Academic literature on the topic 'Spatial body representation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Spatial body representation"
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Tolja, Jader, and Clara Cardia. "Body organisation and spatial representation." Cognitive Processing 7, S1 (August 9, 2006): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10339-006-0084-4.
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Press, Clare, Marisa Taylor-Clarke, Steffan Kennett, and Patrick Haggard. "Visual enhancement of touch in spatial body representation." Experimental Brain Research 154, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1651-x.
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Samad, Majed, and Ladan Shams. "Recalibrating the body: visuotactile ventriloquism aftereffect." PeerJ 6 (March 15, 2018): e4504. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4504.
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Visuotactile ventriloquism is a recently reported effect showing that somatotopic tactile representations (namely, representation of location along the surface of one’s arm) can be biased by simultaneous presentation of a visual stimulus in a spatial localization task along the surface of the skin. Here we investigated whether the exposure to discrepancy between tactile and visual stimuli on the skin can induce lasting changes in the somatotopic representations of space. We conducted an experiment investigating this question by asking participants to perform a localization task that included unisensory and bisensory trials, before and after exposure to spatially discrepant visuotactile stimuli. Participants localized brief flashes of light and brief vibrations that were presented along the surface of their forearms, and were presented either individually (unisensory conditions) or were presented simultaneously at the same location or different locations. We then compared the localization of tactile stimuli in unisensory tactile conditions before and after the exposure to discrepant bisensory stimuli. After exposure, participants exhibited a shift in their tactile localizations in the direction of the visual stimulus that was presented during the exposure block. These results demonstrate that the somatotopic spatial representations are capable of rapidly recalibrating after a very brief exposure to visually discrepant stimuli.
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Struiksma, Marijn E., Matthijs L. Noordzij, and Albert Postma. "Embodied representation of the body contains veridical spatial information." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 64, no. 6 (June 2011): 1124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.552982.
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Haggard, Patrick, Gian Domenico Iannetti, and Matthew R. Longo. "Spatial Sensory Organization and Body Representation in Pain Perception." Current Biology 23, no. 4 (February 2013): R164—R176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.047.
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Cocchini, Gianna, Toni Galligan, Laura Mora, and Gustav Kuhn. "The magic hand: Plasticity of mental hand representation." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 11 (January 1, 2018): 2314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817741606.
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Internal spatial body configurations are crucial to successfully interact with the environment and to experience our body as a three-dimensional volumetric entity. These representations are highly malleable and are modulated by a multitude of afferent and motor information. Despite some studies reporting the impact of sensory and motor modulation on body representations, the long-term relationship between sensory information and mental representation of own body parts is still unclear. We investigated hand representation in a group of expert sleight-of-hand magicians and in a group of age-matched adults naïve to magic (controls). Participants were asked to localise landmarks of their fingers when their hand position was congruent with the mental representation (Experiment 1) and when proprioceptive information was “misleading” (Experiment 2). Magicians outperformed controls in both experiments, suggesting that extensive training in sleight of hand has a profound effect in refining hand representation. Moreover, the impact of training seems to have a high body-part specificity, with a maximum impact for those body sections used more prominently during the training. Interestingly, it seems that sleight-of-hand training can lead to a specific improvement of hand mental representation, which relies less on proprioceptive information.
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Medina, Jared, Shaan Khurshid, Roy H. Hamilton, and H. Branch Coslett. "Examining tactile spatial remapping using transcranial magnetic stimulation." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x647757.
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Previous research has provided evidence for two stages of tactile processing (e.g., Azañon and Soto-Faraco, 2008; Groh and Sparks, 1996). First, tactile stimuli are represented in a somatotopic representation that does not take into account body position in space, followed by a representation of body position in external space (body posture representation, see Medina and Coslett, 2010). In order to explore potential functional and neural dissociations between these two stages of processing, we presented eight participants with TMS before and after a tactile temporal order judgment (TOJ) task (see Yamamoto and Kitazawa, 2001). Participants were tested with their hands crossed and uncrossed before and after 20 min of 1 Hz repetitive TMS (rTMS). Stimulation occurred at the left anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS, somatotopic representation) or left Brodmann Area 5 (BA5, body posture) during two separate sessions. We predicted that left aIPS TMS would affect a somatotopic representation of the body, and would disrupt performance in both the uncrossed and crossed conditions. However, we predicted that TMS of body posture areas (BA5) would disrupt mechanisms for updating limb position with the hands crossed, resulting in a paradoxical improvement in performance after TMS. Using thresholds derived from adaptive staircase procedures, we found that left aIPS TMS disrupted performance in the uncrossed condition. However, left BA5 TMS resulted in a significant improvement in performance with the hands crossed. We discuss these results with reference to potential dissociations of the traditional body schema.
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Long, Xiaoyang, and Sheng-Jia Zhang. "A novel somatosensory spatial navigation system outside the hippocampal formation." Cell Research 31, no. 6 (January 18, 2021): 649–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-00448-8.
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AbstractSpatially selective firing of place cells, grid cells, boundary vector/border cells and head direction cells constitutes the basic building blocks of a canonical spatial navigation system centered on the hippocampal-entorhinal complex. While head direction cells can be found throughout the brain, spatial tuning outside the hippocampal formation is often non-specific or conjunctive to other representations such as a reward. Although the precise mechanism of spatially selective firing activity is not understood, various studies show sensory inputs, particularly vision, heavily modulate spatial representation in the hippocampal-entorhinal circuit. To better understand the contribution of other sensory inputs in shaping spatial representation in the brain, we performed recording from the primary somatosensory cortex in foraging rats. To our surprise, we were able to detect the full complement of spatially selective firing patterns similar to that reported in the hippocampal-entorhinal network, namely, place cells, head direction cells, boundary vector/border cells, grid cells and conjunctive cells, in the somatosensory cortex. These newly identified somatosensory spatial cells form a spatial map outside the hippocampal formation and support the hypothesis that location information modulates body representation in the somatosensory cortex. Our findings provide transformative insights into our understanding of how spatial information is processed and integrated in the brain, as well as functional operations of the somatosensory cortex in the context of rehabilitation with brain-machine interfaces.
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Korneva, VALENTINA. "THE LANGUAGE REPRESENTATION OF SPATIAL ORIENTATION IN SPANISH." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 2 (June 28, 2016): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2016-2-139-144.
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The article specifies the concept of spatial orientation and the potentials of the construction nombre sus-tantivo + adverbio are identified to determine the position of the human body and the body of an animal and an inanimate object in Spanish as well. It describes the functional capacity of the construction and the features of its representation at the lexical, morphological and syntactic levels
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Mora, Laura, Anna Sedda, Teresa Esteban, and Gianna Cocchini. "The signing body: extensive sign language practice shapes the size of hands and face." Experimental Brain Research 239, no. 7 (May 24, 2021): 2233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-021-06121-9.
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AbstractThe representation of the metrics of the hands is distorted, but is susceptible to malleability due to expert dexterity (magicians) and long-term tool use (baseball players). However, it remains unclear whether modulation leads to a stable representation of the hand that is adopted in every circumstance, or whether the modulation is closely linked to the spatial context where the expertise occurs. To this aim, a group of 10 experienced Sign Language (SL) interpreters were recruited to study the selective influence of expertise and space localisation in the metric representation of hands. Experiment 1 explored differences in hands’ size representation between the SL interpreters and 10 age-matched controls in near-reaching (Condition 1) and far-reaching space (Condition 2), using the localisation task. SL interpreters presented reduced hand size in near-reaching condition, with characteristic underestimation of finger lengths, and reduced overestimation of hands and wrists widths in comparison with controls. This difference was lost in far-reaching space, confirming the effect of expertise on hand representations is closely linked to the spatial context where an action is performed. As SL interpreters are also experts in the use of their face with communication purposes, the effects of expertise in the metrics of the face were also studied (Experiment 2). SL interpreters were more accurate than controls, with overall reduction of width overestimation. Overall, expertise modifies the representation of relevant body parts in a specific and context-dependent manner. Hence, different representations of the same body part can coexist simultaneously.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spatial body representation"
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SPOSITO, AMBRA VALENTINA. "The spatial metric representation of body parts: behavioural and neuropsychological evidence." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/20101.
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The mental representation of the body is being a subject of intensive research from different perspectives starting from the 20th Century. Indeed, the body is a peculiar object for the brain, being at the same time a physical, space-occupying object and the critical mean for perception and action in the world around us. The present doctoral work focussed on the spatial representation of the body; in particular it was investigated whether the body holds a specific metric representation, which is supposed to be useful for action programming and interaction with the environment, as introduced in Chapter 1. To this aim Experimental Part 1 (Chapter 2 and 3) investigated the stable properties of the body metrics, while Experimental Part 2 (Chapter 4) focussed on its plastic and dynamic features. Chapter 2 discusses the differences between the spatial metric representation of body parts and non bodily three-dimensional objects. In particular, Experiment 1 investigated the possibility that Unilateral Spatial Neglect (USN) may affect to a different extent the spatial analysis of body parts relative to extrapersonal three-dimensional objects. Participants were required to bisect their left forearm and a length-matched cylinder with their right index finger. Both USN patients and neurologically unimpaired participants showed a significantly more accurate estimation of the subjective midpoint of the forearm, relative to the solid object. Besides the main pattern of an advantage in the forearm bisection, a further analysis suggested the possibility of a double dissociation, with two patients exhibiting the opposite advantage in the solid bisection. Experiment 2, asking unimpaired volunteers to perform the same bisection task in three different conditions (Forearm, Fake Forearm, Cylinder), showed a similar kind of spatial analysis for stimuli displaying bodily features, either real or fake, relative to non-corporeal objects. Thus, it can be suggested that the spatial processing of body parts critically depends upon their prototypical visuo-spatial shape and that the spatial metrics of body parts, relatively to noncorporeal objects, is also more resistant to the disruption of spatial processing and representation brought about by USN. Chapter 3, starting from recent evidence showing how the body can be used as an intrinsic metric system for the representation of near space, illustrates how the length of extrapersonal objects can be scaled using the metric representation of body parts, and to what extent a higher-order metric representation of the body relays upon the somatosensory system. Experiment 3 showed, by means of a bisection task, that the spatial encoding of an extracorporeal object (i.e., a cylinder) may be facilitated by the presence of the forearm in that space –i.e. when the forearm was placed inside the cylinder- as if participants can unconsciously rely on its well known metric representation in order to better estimate the length of the cylinder. In Experiment 4 the same task was administered to a group of right-brain damaged patients, with or without somatosensory and proprioceptive defict, and to a matched control group. The results showed that the spatial metric representation of body parts might be distorted, or even not available, when the somatosensory sensitivity is altered by a cerebral lesion. Data about the plasticity of the metric representation of body parts are presented in Chapter 4. In this last group of experiments, blindfolded participants were required to perform a radial proprioceptive bisection of their forearm before and after a training with a tool, which allowed an extension of the action space in the far space. The results of Experiment 5 supported the working hypothesis that the arm metric representation can be changed by tool-use. In this experiment participants performed a radial bisection of their arm and indicated the subjective midpoint of their arm more distally after the training, suggesting that the perceived length of their own arm was increased. Interestingly, no effect was obtained following a training with a shorter tool (i.e., 20 cm long). Experiment 6 further supported this interpretation by showing, through a proprioceptive control task, that the dynamic lengthening induced in the metric representation of the arm was not due to a mere illusory distal drift of the whole arm. Furthermore, it demonstrated that the spatial metric representations of the dominant and the non-dominant arms share similar plastic features, being both equally prone to be modified by tool use. In conclusion this doctoral work showed that body size holds a mental representation that is very stable (even more than that of extrapersonal objects), but also characterized by flexible functional plasticity.
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CALZOLARI, ELENA. "Exploring bodily representations: spatial maps around, in, and on the body." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/100484.
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My Doctoral Thesis investigated different aspects of bodily and spatial representations, how they are modulated by multisensory stimulation, and some physiological correlates of their manipulation.
Chapter #1, “The space around the body”, reports three studies on prism adaptation, a technique that takes advantage of brain plasticity in the generation and modification of spatial bodily maps. Specifically, Study #1 investigates how the vision of the limb during two different versions of prism adaptation modulates their aftereffects: larger aftereffects take place with a concurrent vision of the limb after prism adaptation achieved through “ecological” visuo-motor activities; conversely, the vision of the very last part of the movement brings about larger aftereffects after the repeated pointing task. Study #2 examines the effect of a multisensory stimulation during prism adaptation, showing that the pointing error reduction is obtained with fewer pointing movements when the target is a visual-acoustic (multisensory), rather than unisensory stimulus. Finally, Study #3, which was performed in a brain-damaged patient, showed that the integrity of the left parieto-cerebellar circuit is required for an appropriate spatial remapping of proprioceptive maps to occur, and that the modulation through transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of these cortical areas temporarily restores the aftereffects.
Chapter #2, “The space in the body”, reports studies on the link between bodily spatial representations and homeostatic regulation. Skin temperature has been recently considered as a physiological parameter of disembodiment, and can be modulated by the manipulation of bodily representations. Three experiments in which spatial bodily maps were manipulated by means of different techniques, inducing direction-specific and lateralized effects, are presented. Specifically, Study #4 showed a reduction of hands’ skin temperature after adaptation to right shifting, but not to left shifting, optical prisms. In Study #5, a modulation of temperature during leftward, but not rightward, optokinetic stimulation was found. Preliminary results from Study #6 show that the sole lateral shift of visual attention is not sufficient to induce a specific skin temperature modulation.
Chapter #3, “The space on the body”, concerns the perception of tactile distances, namely, the spatial relationships between single objects that simultaneously touch the skin. In Study #7 a sensory adaptation-aftereffects paradigm was used to show that a tactile distance aftereffect can be induced; this tactile aftereffect shares many lower-level characteristics of classic visual aftereffects, such as orientation and location specificity. These findings suggest that the processing of spatial relationships among tactile events takes place at an early stage of somatosensation.
Overall these results suggest the following: firstly, some bodily and spatial representations are susceptible to multisensory stimulations, especially those underpinning the sense of location of the body, sustained by the high-order posterior parietal cortex; secondly, modulation of skin temperature may be considered as an index of modifications of the multisensory representation of the body; thirdly, other bodily maps, such as those providing information about its metric, used in order to process tactile spatial relationships, are lower-level, likely arising at early stages of somatosensory processing.
Books on the topic "Spatial body representation"
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de Vignemont, Frédérique. Taxonomies of Body Representations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198735885.003.0009.
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This chapter considers the relationship between body representations, action, and bodily experiences. It first clarifies the conceptual landscape of body representations and stresses the conceptual and empirical difficulties that the current body schema/body image taxonomy faces, difficulties that can be explained by their constant interaction but not only. There is indeed a lack of precise understanding of the functional role of the body schema as opposed to the body image. Instead of these unclear notions, the chapter proposes distinguishing different types of body representations on the basis of their direction of fit and of their spatial organization. On the one hand, there is a purely descriptive body map that represents well-segmented categorical body parts, in which one can localize one’s sensations. On the other hand, there is a body map that is both descriptive and directive (i.e. pushmi-pullyu representation), and that encodes structural bodily affordances for action planning and control.
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Vallar, Giuseppe, and Nadia Bolognini. Unilateral Spatial Neglect. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.012.
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Left unilateral spatial neglect is the most frequent and disabling neuropsychological syndrome caused by lesions to the right hemisphere. Over 50% of right-brain-damaged patients show neglect, while right neglect after left-hemispheric damage is less frequent. Neglect patients are unable to orient towards the side contralateral to the lesion, to detect and report sensory events in that portion of space, as well as to explore it by motor action. Neglect is a multicomponent disorder, which may involve the contralesional side of the body or of extra-personal physical or imagined space, different sensory modalities, specific domains (e.g. ‘neglect dyslexia’), and worsen sensorimotor deficits. Neglect is due to higher-order unilateral deficits of spatial attention and representation, so that patients are not aware of contralesional events, which, however, undergo a substantial amount of unconscious processing up to the semantic level. Cross-modal sensory integration is also largely preserved. Neglect is primarily a spatially specific disorder of perceptual consciousness. The responsible lesions involve a network including the fronto-temporo-parietal cortex (particularly the posterior-inferior parietal lobe, at the temporo-parietal junction), their white matter connections, and some subcortical grey nuclei (thalamus, basal ganglia). Damage to primary sensory and motor regions is not associated to neglect. A variety of physiological lateralized and asymmetrical sensory stimulations (vestibular, optokinetic, prism adaptation, motor activation), and transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulations, may temporarily improve or worsen neglect. Different procedures have been successfully developed to rehabilitate neglect, using both ‘top down’ (training the voluntary orientation of attention) and ‘bottom up’ (the above-mentioned stimulations) approaches.
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de Vignemont, Frédérique. The Body Map Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198735885.003.0006.
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How do bodily experiences get a rich spatial content on the basis of the limited information carried by bodily senses? This chapter argues that one needs a map of the body, which represents its enduring properties (i.e. configuration and dimensions). This representation can be decoupled from the biological body leading the subject to experience sensations not only in phantom limbs but also in tools that bear little visual resemblance with the body. Does it entail that there is almost no limit to the malleability of the body map? Or that bodily sensations can be felt even beyond the apparent boundaries of the body, in peripersonal space, and possibly even farther? This chapter examines a series of cases that may cast doubt on the role of the body map for the localization of bodily sensations.
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Magri, Tito. Hume's Imagination. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864147.001.0001.
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Abstract This book proposes a new and systematic interpretation of the nature, function, structure, and importance of the imagination in Book 1, Of the understanding, of Hume’s Treatise of Human Nature. The proposed interpretation has deeply revisionary implications for Hume’s philosophy of mind and for his naturalism, epistemology, and stance to scepticism. The book remedies a surprising blind spot in Hume scholarship and contributes to the current, lively philosophical debate on imagination. Hume’s philosophy, if rightly understood, gives suggestions about how to treat imagination as a mental natural kind, its cognitive complexity and variety of functions notwithstanding. Hume’s imagination is a faculty of inference and the source of a distinctive kind of ideas, which complement our sensible, mental representation of objects. Our cognitive nature, restricted to the representation of objects and of their relations, would leave ordinary and philosophical cognition seriously underdetermined and expose us to scepticism. Only the non-representational, inferential faculty of the imagination can put in place and vindicate ideas like causation, body, and self, which support our cognitive practices. The book reconstructs how Hume’s naturalist inferentialism about the imagination develops this fundamental insight. Its five parts deal with the dualism of representation and inference; the explanation of generality and modality; the production of causal ideas; the production of spatial and temporal content and the distinction of an external world of bodies and an internal one of selves; and the replacement of the understanding with imagination in the analysis of cognition and in epistemology.
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Elledge, C. D. Studying Resurrection Today. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199640416.003.0001.
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This chapter defines the parameters of the concept of resurrection in early Judaism and charts its reception within various literary genres. Within a diverse conceptual environment of attitudes toward death and human existence, resurrection made bold and selective claims about divine agency, the characteristics of embodied life, and the location of human existence within the larger spatial arena of the cosmos. The representation of resurrection in early Jewish literature is increasingly strong across a variety of literary genres and works of regionally diverse origins. The chapter criticizes the myth, however, that it was somehow dominant within early Judaism. Instead, resurrection emerged as a controversial theodicy within a larger conceptual arena in which attitudes toward death and the body became matters of intense dispute among competing scribal circles within the Hellenistic era.
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Pattison, George. The Whole Self. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813507.003.0005.
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This chapter addresses the question as to how the Christian devout life is related to contemporary holistic spirituality, taking C. G. Jung as representative of holistic spirituality’s quest to balance the binary elements of the self. By way of contrast, Christian spirituality might seem to require the hierarchical subordination of one part of the self to another, reinforcing suspicions as to its essentially heteronomous nature. Nevertheless, the devout life can be shown to be a life involving the coordination of ‘body, mind, and spirit’. Where contemporary holism emphasizes the spatial balancing of the self the devout life integrates spatial and temporal dimensions of selfhood seeking to be focused on the sacrament of the present moment as it moves forward in tranquillity and equanimity.
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Elledge, C. D. Diversity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199640416.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the conceptual diversity of expressions of resurrection in a variety of early Jewish writings (Daniel, 1 Enoch, 2 Maccabees, 4 Ezra, 2 Baruch, Messianic Apocalypse, Pseudo-Ezekiel). Two categories, in particular, appear to have offered broad fluctuation. First, differing modes of embodiment may be identified within the evidence, including beliefs about the fate of the deceased body, as well as varied assumptions about what the newly embodied eschatological life would be like. Second, representations of resurrection also differ in how they locate human destiny within the larger spatial parameters of the cosmos. This diversity has sometimes been interpreted as a deficiency within early Jewish theologies, yet the present chapter explains this as the result of the adaptability of resurrection to a variety of intellectual contexts, a factor that accelerated the reception of resurrection as a widespread eschatological belief, even among competing groups.
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El Refaie, Elisabeth. Visual Metaphor and Embodiment in Graphic Illness Narratives. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190678173.001.0001.
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This study uses the analysis of visual metaphor in 35 graphic illness narratives—book-length stories about disease in the comics medium—in order to re-examine embodiment in traditional Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and propose the more nuanced notion of “dynamic embodiment.” Building on recent strands of research within CMT, and drawing on relevant concepts and findings from other disciplines, including psychology, phenomenology, social semiotics, and media theory, the book develops the argument that the experience of one’s own body is constantly adjusting to changes in one’s individual state of health, sociocultural practices, and the activities in which one is engaged at any given moment, including the modes and media that are being used to communicate. This leads to a more fluid and variable relationship between physicality and metaphor use than many CMT scholars assume. For example, representing the experience of cancer through the graphic illness narrative genre draws attention to the unfathomable processes going on beneath the body’s visible surface, particularly now that digital imaging technologies play such a central role in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This may lead to a reversal of conventional conceptualizations of knowing and understanding in terms of seeing, so that vision itself becomes the target of metaphorical representations. A novel classification system of visual metaphor, based on a three-way distinction between pictorial, spatial, and stylistic metaphors, is also proposed.
Book chapters on the topic "Spatial body representation"
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Rodrigues, D. "Relationship Between Spatial Body Representation and Motor Control in Children with Cerebral Palsy." In Adapted Physical Activity, 419–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74873-8_63.
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Jayagopalan, Gaana. "Spatial Pathologies: The Biopolitics of Disease, Death, and the Caste-Body in Ananthamurthy’s Samskara: A Rite for a Dead Man." In Pandemics and Epidemics in Cultural Representation, 137–50. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1296-2_9.
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Callejón-Leblic, M. A., and Pedro C. Miranda. "A Computational Parcellated Brain Model for Electric Field Analysis in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation." In Brain and Human Body Modeling 2020, 81–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45623-8_5.
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AbstractRecent years have seen the use of increasingly realistic electric field (EF) models to further our knowledge of the bioelectric basis of noninvasive brain techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Such models predict a poor spatial resolution of tDCS, showing a non-focal EF distribution with similar or even higher magnitude values far from the presumed targeted regions, thus bringing into doubt the classical criteria for electrode positioning. In addition to magnitude, the orientation of the EF over selected neural targets is thought to play a key role in the neuromodulation response. This chapter offers a summary of recent works which have studied the effect of simulated EF magnitude and orientation in tDCS, as well as providing new results derived from an anatomically representative parcellated brain model based on finite element method (FEM). The results include estimates of mean and peak tangential and normal EF values over different cortical regions and for various electrode montages typically used in clinical applications.
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Coffin, Jack. "Plateaus and Afterglows: Theorizing the Afterlives of Gayborhoods as Post-Places." In The Life and Afterlife of Gay Neighborhoods, 371–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66073-4_16.
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AbstractA number of commentators have acknowledged the decline of gayborhoods and the concomitant emergence of non-heteronormative diasporas in societies where sexual and gender diversity is normalized (Ghaziani 2015; Nash and Gorman-Murray 2017; Bitterman 2020). Academic studies tend to focus on the new lives that are being led beyond the gayborhood and the diminished distinctiveness of the territories left behind (e.g. Ghaziani 2014). In contrast, this chapter explores the possibility that gayborhoods can continue to influence sociospatial dynamics, even after their physical presence has diminished or disappeared altogether. Individuals and collectives may still be inspired by the memories, representations, and imaginaries previously provided by these erstwhile places. Indeed, the metaphor of a non-heteronormative diaspora relies on an ‘origin’ from which a cultural network has dispersed. In this sense gayborhoods can continue to function as post-places, as symbolic anchors of identity that operate even if they no longer exist in a material form, even if they are used simply as markers of ‘how far the diaspora has come’. The proposition that gayborhoods are becoming post-places could be more fully theorized in a number of ways, but the approach here is to adapt Deleuze and Guattari’s (1987: 22) notion of plateaus, which denote a “region of intensities whose development avoids any orientation towards a culmination point or external end”. From this perspective gayborhoods are not spatial phenomena that reach a climax of concentration and then disappear through dissipation. Instead, they can be described as becoming more intense and concrete in the latter half of the twentieth century before gradually fading after the new millennium as they disperse gradually into a diaspora as memories, habits, and so forth. Put another way, non-climactic gayborhoods leave ‘afterglows’, affects that continue to exert geographical effects in the present and near future. This conceptualization is consequential for theory, practice, and political activism, and ends the main body of this edited volume on a more ambitious note.
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Romano, Daniele, and Angelo Maravita. "Plasticity and tool use in the body schema." In Body Schema and Body Image, 117–32. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0008.
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The ability of humans to manufacture objects and represent physical causality makes them the master species in the use of tools. What is the impact of such a specific skill on the processing of bodily body-related spatial information? To what extent does the skilful manipulation of tools require specific embodiment of the device into one’s body representation? The present chapter reviews the effect of tool use on the representation of the body and space surrounding it, by analysing the cognitive effects of tool use and its neural representations. Studies on animals, healthy humans, and neuropsychological patients suggest that multisensory integration of stimuli far from the body is enhanced when a tool can reach those stimuli. Such a spatial remapping indicates that the body schema may adapt to include the device into one’s body representation. Notably, tool use-related changes are not limited to spatial processing, but also to the processing of body-related sensory-motor information. Understanding the cognitive mechanisms underlying tool use and the effect of tool use in the representation of the space around us is a paramount challenge to the understanding of body representation, especially considering that modern and more sophisticated technological tools, such as functional prostheses, robotic interfaces, and virtual reality devices, continually shape the central role of the body in human–environment interactions.
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"Space Representation in Children." In A Simplex Approach to Learning, Cognition, and Spatial Navigation, 13–22. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2455-7.ch002.
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With “Spatial Reference Frames” we refer to systems of coordinates by which the central nervous system encodes the relative positions of objects in space, including that of the body itself. A reference system is a way of representing the positions of the subjects / objects in space. The spatial position of an object can be represented in the brain with respect to different classes of reference points, which may be related or not to the position of the subject. In a nutshell, we can say that there are two types of transformations of space imagery: the allocentric spatial transformations, that involve a system of representation from object to object and encode information about the location of an object or its parts in relation to other objects, and egocentric spatial transformations that involve a system of subject-object representation. The human being switches from one code to another, depending on the contingent requirements, giving preference to one or another system according to a set of heterogeneous factors. The gender difference (male / female), for example, plays a key role. Even the individual cognitive strategies make use of different representations in a significantly different way. Manipulation of spatial reference systems constitute a “transnosographic trait” in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Each of these diseases (autism, schizophrenia, epilepsy, spatial anxiety, Parkinson) reaches some of the structures involved in the manipulation of referential of different spaces. The chapter illustrates Piaget's study on the representation of space in the child and the use of different spatial coding systems, and provides a brief overview of the scientific debate following the Piagetian position.
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Burge, Tyler. "Perceptual Attributives and Referential Applications in Perceptual Constancies." In Perception: First Form of Mind, 208–54. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198871002.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 develops similarities and differences between Frege’s account of the sense–Bedeutung distinction and the way the various perceptual states linked in a perceptual constancy relate to a common representatum. It is argued, by reference both to representation of color features and to representation of spatial attributes in perceptual coordinate systems, that there are multiple non-complex perceptual attributives (hence, representational contents) for each attribute that is attributed by perceptual states. The discussion connects representation of attributes in packages (color, shape, size, orientation, location, timing, and body, for example) to the representation of entities within coordinate systems, and more generally to the iconic nature of perceptual representation. The type of linkage in perceptual constancies between different attributives for a given attribute is discussed, and differences between such linkages and linguistic representation of a given entity by words with difference senses are explained. The form that such linkages take in perceptual representational content is elaborated. The chapter summarizes accuracy conditions for perceptual representational contents. It ends by characterizing the representational form of perceptual tracking of particulars via a succession of perceptual states.
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Codeluppi, Martina. "“The Limits of My Language Mean the Limits of My World”: Translated Migrations in Xiaolu Guo’s Novels." In Diaspore. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-396-0/016.
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In the case of migrant writers, the representation of the female body can be considered the most intimate expression of individuality, as well as an expression of the dislocation that often transpires from their stories. In the context of contemporary Chinese literature, which has now become transnational, Xiaolu Guo is a representative example of féminité migrante. Raised in China, she emigrated to the UK as an adult, and relies mainly on the English language to codify her literary creativity. This study focuses on the analysis of the relationship between space and language, and between body and translation. It will explore two novels by Xiaolu Guo through a linguistic/comparative approach and a spatial analysis of the literary text.
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Havé, Laurence, Anne-Emmanuelle Priot, Laure Pisella, Gilles Rode, and Yves Rossetti. "Unilateral body neglect: schemas versus images?" In Body Schema and Body Image, 244–66. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0015.
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Unilateral spatial neglect has been extensively described for visual and representational manifestations but tactile and motor manifestations as well as body neglect point to bodily manifestations of this neurological condition. This chapter reviews the perceptual, motoric and high-level representational symptoms manifested in neglect patients and attempt to classify them according to the body image/schema framework. One puzzling aspect of the wide spectrum of body neglect symptoms is that physiological bottom-up maneuvers, such as prism adaptation, which act at the level of body schema, do also efficiently improve body image manifestations of neglect. This relationship allows us to elaborate on the dialectical relationships between body image and body schema. Thus, understanding body neglect in terms of diagnosis, evaluation, physiopathology and therapeutics through the dynamical interactions between body schema and body neglect, provide perspectives to manage other lateralized body troubles, neglect-like manifestations of bodily attention or distorted representations.
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Gravel, Dominique, and François Massol. "Toward a general theory of metacommunity ecology." In Theoretical Ecology, 195–220. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824282.003.0012.
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Investigation of how spatial processes affect the maintenance of biodiversity and its geographic distribution has led to landmark contributions in community ecology. Theory has followed a logical complexification of the objects of study, with specific models at each step, from populations connected by dispersal to ecosystems connected by flows of energy and material. This large body of theory is not only diverse in the questions it addresses, and the scales and organization levels it encompasses, but also in the types of models used to represent spatial dynamics. Unfortunately, this makes it hard to establish clear, standard, quantitative predictions stemming from a coherent mathematical formalism. Here our objectives are : i) to propose a general metacommunity model that allows the investigation of spatial ecology from populations to entire food webs ; ii) use the model to review a set of principles driving coexistence in all types of metacommunities; iii) reveal how these principles constrain the spatial distribution of diversity, with a particular emphasis on species co-distribution. The model is based on the well-established representation of spatial dynamics through colonization and extinction processes. We generalize Levins’ metapopulation model to all types of ecological interactions, using a formalism akin to Lotka–Volterra equations for local community dynamics. Doing so, we revisit coexistence mechanisms proposed for competitive metacommunities, along with the assembly dynamics for spatial food webs and mutualistic interactions.
Conference papers on the topic "Spatial body representation"
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Gori, Monica, Alice Bollini, Antonio Maviglia, Maria Bianca Amadeo, Alessia Tonelli, Marco Crepaldi, and Claudio Campus. "MSI Caterpillar: An Effective Multisensory System to Evaluate Spatial Body Representation." In 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memea.2019.8802133.
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Bernstein, N. S., and K. Preiss. "Representation of Tolerance Information in Solid Models." In ASME 1989 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1989-0018.
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Abstract A set of tolerance constraints in solid models is represented as a constraint network over the degrees of freedom of the shape elements of the body. This approach is referred to as the constraint propagation approach to the representation of tolerance information. An evaluation of the resultant constraint network provides both an analysis of a specific dimension and tolerance scheme and figures of merit regarding the combinatorial and geometric/numeric computational complexity of a set of engineering spatial constraints. This paper discusses the representation needed to achieve that evaluation. The inherent computational complexity of spatial designs can then be explicitly evaluated and controlled. For many practical cases, semantic integrity and other evaluations may be conducted in low polynomial time, in the number of tolerance constraints. The representation is applicable also to assemblies.
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Larochelle, Pierre M., and Andrew P. Murray. "Projection Metrics for Rigid-Body Displacements." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84698.
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An open research question is how to define a useful metric on SE(n) with respect to (1) the choice of coordinate frames and (2) the units used to measure linear and angular distances. We present two techniques for approximating elements of the special Euclidean group SE(n) with elements of the special orthogonal group SO(n+1). These techniques are based on the singular value and polar decompositions (denoted as SVD and PD respectively) of the homogeneous transform representation of the elements of SE(n). The projection of the elements of SE(n) onto SO(n+1) yields hyperdimensional rotations that approximate the rigid-body displacements (hence the term projection metric. A bi-invariant metric on SO(n+1) may then be used to measure the distance between any two spatial displacements. The results are PD and SVD based projection metrics on SE(n). These metrics have applications in motion synthesis, robot calibration. motion interpolation, and hybrid robot control.
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Horváth, Imre, Yongzhe Li, Zoltán Rusák, Wilhelm Frederik Van Der Vegte, and Guangjun Zhang. "Dynamic Spatial Context Computation for Time-Varying Process Scenarios." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59046.
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There are many real life processes whose smart control requires processing context information. Though the issue of processing varying context information has been addressed in the literature, domain independent solutions that can support reasoning and decision making according to time-varying process scenarios in multiple application fields are scarce. This paper proposes a method for dynamic context computation concerning spatial and attributive information. Context is interpreted as a body of information dynamically created by a pattern of entities and relationships over a history of situations. Time is conceived as a causative force capable of changing situations, and acting on people and objects. The invariant and variant spatial information is captured by a two-dimensional spatial feature representation matrix. The time-dependent changes in the context information are computed based on a dynamic context information management hyper-matrix. This humble but powerful representation lends itself to a quasi-real time computing and is able to provide information about foreseeable happenings over multiple situations. The paper uses the practical case of evacuation of a building in fire both as an explorative case for conceptualization of the functionality of the computational mechanism and as a demonstrative and testing application. Our intention is to use the dynamic context computation mechanism as a kernel component of a reasoning platform for informing cyber physical systems.
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Pfeiffer, Friedrich, and Peter Wolfsteiner. "Relative Kinematics of Multibody Contacts." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0565.
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Abstract Unilateral contact problems in multibody dynamics axe always accompanied by problems of relative kinematics of the contacting bodies. A general approach for plane and spatial contacts is presented based on a parametric representation of the body contours and on rules of differential geometry. Practical examples illustrate the methods.
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Boutaghou, Z. E., A. G. Erdman, and H. K. Stolarski. "Dynamics of Flexible Beams and Plates Under Large Overall Motions." In ASME 1991 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1991-0290.
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Abstract The dynamic response of flexible beams, plates, and solids undergoing arbitrary spatial motions are systematically derived via a unified approach. This formulation is capable of incorporating arbitrary representation of the kinematics of deformation, phenomenon of dynamic stiffening, and complete nonlinear interaction between elastic- and rigid-body dynamics encountered in constrained multi-body systems. It is shown that the present theory captures the phenomenon of dynamic stiffening due to the transfer of the axial and membrane forces to the bending equations of beams and plates, respectively. Examples are presented to illustrate the proposed formulations.
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Slavutin, Michael, Offer Shai, and Andreas Müller. "Mobility Determination of Mechanisms Based on Rigidity Theory." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-71289.
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Rigidity theory deals mostly with the topological computation in mechanical systems, i.e. it aims at making generic statements. Mechanism theory is mainly concerned with the geometrical analysis but again also with generic statements. Even more so for mobility analysis where one is interested in both the generic mobility and that of a particular mechanism. In rigidity theory the mathematical foundation is the topology representation using bar-joint and body-bar graphs, and the corresponding rigidity matrix. In this paper novel geometric rules for constructing the body-bar rigidity matrix are derived for general planar mechanisms comprising revolute and prismatic joints. This allows, for the first time, the treatment of general planar mechanisms with the body-bar approach. The rigidity matrix is also derived for spatial mechanisms with spherical joints. The bar-joint rigidity matrix is shown to be a special case of body-bar representation. It is shown that the rigidity matrices allow for mobility calculation as shown in the paper. This paper is aimed at supplying a unified view and as a result to enable the mechanisms community to employ the theorems and methods used in rigidity theory. An algorithm for mobility determination — the pebble game — is discussed. This algorithm always finds the correct generic mobility if the mechanism can be represented by a body-bar graph.
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Shabana, Ahmed A., and Aki M. Mikkola. "Modeling of Slope Discontinuities in Flexible Body Dynamics Using the Finite Element Method." In ASME 2002 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2002/dac-34094.
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A large rigid body rotation of a finite element can be described by changing the definition of the axes of the element coordinate system or by keeping the axes unchanged and change the slopes or the position vector gradients. In the first method, the definition of the local element parameters (spatial coordinates) changes with respect to a body or a global coordinate system. The use of this method will always lead to a nonlinear mass matrix and non-zero centrifugal and Coriolis forces. The second method, in which the axes of the element coordinate system do not rotate with respect to the body or the global coordinate system, leads to a constant mass matrix and zero centrifugal and Coriolis forces when the absolute nodal coordinate formulation is used. This important property remains in effect even in the case of flexible bodies with slope discontinuities. The concept employed to accomplish this goal resembles the concept of the intermediate element coordinate system previously adopted in the finite element floating frame of reference formulation. It is shown in this paper that the absolute nodal coordinate formulation that leads to exact representation of the rigid body dynamics can be effectively used in the analysis of complex structures with slope discontinuities.
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Iliopoulos, Athanasios, and John G. Michopoulos. "Direct Strain Imaging for Full Field Measurements." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-71109.
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Full field strain measurement techniques are based on computing the spatial derivatives of the approximation or interpolation of the underlying displacement fields extracted from digital imaging methods. These methods implicitly assume that the medium satisfies the compatibility conditions, which for any practical reason is only true in the case of a continuum body that remains continuum throughout the history of its mechanical loading. In the present work we introduce a method that can be used to calculate the strain components directly from typical digital imaging data, without the need of the continuum hypothesis and the need for displacement field differentiation. Thus it allows the imaging and measurement of strain fields from surfaces with discontinuities (i.e. small cracks). Numerical comparisons are performed based on synthetic data produced from an analytical solution for an open hole domain in tension. Mean absolute error distributions are calculated for the cases of both the traditional mesh free random grid method and the direct strain method introduced in the paper are given. It is established that the more refined representation of strain provided by this approach is more accurate everywhere in the domain, but most importantly, near the boundaries of the representation domain, where the error is higher for traditional methods.
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Shabana, Ahmed A., Ashraf M. Hamed, Abdel-Nasser A. Mohamed, Paramsothy Jayakumar, and Michael D. Letherwood. "Limitations of B-Spline Geometry in the Finite Element/Multibody System Analysis." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47168.
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This paper examines the limitations of using B-spline representation as an analysis tool by comparing its geometry with the nonlinear finite element absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) geometry. It is shown that while both B-spline and ANCF geometries can be used to model non-structural discontinuities using linear connectivity conditions, there are fundamental differences between B-spline and ANCF geometries. First, while B-spline geometry can always be converted to ANCF geometry, the converse is not true; that is, ANCF geometry cannot always be converted to B-spline geometry. Second, because of the rigid structure of the B-spline recurrence formula, there are restrictions on the order of the parameters and basis functions used in the polynomial interpolation; this in turn can lead to models that have significantly larger number of degrees of freedom as compared to those obtained using ANCF geometry. Third, in addition to the known fact that B-spline does not allow for straight forward modeling of T-junctions, B-spline representation cannot be used in a straight forward manner to model structural discontinuities. It is shown in this investigation that ANCF geometric description can be used to develop new spatial chain models governed by linear connectivity conditions which can be applied at a preprocessing stage allowing for an efficient elimination of the dependent variables. The modes of the deformations at the definition points of the joints that allow for rigid body rotations between ANCF finite elements are discussed. The use of the linear connectivity conditions with ANCF spatial finite elements leads to a constant inertia matrix and zero Coriolis and centrifugal forces. The fully parameterized structural ANCF finite elements used in this study allow for the deformation of the cross section and capture the coupling between this deformation and the stretch and bending. A new chain model that employs different degrees of continuity for different coordinates at the joint definition points is developed in this investigation. In the case of cubic polynomial approximation, C1 continuity conditions are used for the coordinate line along the joint axis; while C0 continuity conditions are used for the other coordinate lines. This allows for having arbitrary large rigid body rotation about the axis of the joint that connects two flexible links. Numerical examples are presented in order to demonstrate the use of the formulations developed in this paper.
Reports on the topic "Spatial body representation"
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Neyedley, K., J. J. Hanley, P. Mercier-Langevin, and M. Fayek. Ore mineralogy, pyrite chemistry, and S isotope systematics of magmatic-hydrothermal Au mineralization associated with the Mooshla Intrusive Complex (MIC), Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp, Abitibi greenstone belt, Québec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328985.
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The Mooshla Intrusive Complex (MIC) is an Archean polyphase magmatic body located in the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde (DBL) mining camp of the Abitibi greenstone belt, Québec. The MIC is spatially associated with numerous gold (Au)-rich VMS, epizonal 'intrusion-related' Au-Cu vein systems, and shear zone-hosted (orogenic?) Au deposits. To elucidate genetic links between deposits and the MIC, mineralized samples from two of the epizonal 'intrusion-related' Au-Cu vein systems (Doyon and Grand Duc Au-Cu) have been characterized using a variety of analytical techniques. Preliminary results indicate gold (as electrum) from both deposits occurs relatively late in the systems as it is primarily observed along fractures in pyrite and gangue minerals. At Grand Duc gold appears to have formed syn- to post-crystallization relative to base metal sulphides (e.g. chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite), whereas base metal sulphides at Doyon are relatively rare. The accessory ore mineral assemblage at Doyon is relatively simple compared to Grand Duc, consisting of petzite (Ag3AuTe2), calaverite (AuTe2), and hessite (Ag2Te), while accessory ore minerals at Grand Duc are comprised of tellurobismuthite (Bi2Te3), volynskite (AgBiTe2), native Te, tsumoite (BiTe) or tetradymite (Bi2Te2S), altaite (PbTe), petzite, calaverite, and hessite. Pyrite trace element distribution maps from representative pyrite grains from Doyon and Grand Duc were collected and confirm petrographic observations that Au occurs relatively late. Pyrite from Doyon appears to have been initially trace-element poor, then became enriched in As, followed by the ore metal stage consisting of Au-Ag-Te-Bi-Pb-Cu enrichment and lastly a Co-Ni-Se(?) stage enrichment. Grand Duc pyrite is more complex with initial enrichments in Co-Se-As (Stage 1) followed by an increase in As-Co(?) concentrations (Stage 2). The ore metal stage (Stage 3) is indicated by another increase in As coupled with Au-Ag-Bi-Te-Sb-Pb-Ni-Cu-Zn-Sn-Cd-In enrichment. The final stage of pyrite growth (Stage 4) is represented by the same element assemblage as Stage 3 but at lower concentrations. Preliminary sulphur isotope data from Grand Duc indicates pyrite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite all have similar delta-34S values (~1.5 � 1 permille) with no core-to-rim variations. Pyrite from Doyon has slightly higher delta-34S values (~2.5 � 1 permille) compared to Grand Duc but similarly does not show much core-to-rim variation. At Grand Duc, the occurrence of Au concentrating along the rim of pyrite grains and associated with an enrichment in As and other metals (Sb-Ag-Bi-Te) shares similarities with porphyry and epithermal deposits, and the overall metal association of Au with Te and Bi is a hallmark of other intrusion-related gold systems. The occurrence of the ore metal-rich rims on pyrite from Grand Duc could be related to fluid boiling which results in the destabilization of gold-bearing aqueous complexes. Pyrite from Doyon does not show this inferred boiling texture but shares characteristics of dissolution-reprecipitation processes, where metals in the pyrite lattice are dissolved and then reconcentrated into discrete mineral phases that commonly precipitate in voids and fractures created during pyrite dissolution.