Academic literature on the topic 'Spatial correlation'

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Journal articles on the topic "Spatial correlation"

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Dürre, Alexander, Daniel Vogel, and Roland Fried. "Spatial sign correlation." Journal of Multivariate Analysis 135 (March 2015): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2014.12.002.

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Müller, Ulrich K., and Mark W. Watson. "Spatial Correlation Robust Inference." Econometrica 90, no. 6 (2022): 2901–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta19465.

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We propose a method for constructing confidence intervals that account for many forms of spatial correlation. The interval has the familiar “estimator plus and minus a standard error times a critical value” form, but we propose new methods for constructing the standard error and the critical value. The standard error is constructed using population principal components from a given “worst‐case” spatial correlation model. The critical value is chosen to ensure coverage in a benchmark parametric model for the spatial correlations. The method is shown to control coverage in finite sample Gaussian settings in a restricted but nonparametric class of models and in large samples whenever the spatial correlation is weak, that is, with average pairwise correlations that vanish as the sample size gets large. We also provide results on the efficiency of the method.
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Takahashi, Taro, Takeshi Sato, Hideo Aizaki, Na Guo, Yasuhiro Nakashima, Shigeo Ogawa, Nanae Yamada, and Xiaoyun Zheng. "Three-dimensional spatial correlation." Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences 6, no. 3 (April 25, 2013): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12076-013-0095-6.

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Martellosio, Federico. "THE CORRELATION STRUCTURE OF SPATIAL AUTOREGRESSIONS." Econometric Theory 28, no. 6 (April 27, 2012): 1373–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466612000175.

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This paper investigates how the correlations implied by a first-order simultaneous autoregressive (SAR(1)) process are affected by the weights matrix and the autocorrelation parameter. A graph theoretic representation of the covariances in terms of walks connecting the spatial units helps to clarify a number of correlation properties of the processes. In particular, we study some implications of row-standardizing the weights matrix, the dependence of the correlations on graph distance, and the behavior of the correlations at the extremes of the parameter space. Throughout the analysis differences between directed and undirected networks are emphasized. The graph theoretic representation also clarifies why it is difficult to relate properties of W to correlation properties of SAR(1) models defined on irregular lattices.
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Kerscher, Martin. "Spatial range of conformity." Astronomy & Astrophysics 615 (July 2018): A109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731212.

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Context. Properties of galaxies, such as their absolute magnitude and stellar mass content, are correlated. These correlations are tighter for close pairs of galaxies, which is called galactic conformity. In hierarchical structure formation scenarios, galaxies form within dark matter haloes. To explain the amplitude and spatial range of galactic conformity two-halo terms or assembly bias become important. Aims. With the scale dependent correlation coefficients, the amplitude and spatial range of conformity are determined from galaxy and halo samples. Methods. The scale dependent correlation coefficients are introduced as a new descriptive statistic to quantify the correlations between properties of galaxies or haloes, depending on the distances to other galaxies or haloes. These scale dependent correlation coefficients can be applied to the galaxy distribution directly. Neither a splitting of the sample into subsamples, nor an a priori clustering is needed. Results. This new descriptive statistic is applied to galaxy catalogues derived from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III and to halo catalogues from the MultiDark simulations. In the galaxy sample the correlations between absolute magnitude, velocity dispersion, ellipticity, and stellar mass content are investigated. The correlations of mass, spin, and ellipticity are explored in the halo samples. Both for galaxies and haloes a scale dependent conformity is confirmed. Moreover the scale dependent correlation coefficients reveal a signal of conformity out to 40 Mpc and beyond. The halo and galaxy samples show a differing amplitude and range of conformity.
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Nashriyah, Siti Fadhilatun, Martya Rahmaniati Makhful, and Yuli Puspita Devi. "GAMBARAN SPASIAL HUBUNGAN ANTARA FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN DAN EKONOMI DENGAN STUNTING BALITA DI PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR." Jurnal Spatial Wahana Komunikasi dan Informasi Geografi 23, no. 2 (March 20, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/spatial.232.01.

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Background: The President through Presidential Regulation Number 72 of 2021 is committed to accelerating the reduction of stunting in Indonesia. The stunting priority areas also continue to be increased from year to year. In Indonesia, East Nusa Tenggara Province is the province with the highest prevalence of stunting, namely 37.8% in 2021. Objective: To find out the spatial picture and the correlation between environmental factors and economic factors with the prevalence of stunting in East Nusa Tenggara Province in 2021. Methods: The research design is an ecological study with a spatial approach. This study uses secondary data in the form of reports issued by the Indonesian Ministry of Health (SSGI: Indonesian Nutritional Status Study) and the BKKBN (PK: Family Data Collection) in 2021 with district/city-level analysis units in East Nusa Tenggara Province. Data analysis used a correlation test and mapping was carried out using the QGIS 2.8.1 application. Results: The prevalence of stunting in NTT Province tends to be high in the eastern part while the risk factors for stunting (unfavorable environment and economy) tend to be high in the western part. The correlation test showed that the correlation between the prevalence of stunting and the poor was 0.165 (p = 0.463); with inadequate latrines of 0.420 (p = 0.052); and with inadequate drinking water sources of 0.426 (p = 0.048).
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Gautam, Sneha, Jaydev Teraiya, and Aditya Kuma Patra. "Spatial statistics, spatial correlation and spatial graph theory in air pollution." Environmental Technology & Innovation 11 (August 2018): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2018.07.002.

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Adutwum, Jerry Oppong, and Junji Matsumura. "Spatiotemporal variation and covariation of heartwood color in planted teak wood from Ghana." BioResources 17, no. 4 (September 19, 2022): 6178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.4.6178-6190.

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Heartwood color is a complex trait that affects the economic and aesthetic value of the wood but is highly variable. How the color of the heartwood varies spatially and temporally is poorly understood. To illustrate how heartwood color varies within a tree, two opposite aspects of wood within the same tree, representing differential growth rate, were used to model the long-short axis system jointly. The color of the heartwood on the long and the short axis was considered to be two different traits. By jointly modeling the long and short axes, the correlation was examined between aspect (spatial) and contemporaneous correlations (within aspect). Spatial and temporal correlations and their interactions describe the indirect physiological, genetic, and environmental changes in wood formation with time and position in the trunk. Spatial correlations were consistently lower than temporal correlations but were positive and significant. Between the heartwood color parameters, b* showed a relatively higher spatial correlation. The results suggest that there is a spatial correlation in the long-short axis for all color parameters and in the two surfaces. Variations between aspects were not statistically significant for any color parameter. The bivariate mixed model method revealed hidden physics behind heartwood color formation. Models need to be developed to account for both spatial and temporal dependence in studies of wood property change.
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Lei Zhang and Paul Bao. "Denoising by spatial correlation thresholding." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 13, no. 6 (June 2003): 535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2003.813426.

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Xiong, Jinjun, Vladimir Zolotov, and Lei He. "Robust Extraction of Spatial Correlation." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 26, no. 4 (April 2007): 619–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2006.884403.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spatial correlation"

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Sweet, Dustin L. "Forecasting unemployment with spatial correlation." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4250.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (July 11, 2006) Includes bibliographical references.
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Markham, Deborah Claire. "Spatial correlation models for cell populations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:db5e3d9c-1871-4da1-9e20-c7e04b8256ae.

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Determining the emergent behaviour of a population from the interactions of its individuals is an ongoing challenge in the modelling of biological phenomena. Many classical models assume that the spatial location of each individual is independent of the locations of all other individuals. This mean-field assumption is not always realistic; in biological systems we frequently see clusters of individuals develop from uniform initial conditions. In this thesis, we explore situations in which the mean-field approximation is no longer valid for volume-excluding processes on a regular lattice. We provide methods which take into account the spatial correlations between lattice sites, thus more accurately reflecting the system's behaviour, and discuss methods which can provide information as to the validity of mean-field and other approximations.
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Heddle, Steven B. "Optical correlation using pixellated spatial light modulators." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14043.

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Optical correlation by filtering in the Fourier plane of an optical processor has recently received much attention, due to the advent of rapidly reconfigurable Fourier plane filters - spatial light modulators (SLMs). Many algorithms have been developed to generate filters, mostly binary in nature in line with the capabilities of current SLMs. This thesis reviews optical correlation techniques and SLM technology, before turning attention to the consequences of the pixellated structure of the Fourier plane filters generally necessary to enable arbitrary filter patterns to be written to an SLM. Conventionally the pixels are identical and regularly spaced on a rectangular grid. This is shown to lead to replication in the output plane of the correlator, and aliasing if the input exceeds dimensions related to the pixel spacing in the Fourier plane flter. If the input is also provided by an SLM, this requires the number of pixels across the filter SLM (its space-bandwidth product) to be greater than or equal to that of the input, even though the target itself may occupy only a small area of the total input scene, in order to prevent aliasing and misleading correlation results. If the replication and aliasing could be prevented, the space bandwidth product of the filter need only be matched to that of the target to be detected, rather than the entire input scene. The replicas arise through convolution with distinct spectral orders in the SLM's Fourier spectrum. A means of eliminating the spectral orders other than the zero order through randomisation of the pixel positions is presented and analysed, and implemented on transmissive matrix addressed SLMs custom designed and built for the work of this thesis.
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Öster, Jonas. "Spatial correlation between lightning strikes and whistler observations." Thesis, KTH, Rymd- och plasmafysik, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-91828.

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A whistler wave is a Very Low frequency (VLF) trace that obtains its characteristics from dispersive propagation in the magnetosphere. Field-aligned ducts of enhanced plasma density ensure the propagation from one hemisphere to the other. The origin of these signals is lightning strikes that emit radiation which spans the entire spectrum with the bulk being in the VLF band. The VLF portion can travel great distances within the Earth-ionosphere waveguide (EIWG) before penetrating through the ionosphere, and exciting a duct. The relative location, compared to the duct, of those strikes that cause whistlers is unknown. It is of interest to examine where the whistlers that have been observed at Tihany, Hungary, and Dunedin, Nerv Zealand, originate. This is one tool to gain further understanding of the properties, especially the plasma density structure, of the ionosphere and the magnetosphere. Therefore time series with observed whistlers from these stations has been correlated with lightning data obtained from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). The results show that whistlers observed at Tihany mainly originate from lightning in an area surrounding the magnetic conjugate point which is situated in the ocean just off East London, South Africa. This area, called the source region, has a radius slightly less than 1000 km. Whistlers also originate from lightning activity over the rest of Southern Africa and the northern parts of South America. A clear diurnal distinction is seen in that the correlation is maximized when the whistler station and the source region are covered in darkness. This is believed to relate to the diurnal variation of the ionospheric profile, which becomes more transparent to VLF waves at night. A similar diurnal correlation pattern for Dunedin was also obtained. The general correlation results for Dunedin were very sporadic. Whistler statistics for the two stations and lightning statistics for the Tihany's magnetic conjugate point are also presented. It reveals a general diurnal maximum in received whistlers in dark hours for Tihany with absolute maximum at 1 UTC and for Dunedin, the maximum occurs in the afternoon with absolute maximum at 15 UTC. It also reveals a seasonal maximum when the conjugate point is in the summer season. The lightning statistics for Tihany's magnetic conjugate point reveals a diurnal maximurn ranging from the afternoon until a couple of hour after midnight. Something worth noting is the delay between the peaks of lightning activity and whistler registration at Tihany. The lightning activity peaks around 18 UTC. The explanation is once again believed to relate to the behavior of the ionosphere in darkness.
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Liu, Xiaoli. "Spatial Correlation Study on Hybrid Electric Vehicle Adoption." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397646595.

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Fawcett, Philip Andrew. "An investigation on planar velocimetry by spatial cross correlation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15731.

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Bouchal, Petr. "Correlation and Spiral Microscopy using a Spatial Light Modulation." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-255286.

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Dizertační práce je uceleným shrnutím výsledků dosažených v průběhu doktorského studia. V úvodní části práce je představena motivace, odborné a technické zázemí a grantová podpora realizovaného výzkumu. Popsány jsou také dosažené výsledky a jejich význam pro skupinu Experimentální biofotoniky, Ústavu fyzikálního inženýrství, Vysokého učení technického v Brně. Vědecká část práce je rozdělena do dvou hlavních bloků, které se postupně zabývají návrhem nových zobrazovacích koncepcí a technickou modifikací stávajících zobrazovacích systému v praktických aplikacích. Dosažené vědecké výsledky podporují vývoj v oblastech korelační a spirální mikroskopie s prostorovou modulací světla. V části zabývající se návrhem nových zobrazovacích koncepcí je provedena studie korelačního zobrazení v podmínkách proměnné časové a prostorové koherence. Následně jsou zkoumány možnosti praktického využití vírových a nedifrakčních svazků v oblastech korelační, holografické a optické mikroskopie. Interference vírových svazků a samozobrazení nedifrakčních svazků je postupně využito k dosažení 3D zobrazení s hranovým kontrastem a rotující bodovou rozptylovou funkcí. Pokročilé zobrazovací metody jsou úspěšně zavedeny optickou cestou ale i digitální modifikací holografických záznamů. Výsledky teoretických modelů a numerických simulací jsou doprovázeny praktickým vyhodnocením navržených zobrazovacích principů. V technicky zaměřené části jsou navrženy nové způsoby zavedení prostorové modulace světla, které umožňují rozšíření zorného pole v experimentech korelačního zobrazení a dosažení achromatizace při zobrazení pomocí programovatelných difraktivních prvků. Rozšíření zorného pole v korelačních experimentech umožňuje přizpůsobovací optický systém vložený do standardní zobrazovací sestavy. Achromatizace difraktivního zobrazení je zajištěna použitím speciálně navrženého refraktivního korektoru. V navazující části je navržena nová metoda krokování fáze, která pracuje s dvojlomností kapalných krystalů využívaných v systémech pro prostorovou modulaci světla. Použití metody je experimentálně demonstrováno v polarizačně modifikovaném Mirau interferometru. Získané technické zkušenosti jsou využity v praktickém návrhu a realizaci multimodálního zobrazovacího systému s prostorovou modulací světla.
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Alem, Yibeltal Fantahun. "Sparse recovery on sphere and modelling 3d spatial correlation." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150051.

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Merve, Akis. "Temporal and Spatial Interference Correlations in Cognitive Radio Networks with Vertical Cooperation." Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationsnät, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-91892.

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Cognitive radio technology provides a solution for the spectrum scarcity issue by allowing the unlicensed users which are the cognitive radio devices to share the licensed band with the licensed (primary) users. The abilities of cognitive radio device help the secondary (unlicensed) nodes to observe the licensed band and to adjust their transmission parameters for maintaining the primary communication since in cognitive radio networks, it is essential that the existence of the unlicensed users must not harm the licensed network. Under these circumstances, we consider vertical cooperative transmission where primary transmission is not severely damaged by the secondary interference since each primary pair (transmitter and receiver) selects a neighbor secondary user as a cooperative relay to assist their transmission. Cooperation provides an increase in the signal-tointerference-ratio (SIR) of the primary network which can be harnessed by the secondary network as an additional bandwidth for their communication. We propose three relay selection rules so the influence of the relay’s position over the temporal and spatial correlations can be evaluated for different network conditions. Additionally, we implement primary exclusive region (PER) for each primary pair in the network which covers primary nodes, and all secondary users locate inside the zone become inactive. According to the outage model proposed in paper [2], temporal and spatial correlations are assumed to be 1 and 0 respectively; however it is estimated that regarding the environmental factors and the relay’s location, these correlation values may vary. This thesis work is based on the validation of the assumptions provided in paper [2] and our results demonstrate that the temporal and spatial correlation values changes under different circumstances and with different relay selection rules. The simulation results also show that PER significantly stimulates the cooperation performance thereby increases the transmission quality of the primary network.
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Wang, Zhao Qi. "Real-time optical intensity correlation using photorefractive BSO." Thesis, Abertay University, 1995. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/f1330975-bc23-4532-ac7b-8aeb9cad8c81.

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Real-time optical intensity correlation using a photorefractive BSO crystal and a liquid crystal television is implemented. The underlying physics basis is considered, some specific techniques to improve the operation are proposed, and several optical pattern recognition tasks are achieved. Photorefractive BSO is used as the holographic recording medium in the real-time intensity correlator. To improve the dynamic holographic recording, a moving grating technique is adopted. The nonlinear effects of moving gratings at large fringe modulation are experimentally investigated, and are compared with numerical predictions. Optical bias is adopted to overcome the difficulty of a large drop in the optimum fringe velocity with moving gratings. The effects of optical bias on the optimum fringe velocity and on the diffraction efficiency are studied. To overcome the inherent drawback of low discrimination of intensity correlation in optical pattern recognition, real-time edge-enhanced intensity correlation is achieved by means of nonlinear holographic recording in BSO. Real-time colour object recognition is achieved by using a commercially available and inexpensive colour liquid crystal television in the intensity correlator. Multi-class object recognition is achieved with a synthetic discriminant function filter displayed by the Epson liquid crystal display in the real-time intensity correlator. The phase and intensity modulation properties of the Epson liquid crystal display are studied. A further research topic which uses the Epson liquid crystal display to realize a newly designed spatial filter, the quantized amplitude-compensated matched filter, is proposed. The performance merits of the filter are investigated by means of computer simulations.
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Books on the topic "Spatial correlation"

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Driscoll, John C. Spatial correlations in panel data. [Washington, D.C.]: World Bank, Policy Research Dept., Macroeconomics and Growth Division, 1995.

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Blackledge, J. M. Spatial data representation for rotation invariant correlation. Leicester: De Montfort University, SERCentre, 1996.

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Pinkse, Joris. A simple test for spatial correlation in Probit models. Vancouver: University of British Columbia, Dept. of Economics, 1995.

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Veaux, Richard D. De. Spatial cross-correlation of Antarctic Sea ice and seabed topography. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University, 1990.

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Veaux, Richard D. De. Spatial cross-correlation of Antarctic Sea ice and seabed topography. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University, 1990.

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Garrett, Thomas A. Regional disparities in the spatial correlation of state income growth. [St. Louis, Mo.]: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2005.

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Veaux, Richard D. De. Spatial cross-correlation of Antarctic Sea ice and seabed topography. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University, 1990.

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Mian ban kong jian xiang guan mo xing yan jiu: Li lun he jing yan ying yong. Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she, 2013.

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J, Roth Don, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Spatial variations in A.C. susceptibility and microstructure for the YBaC□uO□x□□ superconductor and their correlation with room-temperature ultrasonic measurements. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Candidate-Penetrative-Fracture Mapping of The Grand Canyon Area, Arizona, from Spatial Correlation of Deep Geophysical Features and Surficial Lineaments, Data Series 121, (DVD-ROM). [S.l: s.n., 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Spatial correlation"

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Shekhar, Shashi, and Hui Xiong. "Spatial Correlation." In Encyclopedia of GIS, 1078. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_1254.

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Young, Linda J., and Jerry H. Young. "Aggregation and Spatial Correlation." In Statistical Ecology, 215–71. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2829-3_7.

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Lee, Sang-Il. "Correlation and Spatial Autocorrelation." In Encyclopedia of GIS, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23519-6_1524-1.

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Lee, Sang-Il. "Correlation and Spatial Autocorrelation." In Encyclopedia of GIS, 360–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17885-1_1524.

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Stafford, Peter J. "Risk Oriented Earthquake Hazard Assessment: Influence of Spatial Discretisation and Non-ergodic Ground-Motion Models." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 169–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_8.

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AbstractThree important aspects of ground-motion modelling for regional or portfolio risk analyses are discussed. The first issue is the treatment of discretisation of continuous ground-motion fields for generating spatially correlated discrete fields. Shortcomings of the present approach in which correlation models based upon point estimates of ground motions are used to represent correlations within and between spatial regions are highlighted. It is shown that risk results will be dependent upon the chosen spatial resolution if the effects of discretisation are not adequately treated. Two aspects of non-ergodic groundmotion modelling are then discussed. Correlation models generally used within risk modelling are traditionally based upon very simple partitioning of ground-motion residuals. As regional risk analyses move to non-ergodic applications where systematic site effects are considered, these correlation models (both inter-period and spatial models) need to be revised. The nature of these revisions are shown herein. Finally, evidence for significantly reduced between-event variability within earthquake sequences is presented. The ability to progressively constrain location and sequence-dependent systematic offsets from ergodic models as earthquake sequences develop can have significant implications for aftershock risk assessments.
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Tang, Fuhui, Xiankai Lu, Xiaoyu Zhang, Xueqian Song, Jiyuan Cai, Hong Zhang, and Jiaru Song. "Spatial Context for Correlation Filter Tracking." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 174–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98776-7_20.

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Merlan, Francesca. "Correlation of textual and spatial reference." In Culture and Language Use, 199–218. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/clu.18.10mer.

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Santos, Andrés. "Spatial Correlation Functions and Thermodynamic Routes." In A Concise Course on the Theory of Classical Liquids, 97–124. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29668-5_4.

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Baltagi, Badi H., and Dong Li. "Prediction in the Panel Data Model with Spatial Correlation." In Advances in Spatial Econometrics, 283–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05617-2_13.

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Wang, Baijie, and Xin Wang. "Spatial Entropy-Based Clustering for Mining Data with Spatial Correlation." In Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 196–208. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20841-6_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Spatial correlation"

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Yu, F. T. S., S. Jutamulia, X. Li, E. Tam, and Don A. Gregory. "Rotatioanlly Invariant Joint Transform Correlation." In Spatial Light Modulators and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/slma.1988.the11.

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Many problems in pattern recognition require the identification of an object that has an unknown rotational orientation, and many rotationally invariant correlation techniques have been proposed.1 This paper describes two rotational-invariant methods utilizing a joint transform correlator that can be implemented with liquid crystal televisions (LCTVs).2
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Javidi, B., C. J. Kuo, and S. F. Odeh. "Bipolar Joint Transform Image Correlator." In Spatial Light Modulators and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/slma.1988.fb2.

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Recently, we have introduced a bipolar joint transform image correlator+ with substantially superior performance compared to the classical optical correlator. The bipolar image correlator uses nonlinearity at the Fourier plane to binarize the Fourier transforms’ interference intensity to only two values, 1 and -1. The performance of the bipolar optical correlator has been compared to the classical optical correlator in the areas of light efficiency, correlation peak to sidelobe ratio, autocorrelation bandwidth, and cross-correlation sensitivity. The correlation signals obtained by the conventional technique suffer from low light efficiency, large correlation sidelobes, large autocorrelation bandwidth, and low discrimination ability. It was shown that compared to the classical correlator, the bipolar joint transform correlator provides significantly higher peak intensity, larger peak to sidelobe ratio, narrower autocorrelation bandwidth, and better cross-correlation sensitivity. The bipolar joint transform correlator produces delta function-like autocorrelation signals, and much narrower and smaller zero order term on the optical axis. Since the autocorrelation functions have delta function features, larger reference images can be used and the restrictions on the locations of the images and their autocorrelation bandwidth, which exists for the classical joint Fourier transform correlator, is eliminated.
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3

Qin, Kun, Yixiang Chen, Yong Zhan, and Fangyuan Cheng. "Spatial clustering considering spatio-temporal correlation." In 2011 19th International Conference on Geoinformatics. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/geoinformatics.2011.5980866.

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Borovytsky, Volodymyr N. "Huygens-Fresnel principle and the spatial bandwidth of an optical system." In Correlation Optics 2017, edited by Oleg V. Angelsky. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2304913.

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Buford, J. F., X. Wu, and V. Krishnaswamy. "Spatial-Temporal Event Correlation." In ICC 2009 - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc.2009.5199474.

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Baboiu, D. M., R. Fuerst, B. Lawrence, W. E. Torruellas, and G. I. Stegeman. "Spatial Modulational Instability in a Quadratic Medium: Theory and Experiment." In Photon Correlation and Scattering. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pcs.1996.sub.1.

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The stability of wave propagation has always been a major concern in nonlinear optics. The breakup of an intense monochromatic beam in a Kerr-type self-focusing medium was among the first nonlinear optical effects observed and is well-understood for third order nonlinear materials[1]. In geometries with two transverse dimensions, the nonlinear Schrodinger leads to catastrophic self-focusing (blow-up instability). Furthermore, one-dimensional solutions, when used in a geometry with two transverse dimensions, will also be subject to a large class of perturbations which lead to instabilities. Recently new origins for self-focusing effects have been observed in media with quadratic nonlinearities involving the strong coupling between a fundamental (FW) and a second harmonic (SH) beam.[2] The spatial instability properties of such a coupled two-beam system have not yet been investigated to date. Here we report a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of this phenomenon for quasi-one-dimensional beam inputs in a quadratic medium, KTP, near its phase-matching condition for second harmonic generation (SHG).
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Gheen, Gregory, Edward Washwell, and David Armitage. "The Effect of Filter Pixelation on Optical Correlation." In Spatial Light Modulators and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/slma.1990.tuc12.

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There are a number of factors that impinge upon the design of spatial light modulators (SLMs) for use in 2-dimensional optical correlators. Some of the issues that have received attention include: array size, contrast ratio, gray scale, electronic addressing, and approaches towards amplitude and phase modulation.1-3 Missing from this discussion are the problems associated with using a pixelated spatial filter and ways to remedy this problem. This is most unfortunate since most SLMs used in the filter plane have an inherent pixelated structure. The objective of this paper is to draw attention to this problem and propose a solution.
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Lukin, Anatoly V., D. V. Protasevich, and M. Y. Znamenskii. "Computer-generated hologram optical elements with high spatial frequency." In International Conference on Correlation Optics, edited by Oleg V. Angelsky. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.295677.

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Trezza, J. A., R. D. Stack, and K. Kang. "Large Format GaAs Based Spatial Light Modulators and Their use in Optical Correlation Applications." In Spatial Light Modulators. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/slmo.1997.sma.2.

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Spatial light modulators (SLMs) are the key component for real time electro-optical signal processing, computing, holographic optical memory storage, free space optical interconnect, information processing, and data conversion systems. We have used our SLM technology to develop several optical processing and data routing demonstration units including beam steering units and optical correlators. The later have been created with maximum speed of 600,000 128 x 128 2-D correlations per second.
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Juday, Richard D. "Optical Correlation with a Cross-Coupled Spatial Light Modulator." In Spatial Light Modulators and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/slma.1988.fb4.

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In correlation filtering a spatial light modulator (SLM) is usually modeled as affecting only the phase or only the amplitude of light. Usually it is a one-parameter combination of phase and amplitude that correctly describes the action. We develop an integral equation as a necessary condition that includes the phase and amplitude cross-coupling while optimizing a correlation filter. The phase-only filter is shown as a special case. A technique for solving the integral equation is outlined for a phase-mostly SLM.
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Reports on the topic "Spatial correlation"

1

Sprague, R. A. Spatial Correlation of Ionospheric Variability. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada278105.

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2

Dingel, Jonathan, Kyle Meng, and Solomon Hsiang. Spatial Correlation, Trade, and Inequality: Evidence from the Global Climate. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25447.

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3

Gregory, Don A., II Outerbridge, and Gregory J. Optical Correlation Based Pose Estimation Using Bipolar Amplitude Spatial Light Modulators. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada574398.

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4

Wheelock, David C., Gary A. Wagner, and Thomas A. Garrett. Regional Disparities in the Spatial Correlation of State Income Growth, 1977-2002. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2005.061.

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Rautman, C. Estimates of spatial correlation in volcanic tuff, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/138040.

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Rosenkrantz, Andrew B. Prostate Cancer Detection Using High-Spatial Resolution MRI at 7.0 Tesla: Correlation with Histopathologic Findings at Radical Prostatectomy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada568025.

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Rosenkrantz, Andrew B. Prostate Cancer Detection Using High-Spatial Resolution MRI at 7.0 Tesla: Correlation with Histopathologic Findings at Radical Prostatectomy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada590561.

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Hodgdon, Taylor, Anthony Fuentes, Brian Quinn, Bruce Elder, and Sally Shoop. Characterizing snow surface properties using airborne hyperspectral imagery for autonomous winter mobility. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42189.

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With changing conditions in northern climates it is crucial for the United States to have assured mobility in these high-latitude regions. Winter terrain conditions adversely affect vehicle mobility and, as such, they must be accurately characterized to ensure mission success. Previous studies have attempted to remotely characterize snow properties using varied sensors. However, these studies have primarily used satellite-based products that provide coarse spatial and temporal resolution, which is unsuitable for autonomous mobility. Our work employs the use of an Unmanned Aeriel Vehicle (UAV) mounted hyperspectral camera in tandem with machine learning frameworks to predict snow surface properties at finer scales. Several machine learning models were trained using hyperspectral imagery in tandem with in-situ snow measurements. The results indicate that random forest and k-nearest neighbors models had the lowest Mean Absolute Error for all surface snow properties. A pearson correlation matrix showed that density, grain size, and moisture content all had a significant positive correlation to one another. Mechanically, density and grain size had a slightly positive correlation to compressive strength, while moisture had a much weaker negative correlation. This work provides preliminary insight into the efficacy of using hyperspectral imagery for characterizing snow properties for autonomous vehicle mobility.
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Nieto-Castanon, Alfonso. CONN functional connectivity toolbox (RRID:SCR_009550), Version 18. Hilbert Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.56441/hilbertpress.1818.9585.

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CONN is a Matlab-based cross-platform software for the computation, display, and analysis of functional connectivity in fMRI (fcMRI). Connectivity measures include seed-to-voxel connectivity maps, ROI-to- ROI connectivity matrices, graph properties of connectivity networks, generalized psychophysiological interaction models (gPPI), intrinsic connectivity, local correlation and other voxel-to-voxel measures, independent component analyses (ICA), and dynamic component analyses (dyn-ICA). CONN is available for resting state data (rsfMRI) as well as task-related designs. It covers the entire pipeline from raw fMRI data to hypothesis testing, including spatial coregistration, ART-based scrubbing, aCompCor strategy for control of physiological and movement confounds, first-level connectivity estimation, and second-level random-effect analyses and hypothesis testing.
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Nieto-Castanon, Alfonso. CONN functional connectivity toolbox (RRID:SCR_009550), Version 20. Hilbert Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.56441/hilbertpress.2048.3738.

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CONN is a Matlab-based cross-platform software for the computation, display, and analysis of functional connectivity in fMRI (fcMRI). Connectivity measures include seed-to-voxel connectivity maps, ROI-to- ROI connectivity matrices, graph properties of connectivity networks, generalized psychophysiological interaction models (gPPI), intrinsic connectivity, local correlation and other voxel-to-voxel measures, independent component analyses (ICA), and dynamic component analyses (dyn-ICA). CONN is available for resting state data (rsfMRI) as well as task-related designs. It covers the entire pipeline from raw fMRI data to hypothesis testing, including spatial coregistration, ART-based scrubbing, aCompCor strategy for control of physiological and movement confounds, first-level connectivity estimation, and second-level random-effect analyses and hypothesis testing.
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