Para aferir a robustez das estimativas, o estudo também realiza um exercício de comparação dos resultados obtidos a partir de diversos modelos de dados de painel, tanto convencionais, quanto espaciais, atualmente usados pela literatura.The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship of cases of malaria with deforestation in the municipalities of the Amazon, between 2003 and 2012. The research also intends to contribute to the literature through of spatial econometrics models, enabling capture effects spillovers of several socio economic determinants on incidence of malaria in the region. First, it became clear that the cases of malaria in the Amazon region are not randomly distributed among the municipalities, meaning that the disease is spatially correlated. It was also found evidence that municipalities with higher annual rates of malaria parasites are surrounded by other municipalities that also have a higher incidence of malaria. Regarding to the econometrics estimates, it was found evidence that deforestation is strongly statistically correlated with malaria cases, where are as of up to 425 km2 of loss os forest cover has a positive relationship with the cases of the disease, while deforested areas above 425 km2 have negative relationship with contamination malaria. Notwithstanding, the study also found a positive relationship between health public expenditures with cases of the disease. Housing public expenditures ans cattle heard have shown negative relationships with malaria infection. Moreover, no evidence was found that the soybean area and that other crops can affect the dynamics of malaria infection. Finally, municipal GDP generated inconclusive results. To assess the robustness of the estimates, the study also performed a comparison from multiple panel data models, both conventional well as spatial, currently used in the literature.
27
Kriel, Gideon Petrus. "Biological indicators of water quality in an urban waterway : can diatoms reflect short term spatial and temporal changes in water quality? / G.P. Kriel." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2137.
28
Ioannidou, Despoina. "Characterization of environmental inequalities due to Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in France : developing environmental data processing methods to spatialize exposure indicators for PAH substances." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1176/document.
Abstract:
La réduction des inégalités d’exposition environnementale constitue un axe majeur en santé publique en France comme en témoignent les priorités des différents Plan Nationaux Santé Environnement (PNSE). L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer une approche intégrée pour la caractérisation des inégalités environnementales et l’évaluation de l’exposition spatialisée de la population aux HAP en France.Les données produites dans le cadre des réseaux de surveillance de la qualités des milieux environnementaux sont le reflet de la contamination réelle des milieux et de l’exposition globale des populations. Toutefois, elles ne présentent généralement pas une représentativité spatiale suffisante pour caractériser finement les expositions environnementales, ces réseaux n’ayant pas été initialement conçus dans cet objectif. Des méthodes statistiques sont développées pour traiter les bases de données d’entrée (concentrations environnementales dans l’eau, l’air et le sol) et les rendre pertinentes vis à vis des objectifs définis de caractérisation de l’exposition. Un modèle multimédia d’exposition, interfacé avec un Système d’Information Géographique pour intégrer les variables environnementales, est développé pour estimer les doses d’exposition liées à l’ingestion d’aliments, d’eau de consommation, de sol et à l’inhalation de contaminants atmosphériques. La méthodologie a été appliquée pour trois Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (benzo[a]pyrène, benzo[ghi]pérylène et indéno[1,2,3-cd]pyrène) sur l’ensemble du territoire français. Les résultats permettent de cartographier des indicateurs d’exposition, d’identifier les zones de surexposition et de caractériser les déterminants environnementaux. Dans une logique de caractérisation de l’exposition, la spatialisation des données issues des mesures environnementales pose un certain nombre de questions méthodologiques qui confèrent aux cartes réalisées de nombreuses incertitudes et limites relatives à l’échantillonnage et aux représentativités spatiales et temporelles des données. Celles-ci peuvent être réduites par l’acquisition de données supplémentaires et par la construction de variables prédictives des phénomènes spatiaux et temporels considérés.Les outils de traitement statistique de données développés dans le cadre de ces travaux seront intégrés dans la plateforme PLAINE pour être déclinés sur d’autres polluants en vue de prioriser les mesures de gestion à mettre en œuvreReducing environmental exposure inequalities has become a major focus of public health efforts in France, as evidenced by the French action plans for health and the environment. The aim of this thesis is to develop an integrated approach to characterize environmental inequalities and evaluate the spatialized exposure to PAH in France.The data produced as part of the monitoring quality networks of environmental media reflect the actual contamination of the environment and the overall exposure of the populations. However they do not always provide an adequate spatial resolution to characterize environmental exposures as they are usually not assembled for this specific purpose. Statistical methods are employed to process input databases (environmental concentrations in water, air and soil) in the objective of characterizing the exposure. A multimedia model interfaced with a GIS, allows the integration of environmental variables in order to yield exposure doses related to ingestion of food, water and soil as well as atmospheric contaminants' inhalation.The methodology was applied to three Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon substances, (benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene), in France. The results obtained, allowed to map exposure indicators and to identify areas of overexposure and characterize environmental determinants. In the context of exposure characterization, the direct spatialization of available data from environmental measurement datasets poses a certain number of methodological questions which lead to uncertainties related to the sampling and the spatial and temporal representativeness of data. These could be reduced by acquiring additional data or by constructing predictive variables for the spatial and temporal phenomena considered.Data processing algorithms and calculation of exposure carried out in this work, will be integrated in the French coordinated integrated environment and health platform-PLAINE in order to be applied on other pollutants and prioritize preventative actions
29
Calori, Mellina Yamamura. "Relação espacial dos óbitos e internações por tuberculose com indicadores sociais em Ribeirão Preto (SP)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22133/tde-06052016-184351/.
Abstract:
Objetivo: Propôs-se analisar a relação espacial dos óbitos e internações evitáveis por TB com indicadores sociais em Ribeirão Preto/SP. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico em que foram considerados os casos de óbitos e internações, tendo como causa básica do óbito e motivo principal da internação, a tuberculose (CID A15.0 a A19.9), ocorridos na zona urbana de Ribeirão Preto e registrados respectivamente no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade e no Sistema de Internação Hospitalar do Sistema Único de Saúde no período de 2006 a 2012. Foi realizada a análise univariada das variáveis sociodemográficas e operacionais dos casos investigados. Para construção dos indicadores sociais utilizou-se a análise de componentes principais, sendo selecionados dados das áreas de abrangência do município, considerando os dados do Censo Demográfico de 2010. A geocodificação dos casos foi processada no TerraView versão 4.2.2. Recorreu-se à regressão linear múltipla, pelo método dos mínimos quadrados e à regressão espacial para análise da relação de dependência espacial entre os indicadores sociais e as taxas de mortalidade e de internações por TB. A autocorrelação nos resíduos da regressão linear múltipla foi testada por meio do Teste Global de Moran, as análises foram realizadas considerando os softwares Arcgis-versão 10.1, Statistica versão 12.0, OpenGeoDa versão 1.0 e R versão 3.2.3. Para o diagnóstico do melhor modelo de regressão espacial, utilizou-se o teste Multiplicador de Lagrange. Em todos os testes, foi fixado o nivel de significancia de alfa em 5% (p< 0,05). Resultados: Foram registrados 50 casos de óbitos e 196 casos de internações por TB. A maioria dos casos registrados em ambos os sistemas se deu em pessoas do sexo masculino (n=41; 82%/n=146; 74,5%) e com a forma clínica pulmonar (n=44; 80,0%/n=138; 67,9%). Na construção dos indicadores sociais, três novas variáveis surgiram, apresentando respectivamente variância total de 46,2%, 18,7% e 14,6% sendo denominadas como indicadores de renda, desigualdade social e equidade social. Na modelagem para verificar relação espacial entre os óbitos e os indicadores sociais observou-se que a equidade social foi indicador estatisticamente significativo (p=0,0013) com relação negativa a mortalidade, sendo o Modelo da Defasagem Espacial o melhor método para testar a dependência espacial, com valor de ? (rho) estimado em 0,53 e altamente significativo (p=0,0014). Já na modelagem da relação espacial entre as internações por tuberculose e os indicadores sociais, o indicador de renda apresentou-se estatisticamente significativo (p=0,015) com relação negativa a internação e o melhor método para testar a dependência espacial também foi o Modelo da Defasagem Espacial com valor de ? (rho) estimado em 0,80 e altamente significativo (p<0,0001). Conclusão: O estudo contribuiu no avanço do conhecimento de que a mortalidade e as internações por tuberculose são eventos socialmente determinados, o que sugere investimento por parte da gestãoObjective: It was proposed to analyze the spatial relation of deaths and avoidable hospitalizations for TB with social indicators in Ribeirão Preto/SP. Methods: It is an ecological study that considered cases of deaths and hospital admissions due to tuberculosis (CID A15.0 to A19.9). They occurred in the urban area of Ribeirão Preto and were recorded, respectively, in the Mortality Information System and Hospital Admission System of the Unified Health System between 2006 and 2012. It was possible to perform the univariate analysis of socio- demographic and occupational variables of the investigated cases. It was used, for social indicators construction, the principal component analysis and data from selected areas of the municipality by considering the Demographic Census of 2010. The cases decoding was processed by TerraView version 4.2.2. It was used the multiple linear regression through the least squares method and spatial regression for relation analysis of spatial dependence between social indicators and death rates and hospitalizations by TB. The autocorrelation in residues of multiple linear regression was tested by the Global Moran test, and analyzes were performed by considering the software Arcgis-version 10.1, Statistica version 12.0, OpenGeoDa version 1.0 and R version 3.2.3. For diagnosis of a better spatial regression model, it was possible to use the Lagrange Multiplier test. In all tests, the alpha significance level was fixed at 5% (p <0.05). Results: There were 50 cases of deaths and 196 cases of hospitalizations by TB. Most cases registered in both systems occurred in males (n=41; 82%/n=146; 74.5%) and with pulmonary clinical form (n=44; 80.0%/n=138; 67.9%). Three new variables emerged, in the construction of social indicators, presenting respectively the total variance of 46.2%, 18.7% and 14.6% and named as indicators of income, social inequality and social equity. In the modeling to verify the spatial relation between deaths and social indicators, it was observed that social equity was the statistically significant indicator (p=0.0013), and with a negative relation to the mortality. Then, the Spatial Lag Model was the best method to test spatial dependence, with a value of ? (rho) estimated at 0.53 and highly significant (p=0.0014). In relation to the modeling of spatial relationship between hospitalizations for tuberculosis and social indicators, income indicator was statistically significant (p=0.015) with a negative relation for hospitalization, and the Spatial Lag Model was also the best method to test spatial dependence, with a value of ? (rho) estimated at 0.80 and highly significant (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The research contributes to knowledge advancement that mortality and hospitalizations for tuberculosis are events socially determined that suggest management investments
30
Poole, Amy M. "AAAneurysm Outreach Screening Data and Emergency Healthcare Accessibility in Louisiana: Identifying High-Risk Populations for Targeted Interventions." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3115.
Abstract:
Abdominal aortic aneurysms are the third leading cause of sudden death in men 60 years and over. AAAneurysm Outreach provides free screenings to residents of Louisiana and beyond. Service areas were calculated for each AAAneurysm Outreach screening event location and stroke center. Data provided by the 2010 U.S. Census, the American Community Survey, and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used to describe demographics of the underserved populations and to identify high-risk areas for targeted interventions. Twenty-five percent of age-eligible Louisianans reside outside optimal drive-time-to-screening-event zones but within spatially clustered areas of increased prevalence rates. The maximum drive-time-to-treatment zones excluded 1,395 residents 65 years and over from timely access to emergency medical care. Results revealed limitations in the geographic breadth of the screening program and small disparities in accessibility to emergency healthcare.
31
Letsie, Moipone (Moipone Amelia Mantsebo). "The application of the Planning Indicators Model as a tool for measuring the success of the Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework in the Cape Metropolitan Area." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16379.
Abstract:
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Recently there has been growing interest in evaluating the performance and outcomes of spatial planning policies worldwide. In response to this a research was carried out to evaluate and monitor the effectiveness of spatial planning policies in the Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA). The Planning Indicators Model (PIM), which consists of a set of twenty-six indicators, was applied to monitor and measure the extent to which the Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework (MSDF) has affected land use and physical development in the CMA. To achieve the aim of the study, the research was divided into three phases. The first phase involved a literature review, the second phase involved interviews with planning officials and lastly, the collection of different thematic datasets required to run the Planning Indicators Model. The data sets were used to monitor and display spatiotemporal variations in conformance and performance indices in the form of maps. These maps were used to identify areas where strengths can be protected and where weaknesses need to be corrected. From a set of 26 indicators used for this study only two indicators monitored conformances (Growth of informal housing townships) over the period 1993 – 1998; the others simply indicated the present conditions. This means that the rest of the indicators did not show trends. However, the data are presented in this report as a useful baseline for future conformance and performance monitoring exercises. The study also revealed that for the past twelve years the MSDF has been the subject of extensive debate within the local authorities. Also several indicators seem to overlap and need to be clearly defined, thus it is recommended that some of these indicators should be combined to avoid duplication and confusion. Generally, the PIM can assist in making the impact of spatial planning greater in the CMA.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Onlangs is daar wêreldwyd groeiende belangstelling in die prestasies en uitkomstes van ruimtelike beplannings- beleide. In reaksie daarop is hierdie navorsing gedoen om die doeltreffendheid van die ruimtelike beplannings- beleide van die Kaapse Metropolitaanse Gebied (KMG) te evalueer en te monitor. Die Beplannings Aanwysers Model (BAM) wat bestaan uit ‘n stel van ses-en- twintig aanwysers, is aangewend om te meet tot hoeverre die Metropolitaanse Ruimtelike Ontwikkelings Raamwerk grondgebruik en fisiese ontwikkeling in die Kaapse Metropolitaanse Gebied beïnvloed het. Om die doelwit van hierdie studie te verwesenlik, is die navorsing gedoen in drie fases. Die eerste fase bestaan uit ‘n oorsig van die literatuur en die tweede fase uit onderhoude met amptenare verantwoordelik vir beplanning. Die laaste fase beslaan die versameling van die verskillende tematiese stelle data wat benodig word vir die Beplannings Aanwysers Model. Die stelle data is gebruik om die ruimtelike- en tydsvariasies in die konformering- en prestasie indekse te monitor en ten toon te stel in die vorm van kaarte. Hierdie kaarte is gebruik om die gebiede te identifiseer waar sterkpunte behoue moet bly en waar swakpunte reggestel moet word. Uit die stel van 26 aanwysers wat gebruik is vir hierdie studie, het net twee aanwysers konformering (Die groei van dorpsgebiede met informele behuising) gedurende die periode 1993 – 1998 gemonitor; die ander het eenvoudig die huidige toestand aangetoon. Dit beteken dat die ander aanwysers nie tendense aangetoon het nie. Die data word egter in hierdie verslag weergee as ‘n nuttige basis vir die toekomstige monitor van konformering en prestasie. Die studie toon ook aan dat daar gedurende die afgelope twaalf jaar baie deur plaaslike owerhede gedebatteer is oor die Metropolitaanse Ruimtelike Ontwikkelings Raamwerk. Ook oorvleuel sommige van die aanwysers en moet hulle meer duidelik omskryf word. Dus word daar aanbeveel dat sommige van die aanwysers gekombineer moet word om duplikasie en verwarring te voorkom. Oor die algemeen kan die Beplanning Aanwysers Model help om die impak van ruimtelike beplanning op die Kaapse Metropolitaanse Gebied te bevorder.
32
Ozcan, Yavuzoglu Seyma. "An Evaluation Of Clustering And Districting Models For Household Socio-economic Indicators In Address-based Population Register System." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611471/index.pdf.
Abstract:
Census operations are very important events in the history of a nation. These operations cover every bit of land and property of the country and its citizens. Census data is also known as demographic data providing valuable information to various users, particularly planners to know the trends in the key areas. Since 2006, Turkey aims to produce this census data not as &ldquode-facto&rdquo
(static) but as &ldquo
de-jure&rdquo
(real-time) by the new Address Based Register Information System (ABPRS). Besides, by this new register based census, personal information is matched with their address information and censuses gained a spatial dimension. Data obtained from this kind of a system can be a great input for the creation of &ldquo
small statistical areas (SSAs)&rdquo
which can compose of street blocks or any other small geographical unit to which social data can be referenced and to establish a complete census geography for Turkey. Because, statistics on large administrative units are only necessary for policy design only at an extremely abstracted level of analysis which is far from "
real"
problems as experienced by individuals. In this thesis, it is aimed to employ some spatial clustering and districting methodologies to automatically produce SSAs which are basically built upon the ABPRS data that is geo-referenced with the aid of geographical information systems (GIS) and thus help improving the census geography concept which is limited with only higher level administrative boundaries in Turkey. In order to have a clear idea of what strategy to choose for its realization, small area identification criteria and methodologies are searched by looking into the United Nations&rsquo
recommendations and by taking some national and international applications into consideration. In addition, spatial clustering methods are examined for obtaining SSAs which fulfills these criteria in an automated fashion. Simulated annealing on k-means clustering, only k-means clustering and simulated annealing on k-means clustering of Self-Organizing Map (SOM) unified distances are deemed as suitable methods. Then these methods are implemented on parcel and block datasets having either raw data or socio-economic status (SES) indices in nine neighborhoods of Keç
iö
ren whose graphical and non-graphical raw data are manipulated, geo-referenced and combined in common basemaps. Consequently, simulated annealing refinement on k-means clustering of SOM u-distances is selected as the optimum method for constructing SSAs for all datasets after making a comparative quality assessment study which allows us to see how much each method obeyed the basic criteria of small area identification while creating SSA layers.
33
Burn, Laurie. "Isotopic and elemental tracers in ice and snow as indicators of source regions of aerosols and changing environmental conditions." Thesis, Curtin University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/152.
Abstract:
Pioneering studies of lead (Pb) concentrations in polar ice by Clair C. Patterson and co-workers (e.g. Murozumi et al., 1969; Boutron and Patterson, 1983, 1986) revealed important information on climatic changes dating many thousands of years in the past and the effect that humans have had on these pristine environments. Rosman and co-workers (e.g. Rosman et al., 1993, 1994a) extended this research utilising the isotopic composition of Pb preserved in the ice to identify the source regions of both natural and anthropogenic Pb transported to the polar regions, thereby adding significantly to the understanding of atmospheric transport mechanisms and the impact of continental anthropogenic activity on the pristine polar environments. This thesis extends this area of research by investigating seasonal and short-term variability in Pb, Ba and In concentrations and Pb isotopes through the accurate sectioning of decontaminated glacial ice cores at high spatial resolution. This improves our understanding of the processes impacting on the deep ice core records, which, in turn, expands the interpretation and application of these records.A new sample preparation technique, incorporating a mechanised circular saw blade arrangement into the lathe design, first described by Candelone et al. (1994), has been developed to sample glacial ice cores at high spatial resolution with minimal contamination. This technique was extensively tested using artificially made ice cores, prepared from ultra-pure water, to quantify and minimise the Pb, Ba and In contamination associated with the process. The residual contamination in each inner core slice from the procedure amounted to 0.2 ± 0.2 pg Pb with [superscript]206Pb/[superscript]207Pb, [superscript]208Pb/[superscript]207Pb and [superscript]206Pb/[superscript]204Pb ratios of 1.16 ± 0.12, 2.35 ± 0.16 and 15.3 ± 6.7 respectively, 1.5 ± 0.4 pg Ba and 0.6 ± 2.0 fg In. This technique was then utilised to obtain high resolution analyses of Pb, Ba and In concentrations, and Pb isotopes in ice core sections recovered from Law Dome, East Antarctica and from the East Rongbuk Glacier on the northern slope of Mount Everest in the Himalaya.Law Dome, East Antarctic Holocene ice cores provide strong evidence for the transport of anthropogenic Pb from Australia to the Law Dome environment during the late 19th century, with [superscript]206Pb/[superscript]207Pb and [superscript]208Pb/[superscript]207Pb ratios as low as 1.061 ± 0.001 and 2.339 ± 0.002 respectively, in close agreement with the Pb isotopic characteristics of Australian Broken Hill Pb ores. The onset of anthropogenic pollution of the Law Dome environment occurred in spring 1889 AD, associated with the onset of Pb ore smelting activities in Port Pirie, South Australia. Seasonal variability is most clearly seen in anthropogenic Pb and Ba (as a proxy for mineral dust) concentrations where peaks in concentrations generally occur in the autumn and spring periods, with consistently low concentrations during winter. Lead isotopic [superscript]206Pb/[superscript]207Pb ratios are inversely correlated with residual (anthropogenic + crustal) Pb concentrations with the lowest ratios occurring during periods of high Pb concentrations. The observed seasonal variability is associated with the annual cycle in position and strength of the Antarctic Circumpolar Trough, a region of low pressure situated off the coast of Antarctica, which moves closest to the Antarctic coast and increases in strength during the autumn and spring seasons. Concurrently, a strengthening of the Southern Ocean westerlies entrains and transports more atmospheric impurities from continental regions such as Australia. The low Pb concentrations and relatively more radiogenic [superscript]206Pb/[superscript]207Pb ratios that appear in the winter layers are indicators of aerosol inputs into the Law Dome environment from a well mixed Southern Hemisphere atmospheric background.Law Dome deep ice core sections, sampled at short-term resolution, show variability in all measured species over time indicating a general instability in temperature (as indicated by δ18O compositions) and environmental conditions (as indicated by elemental concentrations) prevailing during the periods of time integrated by the ice. Based on Pb isotopic [superscript]206Pb/[superscript]207Pb ratios, which reach values of 1.225 ± 0.004 and 1.230 ± 0.003 in glacial, and last glacial – Holocene transition ice respectively, noticeable volcanic Pb contributions are found to occur in both time periods, reaching as high as ~39% and ~46% respectively. These increases are associated with a decrease in mineral dust concentrations due to relatively warmer climatic conditions prevailing within the times integrated by the ice core sections. A link between temperature and environmental conditions in glacial ice is observed when changes in δ18O compositions (as a proxy for temperature) exceed 0.24‰. In contrast, there is no link between temperature and environmental conditions during the last glacial – Holocene transition period, demonstrating a complicated climatic and environmental state existing at Law Dome at this time that incorporates aspects of both cold and warm climates.The high spatial resolution sectioning of continental glacial ice cores recovered from the East Rongbuk Glacier on the northern slopes of Mount Everest, and dated to the 18th and 20th centuries, has similarly shown variability in all measured species over time. Elemental Pb, Ba and In concentrations are very well correlated in all ice core sections confirming the environment of the East Rongbuk Glacier, within the investigated time periods, to be strongly controlled by the input of mineral dust. Isotopic [superscript]206Pb/[superscript]207Pb ratios in 18th century ice range from 1.18 – 1.21 which are attributed to a natural mineral dust background devoid of any influences of anthropogenic [or volcanic] activity. During 18th century monsoon periods (when mineral dust concentrations are generally low), local Himalayan material plays an important role on crustal inputs into the sampling region, with some inputs of Indian derived material possibly sourced to the Indian Peninsula, and Trans-Himalayan belt/Lhasa block material sourced to locations slightly north of Mount Everest. During non-monsoon periods (when mineral dust concentrations are generally high), it is likely that mineral dust from regions in northern Africa and central Asia are impacting on the high altitude Himalaya, with some possible contributions from the arid regions in north-western India and local Himalayan material.Based on elemental (Pb/Ba) and Pb isotopic ratios, there is no indication ofanthropogenic [or volcanic] Pb contributions in the 20th century East RongbukGlacier ice core samples indicating that, prior to 1952 AD, the high altitude samplingsite was isolated from the effects of anthropogenic Pb pollution. Consequently, inthe 20th century, Pb transported to the East Rongbuk Glacier site is sourced tomineral dust. An increase in elemental concentrations is observed in 20th century ice,indicating increased mineral dust deposition relative to the 18th century.Concurrently, a marked change in the isotopic characteristics of 20th century ice coredata, relative to 18th century ice core data, is observed, with a clear segregation ofmonsoon and non-monsoon data and the transition of 20th century data to lessradiogenic values. This adjustment likely reflects environmental changes that haveoccurred from the 18th to the 20th centuries.
34
Dagnino, Ricardo de Sampaio 1976. "Dinâmica demográfica e indicadores socioeconômicos em escala intramunicipal na fronteira : municípios de Altamira e São Félix do Xingu, Estado do Pará, entre 2000 e 2010." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281253.
Abstract:
Orientador: Roberto Luiz do CarmoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T21:00:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dagnino_RicardodeSampaio_D.pdf: 7937136 bytes, checksum: 6a0151992bf83608f9216004e0e75f76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Este trabalho trata das diferenças socioeconômicas existentes no interior dos municípios de Altamira e São Félix do Xingu (PA), situados na fronteira de expansão amazônica. A metodologia desenvolvida compreende três procedimentos. O primeiro, de aquisição da informação, foi a construção de 52 indicadores socioeconômicos (taxa de analfabetismo, renda, etc.) e demográficos (estrutura etária, razão de sexos, etc.) referidos ao nível intramunicipal. A fonte utilizada foram os Censos Demográficos de 2000 e 2010 e a Contagem de População 2007, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), que apresentam dados agregados por setores censitários (que totalizavam 154 em 2000 e 315 em 2010), que é a menor unidade de representação dos dados. O segundo procedimento, já de tratamento da informação, foi a definição de 29 unidades espaciais intra e trans municipais mediante o agrupamento dos setores censitários de acordo com sua situação (rural e urbana), categoria de localidade (povoado, vila, cidade, etc.) e critérios que garantam o acompanhamento de sua trajetória temporal (2000 a 2010). O terceiro, apoiado nas matrizes ponderadas e permutáveis de Bertin, permite o cruzamento dos 52 indicadores com as 29 unidades espaciais, e levou à construção de 11 agrupamentos dessas unidades, possibilitando a verificação de diferenças (e semelhanças) socioeconômicas entre eles. Dado que objeto de análise concebido pela metodologia é o espaço intramunicipal, torna-se possível captar diferenças socioeconômicas existentes entre: (1) unidades espaciais urbanas e rurais; (2) unidades espaciais urbanas da mesma categoria; (3) unidades rurais situadas dentro e fora de áreas protegidas; (4) unidades rurais situadas nos dois tipos de áreas protegidas (terras indígenas e unidades de conservação). Os resultados obtidos permitem análises de tipo sincrônico, através de comparações entre indicadores de distintos agrupamentos no mesmo ano e explicitam correlações entre indicadores relativos a um mesmo agrupamento, como renda e analfabetismo; e diacrônico, que possibilitam avaliar e correlacionar a evolução temporal de distintos indicadores do mesmo agrupamento. Num plano mais genérico, considera-se que as características da metodologia desenvolvida tornam possível seu emprego para avaliar diferenças socioeconômicas existentes entre agregados populacionais selecionados segundo critérios de distintas naturezas (administrativa, ambiental, social, entre outras possibilidades)
Abstract: This works deals with the internal socioeconomic differences on the municipalities of Altamira and São Félix do Xingu, Pará state, situated on the frontier expansion of Amazonia The methodology comprises three procedures. The first, acquiring information, was the construction of 52 socioeconomic indicators (illiteracy, income, etc.) and demographic indicators (age structure, sex ratio, etc.) referred to intra-municipal level. The source used was the Demographic Census of 2000 and 2010 and the 2007 Population Count, by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), that present data aggregated by census tracts (between 100 and 300, depending on the year), which is the smallest unit data representation. The second procedure, processing information, was the definition of 29 intra and trans municipal spatial units by grouping census tracts according to their situation (rural and urban) and type of locality (village, town, city, etc.) and criteria that enable the monitoring of its temporal trajectory (2000-2010). The third, supported by the Bertin's "weighted and exchangeable matrix", permitting the "cross" of the 52 indicators with 29 spatial units, led to the construction of 11 units of these clusters, allowing the verification of socioeconomical differences (and similarities) between them. Since the object of analysis, designed by the methodology, is intramunicpal space, it becomes possible to capture existing socioeconomic differences between: (1) urban and rural spatial units; (2) urban spatial units of the same type; (3) rural units located within and outside protected areas; and (4) rural units located in two types of protected areas (indigenous lands and conservation units). The results obtained allows synchronic analysis, by comparing between indicators of different classes in the same year and explain correlations between indicators of the same group, such as income and illiteracy; and diachronic, in order to assess and correlate the temporal evolution of different indicators in the same group and the same indicator for the different groups. On a more general level, it is considered that the characteristics of the developed methodology make its use possible to evaluate existing socioeconomic differences among population clusters that transcend municipal division designed according to criteria of different natures
Doutorado
Demografia
Doutor em Demografia
35
Rambo, Henrike [Verfasser], and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Möllmann. "From fish biodiversity indicators to spatial risk assessments : Towards the integration of Blue Growth and conservation objectives in the German Bight / Henrike Rambo ; Betreuer: Christian Möllmann." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1148650520/34.
36
Vilmi, A. (Annika). "Assessing freshwater biodiversity:insights from different spatial contexts, taxonomic groups and response metrics." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526216669.
Abstract:
Abstract Freshwater ecosystems are severely threatened by a variety of anthropogenic stressors. In order to keep track with at least part of the changes, it is important to efficiently assess and monitor freshwater biological diversity. Biological assessment programs are developed to detect human-induced changes in the ecological state of aquatic systems. These programs typically rely on the assumption that environmental conditions are the sole drivers of biological communities occupying a site and, thus, these local communities would correctly inform about environmental conditions. Recently, this background principle of current bioassessment methods has faced some criticism, stemming from the idea that community structuring is a more complex process than just a mere result of local environmental conditions. In this thesis, I studied the natural and anthropogenic drivers of freshwater biodiversity. I was particularly interested if the various biodiversity metrics studied showed any spatial patterns and if so, for which reasons these patterns might occur. To obtain a comprehensive picture of spatial patterns in biodiversity, I studied multiple spatial contexts, biological groups and indices. I found that environmental conditions were not the only drivers of freshwater biodiversity. Instead, different spatial patterns, likely stemming from dispersal processes, were surprisingly powerful drivers of aquatic communities and index values derived from them. The spatial context (i.e. spatial extent and connectivity) of the aquatic study systems likely played a major role in structuring biodiversity. I also found that the distinct biological groups and indices studied were partly related to different predictor variables. The findings of this thesis are of importance to the development of new bioassessment methods. The results of this thesis also suggest that the spatial context of the study setting should be acknowledged when interpreting results based on current bioassessment methodsTiivistelmä Makeanveden ekosysteemit ovat hyvin alttiita ihmistoiminnalle. Ekosysteemissä mahdollisesti tapahtuvien muutosten havaitseminen vaatii tehokkaita vesistöjen ekologisen tilan ja luonnon monimuotoisuuden arviointi- ja seurantamenetelmiä. Näiden menetelmien toimintaperiaatteen yleisenä tausta-ajatuksena on, että biologiset yhteisöt määräytyvät paikallisten ympäristöolojen mukaan. Tietyn paikan yhteisön oletetaan siis heijastavan kyseisen paikan ympäristön tilaa. Viime aikoina tausta-ajatus paikallisten ympäristöolojen merkityksestä ainoana eliöyhteisöjä muovaavana tekijänä on kuitenkin kohdannut kritiikkiä. Kriitikot painottavat, että biologisten yhteisöjen rakenteeseen vaikuttavat monet muutkin asiat kuin paikalliset ympäristöolosuhteet ja niissä tapahtuvat ihmisperäiset muutokset. Väitöskirjassani tutkin sisävesien luonnon monimuotoisuuteen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Olin erityisen kiinnostunut siitä, näkyykö tutkituissa biologisissa parametreissa maantieteellisessä tilassa ilmeneviä spatiaalisia säännönmukaisuuksia. Saadakseni mahdollisimman laaja-alaisen käsityksen luonnon monimuotoisuudessa esiintyvistä spatiaalisista säännönmukaisuuksista, tutkin useaa spatiaalista kontekstia, eliöryhmää ja indeksiä. Tutkimuksessa selvisi, että paikalliset ympäristöolosuhteet eivät ole ainoita luonnon monimuotoisuuteen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Erilaiset spatiaaliset säännönmukaisuudet, todennäköisesti eliöiden levittäytymiseen liittyvien seikkojen aiheuttamina, olivat yllättävän yleisiä makeiden vesien eliöyhteisöjen rakenteessa ja niihin perustuvien indeksien arvoissa. Tutkimussysteemien spatiaalinen konteksti (alueen laajuus ja paikkojen väliset spatiaaliset suhteet) selvästi vaikutti luonnon monimuotoisuutta kuvastavien indeksien arvojen vaihteluun. Lisäksi selvisi, että eri eliöryhmät ja indeksit olivat useimmiten liitoksissa hyvin erilaisiin selittäviin muuttujiin, osoittaen, että nämä mittarit kuvastavat eri asioita. Väitöskirjassa esitetyt havainnot on tärkeää huomioida vesistöjen ekologisen tilan ja luonnon monimuotoisuuden arviointi- ja seurantamenetelmiä kehitettäessä. Spatiaalisen kontekstin merkitys olisi hyvä huomioida myös nykyisten arviointi- ja seurantamenetelmien tuottamien tulosten tulkinnassa
37
Anderson, Victoria, Isaac Shockley, Arpita Nandi, and Ingrid Luffman. "Geostatistical Approach to Delineate Wetland Boundaries in the Cutshaw Bog, Tennessee." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2018/schedule/37.
Abstract:
Wetlands are one of the most productive ecosystems in the world, providing a range of services, including: water quality improvement, flood mitigation, erosion control, habitat, and carbon storage. It is estimated that Tennessee has lost 60% of its original 2 million acres of pre-European settlement wetlands. Recently, increased funding has been made available for wetland restoration and expansion. In response, the Cherokee National Forest has proposed a range of wetland restoration actions within the Paint Creek Watershed to expand and restore some of the existing bogs and fens, including the Cutshaw Bog, a 163,864 m2 wetland located 32 km south of Greeneville, TN. The U.S. Forest Service has proposed a new expanded wetland boundary to result from restoration efforts. However, to assess the potential for success, current wetland indicators based on soil color, texture, depth, drainage, sulfide materials, and iron concentrations were examined. Sampling locations were identified by overlaying a grid, composed of 64 cells, each 40.5 meter by 40.5 meter in size. Soil cores were extracted up to a depth of 0.6 meters from each sampling cell and evaluated in situ for hydric soil properties using the Eastern Mountains and Piedmont Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual. Soil physical (texture, bulk density, moisture content) and chemical (pH, cation exchange capacity, % base saturation, Nitrogen, Bray II Phosphorus, Iron, Zinc, and Total Carbon Content) properties were evaluated in the laboratory. Results indicated 47% of samples taken within the proposed wetland expansion area currently have hydric soil characteristics and were located along drainage lines. Presence of hydric soils was correlated with soil physicochemical properties including bulk density, moisture content, sulfur and phosphorus concentrations, iron, and other metals. Statistical analyses for the northern section and southern section of the bog were completed separately, as they were physically divided by a French drain structure. Logistic regression models were developed using properties most strongly correlated with the presence of hydric soil. For the northern section, bulk density and iron were retained in the model, while for the southern section, iron was retained. A spatial model for the presence of hydric soil was developed by spatially interpolating the covariates through kriging. Next, a probability map was created from the logistic regression equation with raster math in ArcGIS Pro. Results indicate that Cutshaw Bog’s area cannot be expanded to the original proposed boundary provided by the US Forest Service and a new recommended boundary was delineated from the probability map. The results of this data driven approach will assist the Forest Service in targeted wetland restoration efforts at the Cutshaw Bog.
38
Ioannidou, Despoina. "Characterization of environmental inequalities due to Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in France : developing environmental data processing methods to spatialize exposure indicators for PAH substances." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1176.
Abstract:
La réduction des inégalités d’exposition environnementale constitue un axe majeur en santé publique en France comme en témoignent les priorités des différents Plan Nationaux Santé Environnement (PNSE). L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer une approche intégrée pour la caractérisation des inégalités environnementales et l’évaluation de l’exposition spatialisée de la population aux HAP en France.Les données produites dans le cadre des réseaux de surveillance de la qualités des milieux environnementaux sont le reflet de la contamination réelle des milieux et de l’exposition globale des populations. Toutefois, elles ne présentent généralement pas une représentativité spatiale suffisante pour caractériser finement les expositions environnementales, ces réseaux n’ayant pas été initialement conçus dans cet objectif. Des méthodes statistiques sont développées pour traiter les bases de données d’entrée (concentrations environnementales dans l’eau, l’air et le sol) et les rendre pertinentes vis à vis des objectifs définis de caractérisation de l’exposition. Un modèle multimédia d’exposition, interfacé avec un Système d’Information Géographique pour intégrer les variables environnementales, est développé pour estimer les doses d’exposition liées à l’ingestion d’aliments, d’eau de consommation, de sol et à l’inhalation de contaminants atmosphériques. La méthodologie a été appliquée pour trois Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (benzo[a]pyrène, benzo[ghi]pérylène et indéno[1,2,3-cd]pyrène) sur l’ensemble du territoire français. Les résultats permettent de cartographier des indicateurs d’exposition, d’identifier les zones de surexposition et de caractériser les déterminants environnementaux. Dans une logique de caractérisation de l’exposition, la spatialisation des données issues des mesures environnementales pose un certain nombre de questions méthodologiques qui confèrent aux cartes réalisées de nombreuses incertitudes et limites relatives à l’échantillonnage et aux représentativités spatiales et temporelles des données. Celles-ci peuvent être réduites par l’acquisition de données supplémentaires et par la construction de variables prédictives des phénomènes spatiaux et temporels considérés.Les outils de traitement statistique de données développés dans le cadre de ces travaux seront intégrés dans la plateforme PLAINE pour être déclinés sur d’autres polluants en vue de prioriser les mesures de gestion à mettre en œuvreReducing environmental exposure inequalities has become a major focus of public health efforts in France, as evidenced by the French action plans for health and the environment. The aim of this thesis is to develop an integrated approach to characterize environmental inequalities and evaluate the spatialized exposure to PAH in France.The data produced as part of the monitoring quality networks of environmental media reflect the actual contamination of the environment and the overall exposure of the populations. However they do not always provide an adequate spatial resolution to characterize environmental exposures as they are usually not assembled for this specific purpose. Statistical methods are employed to process input databases (environmental concentrations in water, air and soil) in the objective of characterizing the exposure. A multimedia model interfaced with a GIS, allows the integration of environmental variables in order to yield exposure doses related to ingestion of food, water and soil as well as atmospheric contaminants' inhalation.The methodology was applied to three Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon substances, (benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene), in France. The results obtained, allowed to map exposure indicators and to identify areas of overexposure and characterize environmental determinants. In the context of exposure characterization, the direct spatialization of available data from environmental measurement datasets poses a certain number of methodological questions which lead to uncertainties related to the sampling and the spatial and temporal representativeness of data. These could be reduced by acquiring additional data or by constructing predictive variables for the spatial and temporal phenomena considered.Data processing algorithms and calculation of exposure carried out in this work, will be integrated in the French coordinated integrated environment and health platform-PLAINE in order to be applied on other pollutants and prioritize preventative actions
39
Zwickl, Klara, and Mathias Moser. "Informal environmental regulation of industrial air pollution: Does neighborhood inequality matter?" WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4420/1/EcolEcon_WorkingPaper_2015_1.pdf.
Abstract:
This paper analyzes if neighborhood income inequality has an effect on informal regulation of environmental
quality, using census tract - level data on industrial air pollution exposure from EPA's Risk Screening Environmental
Indicators and income and demographic variables from the American Community Survey and EPA's Smart Location Database. Estimating a spatial lag model and controlling for formal regulation at the states level, we nd evidence that overall neighborhood inequality - as measured by the ratio between the fourth and the second income quintile or the neighborhood Gini coefficient - increases local air pollution exposure, whereas a concentration of top incomes reduces local exposure. The positive coefficient of the
general inequality measure is driven by urban neighborhoods, whereas the negative coefficient of top incomes is stronger in rural areas. We explain these findings by two contradicting effects of inequality: On the
one hand, overall inequality reduces collective action and thus the organizing capacities for environmental
improvements. On the other hand, a concentration of income at the top enhances the ability of rich residents
to negotiate with regulators or polluting plants in their vicinity.Series: Ecological Economic Papers
40
Zetterberg, Andreas. "Network Based Tools and Indicators for Landscape Ecological Assessments, Planning, and Design." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10011.
41
Ibrahim, Rebwar. "Assessing sustainable urban forms in Erbil city of Iraq." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/621918.
Abstract:
Scholars have frequently considered the analysis of sustainable design and performance of the built fabric over the past two decades with regard to diversity, density and accessibility. They fall short of developing a holistic, systematic and objective assessment system for the analysis of the sustainable urban form. Subsequently, there is still a noticeable gap regarding the relationship between these dimensions and the patterns and the layout of built environments in the Middle East in general and in Iraq in particular. Intense and rapid economic development and urbanisation in Northern Iraq has resulted in expansive urban of built environments to accommodate the ever increasing urban population and level of activity in the city of Erbil. Architectural, planning and urban design trends at the intra-urban and neighbourhood levels indicate a state of disharmony and random physical forms that lack frameworks for understanding sustainable urban form in relation to urban patterns and layout. In this context, Accessibility, Connectivity, Compatibility, Diversity, Nodality, Density, Urban Identity, and Adaptability have been considered as analysis criteria to evaluate the sustainability of spatial patterns of urban form. The thesis aims to explore and examine the relationship between urban patterns and sustainable urban form in Erbil city in the context of sustainability through developing a customised but context-based framework for sustainable urban fabric indicators. To accomplish this, five case studies of residential projects with variable states of occupancy, completion, and social profiling have been chosen to investigate the practice of the sustainable urban form indicators. The research adopted a mixed-methodological approach, which combines quantitative and qualitative surveys of users, planners, and decision makers to enhance an understanding of the local perception of urban sustainability. A random sampling process is applied for the quantitative survey when distributing the questionnaires. The successful sample size, which was analysed, was 252 respondents. Using comparative analysis of sustainable urban form indicators in the recent local residential projects, quantitative findings have noticeably indicated significant variation in the effectiveness of indicators' performance, and consequently support the research assumption with statistical evidence that urban patterns have a significant impact on achieving sustainable urban forms in developing countries. The study concludes that the urban pattern indicator framework offers an efficient and rigorous approach that enables a credible assessment of the design strategies and planning decision-making in residential developments to achieve sustainable urban forms. These findings have evident implications for urban planners and policy makers during the design stage. The study has proposed practical planning and design guidelines which aim to enhance the local built environment.
42
Pinger, Andrew James. "Application of GIS and Spatial Analysis of Golden Eagle Fatalities Caused by Wind Turbines at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/197.
Abstract:
The Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (Altamont) near Livermore, California is the oldest and largest wind farm in the United States. It is known as a location of high avian mortality, especially for diurnal raptors such as the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Using the avian monitoring data collected at Altamont for over thirteen years (1998-2003, 2005- 2011), records were analyzed of 134 golden eagle deaths caused by wind turbine collisions. All wind turbines present during the same temporal range were characterized according to turbine variables, and geographic placement characteristics. Values of turbines that killed golden eagles were compared to values of turbnes that did not. It was discovered that turbines that have killed golden eagles (kill turbines) share characteristics that are significantly different from those that have not. Kill turbines are more often situated on lattice structure towers, have larger rotor blade-swept areas, placed in less dense turbine arrays, are further away from the next nearest turbine and are less often placed on top of ridgelines compared to nonkill turbines. Finally, kill turbines are more often situated at the end of a turbine row than are nonkill turbines. The differences between kill and nonkill turbine model, hill slope, tower height, generating capacity, array diversity, row count of turbines and placement in a hill saddle were found to be not significant. These findings support in part, earlier turbine studies at Altamont, but do not concur with all previous findings. The methods used in this study can be applied to any bird species at Altamont and at any wind resource area throughout the world. As the wind industry continues to grow, techniques used in studies such as this are an important tool that can be used to direct wildlife conservation policies.
43
Boszczowski, Ícaro. "Análise espacial da ocorrência de infecções bacterianas da corrente sanguínea causadas por agentes multirresistentes em unidades de terapia intensiva do estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-06012017-124622/.
Abstract:
Introdução - A resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos é resultado de mecanismos adaptativos destes microrganismos e se constitui em importante problema de saúde pública em razão da limitação terapêutica que este fenômeno impõe, sobretudo no tratamento de infecções invasivas de pacientes críticos. O surgimento de patógenos resistentes no ambiente hospitalar assim como seu comportamento epidemiológico é um evento complexo de múltiplas causas. A pressão seletiva decorrente do uso destas drogas é evidente desde o início do uso clínico da penicilina. No entanto, a inter-relação entre pressão seletiva e determinantes de outra natureza como sociais, econômicos e geográficos precisam ser mais bem compreendidos. Objetivos - 1. Investigar a existência de dependência espacial na ocorrência de infecção da corrente sanguínea em UTI no estado de São Paulo causadas por bactérias multirresistentes (BMR). 2. Investigar a associação entre a ocorrência de infecção da corrente sanguínea por BMR e consumo global de antimicrobianos no estado de São Paulo, indicadores socioeconômicos e de saúde. Método - Planejamos um estudo descritivo, ecológico e de multinível envolvendo unidades de terapia intensiva do estado de São Paulo. Definimos infecção da corrente sanguínea causada por seis patógenos multirresistentes e notificada à Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo entre os anos de 2008 a 2011 como variável dependente. As variáveis independentes foram o consumo global (comunitário e hospitalar) de antimicrobianos neste período e variáveis socioeconômicas e de qualidade e acesso aos serviços de saúde. O consumo de antimicrobianos foi obtido a partir de um banco de dados de uma empresa de prospecção de vendas destas drogas, IMS Health Brazil. As variáveis socioeconômicas e de qualidade e acesso aos serviços de saúde foram obtidas do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e do Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados (SEADE). Utilizamos um modelo hierárquico (multinível) incluindo as variáveis socioeconômicas distalmente, variáveis de acesso e qualidade de serviços de saúde medialmente e uso de antimicrobianos proximalmente. Dado o grande número de zeros em nossa variável de desfecho (34% a 85% a depender do patógeno avaliado), a verosimilhança foi modelada com base em uma distribuição de Poisson inflada por zeros. Os modelos foram ajustados seguindo a abordagem INLA, especificando prioris não informativas para as variáveis \"município\" e \"hospital\". As análises foram feitas no software R 3.2.1, usando os pacotes INLA 0.0-1432754561 e INLAOutputs 0.0.2. Resultados - Identificamos associação direta entre consumo global de penicilina e inversa com índice de Gini no estado de São Paulo e infecção da corrente sanguínea causada por Staphylococcus aureus resistente à oxacilina (MRSA). Para os demais agentes etiológicos estudados, não observamos o consumo global (comunitário e hospitalar) de antimicrobianos ou de variáveis socioeconômicas, de acesso e qualidade da assistência à saúde como determinantes da infecção da corrente sanguínea em unidades de terapia intensiva do estado de São Paulo. Observamos maior incidência de Enterococcus resistente à vancomicina (VRE), Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistente a carbapenens, Acinetobacter sp resistente a carbapenens e Escherichia coli resistente a cefalosporinas de terceira geração em hospitais públicos comparados a hospitais filantrópicos e menor incidência de VRE, Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a cefalosporinas de terceira geração, Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistente a carbapenens, Acinetobacter sp resistente a carbapenens e Escherichia coli resistente a cefalosporinas de terceira geração em Santas Casas comparadas a hospitais filantrópicos. Por fim, observamos maior incidência de Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a cefalosporinas de terceira geração em hospital privado comparado a hospital filantrópico. Conclusões - 1. Observamos que, embora não de maneira uniforme, a maioria dos patógenos estudados, nos diferentes anos, forma agrupamentos geográficos, ou seja, não estão distribuídos aleatoriamente no espaço estudado. 2. Não observamos, neste estudo, relação entre consumo de antimicrobianos na comunidade e infecção por patógenos multirresistentes em pacientes críticos tratados em unidades de terapia intensiva, exceto entre uso de penicilina e infecção por MRSA. 3. Observamos relação entre maior concentração de renda e menor incidência de infecção por MRSA. 4. Observamos associação entre baixas incidências de infecção por patógenos multirresistentes e Santas Casas, o que pode ser um marcador de desigualdade social confirmando o achado descrito acima da relação entre alto índice de Gini (maior concentração de renda) e menor incidência de MRSA ou, alternativamente, se constituir em fragilidade do diagnóstico laboratorial. 5. Há necessidade de estudos que explorem esta relação observada entre maior concentração de renda e categoria do hospital (Santa Casa) com menores incidências de infecção por patógenos multirresistentes em UTIIntroduction - Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs is a result of microrganisms adaptive mechanisms and poses a great problem for public health because this phenomenon limits therapeutic options, especially for critical patients. The emergence of resistant pathogens in the hospital setting and their epidemiological behavior is a complex event with multiple causes. Selective pressure due to the use of these drugs has been evident since we started using penicillin for clinical purposes. However, interactions between selective pressure and other determinants like social, economic and geographic need to be better understood. Objetives - 1.To investigate the occurrence of spatial dependency among intensive care units (ICU) in the state of São Paulo related to the incidence of bloodstream infection caused by multidrug resistant organisms (MDRO). 2.To investigate the association of the incidence of bloodstream infection caused by MDROs, socioeconomic and health indicators. Method - We planned a descriptive, ecologic and multilevel study involving ICUs of the state of São Paulo. The incidences of bloodstream infection caused by a priori defined six MDROs reported to the State Health Department between 2008 and 2011 were defined as dependent variables. Independent variables were the global consumption (community and hospital) of antimicrobial drugs during the period of the study which was obtained from sales database of IMS Health Brazil, a sales prospecting company. Socioeconomic, quality and access to healthcare services indicators were obtained from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) and Sistema Estadual de Análises de Dados (SEADE). We used a hierarchical model (multilevel) including socioeconomic variables distally, quality and access to healthcare services medially and antimicrobial use proximally. Because of the great number of zeros observed within the dependent variable (34% to 85% depending on the pathogen), the likelihood was modeled based on a Poisson distribution inflated with zeros. The models were adjusted following an INLA approach, determining non-informative prioris for the variables \"municipality\" and \"hospital\". Analysis were performed using R 3.2.1 software, INLA packages 0.0-1432754561 and INLAOutputs 0.0.2. Results - We identified significant positive association between global consumption of penicillin and negative association with higher Gini index both with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We did not identified other significant associations between global antimicrobial use, socioeconomic and healthcare indicators and multiresistant organisms causing bloodstream infections. There were greater incidences of vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE), carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp, third generation cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in public hospitals compared to philanthropic hospitals and there were lower incidences of VRE, carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp, third generation cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Santas Casas compared to philanthropic hospitals. Finally, we observed greater incidence of third generation cephalosporin resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in private hospitals compared to philanthropic hospitals. Conclusions - 1. We observed that, although not consistently, for most of analized pathogens, in different years, form geographic clusters, i.e they are not randomly spatially distributed. 2. Based on our findings, the incidence of bloodstream infections caused by MDROs in ICUs are not related to global antimicrobial use, except for the relation between penicillin use and MRSA infection. 3. We observed that greater income concentration is related to lower incidence of MRSA. 4. The lower incidences of bloodstream infections caused by MDROs in Santas Casas might be a surrogate for social inequality confirming the finding of higher Gini index related to lowest MRSA infection or, alternatively being related to poor laboratory diagnostic performance. 5. Further studies exploring the observed relationship between greater income concentration and low incidence of MDRO infections in ICU are needed
44
Kocha, Jahnavi. "A Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Uranium Concentrations at the Abandoned New Hope Method Mine in the Mojave Desert." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2237.
Abstract:
The impacts of mining are easily observable in the way they alter the terrain of landscapes, displace animals, and increase waste accumulation in an area. An unobservable impact and one that lasts a long time is by radioactive exposure in the environment. Specifically, this is a risk at uranium (U) mine sites which are expanding in number to accommodate the world’s growing energy needs, and even to accommodate weapons manufacturing. This paper analyses the impacts of an abandoned uranium mine on the local environment through measurements of Uranium concentration in soil, plants, and rocks. Transect sampling was used to collect 22 soil samples and 17 plant samples between 5 and 100m of the mine shaft. Uranium concentrations in soil and plant samples, digested with nitric acid, were measured with an Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), and an X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to find the mineral contents of the rock samples. Satellite positions were associated with each sample, which allowed an effective spatial analysis of the Uranium concentration values. U values in soil ranged from 0 to 5.291ppm, with mean concentrations of 0.710 ppm, and U values in plants ranged from 0.0323 to 0.1121ppm with mean concentrations of 0.0558 ppm. A paired t-test determined that there was no spatial autocorrelation in U concentrations of plants and adjacent soils. The highest U concentration was found closest to the mine, peaking at ~7.3 meters from the mine, and low spatial variability occurs in U concentrations at greater than 10 meters from the mine. In comparison with other mines internationally, U concentrations at this study site were low, which may be indicative of a small operating mine, efficient clean-up, and transport mechanisms of U in desert environments.
45
Libório, Rogério Aparecido. "Efeitos de florestas ripárias em restauração em ecossistemas de riachos tropicais numa paisagem agrícola." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/9034.
Abstract:
Submitted by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-21T18:35:10Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
TeseRAL.pdf: 3616408 bytes, checksum: 1f059af1e83546f934fb09bda5b63e7f (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-21T18:35:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRAL.pdf: 3616408 bytes, checksum: 1f059af1e83546f934fb09bda5b63e7f (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-21T18:35:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRAL.pdf: 3616408 bytes, checksum: 1f059af1e83546f934fb09bda5b63e7f (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-21T18:35:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRAL.pdf: 3616408 bytes, checksum: 1f059af1e83546f934fb09bda5b63e7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-15
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
The conversion of natural areas to human activities in watersheds is the main cause of riparian forest degradation, which, consequently, decreases the integrity of aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, restoration of riparian forests has been recommended as the best strategy for the recovery of streams in watersheds deforested by land use and cover. In Brazil, projects of riparian forest restoration are still recent and little is known about their effects on adjacent streams ecosystems. This study evaluated the effects of riparian forest restoration on stream water quality and aquatic macroinvertebrate communities using the multiple spatial scales approach. Sampling was carried out using the field protocol developed by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States of America (US-EPA). We compared streams with natural riparian forests, streams with riparian forests in restoration and streams with riparian zones covered by pasture or grasses. A 150m reach was defined in each stream, and measurements of the physical structure of habitats and water quality were made, as well as samples of aquatic macroinvertebrates. Land-use and cover of each stream sub-basin was carried out through an environmental characterization of the landscape. Riparian forest restoration did not affect stream water quality and biological diversity after 10 and 13 years of project implementation, suggesting that the recovery of tropical streams in response to riparian forest restoration may be slow in sub-basin heavily altered by human activities. The present study fills a knowledge gap on the effects of riparian restoration and suggests the need for further studies and long term evaluations integrating new riparian forest restoration projects in watersheds with different intensities of human degradation to better understand the effects of the implementation of these projects on the quality of stream water and aquatic communities.
A conversão de áreas naturais para as atividades humanas nas bacias hidrográficas é a principal causa da degradação de florestas ripárias, o que, consequentemente, diminui a integridade dos ecossistemas aquáticos. Assim a restauração de florestas ripárias tem sido recomendada como a melhor estratégia visando à recuperação de riachos em bacias desmatadas pelo uso e ocupação do solo. No Brasil, projetos de restauração de florestas ripárias ainda são recentes e pouco se conhece sobre os seus efeitos nos ecossistemas de riachos adjacentes. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de florestas ripárias em restauração na qualidade da água e nas comunidades de macroinvertebrados aquáticos de riachos, utilizando a abordagem de múltiplas escalas espaciais de investigação. Para a amostragem, foi utilizado o protocolo desenvolvido pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental Norte-Americana (US-EPA). Foram comparados riachos com floresta ripária natural, floresta ripária em restauração e com zonas ripárias alteradas por pastagem ou gramíneas. Um trecho de 150 m foi definido em cada riacho e em cada trecho foram realizadas medidas da estrutura física dos habitats e da qualidade da água e amostragens de macroinvertebrados aquáticos. Na microbacia de cada riacho foi realizada a caracterização ambiental da paisagem para analisar o uso e ocupação do solo. A floresta ripária em restauração após 10 e 13 anos de implantação não afetou a qualidade da água e a diversidade biológica, sugerindo que a recuperação de riachos tropicais em resposta à restauração de florestas ripárias pode ser lenta em bacias hidrográficas fortemente alteradas pelas atividades humanas. O presente estudo preenche uma lacuna de conhecimento sobre os efeitos de florestas ripárias em restauração em riachos de paisagens rurais e sugere a necessidade de mais estudos e avaliações em longo prazo, integrando novos projetos de restauração de floresta ripária em bacias hidrográficas com diferentes intensidades vii de degradação humana, para melhor se compreender os efeitos da implantação destes projetos na qualidade da água e comunidades aquáticas.
FAPESP: 2013/19950-9
46
Farias, Flávia Baluz Bezerra de. "Indicador de cobertura pré-natal: uma análise espacial em São Luis/MA." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22133/tde-20022015-151947/.
Abstract:
O Ministério da Saúde preconiza que o cuidado pré-natal deva ser realizado de forma regular e completa, com o número mínimo de seis consultas. Considerando esse aspecto, a análise da distribuição de indicador de cobertura pré-natal, segundo áreas geográficas, é um instrumento valioso na pesquisa em saúde materno-infantil por contribuir para o entendimento dos processos envolvidos na determinação das condições de saúde da mulher e do recém-nascido. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a distribuição espacial da cobertura pré-natal em relação as características maternas em São Luís/MA. Trata-se de uma pesquisa do tipo ecológico realizada em São Luís/MA com uma amostra aleatória de 2.019 mulheres. A coleta de dados de nascimentos, ocorridos em 2012, foi no período de julho a outubro de 2013, na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de São Luís, por meio do Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos. Os endereços da amostra foram corrigidos com a utilização do Google Earth, versão 7.1.2.2041, e a busca das coordenadas latitude e longitude pelo site http://batchgeo.com/ para serem georreferenciadas pelo programa TerraView, versão 4.2.2. As coordenadas geográficas do município foram obtidas pela projeção lat/long e datum WGS-84 e foram convertidas para SIRGAS 2000/UTM. Foram obtidos padrões de densidade espaciais por meio de análise estatística espacial, segundo a técnica de alisamento de Kernel e elaboração dos mapas no ArcGis, versão 10.1. Os resultados demonstraram que a maioria das mães estava na fase adulta (85,29%), 96,53% tinham mais de 9 anos de estudo, 65,77% possuíam companheiro, 80,14% não tiveram filhos mortos, 51,42% eram primíparas, 97,67% com gravidez única, 56,76% realizaram parto cesáreo e 67,27% foram a termo. Quanto às consultas prénatais, 13,72% realizaram o número de consultas insuficientes, 38,24% foram regulares e 48,04%, suficientes. Observou-se uma associação estatisticamente significativa. Observou-se uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre idade materna (p<0,0000), anos de estudo (p<0,0000), paridade (p<0,0000), idade gestacional (p<0,0000) e tipo de parto com a cobertura pré-natal (p<0,0000), como também situação conjugal (p=0,0007) e nascidos mortos (p=0,0319). Quanto à condição da cobertura pré-natal por Distritos Sanitários, observou-se que as consultas pré-natais suficientes foram em maior porcentagem nos Distritos Cohab (56,9%), Vila Esperança (54,5%) e Bequimão (51,6%); as consultas pré-natais regulares foram mais expressivas nos Distritos Centro (51,3%) e Itaqui- Bacanga (42,4%); e as consultas insuficientes variaram entre 11,5% e 17,6% em todos os Distritos. Os resultados evidenciam uma forte concentração da cobertura pré-natal suficiente nos distritos Tirirical e Cohab, demostrando a necessidade de vigilância contínua nos outros distritos que apresentaram concentração da cobertura regular a insuficienteThe Ministry of Health recommends that prenatal care should be performed regularly and completely, with the minimum number of six visits. Considering this aspect, the analysis of the distribution of indicator prenatal coverage, according to geographical areas, is a valuable tool for research in maternal and child health by contributing to the understanding of the processes involved in determining the health of women and newborns. The objective of the study was to analyze the spatial distribution of antenatal coverage compared maternal characteristics in São Luís/MA. This is a research of the ecological type carried out in São Luís/MA with a random sample of 2,019. The data collection of births occurred in 2012, was the period from July to October 2013, the Municipal Health Secretary of São Luís, throught the Live Birth Information System. The sample`s addresses were corrected with the use of Google Earth, version 7.1.2.2041, and the pursuit of latitude and longitude coordinates for http://batchgeo.com/ site to be georeferenced by terraView, version 4.2.2 program. The geographic coordinates of the city were obtained by projecting lat/long and datum WGS-84 and were converted to SIRGAS 2000/UTM. Patterns of spatial density using spatial statistical analysis were obtained using the technique of kernel smoothing and preparation of maps in ArcGIS, version 10.1. The results showed that most mothers were in adulthood (85,29%), 96,53% had more than 9 years of education, 65,77% had a partner, 80,14% had children dead, 51,42 % were primiparous, 97,67% with single pregnancy, 56,76% underwent cesarean delivery and 67,27% were full-term. As for antenatal visits, 13,72% had insufficient number of queries, 38,24% were regular and 48,04% were sufficient. There was a significant association of maternal age (p<0,0000), years of education (p<0,0000), parity (p<0,0000), gestational age (p<0,0000) and mode of delivery with prenatal coverage (p <0.0000), as well as marital status (p=0,0007) and stillbirths (p=0,0319). As the condition of prenatal coverage by health districts, it was observed that sufficient prenatal visits were done in the Districts Cohab with the highest percentage (56,9%), Vila Esperança (54,5%) and Bequimão (51,6 %); regular antenatal visits were more expressive in Center Districts (51,3%) and Itaqui-Bacanga (42,4%); and insufficient consultations ranged between 11,5% and 1,.6% in all Districts. The results show a strong concentration of sufficient prenatal coverage in Tirirical and Cohab districts, demonstrating the need for continued vigilance in other districts who presented concentration of regular coverage until insufficient
47
Kolská, Kateřina. "Hodnocení rozvoje obcí v regionu Národního parku České Švýcarsko za pomoci indikátorů sociální, environmentální a ekonomické dimenze rozvoje." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75718.
Abstract:
The aim of this master thesis is to evaluate the development of the region of National park Czech Switzerland on the basis of the development of social, economic and environmental dimension. The debate about sustainable development which has been held world-wide for many years is connected to discussion of the instruments which would be able to evaluate implementation of sustainability concept. Many indicators were already evolved on world-wide, national and local level. Mainly local indicators will be discussed and a set of indicators suitable for small municipalities will be applied. The theoretical part of the thesis is devoted to definition, history, principles and other implications of sustainable development. Next chapter is addressed on the indicators of development. Theoretical base of development of indicators is amended with a summary of existing indicators, especially on the local level in the thesis. The region of the National park Czech Switzerland is introduced in the practical part of the thesis. Nine municipalities whose cadastral territory is partially located on the territory of national park belong to the region. For the evaluation of their development a set of indicators was chosen on the basis of predefined criteria.
48
Youssoufi, Samy. "Satisfaction résidentielle et configurations spatiales en milieu périurbain." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00903526.
Abstract:
Depuis les années 1960, les villes françaises sont soumises à un processus d'étalement urbain. Cet étalement se traduit par l'émergence d'une catégorie d'espace située à l'interface entre la ville et la campagne : le périurbain. Les caractéristiques sociales, urbanistiques, ou liées aux pratiques spatiales de ses habitants confèrent au périurbain une singularité et une spécificité propres. Il s'agit d'un espace de contradiction qui attire à la fois en raison du cadre de vie plutôt " naturel " qu'il offre aux ménages, mais également en raison de sa proximité avec la ville et des potentialités liées à l'accessibilité à diverses aménités urbaines.Pour comprendre plus finement cet engouement pour le périurbain, cette thèse propose d'explorer la relation individu-environnement résidentiel sous l'angle de la satisfaction que retirent les individus de leur cadre de vie. Il s'agit de mettre en relation une information de nature cognitive avec une information de nature spatiale. En modélisant chacune de ces composantes par l'utilisation d'indicateurs spécifiques, divers modèles statistiques sont mobilisés pour mettre en lumière les attributs spatiaux du cadre de vie susceptibles d'avoir une influence sur la satisfaction des individus.L'approche modélisatrice est centrale dans la démarche suivie. Après voir mené une enquête de satisfaction sur plus d'un millier de ménages vivant dans un secteur périurbain de Besançon, la démarche s'est attelée à construire des indicateurs en vue de caractériser deux types d'aménités de leur environnement résidentiel : le paysage et l'accessibilité aux commerces et services. Chacune de ces aménités est ensuite intégrée dans des modèles statistiques permettant d'évaluer leur contribution dans le degré de satisfaction du ménage.La démarche, essentiellement modélisatrice et exploratoire, offre toutefois des perspectives intéressantes dans le domaine de l'aménagement du territoire et de la planification urbaine. En ayant recours à des modèles simples et reproductibles, il s'agit de d'établir des documents cartographiques décrivant le potentiel de satisfaction à grande échelle.
49
Silva, Renata Braga Aguilar da. "Instrumento para avaliar a qualidade espacial de praças : estudo em praças de áreas centrais /." Bauru, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192650.
Abstract:
Orientador: Renata Cardoso MagagninResumo: A praça tem um significado importante na história das cidades brasileiras, pois reflete a cultura e os costumes da sociedade ao longo dos anos. Como elemento de convívio e de integração do espaço urbano, deve promover o encontro, a diversidade e a circulação segura e eficiente. Formada por elementos morfológicos e aspectos positivos e negativos, os diferentes tipos de configuração espacial e composição podem influenciar na qualidade espacial e permanência dos usuários nesse local. Entender como esses elementos são percebidos tanto por pesquisadores quanto pelos usuários pode ser o primeiro passo para identificar quais elementos físicos e morfológicos podem contribuir, ou não, para a escolha dos usuários em permanecer e usufruir desse local. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é propor um instrumento para avaliar a qualidade espacial de praças, a partir dos elementos físicos e morfológicos que compõe quatro planos bidimensionais da praça e de seu entorno imediato (praça, calçada, rua e fachada) e que envolvem os usuários no espaço público. A metodologia consiste na aplicação de multimétodos, sendo o instrumento composto por quatro fases de avaliação: (i) análise dos aspectos físicos dos planos bidimensionais que envolvem os usuários (praça, calçada, rua e fachada), por meio de indicadores de desempenho e um índice denominado Índice de Qualidade Espacial de Praças (IQEP); (ii) análise da influência da forma, dos aspectos e elementos morfológicos da praça e de seu entorno ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The square has an important significance in the history of Brazilian cities because it reflects the culture and customs of the society over the years. As an element of relief and integration of the urban space, it must promote meeting, diversity, safe and efficient circulation. Formed by morphological elements and positive and negative aspects, the different types of spatial configuration and composition can influence the spatial quality and permanence of users in that location. Understanding how these elements are perceived by both researchers and users can be the first step in identifying which physical and morphological elements may or may not contribute to the users' choice to stay and enjoy this place. In this context, the objective of this research is to propose an instrument to assess the spatial quality of the squares, from the physical and morphological elements that make up four two-dimensional planes of the square and its immediate surroundings (square, sidewalk, street and facade) and that involve users in the public space. The methodology consists of the application of multimethod, being the instrument composed of four evaluation phases : (i) analysis of the physical aspects of two-dimensional plans that involve users (square, sidewalk, street and façade), through performance indicators and an index called the Spatial Quality Square Index (in Portuguese Índice de Qualidade Espacial de Praças - IQEP); (ii) analysis of the influence of shape, aspects and morphologi... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
50
Louda, Jiří. "Kritická analýza metod hodnocení ekonomického a ekologického rozvoje území." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76857.
Abstract:
Sustainable development has become in last two decades a phenomenon. Principles of this concept are implemented into most of political development documents at the international, national, regional and local level. Outcomes of sustainable development assessment are often used as basis of measures which influence the process of spatial development. However there exist many approaches how to assess the sustainable development, so far it haven`t been achieved a general consensus how to do it. The aim of this thesis is a critical interpretation of literature considering sustainable development and analysis of implementation of sustainable development assessment in municipalities of Czech Republic. Method of this analysis is desk research of documents called analysis of spatial sustainable development (rozbor udržitelného rozvoje území), which the municipalities have to (by law) make out and semi-standardized interview with representatives of local and regional authorities