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1
Dai, Daoxin, and John E. Bowers. "Silicon-based on-chip multiplexing technologies and devices for Peta-bit optical interconnects." Nanophotonics 3, no. 4-5 (August 1, 2014): 283–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2013-0021.
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AbstractAn effective solution to enhance the capacity of an optical-interconnect link is utilizing advanced multiplexing technologies, like wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM), polarization-division multiplexing (PDM), spatial-division multiplexing (SDM), bi-directional multiplexing, etc. On-chip (de)multiplexers are necessary as key components for realizing these multiplexing systems and they are desired to have small footprints due to the limited physical space for on-chip optical interconnects. As silicon photonics has provided a very attractive platform to build ultrasmall photonic integrated devices with CMOS-compatible processes, in this paper we focus on the discussion of silicon-based (de)multiplexers, including WDM filters, PDM devices, and SDM devices. The demand of devices to realize a hybrid multiplexing technology (combining WDM, PDM and SDM) as well as a bidirectional multiplexing technologies are also discussed to achieve Peta-bit optical interconnects.
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Hu, Yuhang, Zihao Yang, Nuo Chen, Hanwen Hu, Bowen Zhang, Haofan Yang, Xinda Lu, Xinliang Zhang, and Jing Xu. "3 × 40 Gbit/s All-Optical Logic Operation Based on Low-Loss Triple-Mode Silicon Waveguide." Micromachines 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13010090.
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Information capacity of single-mode fiber communication systems face fundamental limitations imposed by optical nonlinearities. Spatial division multiplexing (SDM) offers a new dimension for upgrading fiber communication systems. Many enabling integrated devices, such as mode multiplexers and multimode bending with low crosstalk, have been developed. On the other hand, all-optical signal processing (AOSP) can avoid optical to electrical to optical (O–E–O) conversion, which may potentially allow for a low cost and green operation for large-scale signal processing applications. In this paper, we show that the system performance of AOSP can be pushed further by benefiting from the existing technologies developed in spatial mode multiplexing (SDM). By identifying key technologies to balance the impacts from mode-dependent loss, crosstalk and nonlinearities, three-channel 40 Gbit/s optical logic operations are demonstrated using the first three spatial modes in a single multimode waveguide. The fabricated device has a broadband four-wave mixing operation bandwidth (>20 nm) as well as high conversion efficiency (>−20 dB) for all spatial modes, showing the potential for a large-scale signal processing capacity with the combination of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and SDM in the future.
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Gao, Yuyang, Juhao Li, Yu Tang, Lei Shen, Xian Zhou, Chunxu Zhao, Shikui Shen, Lei Zhang, Xiongyan Tang, and Zhangyuan Chen. "Real-Time Spatial-Division Multiplexing Transmission with Commercial 400 Gb/s Transponders." Photonics 11, no. 3 (March 2, 2024): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11030231.
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As single-mode-fiber transmission systems are reaching their capacity limits, spatial-division multiplexing (SDM) techniques have been investigated to increase the per-fiber capacity. However, the compatibility with current single-mode transponders severely hinders the near-term deployment of SDM systems. In this paper, we experimentally propose two real-time SDM transmission schemes using commercial single-mode 400 G dual-polarized 16 quadrature amplitude modulation equipment. In the first experiment, 60 km weakly coupled single-mode 7-core fiber with a pair of fan-in and fan-out devices are adopted. In the second experiment, the fiber link consists of 60 km/150 km weakly coupled few-mode fiber (FMF) and low-modal-crosstalk mode multiplexers, in which only non-degenerate LP01 and LP02 modes are utilized. In order to investigate the effect of splice on SDM fiber links, 20-roll, 3 km multicore fibers (MCFs) and FMFs are spliced and tested in the experiments. The bit error rates of all SDM experiments are all below 4.75 × 10−2 forward-error-correction threshold of the 400 G transponders. The experimental results prove that the near-term deployment of SDM systems could be accelerated by utilizing weakly coupled MCFs or non-degenerate modes of weakly coupled FMFs which are compatible with commercial single-mode transponders without any software or hardware modifications.
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Olaleye, Temitope M., Paulo A. Ribeiro, and Maria Raposo. "Generation of Photon Orbital Angular Momentum and Its Application in Space Division Multiplexing." Photonics 10, no. 6 (June 8, 2023): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10060664.
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In the last three decades, light’s orbital angular momentum (OAM) has been of great interest because it has unique characteristics that make it sought after in many research fields, especially in optical communications. To address the exponentially increasing demands for higher data rates and capacity in optical communication systems, OAM has emerged as an additional degree of freedom for multiplexing and transmitting multiple independent data streams within a single spatial mode using the spatial division multiplexing (SDM) technology. Innumerable research findings have proven to scale up the channel capacity of communication links by a very high order of magnitude, allowing it to circumvent the reaching of optical fiber’s non-linear Shannon limit. This review paper provides a background and overview of OAM beams, covering the fundamental concepts, the various OAM generators, and the recent experimental and commercial applications of the OAM-SDM multiplexing technique in optical communications.
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Takialddin, Al Smadi. "MACHINE LEARNING APPLICATION IN INVERSE DESIGN OF FEW-MODE FIBERS." Journal of Advanced Sciences and Engineering Technologies 7, no. 1 (February 15, 2024): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32441/jaset.07.01.02.
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The importance of optical fiber research is increasing due to its applications in the digital world, including components, sensors, and high data rate communication. Few-mode fiber (FMF) research is regenerating due to its high data rate transmission ability. This dissertation work proposes new designs of FMFs with updated material composition and geometry to establish weakly coupled spatial division multiplexing (SDM)/mode division multiplexing (MDM) links. The next generation of communication, 5G aims to connect people and things via intelligent networks, but current network architectures struggle to handle massive data traffic. The spatial domain of the fiber is highly useful for handling this massive data traffic. This work reviews the requirements of 5G networks and how they can be handled through spatial multiplexing and mode multiplexing through a few-mode optical fiber. The article demonstrates machine learning-based inverse modeling of the triangular-ring-core few-mode fiber profile with weak coupling optimization.
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S. Luis, Ruben, Hideaki Furukawa, Georg Rademacher, Benjamin J. Puttnam, and Naoya Wada. "Demonstration of an SDM Network Testbed for Joint Spatial Circuit and Packet Switching †." Photonics 5, no. 3 (July 28, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics5030020.
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We demonstrate a spatial division multiplexing (SDM) network testbed composed of three nodes connected via 19-core multi-core fibers. Each node is capable of joint spatial circuit switching and joint packet switching to support 10 Tb/s spatial circuit super channels and 1 Tb/s line rate spatial packet super channels. The performance of the proposed hybrid network is evaluated, showing successful co-existence of both systems in the same network to provide high capacity and high granularity services. Finally, we demonstrate an optical channel selection associated with the quality of service requirements on the SDM network testbed.
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Jiang, Guozhou, and Liu Yang. "Multi-Level Phase Noise Model for CO-OFDM Spatial-Division Multiplexed Transmission." Photonics 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10010008.
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Spatial division multiplexed (SDM) transmission systems with coherence communication technology have become an important issue in meeting the demands for the capacity of fiber. However, research on the phase noise from lasers is mainly focused on single-channel systems or single-carrier SDM systems. In this paper, a phase noise model comprising common laser phase noise, in addition to the core phase drifts induced by the SDM, is introduced and analyzed for a coherence orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) spatial-division multiplexed transmission (SDM) system. Based on the phase noise model, the applicability of the blind phase search algorithm and the pilot-aided phase estimation algorithm is discussed and demonstrated via simulation. The results show that these two algorithms can work well when considering combined laser linewidths with core phase drifts for CO-OFDM 7-core multi-core fiber (MCF). The results mean that with the SDM phase noise model, phase noise estimation in other cores can be transferred from one core to lower the complexity with the help of the model. This research provides a proper application of the phase noise analysis of large-capacity optical communication based on a weak-coupled MCF.
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Wang, Jiading, Sibo Chen, Qian Wu, Yiliu Tan, and Maiko Shigeno. "Solving the Static Resource-Allocation Problem in SDM-EONs via a Node-Type ILP Model." Sensors 22, no. 24 (December 11, 2022): 9710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249710.
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Space division multiplexing elastic optical networks (SDM-EONs) are one of the most promising network architectures that satisfy the rapidly growing traffic of the internet. However, different from traditional wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-based networks, the problems of resource allocation become more complicated because SDM-EONs have smaller spectrum granularity and have to consider several novel network resources, such as modulation formats and spatial dimensions. In this work, we propose an integer linear programming (ILP) model without space lane change (SLC) that provides theoretically exact solutions for the problem of routing, modulation format, space, and spectrum assignment (RMSSA). Moreover, to more efficiently solve our model which is difficult to solve directly, we propose three exact algorithms based on model decomposition and evaluate their performance via simulation experiments, and we find that two of our exact algorithms can solve the model effectively in small-scale instances.
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Iyer, Sridhar, and Shree Prakash Singh. "Performance Analysis of Translucent Space Division Multiplexing Based Elastic Optical Networks." International Journal of Advances in Telecommunications, Electrotechnics, Signals and Systems 8, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.11601/ijates.v8i1.270.
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The required upgradation of the network capacity of the single-mode fiber which is constrained by the non-linear Shannon’s limit, and the capacity provisioning needed by the future diverse Internet traffic can be resolved by the adoption of the Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) based Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) (SDM-b-EONs). In the current work, we focus on the performance analysis of a SDM-b-EON in which translucent lightpaths are routed through the spectral super-channels over the spatial single-mode fiber(s) bundle(s) links. In regard to regeneration, we investigate three scenarios which differ in their regeneration variability level in addition to the adjustment of modulation formats according to transmission route characteristics. We conduct extensive simulations considering an online traffic case and two realistic network topologies with different numbers of (i) fibers in every link, and (ii) transceivers available within SDM-b-EON. The obtained results demonstrate that when regeneration is conducted with complete flexibility and simultaneously the modulation format conversion is also permitted at every SDM-b-EON node both, largest traffic volume amounts can be provisioned, and significant SDM-b-EON performance scaling can be obtained with a corresponding increase in the utilized fibers amount.
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Lusala, Angelo Kuti, and Jean-Didier Legat. "Combining SDM-Based Circuit Switching with Packet Switching in a Router for On-Chip Networks." International Journal of Reconfigurable Computing 2012 (2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/474765.
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A Hybrid router architecture for Networks-on-Chip “NoC” is presented, it combines Spatial Division Multiplexing “SDM” based circuit switching and packet switching in order to efficiently and separately handle both streaming and best-effort traffic generated in real-time applications. Furthermore the SDM technique is combined with Time Division Multiplexing “TDM” technique in the circuit switching part in order to increase path diversity, thus improving throughput while sharing communication resources among multiple connections. Combining these two techniques allows mitigating the poor resource usage inherent to circuit switching. In this way Quality of Service “QoS” is easily provided for the streaming traffic through the circuit-switched sub-router while the packet-switched sub-router handles best-effort traffic. The proposed hybrid router architectures were synthesized, placed and routed on an FPGA. Results show that a practicable Network-on-Chip “NoC” can be built using the proposed router architectures. 7 × 7 mesh NoCs were simulated in SystemC. Simulation results show that the probability of establishing paths through the NoC increases with the number of sub-channels and has its highest value when combining SDM with TDM, thereby significantly reducing contention in the NoC.
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Willner, Alan E., Yongxiong Ren, Guodong Xie, Yan Yan, Long Li, Zhe Zhao, Jian Wang, Moshe Tur, Andreas F. Molisch, and Solyman Ashrafi. "Recent advances in high-capacity free-space optical and radio-frequency communications using orbital angular momentum multiplexing." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2087 (February 28, 2017): 20150439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0439.
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There is a continuing growth in the demand for data bandwidth, and the multiplexing of multiple independent data streams has the potential to provide the needed data capacity. One technique uses the spatial domain of an electromagnetic (EM) wave, and space division multiplexing (SDM) has become increasingly important for increased transmission capacity and spectral efficiency of a communication system. A subset of SDM is mode division multiplexing (MDM), in which multiple orthogonal beams each on a different mode can be multiplexed. A potential modal basis set to achieve MDM is to use orbital angular momentum (OAM) of EM waves. In such a system, multiple OAM beams each carrying an independent data stream are multiplexed at the transmitter, propagate through a common medium and are demultiplexed at the receiver. As a result, the total capacity and spectral efficiency of the communication system can be multiplied by a factor equal to the number of transmitted OAM modes. Over the past few years, progress has been made in understanding the advantages and limitations of using multiplexed OAM beams for communication systems. In this review paper, we highlight recent advances in the use of OAM multiplexing for high-capacity free-space optical and millimetre-wave communications. We discuss different technical challenges (e.g. atmospheric turbulence and crosstalk) as well as potential techniques to mitigate such degrading effects. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Optical orbital angular momentum’.
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Nadal, Laia, Mumtaz Ali, Francisco Javier Vílchez, Josep Maria Fàbrega, and Michela Svaluto Moreolo. "The Multiband over Spatial Division Multiplexing Sliceable Transceiver for Future Optical Networks." Future Internet 15, no. 12 (November 27, 2023): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi15120381.
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In the last 15 years, global data traffic has been doubling approximately every 2–3 years, and there is a strong indication that this pattern will persist. Hence, also driven by the emergence of new applications and services expected within the 6G era, new transmission systems and technologies should be investigated to enhance network capacity and achieve increased bandwidth, improved spectral efficiency, and greater flexibility to effectively accommodate all the expected data traffic. In this paper, an innovative transmission solution based on multiband (MB) over spatial division multiplexing (SDM) sliceable bandwidth/bitrate variable transceiver (S-BVT) is implemented and assessed in relation to the provision of sustainable capacity scaling. MB transmission (S+C+L) over 25.4 km of 19-cores multicore fibre (MCF) is experimentally assessed and demonstrated achieving an aggregated capacity of 119.1 Gb/s at 4.62×10−3 bit error rate (BER). The proposed modular sliceable transceiver architecture arises as a suitable option towards achieving 500 Tb/s per fibre transmission, by further enabling more slices covering all the available S+C+L spectra and the 19 cores of the MCF.
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Lu, Dian, Xueli Sheng, Yali Shi, Hanjun Yu, Longxiang Guo, and Jingwei Yin. "Spatial-division-multiplexing (SDM) in time-variant channel based on vector adaptive time-reversal technique." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, no. 5 (May 2017): 3917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4988847.
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Siddagangappa, Renu, Nayana Dunthur Krishnagowda, and Deepthi Tumkur Srinivas Murthy. "An efficient asynchronous spatial division multiplexing router for network-on-chip on the hardware platform." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 5 (October 1, 2023): 5388. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i5.pp5388-5396.
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The quasi-delay-insensitive (QDI) based asynchronous network-on-chip (ANoC) has several advantages over clock-based synchronous network-on-chips (NoCs). The asynchronous router uses a virtual channel (VC) as a primary flow-control mechanism however, the spatial division multiplexing (SDM) based mechanism performs better over input traffics over VC. This manuscript uses an asynchronous spatial division multiplexing (ASDM) based router for NoC architecture on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) platform. The ASDM router is configurable to different bandwidths and VCs. The ASDM router mainly contains input-output (I/O) buffers, a switching allocator, and a crossbar unit. The 4-phase 1-of-4 dual-rail protocol is used to construct the I/O buffers. The performance of the ASDM router is analyzed in terms of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTs) (chip area), delay, latency, and throughput parameters. The work is implemented using Verilog-HDL with Xilinx ISE 14.7 on artix-7 FPGA. The ASDM router achieves % chip area and obtains 0.8 ns of latency with a throughput of 800 Mfps. The proposed router is compared with existing asynchronous approaches with improved latency and throughput metrics.
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Khulbe, Manisha, and Harish Parthasarathy. "Orbital Angular Momentum Wave Generation and Multiplexing: Experiments and Analysis Using Classical and Quantum Optics." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (November 11, 2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5355854.
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Optical fiber communication is known as the backbone of communication today for voice, video, and data transmission. Recent advancements in optical technologies are leading us to many new forms of generation of orbital angular momentum (OAM) waves and its transmission technologies. Among them are hypergeometric waveform (HG), Bessel’s waveforms, Laguerre Gaussian waveforms, and other forms of OAMs. This mode of communication is by the twisted form of electromagnetic wave which can accommodate a larger number of channels making communication simpler for wired and wireless communication. In this paper, various methods of OAM waveform generation are presented and are compared in details discussing the various needs in communication. OAM multiplexing is done by spatial division multiplexing (SDM) and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Methods of OAM communication, generation techniques, power analysis, and bit error analysis prove efficient transmission capability of OAM waves using low power consumption and low bit error rate in optical communication networks. OAM from fiber can be directly communicated to atmosphere which is found very useful for short distance wireless communication. Experimental validation is discussed for HG, Bessel’s waveforms, and LG waveforms. Pure Optical Vertices (OV) are generated by VCSELs (vertical cavity surface emitting lasers) and transmitted by (MMF) multimode fibers. Various atmospheric effects and challenges are also elaborated in this paper. RSoft OptSim software is used for simulation.
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Torres, Luis M., Francisco J. Cañete, and Luis Díez. "Matched Filtering for MIMO Coherent Optical Communications with Mode-Dependent Loss Channels." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030798.
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The use of digital signal processors (DSP) to equalize coherent optical communication systems based on spatial division multiplexing (SDM) techniques is widespread in current optical receivers. However, most of DSP implementation approaches found in the literature assume a negligible mode-dependent loss (MDL). This paper is focused on the linear multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) receiver designed to optimize the minimum mean square error (MMSE) for a coherent SDM optical communication system, without previous assumptions on receiver oversampling or analog front-end realizations. The influence of the roll-off factor of a generic pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) transmitter on system performance is studied as well. As a main result of the proposed approach, the ability of a simple match filter (MF) based MIMO receiver to completely eliminate inter-symbol interference (ISI) and crosstalk for SDM systems under the assumption of negligible MDL is demonstrated. The performance of the linear MIMO fractionally-spaced equalizer (FSE) receiver for an SDM system with a MDL-impaired channel is then evaluated by numerical simulations using novel system performance indicators, in the form of signal to noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) loss, with respect to the case without MDL. System performance improvements by increasing the transmitter roll-off factor are also quantified.
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Lin, Yuan-Zeng, Chi-Wai Chow, Tien-Wei Yu, Yin-He Jian, Tun-Yao Hung, Jian-Wen Chen, and Chien-Hung Yeh. "Flexible Data Rate Allocation Using Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in a Mode Division Multiplexing (MDM) Optical Power Splitter for System-on-Chip Networks." Sensors 23, no. 16 (August 18, 2023): 7259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23167259.
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We put forward and demonstrate a silicon photonics (SiPh)-based mode division multiplexed (MDM) optical power splitter that supports transverse-electric (TE) single-mode, dual-mode, and triple-mode (i.e., TE0, TE1, and TE2). An optical power splitter is needed for optical signal distribution and routing in optical interconnects. However, a traditional optical splitter only divides the power of the input optical signal. This means the same data information is received at all the output ports of the optical splitter. The powers at different output ports may change depending on the splitting ratio of the optical splitter. The main contributions of our proposed optical splitter are: (i) Different data information is received at different output ports of the optical splitter via the utilization of NOMA. By adjusting the power ratios of different channels in the digital domain (i.e., via software control) at the Tx, different channel data information can be received at different output ports of the splitter. It can increase the flexibility of optical signal distribution and routing. (ii) Besides, the proposed optical splitter can support the fundamental TE0 mode and the higher modes TE1, TE2, etc. Supporting mode-division multiplexing and multi-mode operation are important for future optical interconnects since the number of port counts is limited by the chip size. This can significantly increase the capacity besides wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and spatial division multiplexing (SDM). The integrated SiPh MDM optical power splitter consists of a mode up-conversion section implemented by asymmetric directional couplers (ADCs) and a Y-branch structure for MDM power distribution. Here, we also propose and discuss the use of the Genetic algorithm (GA) for the MDM optical power splitter parameter optimization. Finally, to provide adjustable data rates at different output ports after the MDM optical power splitter, non-orthogonal multiple access—orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (NOMA-OFDM) is also employed. Experimental results validate that, in three modes (TE0, TE1, and TE2), user-1 and user-2 achieve data rates of (user-1: greater than 22 Gbit/s; user-2: greater than 12 Gbit/s) and (user-1: greater than 12 Gbit/s; user-2: 24 Gbit/s), respectively, at power-ratio (PR) = 2.0 or 3.0. Each channel meets the hard-decision forward-error-correction (HD-FEC, i.e., BER = 3.8 × 10−3) threshold. The proposed method allows flexible data rate allocation for multiple users for optical interconnects and system-on-chip networks.
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Ismael, Mohammed Nasih. "Improved Performance Analysis of FSO Communication Link under the effect of Moderate Haze Phenomena and Heavy Haze Phenomena in SDM based on EDFA Pre-amplifier." Webology 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 4174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19275.
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Free Space Optics is of high bandwidth medium, having extreme rate of data. The need for enormous capacity of data speed has exponentially risen up because of the immense internet services widely reached. Thus, by means of the increasing rate of transmission and necessity in the area communication that is optical has turned into costing too much. The primary limitation of the system FSO is environment phenomena which probably indicate to maximum bit error rate (BER) of the system and makes the communication link impractical. However, the environment phenomena such as (moderate haze phenomena and heavy haze phenomena) cause attenuation thus will decrease the distance of communication system. In this paper, different combinations have been apply to improves the strength of weak signal in the free space optics (FSO) communication link under the effect of environment phenomena in spatial division multiplexing (SDM) based on erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) Pre-amplifier.
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Zhang, Shengyu, Kwan-Lawrence Yeung, and Along Jin. "LBFA: A Load-Balanced and Fragmentation-Aware Resource Allocation Algorithm in Space-Division Multiplexing Elastic Optical Networks." Photonics 8, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8100456.
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We consider a space-division multiplexing elastic optical network (SDM-EON) that supports super-channels (SChs). A Sch comprises a set of contiguous frequency slots on multiple cores in a multi-core fiber. The problem of finding a lightpath using SChs involves routing, modulation, spectrum and core assignment (RMSCA). To minimize the request blocking probability (RBP), two critical issues must be addressed. First, routing and modulation assignment (RMA) should not cause hotspots, or overutilized links. Second, spectrum and core assignment (SCA) should aim at minimizing fragmentation, or small frequency slot blocks that can hardly be utilized by future requests. In this paper, a pre-computation method is first proposed for better load balancing in RMA. Then an efficient fragmentation-aware SCA is proposed based on a new fragmentation metric that measures both the spectral and spatial fragmentation. With the enhanced RMA and SCA, a joint load-balanced and fragmentation-aware algorithm called LBFA is designed to solve the RMSCA problem. As compared with the existing algorithms, simulation results show that our LBFA provides significant reduction in RBP.
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Saitoh, Kunimasa, and Shoichiro Matsuo. "Multicore fibers for large capacity transmission." Nanophotonics 2, no. 5-6 (December 16, 2013): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2013-0037.
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AbstractWe experience Internet traffic growth of 100 times every 10 years. However, the capacity of existing standard single-mode fiber is approaching its fundamental limit regardless of significant realization of transmission technologies which allow for high spectral efficiencies. Space division multiplexing (SDM) based on multicore fibers (MCFs) has emerged as a solution to the problem of saturation of the capacity of optical transmission systems. This article presents the recent progress on the MCFs for future large capacity long-distance transmission systems. In MCFs, there is a tradeoff relationship between low crosstalk and high multiplicity, therefore the maximum number of cores and the core arrangement have to be carefully determined based on the required crosstalk level and core size. The state-of-the-art of fabricated MCFs and the transmission experiments using MCFs are reviewed. The current maximum capacity-distance product in MCF transmission is 368.2 (184.1+184.1) Pb/s/fiber km with the relative spatial efficiency of 4.7 compared with a standard single-mode fiber. In order to increase the spatial efficiency as well as the capacity-distance product further in MCFs, the possibility of heterogeneous MCFs and few-mode MCFs is also presented.
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Elamassie, Mohammed, and Murat Uysal. "Free Space Optical Communication: An Enabling Backhaul Technology for 6G Non-Terrestrial Networks." Photonics 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2023): 1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10111210.
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The deployment of non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) is envisioned to achieve global coverage for 6G and beyond. In addition to space nodes, aerial NTN nodes such as high-altitude platform stations (HAPSs) and rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) could be deployed, based on the intended coverage and operational altitude requirements. NTN nodes have the potential to support both wireless access and backhauling. While the onboard base station provides wireless access for the end users, the backhauling link connects the airborne/space-borne base station to the core network. With its high data transmission capability comparable to fiber optics and its ability to operate in the interference-free optical spectrum, free space optical (FSO) communication is ideally suited to backhauling requirements in NTNs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive tutorial on airborne FSO backhauling. We first delve into the fundamentals of FSO signal transmission and discuss aspects such as geometrical loss, atmospheric attenuation, turbulence-induced fading, and pointing errors, all of which are critical for determining received signal levels and related link budget calculations. Then, we discuss the requirements of airborne backhaul system architectures, based on use cases. While single-layer backhaul systems are sufficient for providing coverage in rural areas, multi-layer designs are typically required to establish connectivity in urban areas, where line of sight (LoS) links are harder to maintain. We review physical layer design principles for FSO-based airborne links, discussing both intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) and coherent modulation/coherent demodulation (CM/CD). Another critical design criteria for airborne backhauling is self-sustainability, which is further discussed in our paper. We conclude the paper by discussing current challenges and future research directions. In this context, we discuss reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) and spatial division multiplexing (SDM), for improved performance and an extended transmission range. We emphasize the importance of advanced handover techniques and scalability issues for practical implementation. We also highlight the growing role of artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) and their potential applications in the design and optimization of future FSO-based NTNs.
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"Nonlinear Distortion Cancellation in Spatial Division Multiplexing System Based on RZ-Coded PCTWs Technique." Iraqi Journal of Computer, Communication, Control and System Engineering, April 30, 2020, 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33103/uot.ijccce.20.2.6.
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spatial division multiplexing (SDM) system has been considered as promising systems due to its ability to transport a higher bit rate for longer transmission distance. However, nonlinear phase noise (NPN (degrades SDM system performance. In this paper, we propose return-to-zero (RZ)-coded phase-conjugated twin waves (PCTWs) to improve the effectiveness of nonlinear distortion cancellation in the SDM system. In this approach, the PCTWs are modulated by m-array quadrature amplitude modulation (mQAM) then RZ encoded. After that, RZ-mQAM PCTWs are co-propagated over two fibres links. The received signals are superimposed to suppress the NPN. An analytical model that characterizes the performance of spatial-multiplexed (SM) RZ-coded PCTWs scheme is developed. Moreover, we numerically investigate the system performance with 4QAM format at 20Gsymbol/s rate. The results display that the performance is substantially better for the proposed scheme. Transmission reaches of both 4QAM PCTWs and RZ-4QAM PCTWs schemes are extended by 77.8% and 100%, respectively, in contrast with the 4QAM scheme.
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Ibrahem, Heba Talla Adel, Ashraf Yehya Hassan, and Abdelhalim zekry. "Improving Interference Cancellation in Spatial Division Multiplexing Using a Combination of the Channel Coding and QR-Successive Interference Cancellation." Journal of Communications, 2022, 528–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12720/jcm.17.7.528-540.
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This paper introduces QR-SIC detector to minimize the probability of error comparing to SDM system. Spatial-division-multiplexing (SDM) system is a multiple-inputs-multiple-outputs (MIMO) system used to increase data transmission rate in modern communication systems. The major disadvantage of SDM system is the interference between the received symbols. In this paper, a new trans-receiver architecture for SDM system is introduced. This receiver uses a Successive-Interference-Cancellation (SIC) detector based on QR-decomposition of the channel matrix and a Forward-Error- Correction (FEC) channel code. The proposed architecture merges the interference cancellation process in QR-SIC detector and the forward error correction process in the channel decoder. The feedback symbols in the QR-SIC detector are the output symbols from the channel decoder after they are re-encoded and re-modulated and more robust. The new architecture minimizes the probability of error in the demodulated symbols more than the conventional SDM receiver. If the conventional SDM receiver needs 100 MWATT transmitted power the proposed system needs only 64 MWATT transmitted power. So The new architecture of the SDM receiver can save up to 36% of the transmitted signal power used with the conventional SDM receiver. At BER of 10-4, the convolution codes of code rates 3/4, 1/2, and 1/4 achieve coding gains of 15 dB, 24 dB, and 30 dB with respect to the uncoded 4-antennas SDM receiver. the proposed SDM receiver at BER of 10-4 is 2dB, 1.5 dB, and 0.9 dB better than the BER performance of the conventional coded SDM receiver at the same code rates and the same number of antenna. The enhancement in the BER performance of the proposed SDM receiver increases as the code gain of the used code. This increase in the power efficiency and bandwidth comes at the expense of an increase in the receiver complexity and latency
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Iyer, Sridhar. "On the Cost Minimization in Space Division Multiplexing Based Elastic Optical Networks." Journal of Optical Communications, August 28, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2018-0127.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe required upgradation of the single-mode fibre (SMF)’s network capacity constrained by the non-linear Shannon’s limit, and the capacity provisioning which is needed by the future diverse Internet traffic can be resolved by the space division multiplexing (SDM) based elastic optical networks (EONs) (SDM-b-EONs). Recently, the multiple core fibre (MCF) technology has gained momentum over the current multi-fibre (MF) technology after laboratory experiments conducted on MCF models established much lower inter-core crosstalk values. In view of channel assignment, the spatial-super-channel (Spat-Sup-Chn) method has evolved as a prime candidate owing to its use of the joint switching (JoSw) mechanism which minimizes the cost. In the current work, in a JoSw based MCF enabled SDM-b-EON, for provisioning the demands; we aim at cost minimization while assigning both, the spectral and the spatial resources. Initially, we establish that in specific cases; use of the complete core allotment (CCA) technique, which uses all the MCF cores to provision the demands, leads to spectrum underutilization following which; we introduce a novel core adapting allotment (CAA) technique which adapts the cores amounts. We then investigate the possibility of using the CAA technique to provision the Spat-Sup-Chns simultaneously ensuring the same spectral requirements as needed when the CCA technique is used. For the performance evaluations, we consider the 37 core trench-assisted MCFs and our results show that by using the CAA technique, indeed there is a possibility of the transceivers amount being minimized in effect resulting in the Spat-Sup-Chn method being an economically practical solution.
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Liu, Junyi, Jingxing Zhang, Jie Liu, Zhenrui Lin, Zhenhua Li, Zhongzheng Lin, Junwei Zhang, et al. "1-Pbps orbital angular momentum fibre-optic transmission." Light: Science & Applications 11, no. 1 (July 5, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41377-022-00889-3.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSpace-division multiplexing (SDM), as a main candidate for future ultra-high capacity fibre-optic communications, needs to address limitations to its scalability imposed by computation-intensive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) digital signal processing (DSP) required to eliminate the crosstalk caused by optical coupling between multiplexed spatial channels. By exploiting the unique propagation characteristics of orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes in ring core fibres (RCFs), a system that combines SDM and C + L band dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) in a 34 km 7-core RCF is demonstrated to transport a total of 24960 channels with a raw (net) capacity of 1.223 (1.02) Peta-bit s−1 (Pbps) and a spectral efficiency of 156.8 (130.7) bit s−1 Hz−1. Remarkably for such a high channel count, the system only uses fixed-size 4 × 4 MIMO DSP modules with no more than 25 time-domain taps. Such ultra-low MIMO complexity is enabled by the simultaneous weak coupling among fibre cores and amongst non-degenerate OAM mode groups within each core that have a fixed number of 4 modes. These results take the capacity of OAM-based fibre-optic communications links over the 1 Pbps milestone for the first time. They also simultaneously represent the lowest MIMO complexity and the 2nd smallest fibre cladding diameter amongst reported few-mode multicore-fibre (FM-MCF) SDM systems of >1 Pbps capacity. We believe these results represent a major step forward in SDM transmission, as they manifest the significant potentials for further up-scaling the capacity per optical fibre whilst keeping MIMO processing to an ultra-low complexity level and in a modularly expandable fashion.
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Iyer, Sridhar. "Resource Efficient Online Routing Enabled Translucent Space Division Multiplexing Based Elastic Optical Networks." Journal of Optical Communications, February 6, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2019-0001.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn the current work, we focus on the optimization of lightpath routing in a Space Division Multiplexing based Elastic Optical Network (SDM-b-EON) for which we propose an online routing algorithm, named as Resource Efficient Online Routing Algorithm with Regeneration (REORAwR) which, in addition to ensuring the routing of translucent lightpaths through spectral super-channels over spatial modes links also accounts for the presence of the transceivers in the network. The proposed REORAwR algorithm is tunable such that it can either aim to reduce the bandwidth blocking probability or can aim to minimize the overall consumed power. In regard to regeneration, we investigate two scenarios which differ in their regeneration variability level in addition to the adjustment of modulation formats as per the transmission route characteristics. We conduct extensive simulations considering two realistic network topologies and realistic transmission reach values. The obtained results demonstrate that significant benefits can be obtained in regard to the utilization of both the major network resources (spectrum and transceivers) when regeneration is conducted with complete flexibility and modulation format conversion is also permitted at every node of the SDM-b-EON. In addition, the obtained results also show that when compared to spectrum usage, in terms of the overall consumed power, the performance profits which can be obtained in a translucent SDM-b-EON are very small.
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Zhou, Wu, Zunyue Zhang, Hao Chen, Hon Ki Tsang, and Yeyu Tong. "Ultra‐Compact and Efficient Integrated Multichannel Mode Multiplexer in Silicon for Few‐Mode Fibers." Laser & Photonics Reviews, February 22, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202300460.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSpace‐division multiplexing (SDM) is one of the key enabling technologies to increase the capacity of fiber communication systems. However, implementing SDM‐based systems using multimode fiber has been challenging with the need for compact, low‐cost, and scalable mode de/multiplexer (DE/MUX). Here a novel integrated mode MUX for few‐mode fibers (FMFs) is presented which can launch up to eight spatial and polarization channels. The new design is composed of a 2D multimode grating coupler (MMGC), highly compact spot size converters (SSCs), and adiabatic directional couplers (ADCs). Eight data lanes in FMFs can be selectively launched with integrated optical phase shifters. Experimental results reveal efficient chip‐to‐fiber coupling with peak efficiencies of −3.8, −5.5, −3.6, and −4.1 dB for LP01, LP11a, LP11b, and LP21b modes, respectively. Thanks to the use of an integrated subwavelength Mikaelian lens for mode‐independent field size conversion with loss ≤−0.25 dB, the total footprint of the MMGC and SSCs is only 35×35 µm2. The proposed design shows great potential for densely integrated photonic circuits in future SDM applications.
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Iyer, Sridhar. "On the Performance of Protected and Online Routing Enabled Translucent Space Division Multiplexing-Based Elastic Optical Networks." Journal of Optical Communications, January 23, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2018-0187.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn this article, we focus on the optimization of lightpath routing in an online Space Division Multiplexing-based Elastic Optical Network (SDM-b-EON) which is protected by the dedicated route protection (DRP) strategy. In view of the aforementioned, the Online Protection and Routing Algorithm with Regeneration (OPaRAwR) method is proposed which (i) protects the lightpaths through DRP, (ii) accounts for the presence of transceivers in the network, and (iii) ensures the routing of translucent lightpaths through the spectral super-channels over the spatial modes links. In regard to regeneration, we investigate two scenarios which differ in their regeneration variability level in addition to the adjustment of modulation formats (MFs) as per the transmission route characteristics. Extensive simulation experiments are conducted considering realistic transmission reach values and two realistic network topologies. The obtained simulation results demonstrate that the proposed OPaRAwR method significantly outperforms various reference techniques in terms of bandwidth blocking probability (BwBP). In addition, the results also show that significant benefits can be obtained in regard to the utilization of resources (spectrum and transceivers) with much lesser BwBP when the regeneration is conducted with complete flexibility and MF conversion is also permitted at every node of the SDM-b-EON.
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wang, yunjie, Haisong Jiang, and Kiichi HAMAMOTO. "Space-mode compressor by using nano-pixel." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, June 21, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac7b0e.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Spatial-division-multiplexing (SDM), as a promising way to enhance the fiber transmission capacity of optical networks, has been widely researched, and still suffers from the problem of device size increasing along with the space-mode order increasing. In order to solve this problem, optical mode field compression method is needed, however, it is difficult to realize for traditional optical waveguide. To achieve highly dense photonic integrated circuit for the transmission of higher order space-mode, a space-mode compressor by using nano-pixel structure was proposed and investigated in this work. A supervised machine learning model using deep neural network was used to design and optimize space-mode compressor based on nano-pixel structure. As a simulated result, we achieved possible nano-pixel configurations for the purpose of mode-compression and there is more than 50% size compression for the 0th and 1st order modes, as well as 46% size compression for 2nd and 35% for 3rd order modes.
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Cảnh, Trần Văn, and Trần Xuân Nam. "Thỏa hiệp phẩm chất BER-độ phức tạp trong các hệ thống chuyển tiếp vô tuyến MIMO-SDM-AF sử dụng tách tín hiệu kết hợp rút gọn dàn." Các công trình nghiên cứu, phát triển và ứng dụng Công nghệ Thông tin và Truyền thông, June 30, 2016, 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32913/mic-ict-research-vn.v1.n35.183.
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Relay communication systems have attracted great attention recently due to their advantages in coverage extension, improved signal quality as well as increased end-to-end throughput. In the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) spatial-division multiplexing (SDM) amplify-and-forward (AF) relay communication systems, the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system depends significantly on the signal detector at the destination. However, optimal detectors which provide the minimum BER often require probitive complexity. In order to make it possible for practical implementation, we propose to apply the lattice reduction (LR) to the linear detectors at the destination receiver in order to balance the trade-off between their detection performance and computational complexity. Our analysis shows that the LR-aided (LRA) linear detectors using zero forcing (ZF) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) can achieve signifcant improvement in BER performance over the linear ZF and MMSE detectors while requiring the same complexity order.
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Pohle, Dennis. "Intelligent self calibration tool for adaptive few-mode fiber multiplexers using multiplane light conversion." Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications, April 19, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jeos/2023020.
Full textAbstract:
Space division multiplexing (SDM) is promising to enhance capacity limits of optical networks. Among implementation options, few-mode fibres (FMFs) offer high efficiency gains in terms of integratability and throughput per volume. However, to achieve low insertion loss and low crosstalk, the beam launching should match the fiber modes precisely. We propose an all-optical data-driven technique based on multiplane light conversion (MPLC) and neural networks (NNs). By using a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM), spatially separated input beams are transformed independently to coaxial output modes. Compared to conventional offline calculation of SLM phase masks, we employ an intelligent two-stage approach that considers knowledge of the experimental environment significantly reducing misalignment. First, a single-layer NN called Model-NN learns the beam propagation through the setup and provides a digital twin of the apparatus. Second, another single-layer NN called Actor-NN controls the model. As a result, SLM phase masks are predicted and employed in the experiment to shape an input beam to a target output. We show results on a single-passage configuration with intensity-only shaping. We achieve a correlation between experiment and network prediction of 0.65. Using programmable optical elements, our method allows the implementation of aberration correction and distortion compensation techniques, which enables secure high-capacity long-reach FMF-based communication systems by adaptive mode multiplexing devices.
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Zhang, Yifan, Yifei Zhao, Ziwei Fang, Jiantao Liu, Changming Xia, Zhiyun Hou, Xuesong Zhao, et al. "A novel multicore Er/Yb co-doped microstructured optical fiber amplifier with peanut-shaped air holes cladding." Nanophotonics, February 16, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2023-0584.
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Abstract The multicore fiber amplifier, as a key component in spatial division multiplexing (SDM) communication systems, presents higher technical difficulty compared to traditional multi-channel single core fiber amplifiers, which has sparked widespread attention. To achieve balance, efficiency, miniaturization, and cost-effectiveness in the performance of multi-core optical fiber amplifiers, we propose an innovative triple cladding 13-core Er/Yb co-doped microstructured fiber (13CEYDMOF). The proposed fiber features an outer cladding with peanut-shaped air holes, which enables uniform excitation of the 13 cores using a single multimode laser pump source within the inner cladding. This approach also prevents damage or aging of the fiber’s outer coating due to the pump laser. Furthermore, the design of Peanut-Shaped Air Holes effectively increases the numerical aperture (NA) of the inner cladding while reducing the outer diameter of the fiber, enhancing the fiber’s mechanical flexibility. To address the coupling difficulties caused by air holes, we bi-directionally pump the 13CEYDMOFA by utilizing a combined technique of the side winding and end pumping. The experimental results show that the 13CEYDMOFA can achieve an average gain of 23.8 dB, a noise figure (NF) of ∼4.6 dB, and an inter-core gain difference of less than 2 dB in the wavelength range of 1529–1565 nm. The in-line amplified transmission experiment demonstrates that the 13CEYDMOFA is well suited for the 13 spatial channels transmission. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to realize high performance telecommunication band amplification in a multicore microstructure fiber.