Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Spatial Arrangement'
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黎寶欣 and Po-yan Lai. "Effect of visual item arrangement on search performance." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3124189X.
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Lai, Po-yan. "Effect of visual item arrangement on search performance." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23530212.
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Huber, Robert. "Arranged space : the arrangement of spatial interrelations as sculptural practice." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.593876.
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This PhD project aims to investigate the use of social formats in the realm of sculpture and consists of a theoretical reflection on my artistic practice. Since 2008, I run a company called PaintSyndicate, which produces oil paintings in the People's Republic of China. This thesis is an attempt to explain how setting up and running a company can be considered as sculptural practice. Within this research, PaintSyndicate stands exemplarily for my practice and serves as rationale and context. Sculpture today is an ambivalent term describing specifically three-dimensional, artistic objects in the tradition of the statue, while a somehow expanded concept of sculpture is used as an umbrella term to cover a wide range of spatial related art. My argument aims to contribute to a conceptual clarification and develops alongside two main references: firstly, Rosalind Krauss' 'Sculpture in the Expanded Fie/d', as a main reference in a 'post-formalist' discourse, and secondly, Joseph Beuys' 'Social Sculpture', as an example for an expansion of the concept of sculptw-e in the practical realm. Using Niklas Luhmann's systems theory, I define sculpture as social system, considering space as the medium of sculpture and sculptural form as an arrangement of spatial relations. Such a definition of sculptural form shifts the focus from materiality or programmatic tasks to the observer's understanding of space. During the last century, the conception of space has undergone fundamental changes, from being defined as an absolute value, to the existence of a plurality of 'species of space' today. If sculptural form is the result of an engagement of sculptor and space, the existence of multiple 'species of space' corresponds to the actual variety in sculptural form. In this context, my research aims to contribute to a reconsideration of sculpture as a category of contemporary art practice.
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Smith, Craig W. "The effects of spatial arrangement on group formation, productivity, and satisfaction." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28576.
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Smith, Victoria Clare. "Invertebrate response to weed diversity and spatial arrangement within arable fields." Thesis, University of Reading, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494233.
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Weeds play a vital role in supporting arable biodiversity by providing both food and shelter to invertebrates and their predators. A better understanding of the relationship between weeds and invertebrates will form a necessary first step towards balancing the needs of both weed control and biodiversity in order to achieve a more sustainable system of crop production. Analysis of data from the FSEs (Farm Scale Evaluations) showed that no standard composition of weeds or invertebrates exists across all arable fields. Both weed and invertebrate species compositions varied according to the crop sown and, in the case of weeds, herbicide management applied. Variation in invertebrate composition was partially explained by variation in weed composition. This suggests that manipulating the composition of weeds within a crop may influence invertebrate composition.
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Do, Jaekwon. "Controlled spatial arrangement of gold nanoparticles using focused laser beams and DNA origami." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-171381.
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Buchner, Alexander [Verfasser], and Ulrich [Akademischer Betreuer] Gerland. "Spatial aspects of enzymology : optimal arrangement and conformational dynamics / Alexander Buchner. Betreuer: Ulrich Gerland." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1057837555/34.
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Asquith, Lindsay. "Space use and claim : an evaluation of the domestic spatial arrangement in family homes." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289136.
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Stewart, Joanna L. "Glasgow's spatial arrangement of deprivation over time : methods to measure it and meanings for health." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7936/.
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Background: Socio-economic deprivation is a key driver of population health. High levels of socio-economic deprivation have long been offered as the explanation for exceptionally high levels of mortality in Glasgow, Scotland. A number of recent studies have, however, suggested that this explanation is partial. Comparisons with Liverpool and Manchester suggest that mortality rates have been higher in Glasgow since the 1970s despite very similar levels of deprivation in these three cities. It has, therefore, been argued that there is an “excess” of mortality in Glasgow; that is, mortality rates are higher than would be expected given the city’s age, gender, and deprivation profile. A profusion of possible explanations for this excess has been proffered. One hypothesis is that the spatial arrangement of deprivation might be a contributing factor. Particular spatial configurations of deprivation have been associated with negative health impacts. It has been suggested that Glasgow experienced a distinct, and more harmful, development of spatial patterning of deprivation. Measuring the development of spatial arrangements of deprivation over time is technically challenging however. Therefore, this study brought together a number of techniques to compare the development of the spatial arrangement of deprivation in Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester between 1971 and 2011. It then considered the plausibility of the spatial arrangement of deprivation as a contributing factor to Glasgow’s high levels of mortality. Methods: A literature review was undertaken to inform understandings of relationships between the spatial arrangement of deprivation and health outcomes. A substantial element of this study involved developing a methodology to facilitate temporal and inter-city comparisons of the spatial arrangement of deprivation. Key contributions of this study were the application of techniques to render and quantify whole-landscape perspectives on the development of spatial patterns of household deprivation, over time. This was achieved by using surface mapping techniques to map information relating to deprivation from the UK census, and then analysing these maps with spatial metrics. Results: There is agreement in the literature that the spatial arrangement of deprivation can influence health outcomes, but mechanisms and expected impacts are not clear. The temporal development of Glasgow’s spatial arrangement of deprivation exhibited both similarities and differences with Liverpool and Manchester. Glasgow often had a larger proportion of its landscape occupied with areas of deprivation, particularly in 1971 and 1981. Patch density and mean patch size (spatial metrics which provide an indication of fragmentation), however, were not found to have developed differently in Glasgow. Conclusion: The spatial extent of deprivation developed differently in Glasgow relative to Liverpool and Manchester as the results indicated that deprivation was substantially more spatially prevalent in Glasgow, this was particularly pronounced in 1971 and 1981. This implies that exposure of more affluent and deprived people to each other has been greater in Glasgow. Given that proximal inequality has been related to poor health outcomes, it would appear plausible that this may have adversely affected Glasgow’s mortality rates. If this is the case, however, it is unlikely that this will account for a substantial proportion of Glasgow’s excess mortality. Further research into Glasgow’s excess mortality is, therefore, required.
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Collison, J. "Influence of plant population and spatial arrangement on yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370876.
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Do, Jaekwon [Verfasser], and Jochen [Akademischer Betreuer] Feldmann. "Controlled spatial arrangement of gold nanoparticles using focused laser beams and DNA origami / Jaekwon Do. Betreuer: Jochen Feldmann." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1053913850/34.
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Hudson, Derrick Shane. "Zonation pattern and spatial arrangement of a Geukensia granosissima population in a mixed mangrove forest of Tampa Bay." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6714.
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Here I provide the first report on Geukensia granosissima patterns of abundance along a tidal gradient within a mixed mangrove stand located in Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. Specifically, I examined 1) the relationship between G. granosissima size and density with mangrove root type (e.g. prop root, pneumatophore), and of density within the intertidal zones; and 2) the possible role of predation in shaping the lower zonation patterns displayed. Transect surveys located along the lower and upper population limit boundaries were conducted every two months over a ten-month period. Variables measured include size distribution, density of mussels, above ground mangrove prop and pneumatophore roots. To evaluate potential predator influence on mussel distribution, predator exclusion experiments were conducted in March and June 2016, using mock pneumatophore platforms at both high and low tidal elevations. Surveys indicated that over all dates mean mussel densities and percent cover were higher along the lower limit tidal elevation [mean (± SD) = 1280.3 ± 665.9 m-2 and 20.6 ± 3.78% respectively], versus that in the higher limit tidal elevation [102.4 ± 50.7 m-2 and 0.52 ± 0.17%]. Survivorship of mussels in the predator exclusion platforms placed at higher position within lower edge of the mussel tidal distribution was approximately 100% on both experimental dates. During March 2016, mussel survivorship was lower when predators had access to mussels with the greatest loss of mussels in the lower (26% survivorship) vs. higher (66.5%) tidal elevations after 48h. Similarly, when predators had access to mussels in June experiments, after just 24 h mussel loss was greater at lower (1% survivorship) vs. higher (80% survivorship) tidal elevations, possibly reflecting differences in predator densities, identities, and/or functional responses. Overall trends in the patterns of distribution of this population of G. granosissima suggest that the lower tidal boundary of the mussel is shaped by predation but that predation plays a lesser role in the high tidal areas.
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Cheriere, Timothée. "Approche fonctionnelle du choix de l’espèce associée au soja et arrangement spatial dans les associations de cultures : impact sur les services obtenus pendant et après la culture. Species choice and spatial arrangement in soybean-based intercropping: Levers that drive yield and weed control." Thesis, Angers, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ANGE0018.
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La diversification des systèmes de culture est un enjeu important pour améliorer leur durabilité. Cependant, l’introduction de cultures de diversification est confrontée à de nombreux freins. Le soja, une légumineuse produisant des graines riches en protéines, est une culture de diversification potentielle qui bénéficie d’un contexte favorable à son développement en France. Mais la maitrise de la croissance des adventices et la stabilisation des rendements sont des défis importants pour les producteurs. Afin de pallier ces problèmes, nous proposons d’utiliser l’association de cultures comme outils d’aide à la diversification des systèmes de culture. Pour tester la pertinence de cette stratégie, quatre services, la production de soja, celle de la culture associée, le contrôle des adventices et l’effet précédent lié à l’azote sont évalués sous l’influence de deux leviers de gestion de l’association : le choix de l’espèce associée et l’arrangement spatial des cultures. Une approche fonctionnelle est mobilisée pour identifier des traits associés à la croissance et aux fonctions des cultures. L’espèce associée a un impact sur l’ensemble des services considérés dans ce travail. Les services de production de soja et de contrôle des adventices se sont révélés être antagonistes mais cet antagonisme peut être modulé dans certaines associations grâce à l’arrangement spatial. L’approche fonctionnelle a permis d’identifier des traits liés à la dynamique de croissance des cultures et à la persistance des résidus après récolte. De plus nous montrons que la réponse des traits des espèces à la gestion des associations est faible. Enfin, l’association du soja modifie certains postes du bilan azoté ainsi que les quantités et qualités des résidus de culture. Cependant, aucune différence d’effet sur le blé suivant n’a été mesurée entre les associations et le soja purDiversification is necessary to improve cropping systems sustainability. However, diversification crop introduction into cropping systems is confronted to many barriers. Soybean, a leguminous crop producing protein rich grain, is a potential diversification crop which beneficiate from a favourable context for its development in France. Weed growth reduction et yield stabilisation are important issues for producers. In order to facilitate cropping system diversification, we suggest the use of intercropping to solve these problems. To test this strategy, four services: soybean grain production, associated crop grain production, weed control and nitrogen pre-crop effect are assessed under the influence of two management levers: associated crop species choice and spatial arrangement of crops. Functional approach was used to identify traits associated to crop growth and functions. Associated crop had an impact on all services considered in this work. A trade-off was identified between soybean production service and weed control service. Nonetheless this trade-off could be modulated in some intercrops through spatial arrangement. Functional approach helped identify effect traits related to the growth dynamics of the crops and to the persistence of crop residues. In addition we show that crop traits response to management was low. Finally, intercropping soybean mofifies some parts of nitrogen balance as well as the quantity and quality of crop residues. Nonetheless, no differences were measured on the following wheat between intercrops and sole cropped soybean
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Tsui, Sum-yin, and 徐心言. "Local motion in the image plane and in the stereo-depth plane distortsan object's perceived location and spatial arrangement." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38610607.
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Bezerra, Francisco Thiago Coelho. "Productive characteristics and physiological potential of sunflower acheneâs a function of spatial arrangement of plants and the cultivation area." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=10405.
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Sunflower crop is becoming significant in the national and international scene, mainly due to the possibility of the use of oil for biodiesel production. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate spatial arrangements and local culture on vegetative characteristics, yield components, yield and physiological potential of sunflower acheneâs variety of Embrapa 122. The regions were at the Experimental area from Department of Plant Science, in Fortaleza, CE, and at Experimental Farm Vale do Curu, in Pentecost, CE. Treatments consisted of combinations of row spacingâs (0.30, 0.50, 0.70 and 0.90 m) and planting densities (30,000, 45,000, 60,000 and 75,000 plants per hectare) in a factorial 4 x 4, totaling 16 treatments
arranged in four randomized blocks. These characteristics were stem diameter at soil level, stem length, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index, chapters collected, head diameter, mass chapter, mass of seeds for each chapter, mass of 100 seeds, acheneâs per chapter, achene
yield, harvest index and oil content in the acheneâs. Physiological acheneâs was evaluated by germination and vigor (first germination count, electrical conductivity, accelerated aging, seedling emergence and shoot length and root and dry weight of shoots and roots of seedlings emergency test). The experiments were analyzed together in relation to the growing cultivation site, the data were submitted to variance analysis and quantitative factors tested by regression using the F test (p <0.05) to check the adjustment to models. The spatial arrangements providing greater intraspecific competition affect the vegetative characteristics, reduce yield components and physiological acheneâs, but not affect productivity. The growing place was the factor that most influenced the vegetative characteristics, yield components and achene production, mainly due to irregular and low rainfall. Germination and vigor of acheneâs were also affected by growing place, the differences may be related to the maturation process caused by climatic factors.A cultura do girassol vem se tornando expressiva nos cenÃrios nacional e internacional devido, principalmente, a possibilidade da utilizaÃÃo do Ãleo na fabricaÃÃo de biodiesel. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar arranjos espaciais e locais de cultivo sobre caracterÃsticas vegetativas, componentes de produÃÃo, produtividade e potencial fisiolÃgico de aquÃnios de girassol da variedade Embrapa 122. Os locais de cultivo foram na Ãrea Experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia, em Fortaleza, CE, e na Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu, em Pentecoste, CE. Os tratamentos consistiram das combinaÃÃes entre os espaÃamentos entre linhas (0,30; 0,50; 0,70 e 0,90 m) e as densidades de plantio (30.000; 45.000; 60.000 e 75.000 plantas por hectare) no esquema fatorial 4 x 4, totalizando 16 tratamentos distribuÃdos em quatro blocos casualizados. As caracterÃsticas avaliadas foram diÃmetro do caule ao nÃvel do solo, comprimento da haste, nÃmero de folhas, Ãrea foliar, Ãndice de Ãrea foliar, capÃtulos colhidos, diÃmetro do capÃtulo, massa do capitulo, massa de aquÃnios por capÃtulo, massa de 100 aquÃnios, aquÃnios por capÃtulo, produtividade de aquÃnios, Ãndice de colheita e teor de Ãleo nos aquÃnios. O potencial fisiolÃgico dos aquÃnios foi avaliado pelos testes de germinaÃÃo e vigor (primeira contagem da germinaÃÃo, condutividade elÃtrica, envelhecimento acelerado, emergÃncia de plÃntulas e comprimento da parte aÃrea e da raiz e massa da matÃria seca da parte aÃrea e da raiz das plÃntulas do teste de emergÃncia). Os experimentos foram analisados de forma conjunta em relaÃÃo ao local de cultivo, os dados submetidos à anÃlise de variÃncia e os fatores quantitativos testados por meio de regressÃo utilizando o teste F (p < 0,05) para verificar o ajuste aos modelos. Os arranjos espaciais que confere maior competiÃÃo intraespecÃfica afetam as caracterÃsticas vegetativas, reduzem os componentes de produÃÃo e o potencial fisiolÃgico dos aquÃnios, porÃm nÃo afetam a produtividade. O local de cultivo foi o fator que mais influenciou nas caracterÃsticas vegetativas, nos componentes de produÃÃo e na produÃÃo de aquÃnios, devido, principalmente, a irregularidade e a baixa precipitaÃÃo pluviomÃtrica. A germinaÃÃo e o vigor dos aquÃnios tambÃm foram afetados pelo local de cultivo, podendo as diferenÃas estar relacionadas ao processo de maturaÃÃo ocasionados pelos fatores climÃticos.
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Lim, Sharn Selina, and sharnster@gmail com. "Engaging Space: A practice of arranging." RMIT University. Architecture + Design, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080724.114344.
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Engaging Space focuses on arranging as means to engage with space. The adaptive arrangements and spatial negotiations of street vendors provide the stimulus for my inquiry. Noticing the various ways vendors constantly engage spatially has led me to observe the ways spatial practices are adapted to suit various requirements. What might I learn, as an interior practitioner, from the spatial practices of street vendors? How might this be applied to an interior practice, to inform an understanding of adaptive methods to engage with space? Undertaking a practice of vendoring, the projects then become engaging spaces - exploring a practice of arranging to produce interiors.
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Tsui, Sum-yin. "Local motion in the image plane and in the stereo-depth plane distorts an object's perceived location and spatial arrangement." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38610607.
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Teillard, d'Eyry Félix. "Reconciling food production and biodiversity in farmlands : the role of agricultural intensity and its spatial allocation." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00766882.
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During the past several decades, agricultural intensification has been crucial to increase the food supply. Several processes related to intensification are very detrimental to the environment, particularly biodiversity. Today, agriculture is facing the challenge of satisfying its demand for food while improving its environmental sustainability. Knowledge of the shape of the relationship between biodiversity and intensity is necessary to determine both where conservation policies will be most effective and how to allocate intensity to reconcile production and biodiversity. Few empirical studies on this relationship exist, and the influence of the spatial arrangement of intensity on biodiversity remains untested. This Ph.D. thesis determined how to target both agricultural intensity and its spatial allocation for meeting production and conservation objectives of farmlands. To answer this research question, we used a country-scaled approach that combined two France-scaled databases that describe agriculture and farmland birds. We characterized a nationwide gradient of agricultural intensity and studied a farmland bird community along this gradient, using several trait-based descriptors (specialization, trophic level, and species main habitat). Agricultural intensity and bird communities were described at the Small Agricultural Region (SAR; mean width = 22.4 km) level. As a first step, we developed a novel method to estimate an intensity indicator that was based on Input Costs/ha, with SAR resolution. This indicator provides a continuous intensity measure that is relevant across different types of agricultural systems. Secondly, we investigated the effects of a gradient of land uses (grassland to arable land) and its heterogeneity on the bird community. We found habitat specialists suffered from habitat loss, while generalists benefited from heterogeneity. Thirdly, we showed that the community responded significantly to intensity, with winner species replacing loser species along the gradient. The shift between losers and winners was sharper at low intensities. Interestingly, spatial aggregation of intensity had a strengthening effect on the bird community. Finally, the relationships linking intensity to the bird community, food production, and economic performance were integrated into a model aimed at optimizing intensity allocation. Optimal allocations reached win-no-lose solutions with the three criteria. They corresponded to targeted intensity modifications: many small changed, favoring homogeneous, extensive clusters, were optimal within an extensification scenario; while a few large changes, favoring heterogeneity, were optimal within an intensification scenario. We provide one of the first studies demonstrating that spatial aggregation of intensity can influence the biodiversity/intensity relationship. Our results also provide an opportunity to improve the effectiveness of conservation policies, at national scales, with spatial targeting: opposite targeting should be performed either to maximize biodiversity benefits or to increase production, while mitigating biodiversity impacts. Our results highlight the importance of mixed allocation strategies between land sparing/sharing extremes. In order to put these opportunities into effect, further research should address the technical solutions that achieve intensity modification at the farm level and design targeted policies that benefit biodiversity and other environmental criteria
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Chin, Renee Ka Yin. "3D tomographic imaging using ad hoc and mobile sensors." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/3d-tomographic-imaging-using-ad-hoc-and-mobile-sensors(9aefc774-ccb6-4be3-84e4-7f7b5eb4bc66).html.
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The aim of this research is to explore the integration of ad hoc and mobile sensors into a conventional Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) system. This is motivated by the desire to improve the spatial resolution of 3D reconstructed images that are produced using ERT. The feasibility of two approaches, referred to as the Extended Electrical Tomography (EET) and Augmented Electrical Tomography (AET) are considered. The approaches are characterized according to the functionality of the sensors on the ad hoc 'pills'. This thesis utilizes spectral and numerical analysis techniques, with the goal of providing a better understanding of reconstruction limitations, including quality of measurements, sensitivity levels and spatial resolution. These techniques are applied such that an objective evaluation can be made, without having to depend heavily on visual inspection of a selection of reconstructed images when evaluating the performance of different set-ups. In EET, the sensors on the pills are used as part of the ERT electrode system. Localized voltage differences are measured on a pair of electrodes that are located on an ad hoc pill. This extends the number of measurements per data set and provides information that was previously unobtainable using conventional electrode arrangements. A standalone voltage measurement system is used to acquire measurements that are taken using the internal electrodes. The system mimics the situation that is envisaged for a wireless pill, specifically that it has a floating ground and is battery-powered. For the present exploratory purposes, the electronic hardware is located remotely and the measured signal is transmitted to the PC through a cable. The instrumentation and data acquisition circuits are separated through opto-isolators which essentially isolates both systems. Using a single pill located in the centre of a vessel furnished with 16 electrodes arranged in a single plane, spectral analysis indicates that 15 of the 16 extended measurements acquired using the adjacent current injection strategy are unique. Improvement is observed for both the sensitivity and spatial resolution for the voxels in the vicinity of the ad hoc pill when comparing the EET approach with the conventional ERT approach. This shows the benefit of the EET approach. However, visual inspection of reconstructed images reveals no apparent difference between images produced using a regular and extended dataset. Similar studies are conducted for cases considering the opposite strategy, different position and orientation of the pill, and the effect of using multiple pills. In AET, the sensors on the ad hoc pills are used as conductivity probes. Localized conductivity measurements provide conductivity values of the voxels in a discretized mesh of the vessel, which reduces the number of unknowns to be solved during reconstruction. The measurements are incorporated into the inverse solver as prior information. The Gauss-Newton algorithm is chosen for implementation of this approach because of its non-linear nature. Little improvement is seen with the inclusion of one localized conductivity measurement. The effect on the neighbouring voxels is insignificant and there is a lack of control over how the augmented measurement influences the solution of its neighbouring voxels. This is the first time that measurements using ad hoc and 'wireless' sensors within the region of interest have been incorporated into an electrical tomography system.
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Souza-Schlick, Genivaldo David de [UNESP]. "Espaçamento entre fileiras e população de plantas para cultivares de mamona de porte baixo na safra de verão e safrinha." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86422.
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Com o lançamento de novas cultivares de mamona de porte baixo e frutos indeiscentes, adequados para o cultivo em grandes áreas e colheita mecanizada, fez-se necessário estabelecer quais os melhores espaçamentos e populações de plantas, para que cada um desses materiais possa atingir a máxima produtividade. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a influência do espaçamento entre fileiras e da população de plantas no crescimento e produtividade de cultivares de mamona de porte baixo na safra de verão (novembro) e em safrinha (março). Para tanto, foram realizados quatro experimentos, com dois cultivares (FCA-PB e IAC 2028), em duas épocas de cultivo (safra de verão e safrinha), conduzidos durante os anos agrícolas 2007/08 e 2008/09. O delineamento experimental utilizado em todos os experimentos foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro espaçamentos entre fileiras (0,45, 0,60, 0,75 e 0,90 m) e as subparcelas por quatro populações iniciais de plantas (25.000, 40.000, 55.000 e 70.000 plantas ha-1). O trabalho de pesquisa foi conduzido em condições de campo, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – UNESP, campus de Botucatu, SP. Na safra de verão foi possível observar que: para a cultivar FCA-PB, o aumento da população de plantas, independente do espaçamento entre fileiras, diminuiu a população final de plantas, a matéria seca da parte aérea, o número de racemos por planta e de frutos por racemo; o aumento da população de plantas nos espaçamentos de 0,60 e 0,75 m entre fileiras aumentou a altura de inserção do primeiro racemo; a maior produtividade de grãos e de óleo da mamoneira FCA-PB foi obtida com população inicial entre 55.000 e 70.000 plantas...
The release of new dwarf castor bean cultivars and indehiscent fruit is suitable for growth in large scale with and mechanized harvest, therefore there is a need to establish which row spacing and plant population is the best for each of these materials can achieve the maximum yield. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the row spacing and plant population in the growth and yield of dwarf castor bean cultivars in the summer (November) and out-of-season (March) cropping. Therefore, four experiments were performed, i.e., two cultivars (FCA-PB e IAC 2028) in two cropping seasons (summer and out-of-season), conducted during 2007/08 and 2008/09 agricultural years. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with split-plot and four replications. Plots comprised four row spacings (0.45, 0.60, 0.75, and 0.90 m), and subplots comprised four initial plant populations (25,000, 40,000, 55,000, and 70,000 plants per hectare). In summer cropping season was observed: in the FCA-PB cultivar, plant population increasing, regardless of row spacing, decreased final plant population, aboveground dry matter, stem diameter, racemes per plant and fruits per raceme; the plant population increasing, at 0.60 and 0.75 m row spacings, increased the height of the first raceme insertion; the highest grain and oil yields were obtained with a population among 55,000 and 70,000 plants per hectare and 0.45 or 0.60 m row spacings. In the IAC 2028 cultivar, the plant population increasing, decreased final plant population, aboveground dry matter, stem diameter, number of racemes per plant, number of fruits per raceme, mass of 100 grains... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Priesnitz, Rafael. "Influência do espaçamento entre linhas na fenologia, produtividade de biomassa e de grãos em genótipos de milheto pérola." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2009. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1381.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of spacing between lines in phenology, the yield of biomass and grain cultivars in common and IPA-BULK 1 pearl millet. The experiment was installed at the Experimental Farm Dr. Antônio Carlos Santos Pessoa (Unioeste), located on Guará Line, Marechal Cândido Rondon PR city. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 2x4, with four replications. In the treatments were used two genotypes (Usual IPA and BULK-1), conducted at four spacings (20, 40, 60 e 80cm) in plots of 12m2. It was used as seeding rate of 25 kg ha-1 seeds for all treatments. Sowing was done manually on October 10, 2008. It was avaluated the number of days and number of thermal units needed to reach each developmental stage, and the biomass production and grain. In relation to phenology and the number of thermal units, the cultivar had similar, requiring an average of 90.28 days and 795.40 thermal units to reach physiological maturity. The spacing significantly influenced the production of biomass. It was observed that the biomass production decreased in function of the increase in row spacing. The spacing of 20cm between rows was the, on average, increased production of green mass and dry mass at the stage of grain paste with 50.84 ton ha-1 and 17.60 ton ha-1 respectively, green mass and dry mass at the stage of physiological maturity, with 57.58 ton ha-1 and 22.39 ton ha-1 respectively. There was a significant interaction between the factors cultivar and spacing for the production of dry matter in the physiological maturity and grain production. In general, the cultivars had a good yield of biomass and grain, so it can be grown in the region of Marechal Cândido Rondon PR, it is an important alternative for the soil cover in tillage system and also as the power source of animals feeding
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do espaçamento entre linhas na fenologia, no rendimento de biomassa e de grãos nos cultivares Comum e IPA-BULK 1 de milheto pérola. O experimento foi instalado na Fazenda Experimental Dr. Antônio Carlos Santos Pessoa (Unioeste), situada na Linha guará, município de Marechal Cândido Rondon PR. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x4, com quatro repetições. Nos tratamentos utilizou-se dois genótipos (Comum e IPA-BULK 1), conduzidos em quatro espaçamentos (20, 40, 60 e 80cm) em parcelas de 12m2. Utilizou-se como densidade de semeadura 25 kg ha-1 de sementes para todos os tratamentos. A semeadura foi realizada manualmente no dia 10 de outubro de 2008. Avaliou-se o número de dias e quantidade de unidades térmicas necessárias para atingir cada estágio fenológico, bem como, a produção de biomassa e de grãos. Em relação a fenologia e a quantidade de unidades térmicas, as cultivares tiveram comportamento semelhante, necessitando em média 90,28 dias e 795,40 unidades térmicas para atingir a maturação fisiológica. O espaçamento influenciou de forma significativa na produção de biomassa. Observou-se que a produção de biomassa decresceu em função do aumento no espaçamento entre linhas. O espaçamento de 20cm entre linhas foi o que apresentou, em média, maior produção de massa verde e massa seca no estádio de grão pastoso, com 50,84 ton ha-1 e 17,60 ton ha-1, respectivamente: massa verde e massa seca no estádio de maturação fisiológica, com 57,58 ton ha-1 e 22,39 ton ha-1, respectivamente. Observou-se uma interação significativa entre os fatores cultivar e espaçamento para a produção de massa seca na maturação fisiológica e para a produção de grãos. De maneira geral, as cultivares tiveram um bom rendimento de biomassa e de grãos, podendo desta forma ser cultivadas na região de Marechal Cândido Rondon PR, sendo uma importante alternativa para a cobertura do solo no sistema plantio direto e também como fonte de alimentação de animais
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Neto, Francisco Bezerra. "Effects of spatial arrangement and density on efficiency, yield and yield components, dry matter partitioning and growth of an annual cotton/cowpea/maize intercrop." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186205.
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The effects of spatial arrangement and density on agronomic efficiency, yield and yield components, dry matter partitioning and growth of an annual cotton/cowpea/maize intercrop were examined in 1990 and 1991 in Tucson, Arizona. The 1990 experiment consisted of four spatial arrangements crossed with four densities of cowpea and maize in a complete factorial design. The 1991 experiment consisted of two densities of cowpea and maize selected from the 1990 experiment in the best spatial arrangement crossed with five densities of cotton in a complete factorial design. A land use efficiency of 12% (or a land equivalent ratio of 1.12) was obtained in the spatial arrangement of single rows of cowpea and maize between singles rows of cotton, whereas a land use efficiency of 11% was obtained for cowpea and maize at a combined density of 50,000 plants/ha intercropped with cotton at a density of 50,000 plants/ha. Maize provided a greater contribution to the land use efficiency than either cotton or cowpea. Cotton yield was highest in the spatial arrangement of single rows of cowpea and maize between single rows of cotton. For the two food crops, cowpea yield was highest in the spatial arrangements in which cowpea and maize were grown in different rows between rows of cotton, whereas maize yield was highest in the spatial arrangements in which cowpea and maize were grown in the same rows between rows of cotton. Cotton fiber quality was not influenced by spatial arrangement, cowpea/maize density, and cotton density. Number of cowpea pods was affected by spatial arrangement in a manner similar to cowpea yield. Number of maize ears increased as cowpea/maize density increased, whereas number of kernels/ear, weight of 100 kernels and length of kernel rows decreased as cowpea/maize density increased. Dry matter accumulation in leaves, stems, and fruits of cotton and cowpea was greatest in the spatial arrangements in which cowpea and maize were grown in different rows between rows of cotton. Weekly cotton growth rate increased as cotton density increased from 39 to 74 days after sowing.
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Oliveira, Thiago Cardoso de. "Densidade de plantio e manejo da adubação em cana-planta proveniente de mudas pré-brotadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64134/tde-13092016-142423/.
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Na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, sabe-se que existe uma densidade adequada de plantio para que a variedade alcance uma maior produção. A adubação e o sistema de mudas pré-brotadas poderão contribuir para produção de mudas, com alto padrão de fitossanidade, vigor e uniformidade de plantio. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar índices biométricos e fisiológicos, o acúmulo de nitrogênio, a produtividade e os atribútos tecnológicos da parte aérea da cana-planta em função da densidade de plantio e da adubação nitrogenada em cana-planta proveniente de mudas pré-brotadas. O experimento foi conduzido em Santa Cruz das Palmeiras/SP, num Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico Típico de textura média. A cultivar utilizada foi a IACSP95-5000. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em fatorial 3x3, com três repetições. O primeiro fator foi a densidade de plantas no sulco, com três níveis, 0,25; 0,50 e 0,75 m entre plantas e o segundo fator foi a dose de nitrogênio, com três níveis, 40, 80 e 120 kg N ha-1, num total de 27 parcelas. O N foi aplicado na forma de ureia. As amostradas de biomassa da parte aérea foram coletadas aos 48, 82, 145, 278, 356 e 497 dias após o plantio, em 2 metros de linha, em duas linhas por parcela. Para o ajuste dos índices biométricos, fisiológicos e de acúmulo de nutrientes estudados e de suas taxas foram utilizadas função logísticas, gaussiana e exponencial. A colheita ocorreu em 06 de junho de 2015. Contabilizou-se o número de colmos em 10 metros de linha e foram colhidos 10 colmos por parcela, aleatoriamente, medindo-se o diâmetro e a estatura dos colmos. A produtividade foi calculada por biometria e a colheita realizada manualmente, sem despalha a fogo, sendo colhidos 2 metros de linha, em duas linhas por parcela, pesando apenas os colmos. As análises tecnológicas realizadas foram Brix, Pureza, Fibra, Pol da cana, Açúcares redutores e Açúcar total recuperável. O acúmulo de massa seca (MS) da parte aérea apresentou forma sigmoidal e a fase de máximo acúmulo ocorreu quando a evapotranspiração real (ETR) da cultura igualou-se a evapotranspiração potencial (ETP), entre os meses de novembro a maio. A taxa de crescimento máxima foi observada durante a fase de maior acúmulo de MS e maior ETR, descrescendo até a colheita. A taxa de crescimento relativo máxima foi observada no ínício do desenvolvimento da cultura, diminuindo-se exponencialmente a medida em que se aumenta o acúmulo de MS. Não se observou influência dos tratamentos na altura do colmo. Quanto ao diâmetro do colmo e número de colmos por metro, observou-se diferença significativa apenas para as densidades. A produtividade média foi de 200 t colmo ha-1, não sendo observada diferença significativa no efeito dos fatores estudados sob a produtividade e parâmetros tecnológicos. Quanto ao acúmulo de N, não foi observado efeito significativo dos fatores estudados e as taxas máximas de acúmulo foram observadas antes do início da fase de máximo desenvolvimento da cultura. A necessidade nitrogênio média para produção de 01 tonelada de colmo por hectare foi de 1,26 kg de N. A concentração de N na planta acúmulo de biomassaIn the sugarcane crop, it is known that there is a suitable planting density for obtaining high variety production. Nitrogen is a nutrient highly demanded by sugarcane. The adequate fertilization and pre-sprouted buds utilization may contribute to the production of seedlings with high standards of plant health, vigor and uniformity of planting. The objective of this study was to evaluate biometric and physiological indices, the nitrogen accumulation, productivity and technological attributes of the above ground part of the plant cane from pre-sprouted buds as affected by the planting density and nitrogen fertilization. The experiment was conducted in Santa Cruz das Palmeiras, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in an Oxisoil (medium texture Typical distrofic Red Latosol). The cultivar used was IACSP95-5000. The experimental design was a randomized block in factorial 3x3, with three replications. The first factor is the plant density in the row, with three levels, 0.25; 0.50 and 0.75 m between plants and the second factor was the nitrogen rates (40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1), a total of 27 plots. The N was applied as urea. The shoot biomass samples were collected at 48, 82, 145, 278, 356 and 497 days after planting, from 2 meters of two rows per plot. For adjustment of biometric indexes, physiological and accumulation of nutrients studied the Gaussian and exponential logistic functions were used. The harvest took place on June 6, 2015. The number of stalks per 10 meters of row were recorded and 10 stalks per plot were randomly harvested for measurement of the diameter and height of the stalks. The productivity was calculated by biometry and the harvesting done manually without straw removal by burning, and harvested from 2 meter of two rows per plot, weighing only culms. Technological analyzes were Brix, Purity, fiber, cane Pol, reducing sugars and total recoverable sugar were done. The dry mass (DM) of the shoot presented sigmoidal shape and the phase of maximum accumulation occurred when the actual evapotranspiration (ETA) equaled to potential evapotranspiration (ETP), between the months of November to May. The maximum growth rate was observed during the period of greatest accumulation of DM and greater ETA decreasing to harvest. The maximum relative growth rate was observed in the beginning of crop development decreasing exponentially with increasing DM accumulation. There was no treatment effect on stalks height. For the stem diameter and number of stems per meter, there was a significant difference only for densities. The average productivity was 200 t cane ha-1 and no significant difference was observed on the effect of factors studied in productivity and technological parameters. Regarding the accumulation of N, there was no significant effect of studied factors and the maximum accumulation rates were observed before the maximum development stage of the crop. The average nitrogen needed for the production of one t per hectare was 1.26 kg N. The N concentration decreased exponentially with increasing biomass production
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Praetorius, Florian Michael [Verfasser], Hendrik [Akademischer Betreuer] Dietz, Hendrik [Gutachter] Dietz, Johannes [Gutachter] Buchner, and Friedrich C. [Gutachter] Simmel. "Genetically encoding the spatial arrangement of DNA and proteins in self-assembling nanostructures / Florian Michael Praetorius ; Gutachter: Hendrik Dietz, Johannes Buchner, Friedrich C. Simmel ; Betreuer: Hendrik Dietz." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1152006746/34.
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Praetorius, Florian Michael Verfasser], Hendrik [Akademischer Betreuer] [Dietz, Hendrik [Gutachter] Dietz, Johannes [Gutachter] Buchner, and Friedrich C. [Gutachter] Simmel. "Genetically encoding the spatial arrangement of DNA and proteins in self-assembling nanostructures / Florian Michael Praetorius ; Gutachter: Hendrik Dietz, Johannes Buchner, Friedrich C. Simmel ; Betreuer: Hendrik Dietz." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:91-diss-20180116-1398662-1-2.
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Vogel, Laure. "Influence de l'hétérogénéité physique des microenvironnements du sol sur les transformations microbiennes du carbone : exploration à l'aide d'un modèle de Boltzmann sur réseau." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0061.
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L’activité des microorganismes hétérotrophes contrôle la vitesse de décomposition de la matière organique du sol (MOS) et pourrait donc être déterminante dans la régulation du climat. La forte hétérogénéité spatiale des conditions abiotiques dans le sol est supposée influencer cette activité, en régulant notamment l’accessibilité des nutriments aux décomposeurs via des processus de transport (diffusion, convection) et de rétention (adsorption). L’échelle des microhabitats – soit celle des pores – apparaît donc pertinente pour étudier les processus de biodégradation dans le sol. Elle reste cependant inhabituelle à cause de difficultés expérimentales qui lui sont associées.Un modèle spatialisé a été construit pour explorer les effets de conditions abiotiques hétérogènes dans les microenvironnements du sol sur la cinétique de biodégradation de substrats carbonés par des microorganismes – représentées ici par des bactéries immobiles. Il résulte du couplage entre un modèle de Boltzmann sur réseau (TRT-LBM [Ginzburg, 2005]) et un modèle biogéochimique de carbone. Il calcule des processus de transport – diffusion – et de biodégradation à l’échelle des pores, dans des milieux hétérogènes dont certaines propriétés structurales sont explicitement décrites, telles que l’architecture de la porosité (implémentée sous la forme d’images discrètes), la distribution de l’eau à saturation partielle et l’arrangement spatial des substrats et des décomposeurs – représentés ici par des bactéries immobiles. L’influence de ces différents facteurs a été évaluée en analysant la variabilité de la cinétique de biodégradation pour une gamme de scénarios décrivant des conditions abiotiques contrastées. Cette source de variabilité a pu être comparée aux incertitudes relevant de la description du métabolisme microbien. Enfin, des expérimentations manipulant la structure de milieux hétérogènes ont été réalisées pour confronter tendances simulées et observéesHeterotrophic microorganisms control soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition and may thus have a key importance in climate regulation. Heterogeneous abiotic conditions in soil microenvironments are thought to affect soil decomposers activity by controlling nutrient accessibility through solute transport (diffusion, advection) and sorption processes. Microhabitat – or pore – scale thus appears relevant to study biodegradation processes, but is also challenging to investigate by experimental means.A discrete model was created to explore the effect of abiotic conditions in soil microenvironments on biodegradation kinetics. It results from the coupling of a zero-dimensional soil carbon model and a lattice Boltzmann model (TRT-LBM [Ginzburg, 2005]). It simulates diffusion and biodegradation at the pore scale, as affected by explicitly described structural factors, such as the 3D pore architecture (approximated by discrete images), water distribution under unsaturated conditions and the spatial arrangement of substrates and decomposers – viewed here as immobile bacteria. The model was tested in a range of scenarios depicting contrasted abiotic conditions. The variability in biodegradation kinetics was analyzed to infer the contributions of physical factors. This source of variability was compared to uncertainties associated to biological metabolism description. Finally, experiments manipulating structural factors were performed to confront observed and simulated trends
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Costa, Daniele Perassa. "Distribuição Espacial de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) em Cana-de-açúcar." UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA GRANDE DOURADOS, 2009. http://tede.ufgd.edu.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/275.
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Previous issue date: 2009-03-05Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) is one the most important pest of the sugarcane crop caused damage all through vegetative cycle. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of insects is important to the development of sampling plans and techniques in control crops systems. This main of this study were to determine the spatial distribution of D. saccharalis in commercial sugarcane crop. The experiment was conducted on sugarcane field variety SP-803280, the Usina Dourados Álcool e Açúcar S/A, during January to October of 2008 in the municipality of Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul. We perform 21 samples it was observed variables culms hole, larvae and pupae of D. saccharalis, in an area of approximately 22,500 m2 divided into 100 plots of 225 m2 (15 m x 15 m). The indices of dispersion used to define the model of spatial distribution were: variance/mean (I), Morisita index (Iσ) and the exponent K of the negative binomial distribution. We also tested the settings of the probability distributions of the Poisson, negative binomial and binomial positive. The variables of spatial distribution; culms with holes and numbers of caterpillars fit the negative binomial distribution (aggregated) and Poisson (random), respectively in the studied area. Based on the spatial distribution of larvae of D. saccharalis is recommend that random sampling is performed with larger number possible of samples available in the field, so that the estimated quantity of caterpillars is the closest to the real
A lagarta Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) é a principal praga da cultura da cana-de-açúcar, ocasionando danos durante todo o ciclo vegetativo. O conhecimento da distribuição espacial do inseto é primordial ao desenvolvimento de planos de amostragens e técnicas de controle em sistemas de culturas agrícolas. Este trabalho objetivou determinar a distribuição espacial de D. saccharalis, em cultivo comercial de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi conduzido em talhão de cana-de-açúcar variedade SP-803280, pertencente à Usina Dourados Álcool e Açúcar S/A, situada em Dourados/Mato Grosso do Sul, no período de janeiro a outubro de 2008. Foram realizadas 21 amostragens observando-se as variáveis colmos com orifício, lagartas e pupas de D. saccharalis, em cana numa área de aproximadamente 22.500 m2 dividido em 100 parcelas de 225 m2 (15 m x 15 m). Os índices de dispersão utilizados para a definição do modelo de distribuição espacial foram: razão variância/média (I), índice de Morisita (Iσ) e o expoente K da distribuição binomial negativa. Também se testou os ajustes às distribuições de probabilidade de Poisson, binomial negativa e binomial positiva. As variáveis de distribuição espacial; colmos com orifícios e números de lagartas se ajustaram a distribuição binomial negativa (agregada) e Poisson (aleatória), respectivamente, na área de estudo. Com base na distribuição espacial das lagartas de D. saccharalis recomenda-se que a amostragem seja realizada aleatoriamente com maior número possível de amostras no talhão, para que a quantidade estimada de lagartas seja a mais próxima da real
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Souza-Schlick, Genivaldo David de 1981. "Espaçamento entre fileiras e população de plantas para cultivares de mamona de porte baixo na safra de verão e safrinha /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86422.
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Orientador: Rogério Peres SorattoBanca: Napoleão Esberard de Macedo Beltrão
Banca: Lilian Sichmann Heiffig del Aguila
Resumo: Com o lançamento de novas cultivares de mamona de porte baixo e frutos indeiscentes, adequados para o cultivo em grandes áreas e colheita mecanizada, fez-se necessário estabelecer quais os melhores espaçamentos e populações de plantas, para que cada um desses materiais possa atingir a máxima produtividade. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a influência do espaçamento entre fileiras e da população de plantas no crescimento e produtividade de cultivares de mamona de porte baixo na safra de verão (novembro) e em safrinha (março). Para tanto, foram realizados quatro experimentos, com dois cultivares (FCA-PB e IAC 2028), em duas épocas de cultivo (safra de verão e safrinha), conduzidos durante os anos agrícolas 2007/08 e 2008/09. O delineamento experimental utilizado em todos os experimentos foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro espaçamentos entre fileiras (0,45, 0,60, 0,75 e 0,90 m) e as subparcelas por quatro populações iniciais de plantas (25.000, 40.000, 55.000 e 70.000 plantas ha-1). O trabalho de pesquisa foi conduzido em condições de campo, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP, campus de Botucatu, SP. Na safra de verão foi possível observar que: para a cultivar FCA-PB, o aumento da população de plantas, independente do espaçamento entre fileiras, diminuiu a população final de plantas, a matéria seca da parte aérea, o número de racemos por planta e de frutos por racemo; o aumento da população de plantas nos espaçamentos de 0,60 e 0,75 m entre fileiras aumentou a altura de inserção do primeiro racemo; a maior produtividade de grãos e de óleo da mamoneira FCA-PB foi obtida com população inicial entre 55.000 e 70.000 plantas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The release of new dwarf castor bean cultivars and indehiscent fruit is suitable for growth in large scale with and mechanized harvest, therefore there is a need to establish which row spacing and plant population is the best for each of these materials can achieve the maximum yield. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the row spacing and plant population in the growth and yield of dwarf castor bean cultivars in the summer (November) and out-of-season (March) cropping. Therefore, four experiments were performed, i.e., two cultivars (FCA-PB e IAC 2028) in two cropping seasons (summer and out-of-season), conducted during 2007/08 and 2008/09 agricultural years. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with split-plot and four replications. Plots comprised four row spacings (0.45, 0.60, 0.75, and 0.90 m), and subplots comprised four initial plant populations (25,000, 40,000, 55,000, and 70,000 plants per hectare). In summer cropping season was observed: in the FCA-PB cultivar, plant population increasing, regardless of row spacing, decreased final plant population, aboveground dry matter, stem diameter, racemes per plant and fruits per raceme; the plant population increasing, at 0.60 and 0.75 m row spacings, increased the height of the first raceme insertion; the highest grain and oil yields were obtained with a population among 55,000 and 70,000 plants per hectare and 0.45 or 0.60 m row spacings. In the IAC 2028 cultivar, the plant population increasing, decreased final plant population, aboveground dry matter, stem diameter, number of racemes per plant, number of fruits per raceme, mass of 100 grains... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Rizzi, Carlos Alberto. "Transformações espaciais nas paisagens de ambientes construídos: suas dinâmicas e formas de representação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-22052017-113543/.
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Esta pesquisa propõe o mapeamento de áreas envoltórias para grandes concentrações de zonas especiais de proteção cultural, via critérios de mobilidade urbana. Objetiva-se estabelecer parâmetros de modo que áreas assim definidas se transformem em instrumentos de articulação entre políticas públicas de salvaguarda, planejamento de transporte e ordenamento territorial. Os estudos de caso se situam na metrópole de São Paulo: antigas fábricas e galpões abandonados na zona leste da cidade e um eixo de teatros, cinemas e parques na região central, respectivamente, chamados de Galpões da Moóca e Corredor Cultural. Foi aplicado o método de bordas múltiplas por faixas de qualidade em microacessibilidade, resultando em duas zonas-tampão às referidas concentrações. Esse esforço visou superar a fragmentação espacial que dificulta a proteção das zonas culturais.The purpose of this article is the mapping of surrounding areas to large concentrations of special cultural protection zones through urban mobility criteria. The objective is to establish parameters in such a way that the areas as so defined transform in instruments of articulation between public policy of safekeeping urban transportation and territorial arrangement. The case studies are situated in the metropolis of São Paulo: old factories and old sheds on the east side of town and axis of theaters, cinemas and parks in the central region, respectively called of Galpões da Moóca and Corredor Cultural. The method of multiple borders by quality in microaccessibility has been applied resulting in two buffer-zones as to the referred concentration. That effort intended to overcome the space fragmentation that complicates the protection of cultural zones.
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Queiroz, Renata Fernandes de. "Consórcio de milho com Urochloa ruziziensis em dois espaçamentos e modalidades de semeadura." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/20227.
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QUEIROZ, Renata Fernandes de. Consórcio de milho com Urochloa ruziziensis em dois espaçamentos e modalidades de semeadura. 2015. 89 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015.Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-10-14T23:27:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_rfqueiroz.pdf: 2279790 bytes, checksum: 5aa49814b60355abfea133d8e78be0a5 (MD5)
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The no tillage system (SPD) is a conservation practice that aims to more sustainable production system and is able to be reproduced in large areas of land. The maize grown in SPD says the culture of compatibility in consortium with forage, mainly with fodder generic taxon Urochloa that have great potential for the production of straw without interfering in grain production. The objective of this study was to identify the appropriate spatial arrangement for the maize crop in consortium with Urochloa ruziziensis taking into account productive aspects of grain, straw and operating the mechanized sowing system. The experiment was conducted experimental area of the Laboratory of Machines and Agricultural Mechanization of UNESP / Jaboticabal- SP, in Rhodic Eutrudox, clayey in the period from January to July of 2014 with experimental design randomized blocks with eight treatments in scheme factorial 2x3 + 2, with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of two spacings of maize (0.45 and 0.90 m) and three types of Urochloa ruziziensis consortium with corn (Urochloa sown at line; Urochloa throwing sowing at the sowing of maize, Urochloa throwing sowing at V4 stage of maize) + Witness (single maize): E1M1- maize spaced 0.45 m intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis sown at maize line; E1M2 - sown maize on 0.45 m spacing intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis throwing sowing at sowing of maize; E1M3 - maize sown in 0.45 m spacing with Urochloa ruziziensis sown by broadcasting at V4 stage of maize; E2M1- maize spaced 0.90 m intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis sown at maize line; E2M2 - sown maize on 0.45 m spacing intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis throwing sowing at sowing of maize; E2M3 - maize sown in 0.90 m spacing with Urochloa ruziziensis sown by broadcasting at V4 stage of maize; T1 - single maize sown in the spacing of 0.45 m; T2 - single maize sown in the spacing of 0.90 m. The results showed that intercropping maize to 0.90 m with Urochloa ruziziensis at sowing line provided better grain production results without interfering with the production of plant dry matter of Urochloa and getting better results for the operating conditions of mechanized sowing.
O sistema plantio direto (SPD) é uma prática conservacionista que visa maior sustentabilidade do sistema produtivo e é capaz de ser reproduzida em grandes extensões de área. O milho cultivado em SPD relata a compatibilidade da cultura em consórcio com forrageiras, principalmente com forrageiras do táxon genérico Urochloa que possuem grande potencial para produção de palhada sem interferir na produção de grãos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar o arranjo espacial adequado para a cultura do milho em consórcio com a Urochloa ruziziensis levando em consideração aspectos produtivos de grãos, palhada e operacionais do sistema mecanizado de semeadura. O experimento foi instalado área experimental do Laboratório de Máquinas e Mecanização Agrícola da UNESP/Jaboticabal-SP, em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico típico, textura argilosa, no período de janeiro a julho do ano de 2014 com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com 8 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2x3+2, com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por dois espaçamentos da cultura do milho (0,45 e 0,90 m) e três modalidades de consórcio da Urochloa ruziziensis com o milho (Urochloa semeada na linha; Urochloa semeada a lanço junto à semeadura do milho, Urochloa semeada a lanço no estádio V4 do milho) + Testemunha (milho solteiro): E1M1- milho no espaçamento 0,45 m consorciado com Urochloa ruziziensis semeada na linha junto a semeadura do milho; E1M2 – milho semeado no espaçamento 0,45 m consorciado com Urochloa ruziziensis semeada a lanço junto a semeadura do milho; E1M3 - milho semeado no espaçamento 0,45 m com Urochloa ruziziensis semeada a lanço no estádio V4 do milho; E2M1- milho no espaçamento 0,90 m consorciado com Urochloa ruziziensis semeada na linha junto a semeadura do milho; E2M2 – milho semeado no espaçamento 0,90 m consorciado com Urochloa ruziziensis semeada a lanço junto a semeadura do milho; E2M3 - milho semeado no espaçamento 0,90 m com Urochloa ruziziensis semeada a lanço no estádio V4 do milho; T1- milho solteiro semeado no espaçamento de 0,45 m; T2 – milho solteiro semeado no espaçamento de 0,90 m. Os resultados demonstraram que a consorciação do milho a 0,90 m com Urochloa ruziziensis na linha de semeadura proporcionaram melhores resultados de produção de grãos sem interferir na produção de matéria seca vegetal da Urochloa e obtendo melhores resultados para as condições mecanizadas operacionais de semeadura.
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Silva, Sheila Izabel da. "Densidades populacionais e espaçamentos duplos de dois híbridos de tomate para processamento industrial no cerrado goiano." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4589.
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The combined utilization of plants density and spacing among rows is a technology that aim at efficient exploration of environment growing for any crop. The aim was compare the spatial arrangements among double rows of plants industrial tomato hybrids (H-9553 and N-901), in spacings 1,2 m and 1,3 m, in populations 25, 30 and 35 thousand plants ha-1. The assays were conducted in season 2012 at experimental field of Cargill Foods at Aparecida de Goiania, Goias, Brazil (16º 52’S, 49º 18’W, 804m altitude) and in season 2013 in Agronomy School, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Goias, Brazil (16º 35’S, 49º 21’ W, 727m altitude). The experimental design was in randomized block in split-plots, with four replicates, being the main plot represented by factorial between population densities (25.000, 30.000 and 35.000 plants ha-1) and spacings among double rows (1,2m and 1,3m), and the subplots by two hybrids. The variables evaluated were yield, maturation percentage, soluble solids content (ºBrix), mass of ten fruits, diameter and length of industrial tomato hybrids (H-9553 and N-901). The characters that isn’t showed differential responses were: maturation percentage, mass of ten fruits, in seasons 2012 and 2013, and yield, diameter and length, in season 2013. For yield, only in season 2012 there was a differential response (P < 0,10) to the three population densities, a estimated increased of 5,6 t ha-1 each five thousand plants addition. For the same season there was significant difference (P < 0,10) to ºBrix between levels of population density within each spacing. While in season 2013 the same variable was the only that showed significant difference (P < 0.10) for the source of hybrid variation wherein N-901 (5.35), on average, showed fruit with higher ºBrix than that H-9553 (5.20). Regarding at lenght and diameter, only season 2012, there was difference for the source of hybrid variation (P < 0,05) and spacing (P < 0,10). The N-901 hybrid obtained the higher content ºBrix in both seasons, length and diameter (season 2012) than H-9553 when submitted at spacing 1,3m among double rows in population density of 35 thousand plants ha-1.
A utilização combinada da densidade de plantas e o do espaçamento entre linhas é uma tecnologia que visa a exploração eficiente do ambiente de cultivo em qualquer cultura. O objetivo foi comparar os híbridos de tomate industrial (H-9553 e N- 901), nos espaçamentos de 1,2m e 1,3m, em populações de 25, 30 e 35 mil plantas ha-1. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na safra de 2012 na área experimental da Cargill Foods em Aparecida de Goiânia-GO (16º 52’ S, 49º 18’ W, 804m de altitude) e na safra de 2013 na Escola de Agronomia, da Universidade Federal de Goiás, em Goiânia-GO (16º 35’ S, 49º 21’ W, 727m altitude). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados em parcelas sub-divididas com quatro repetições, sendo a parcela principal representada pelo fatorial entre as densidades populacionais (25, 30 e 35 mil plantas ha-1) e espaçamentos entre as linhas duplas (1,2m e 1,3m), e as sub-parcelas pelos dois híbridos. Foram avaliadas as variáveis produtividade, percentual de maturação, teor de sólidos solúveis (ºBrix), massa de dez frutos, diâmetro e comprimento dos híbridos de tomate industrial H- 9553 e N-901. Os caracteres que não apresentaram respostas diferenciadas (P > 0,10) foram: percentual de maturação, massa de dez frutos, nas safras de 2012 e de 2013, e produtividade, diâmetro e comprimento, na safra de 2013. Para produtividade, somente na safra de 2012 houve resposta diferenciada (P < 0,10) para as três densidades populacionais, estimando um acréscimo de 5,6 t ha-1 à cada aumento de cinco mil plantas ha-1. Na safra 2012 houve diferença significativa (P < 0,10) para o ºBrix entre os níveis de densidade populacional dentro de cada espaçamento. Enquanto que na safra 2013 a mesma variável foi a única que apresentou diferença significativa (P < 0,10) para a fonte de variação híbrido em que o N-901 (5,35), em média, obteve frutos com maior ºBrix do que o H-9553 (5,20). Quanto ao comprimento e diâmetro, apenas na safra 2012, houve diferença para a fonte de variação híbrido (P < 0,05) e espaçamento (P < 0,10). O híbrido N-901 obteve os maiores teores de ºBrix nas duas safras, comprimento e diâmetro (safra 2012) em relação ao híbrido H-9553 quando submetidos ao espaçamento de 1,3 m entre fileiras duplas na densidade populacional de 35 mil plantas ha-1.
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Queiroz, Renata Fernandes de. "Consortium of maize with Urochloa ruziziensis in two spaces and modalities sowing." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15387.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoThe no tillage system (SPD) is a conservation practice that aims to more sustainable production system and is able to be reproduced in large areas of land. The maize grown in SPD says the culture of compatibility in consortium with forage, mainly with fodder generic taxon Urochloa that have great potential for the production of straw without interfering in grain production. The objective of this study was to identify the appropriate spatial arrangement for the maize crop in consortium with Urochloa ruziziensis taking into account productive aspects of grain, straw and operating the mechanized sowing system. The experiment was conducted experimental area of the Laboratory of Machines and Agricultural Mechanization of UNESP / Jaboticabal- SP, in Rhodic Eutrudox, clayey in the period from January to July of 2014 with experimental design randomized blocks with eight treatments in scheme factorial 2x3 + 2, with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of two spacings of maize (0.45 and 0.90 m) and three types of Urochloa ruziziensis consortium with corn (Urochloa sown at line; Urochloa throwing sowing at the sowing of maize, Urochloa throwing sowing at V4 stage of maize) + Witness (single maize): E1M1- maize spaced 0.45 m intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis sown at maize line; E1M2 - sown maize on 0.45 m spacing intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis throwing sowing at sowing of maize; E1M3 - maize sown in 0.45 m spacing with Urochloa ruziziensis sown by broadcasting at V4 stage of maize; E2M1- maize spaced 0.90 m intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis sown at maize line; E2M2 - sown maize on 0.45 m spacing intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis throwing sowing at sowing of maize; E2M3 - maize sown in 0.90 m spacing with Urochloa ruziziensis sown by broadcasting at V4 stage of maize; T1 - single maize sown in the spacing of 0.45 m; T2 - single maize sown in the spacing of 0.90 m. The results showed that intercropping maize to 0.90 m with Urochloa ruziziensis at sowing line provided better grain production results without interfering with the production of plant dry matter of Urochloa and getting better results for the operating conditions of mechanized sowing.
O sistema plantio direto (SPD) à uma prÃtica conservacionista que visa maior sustentabilidade do sistema produtivo e à capaz de ser reproduzida em grandes extensÃes de Ãrea. O milho cultivado em SPD relata a compatibilidade da cultura em consÃrcio com forrageiras, principalmente com forrageiras do tÃxon genÃrico Urochloa que possuem grande potencial para produÃÃo de palhada sem interferir na produÃÃo de grÃos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar o arranjo espacial adequado para a cultura do milho em consÃrcio com a Urochloa ruziziensis levando em consideraÃÃo aspectos produtivos de grÃos, palhada e operacionais do sistema mecanizado de semeadura. O experimento foi instalado Ãrea experimental do LaboratÃrio de MÃquinas e MecanizaÃÃo AgrÃcola da UNESP/Jaboticabal-SP, em Latossolo Vermelho eutrofÃrrico tÃpico, textura argilosa, no perÃodo de janeiro a julho do ano de 2014 com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com 8 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2x3+2, com 4 repetiÃÃes. Os tratamentos foram constituÃdos por dois espaÃamentos da cultura do milho (0,45 e 0,90 m) e trÃs modalidades de consÃrcio da Urochloa ruziziensis com o milho (Urochloa semeada na linha; Urochloa semeada a lanÃo junto à semeadura do milho, Urochloa semeada a lanÃo no estÃdio V4 do milho) + Testemunha (milho solteiro): E1M1- milho no espaÃamento 0,45 m consorciado com Urochloa ruziziensis semeada na linha junto a semeadura do milho; E1M2 â milho semeado no espaÃamento 0,45 m consorciado com Urochloa ruziziensis semeada a lanÃo junto a semeadura do milho; E1M3 - milho semeado no espaÃamento 0,45 m com Urochloa ruziziensis semeada a lanÃo no estÃdio V4 do milho; E2M1- milho no espaÃamento 0,90 m consorciado com Urochloa ruziziensis semeada na linha junto a semeadura do milho; E2M2 â milho semeado no espaÃamento 0,90 m consorciado com Urochloa ruziziensis semeada a lanÃo junto a semeadura do milho; E2M3 - milho semeado no espaÃamento 0,90 m com Urochloa ruziziensis semeada a lanÃo no estÃdio V4 do milho; T1- milho solteiro semeado no espaÃamento de 0,45 m; T2 â milho solteiro semeado no espaÃamento de 0,90 m. Os resultados demonstraram que a consorciaÃÃo do milho a 0,90 m com Urochloa ruziziensis na linha de semeadura proporcionaram melhores resultados de produÃÃo de grÃos sem interferir na produÃÃo de matÃria seca vegetal da Urochloa e obtendo melhores resultados para as condiÃÃes mecanizadas operacionais de semeadura.
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Alves, Anailson de Sousa. "Produção de cultivares de milho em função de adubações e espaçamentos entre linhas." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2015. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/412.
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Previous issue date: 2015-06-18Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The production potential of maize can be exploited by the judicious implementation of technical aspects, such as the choice of cultivar that best suits growing conditions, spacing employ and proper management. The objective was to evaluate the agronomic performance, yield components and yield of two maize cultivars for different types of fertilization and row spacing an irrigated cropping system. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes, in Mossoro, RN, adopting a randomized complete block design in a factorial 3 x 2 x 2, with four replications. Treatments consisted of three fertilizer (AO - Organic fertilization; AOM - fertilization and organic-AM - Mineral fertilization), two corn cultivars (Bras 3010 and Potiguar) and two row spacings (80 cm and 50 cm). We evaluated the emergency speed index, initial and final plant population, spikes insertion height, stem diameter, number of kernel rows per ear, number of grains per ear, ear yield with and without straw, spike diameter, spike length, grain weight per ear and yield. The organic-fertilizer (AOM) showed no significant differences in relation to mineral fertilization (M) in the parameters of agronomic performance of maize cultivars increased, except for stem diameter. The agronomic aspects of corn cultivars were evaluated using the incremented spacing of 80 cm between rows, except the initial and final population of plants. The highest yield was obtained with the use of organic fertilizer in cultivar Potiguar, spaced at, 80 cm between rows. The final population, yield and thousand grain weight were the components that most influenced the evaluation of all the data. Each corn cultivar evaluated responded differently to fertilization and evaluated spacings. The agreement between the results of cluster analysis and principal component analysis with the analysis of variance shows the appropriateness of multivariate statistical techniques used in this study. The combined use of multivariate techniques allowed to infer more safely about groups formed between treatments and their characteristics
O potencial produtivo da cultura do milho pode ser explorado pela implementação criteriosa de aspectos técnicos, como a escolha da cultivar que melhor se adapta às condições de cultivo, espaçamento utilizado e o manejo adequado. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho agronômico, os componentes de produção e a produtividade de duas cultivares de milho em função dos tipos de adubações e espaçamentos entre linhas, em sistema de cultivo irrigado. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, em Mossoró, RN, adotando-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial 3 x 2 x 2, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos constituídos por três adubações (AO - Adubação Orgânica; AOM - Adubação Organomineral e AM - Adubação Mineral), duas cultivares de milho (Bras 3010 e Potiguar) e dois espaçamentos entre linhas (80 cm e 50 cm). Foram avaliados o índice de velocidade de emergência, população inicial e final de plantas, altura de inserção de espigas, diâmetro do colmo, número de fileiras de grãos por espiga, número de grãos por espiga, massa de espiga com e sem palhas, diâmetro, comprimento e massa de grãos por espiga e produtividade. A adubação organomineral (AOM) não apresentou diferenças significativas em relação à adubação mineral (M) nos parâmetros desempenho agronômico das cultivares de milho avaliadas, com exceção do diâmetro do colmo. Os aspectos agronômicos das cultivares de milho avaliadas foram incrementados com a utilização do espaçamento de 80 cm entre linhas, com exceção da população inicial e final de plantas. A maior produtividade foi encontrada com a utilização da adubação orgânica, para a cultivar Potiguar, no espaçamento de 80 cm entre linhas. A população final, a produtividade e a massa de mil grãos foram os componentes que mais influenciaram na avaliação do conjunto dos dados. Cada cultivar de milho avaliada respondeu de maneira diferenciada às adubações e espaçamentos avaliados. A concordância entre os resultados da análise de agrupamentos e da análise de componentes principais com a análise de variância evidencia a adequação das técnicas estatísticas multivariadas utilizadas nesta pesquisa. O uso combinado das técnicas multivariadas possibilitou inferir com maior segurança nos agrupamentos formados entre os tratamentos e em suas características
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Ferreira, Camila. "CULTIVARES DE CEVADA SEMEADAS EM ESPAÇAMENTOS SIMPLES E PAREADO COMBINADOS COM DOSES DE ADUBO E DENSIDADES DE SEMEADURA." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2015. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2276.
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Previous issue date: 2015-11-26Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná
The arrangement of plants in paired spacing has been used in some cultivars of barley with good yield results. However, this still presents divergent results spacing between the work already carried out. In addition, it is necessary to adjust the rate of fertilizer and plant population to be used in paired spacing, as compared to simple spacing. The objective of this work was to evaluate rates of fertilizer at seeding and populations of plants in paired spacing in comparison with the simple in crop of barley. In this sense, two experiments were installed, differing them by cultivating, in farm school of the Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, in the municipality of Ponta Grossa, PR, in the year 2013, with repetition in the year 2014. The experimental design adopted in two years was randomized in main plots plots scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of plots with two spatial arrangements of plants (simple and paired spacing), subplots with two doses of fertilizer applied at seeding (100 and 150 kg ha-1) and subsubparcelas with four plant populations (270, 360, 540 and 450 seeds m-2). The treatments were applied in two barley cultivars, BRS-Cauê and BRS-Elis. With the results obtained shows that the paired spacing does not present positive results consolidated in crop of barley, once the simple spacing produced more than the paired. The largest rate of fertilizer applied at seeding should be adopted regardless of the spatial arrangement is used, because it resulted in higher yield in one of the cultivars in the two years of research. The recommended seeding density for the crop of barley (250 to 300 plants m-2) should be kept regardless of the spatial arrangement adopted, since the elevation of density not provided positive results that justify their adoption.
O arranjo de plantas em espaçamento pareado vem sendo utilizado em algumas cultivares de cevada com bons resultados de produtividade. No entanto, esse espaçamento ainda apresenta resultados divergentes entre os trabalhos já realizados. Além disso, é necessária a readequação da dose de fertilizante e da população de planta a serem utilizadas no espaçamento pareado, em comparação ao espaçamento simples. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar doses de fertilizante na semeadura e populações de plantas no espaçamento pareado em comparação com o simples na cultura da cevada. Nesse sentido, foram instalados dois experimentos, diferindo-os pelo cultivar, na Fazenda Escola da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, no município de Ponta Grossa, PR, no ano de 2013, com repetição no ano de 2014. O delineamento experimental adotado nos dois anos foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram de parcelas com dois arranjos espaciais de plantas (espaçamento simples e pareado), de subparcelas com duas doses de fertilizante aplicado na semeadura (100 e 150 kg ha-1) e de subsubparcelas com quatro populações de plantas (270, 360, 450 e 540 sementes m-2). Os tratamentos foram aplicados em dois cultivares de cevada, BRS-Cauê e BRS-Elis. Com os resultados obtidos evidencia-se que o espaçamento pareado não apresenta resultados positivos consolidados na cultura da cevada, uma vez que o espaçamento simples produziu mais que o pareado. A maior dose de fertilizante aplicada na semeadura deve ser adotada independentemente do arranjo espacial utilizado, pois a mesma resultou em maior produtividade em um dos cultivares nos dois anos de pesquisa. A densidade de semeadura recomendada para a cultura da cevada (250 a 300 plantas m-2) deve ser mantida independentemente do arranjo espacial adotado, uma vez que a elevação da densidade não proporcionou resultados positivos que justificasse sua adoção.
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Wood, Gillian Ann. "Field arrangements in the West Riding of Yorkshire in the High Middle Ages." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275806.
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Mdarhri, A. "Propriétés électromagnétiques de matériaux hétérogènes: Approche expérimentale et modélisation." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00583599.
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Ce travail présente, tout d'abord, l'étude des propriétés électriques (conductivité, permittivité) d'une matrice thermoplastique contenant du noir de carbone. Nous mettons en évidence les facteurs influençant ces propriétés en continu, basses fréquences et en micro-ondes à l'aide des techniques de spectroscopie diélectrique dynamique. L'influence de déformations mécaniques uniaxiales sur la permittivité en micro-ondes a été étudiée. Ensuite, les effets de la nature de la matrice et de l'arrangement spatial des nanotubes de carbone multiparois NTC sur les propriétés électriques des composites époxyde/NTC et latex /NTC ont été abordés. Les théories de la percolation et du milieu effectif sont utilisées pour décrire les mécanismes de transport électronique dans ces composites.
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Horowitz, Deborah E. "Domestic arrangements : spatial configurations of home in the English novel, 1900-1939." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367459.
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Thaler, Thomas. "Rescaling in flood risk governance : new spatial and institutional arrangements and structures." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2015. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/17454/.
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Flood governance and policy in Europe are changing: the role of the state and individual responsibility for risk management are now key contemporary issues in flood policy. The new policy agenda has been implemented to enhance the responsibilities of local authorities in flood risk management and reduce the controlling role of central national governments. The new strategies place the lead responsibility on local organisations to determine local strategies to manage local risks. This thesis examines the new role of these local authorities and organisations in flood risk management as well as how the nature of partnerships are established and operate, focusing especially on the main barriers and challenges. In principle, local authorities should be able to lead partnerships with local stakeholders to ensure effective local flood risk management. However, with current pressures on local authorities to reduce spending and a parallel reduction in the central state’s resources, partnership has been seen as a possibility to both increase the value of budgets available. The central aspects of this thesis are to investigate and to explore the influence of new scales on the interaction and performance of the different actors and their relationships; particularly with regard to power, processes and scaled networks. The research was carried out through a series of semi-structured interviews with both regional and local stakeholders in Austria and England. It demonstrates not only the importance of network connections between actors at the same scale, but refers also to the networks between actors and stakeholders at different scales, especially between local and national level. Local engagement strongly depends on social capacities, such as knowledge, motivation/self-interest, economics, networks, organisation and procedural capacity.
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Hesterberg, Stephen Gregory. "Three-dimensional Interstitial Space Mediates Predator Foraging Success in Different Spatial Arrangements." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6096.
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Habitat structure modifies the strength of predator-prey interactions, but it remains unclear how to describe the three-dimensional spatial arrangement of structural components in a way that consistently predicts outcomes. Interstitial space may provide a useful target for measurement, but most studies use only two-dimensional methods to describe 3D space, limiting their predictive power. Using a novel technology to produce identical components, this study tests whether the 3D interstitial space of oyster shell mimics modifies the ability of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) to capture their mud crab prey (Eurypanopeous depressus) in mesocosms and a variety of reef-associated predators to capture tethered mud crabs in the field. To accomplish this, individual interstices were manipulated by changing either the orientation or internal shape of 3D printed shell mimics, representing possible ways natural oyster shells differ spatially on a reef. In mesocosms, 3D interstitial space strongly affected prey survivorship in both spatial arrangements, but striking variation in the ability of individual blue crabs to consume their prey in the Shape 1 structures was notable. Field tethering experiments mostly corroborated mesocosm findings, except in the shell shape treatment. These unexpected results were likely an artifact of differences in predation between field experiments and highlight the specificity of predator-prey interactions in structured habitats. Together, these results demonstrate that the 3D interstitial space created from the spatial arrangement of structural components can mediate predator foraging success independent of the widely studied density attribute, but these outcomes are further dependent on both predator and prey identity as well as individual variation. This study also identifies a potential target for quantifying the spatial arrangement of structural components and proposes that such a measure should be three-dimensional, capture both the size and shape of an interstice, and scaled to the specific predator-prey interaction in question.
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Haltigin, Timothy William. "Interpreting polygonal terrain network arrangements on Earth and Mars using spatial point patterns." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=92211.
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Polygonal terrain is one of the most common landforms found throughout the periglacial environments of Earth and Mars. These networks of interconnected trough-like features form through a complex interaction of climatological and rheological processes and often signify the presence of ground ice deposits.Previous comparisons of morphological similarities amongst sites on both planets have typically relied upon qualitative techniques. In some cases, limited quantitative metrics have been utilized, but there remains no objective, repeatable method by which to compare terrestrial and Martian polygonal terrain.
The overarching goal of this work is to assess the utility of a particular statistical method Spatial Point Pattern Analysis (SPPA) for analyzing polygonal network geometries at sites on Earth and Mars. Based around four sets of experimental results, the objectives addressed by this thesis are to:
(i) demonstrate that SPPA is an effective means by which qualitative, observable variations in polygonal morphology can be quantified;
(ii) examine the effects of different input data collection methods on the output of the statistical model;
(iii) establish that the analytical results of SPPA as applied to polygonal terrain are rooted in terrestrial geomorphic theory, and;
(iv) perform a case study in which SPPA is used to reconstruct the landscape history of a particular region of Mars.
Our results show that SPPA successfully differentiates between the geometric patterns observed at various sites, simultaneously providing data pertaining to the cumulative distribution of trough segment lengths and the overall network arrangement. In providing guidelines for future applications of this technique, we demonstrate that SPPA results are the most reliable when using data derived from ground-based terrain surveys or GIS-based analysis of high-resolution (< 0.5m/pixel) satellite or aerial images. Moreover, extensive fieldwork in the Canadian High Arctic illustrates that the observed point pattern of a given site is linked to its substrate composition and relative stage of development. Finally, using the field results as an analogical source to inform the interpretation of Martian geomorphic processes, a landscape evolution model is proposed to explain the development of a poorly-understood landform (scalloped depressions) in the ice-rich terrains of the Martian northern latitudes.
Les formes de terrain polygonales sont parmi les plus communes dans les environnements périglaciaires sur la Terre comme sur Mars. Ces réseaux de dépressions interconnectées sont issus d'interactions complexes entre des processus climatologiques et rhéologiques et indiquent souvent la présence de dépôts de glace souterraine.
Les comparaisons précédentes sur les similarités morphologiques entre des sites à la surface des deux planètes ont souvent été basées sur des techniques qualitatives. Dans certains cas, quelques mesures quantitatives ont été utilisées, mais il n'y avait aucune méthode objective qui permettait de comparer les formes de terrain polygonales terrestres et martiennes.
L'objectif général de cette recherche est d'évaluer l'utilité d'une méthode statistique particulière l'analyse de patrons spatiaux ponctuels (APSP) pour analyser la géométrie des réseaux polygonaux sur Terre et sur Mars. À partir de quatre séries de données expérimentales, les objectifs spécifiques de cette thèse sont:
(i) de démontrer que l'APSP est une méthode efficace par laquelle les variations observées de façon qualitative dans la morphologie des polygons peuvent être quantifiées;
(ii) d'examiner les effets de différentes méthodes de cueillette de données à l'entrée sur les résultats du modèle statistique;
(iii) d'établir que les résultats analytiques de l'APSP appliqués à un terrain polygonal ont comme fondement théorique les concepts géomorphologiques terrestres;
(iv) de réaliser une étude de cas qui utilise l'APSP afin de reconstruire l'histoire du paysage dans une région spécifique de Mars.
Nos résultats indiquent que l'APSP permet de différencier avec succès les patrons géométriques observés à différents sites, tout en procurant des données pertinentes sur la distribution cumulative des longueurs de segments de dépression et sur l'agencement général de ces réseaux. En fournissant des directives pour les applications futures de cette technique, nous démontrons que les résultats de l'APSP sont les plus fiables lorsque les données proviennent de relevés de terrain au sol ou d'une analyse par SIG de données satellitaires ou d'imagerie aérienne de fine résolution (≤ 0.5m/pixel). De plus, une vaste campagne de terrain réalisée dans le Haut-Arctique canadien montre que le patron ponctuel observé en un site donné est lié à la composition du substrat ainsi qu'à son stade relatif de développement. Finalement, en utilisant les résultats de terrain comme une source analogue qui nous informe sur l'interprétation des processus géomorphologiques sur Mars, un modèle d'évolution du paysage est développé pour expliquer le développement de formes de terrain peu documentées (depressions festonnées) dans les zones riches en glace des latitudes nord de Mars.
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Tolmay, John Peter Cleggenett. "Morphological and physiological responses of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to spatial arrangements." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1358.
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Thesis (PhD(Agric) (Agronomy))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.The adoption of the no-till planting method brought about changes to the way the wheat crop is established in the Mediterranean climate of the Western Cape. Row widths have to increase from the normal narrow rows (170-180 mm) to at least 250 mm to allow for sufficient stubble handling. Furthermore, planters are designed to place seed accurately in the soil at uniform depth, which may increase seedling survival rates. The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of the use of wide row widths on yield, the components of yield and grain quality parameters and to revisit planting density recommendations to be used with the notill planting method. On-farm, producer managed trials which included cultivars, row widths and planting density treatments were planted at Riversdale, Swellendam and Caledon in the Southern Cape region and at Moorreesburg and Hopefield in the Swartland during the 2004 to 2006 production seasons. All trials were factorial RCB designs with split-split plot arrangements. Grain yield, grain protein, hectolitre mass (HLM) and the yield components, seedlings m-2, seedling survival (%), number of heads m-2, number of heads plant-1, number of kernels head-1 and thousand kernel mass (TKM) were determined at all sites in 2005 and 2006. Seedling survival rates of 80% were easily achieved in all trials with the exception of Caledon and Swellendam in 2005. The no-till planting method may be efficient to improve on survival rates of 50-70% found with the conventional planting methods. The yield component response that raised the most concern was the clear trend of the reduction in the number of heads m-2 as row widths increased, which was significant in eight out of the nine experiments. The number of heads plant-1 decreased significantly as planting density increased in all experiments. Cultivars differed in the grain quality parameters grain protein (%) and HLM but were influenced minimally by the other treatments. Reductions in grain yield occurred in three out of eight trials in the Southern Cape and in three out of six trials in the Swartland, with reductions of between 6.8% and 33% in some seasons. The risk of yield loss due to wide row widths could not be excluded by this study and therefore the row widths used by producers should remain as narrow as practically possible. Grain yield response to increasing planting density differed between the two regions. No significant yield benefits were found in any of these trials if planting densities were increased above 175 target plants m-2. Planting densities may be reduced to between 70 and 87.5 kg seed ha-1 to achieve this target if the crop is planted in time and seedling survival rates of at least 80% can be achieved.
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Tolmay, John Peter Cleggenett. "Morphological and physiological responses of spring wheat (Triticum aevstivum L.) to spatial arrangements /." Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1358.
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Moorhouse, Sara. "The ways in which arrangements of colour interact and manipulate spatial perception of three-dimensional ceramic forms." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/6502.
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Rodrigues, Lúcia Helena Ribeiro. "Reguladores da dinâmica das comunidades planctônicas e íctica em ecossistemas límnicos subtropicais." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/19125.
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As comunidades mudam no tempo e espaço em função de pressões decorrentes da estrutura do habitat e disponibilidade de recursos. O entendimento das relações ecológicas e interações das comunidades são essenciais para o manejo com objetivo de melhorar a qualidade da água através de interferências na cadeia trófica aquática e na dinâmica do ecossistema através de modelagem ecológica. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido em dois sistemas límicos subtropicais no extremo sul do Brasil: banhados temporários (‘campos de cultivo de arroz’) e um grande lago raso, lagoa Mangueira. O objetivo do trabalho nos banhados temporários constituiu-se em avaliar a dinâmica das comunidades planctônicas e íctica durante o desenvolvimento desses ecossitemas (um ciclo produtivo de cultivo de arroz). Nossos resultados evidenciaram um claro gradiente temporal direcionado pela disponibilidade de nutrientes no banhado temporário. Entretanto, as variáveis limnológicas não apresentaram nenhuma tendência espacial entre as estações amostrais. Através de regressão linear verificou-se correlação positiva entre clorofila a, nutrientes, biomassa zooplanctônica e, em especial, biomassa de copépodos. Por outro lado, biomassa de peixes e, particularmente, peixes planctívoros foram inversamente relacionados à concentração de clorofila a. Relações significativas entre o DOC com nutrientes, biomassa de plâncton e peixes foram igualmente identificadas ao longo do ciclo produtivo do arroz. Na lagoa Mangueira, sistema raso (zmed 3m), de 90 km de comprimento, o objetivo foi avaliar a distribuição espacial e temporal de plâncton e peixes em função da presença da macrófita emergente Zizaniopsis bonariensis. Além disso, foi verificada a existência de um gradiente longitudinal na lagoa e a estrutura da teia trófica do sistema. Análise de componentes principais e análise de redundância evidenciaram a presença de gradientes espacial (Norte/Sul) e temporal (sazonal) durante o estudo. Análise de similaridade (ANOSIM) aplicada às variáveis ambientais evidenciou diferenças significativas entre os extremos da lagoa (Norte e Sul). Transparência Secchi, DOC e clorofila a foram significativamente diferentes entre os pontos amostrais do Norte e Sul. Através de ANOVA verificou-se que os efeitos temporais sazonais são mais intensos no Norte da lagoa Mangueira. Com relação à estrutura da comunidade na lagoa Mangueira, a biomassa do bacterioplâncton, clorofila a, biomassa zooplanctônica e captura de peixes foram diferentes sazonalmente após a extração do efeito da estrutura de habitat, enquanto que no Sul apenas a clorofila a apresentou variação sazonal significativa. A estrutura de habitat (junto à Z. bonariensis e em água aberta) induziu diferenças significativas na concentração de clorofila a tanto no Norte como no Sul da lagoa Mangueira, após a extração dos efeitos decorrentes da sazonalidade. A captura de peixes também foi influenciada pela estrutura de habitat no Norte, após a extração do efeito sazonal. Análise de similaridade (ANOSIM) aplicada à comunidade de peixes também demonstrou diferenças significativas entre o Norte e o Sul da lagoa Mangueira, embora diferenças entre as áreas vegetadas e águas abertas não tenham sido verificadas. Biomassa dos peixes, número de capturas e riqueza específica foram diferentes entre os pontos amostrais. Baseado nas razões de δ13C and δ15N identificou-se a estrutura trófica da lagoa, bem como a posição trófica de espécies de peixes e as fontes de carbono do sitema. Análise de isótopos estáveis de nitrogênio permitiu a identificação de dois níveis tróficos de peixes na lagoa Mangueira. Macrófitas emergentes e perifíton foram identificadas como importantes fontes de carbono que sustentam a estrutura trófica do sistema. Análise de grupamento a partir de dados de δ13C e δ15N e de conteúdo estomacal identificou um arranjo perfeitamente filogenético entre as espécies de peixes analisadas, refletindo que, em sentido amplo, nichos alimentares são compartilhados por espécies taxonomicamente relacionadas. A dinâmica trófica da espécie de peixe dominante na lagoa, Oligosarcus jenynsii foi também analisada. Foram identificadas mudanças sazonais e ontogenéticas na dinâmica alimentar da espécie, evidenciando a grande plasticidade trófica associada com uma estratégia oportunista, característica de espécies carnívoras generalistas. As informações obtidas neste estudo permitiram identificar grande heterogeneidade espacial e claro gradiente longitudinal na lagoa Mangueira, tanto de fatores bióticos quanto abióticos, com reflexos na distribuição e abundância de plâncton e peixes. De posse destas informações foi possível alcançar um entedimento sobre a estrutura atual do sistema, bem como os direcionadores da sua dinâmica. A abordagem direcionada neste trabalho sobre o entendimento da estrutura atual de um lago raso subtropical possibilita futuros estudos na área da modelagem ecológica. A dinâmica das comunidades abordadas neste estudo vem subsidiar a parametrização de um modelo ecológico, com capacidade de estabelecer prognósticos, tendo como contorno, estressores naturais e antrópicos.Biological communities change in time and space following driving pressures from differences in habitat structure and resource availability. Understanding the ecological role and interactions within aquatic community is essential for any management action trying to improve water quality by interferences in lake food web, ecosystem dynamics and modeling. The present study was carried out in two freshwater systems in Southern Brazil: an irrigated rice field and in a large shallow system, Mangueira Lake. The goal of this study in temporary wetlands was to evaluate the plankton and fish dynamics during a productive cycle. Our results evidenced a temporal gradient by nutrients availability in the temporary wetland studied. However, the limnological variables did not display any horizontal pattern among sampling stations. Linear regression showed a positive relationship between chlorophyll a and nutrients, zooplankton biomass and copepod biomass. In contrast, fish biomass and planktivorous fish biomass were inversely related to chlorophyll a. Statistically significant relationships between DOC with nutrients, plankton and fish biomass were also identified during the rice production cycle. In Mangueira Lake, a shallow system (zmed 3m) and 90 km long, the goal was to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of plankton and fish biomass as a function of the presence of the emergent macrophytes Zizaniopsis bonariensis. We also analyzed the existence of longitudinal gradient in lake and the food web structure in system. The PCA and RDA analyses showed the temporal (seasonal) and spatial (North/South) gradient during the study. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) applied to environmental variables showed significant differences between sampling sites (North and South). Secchi transparency, DOC and chlorophyll a were significantly different in North and South sampling sites. ANOVA results showed that season effects are stronger in the Northern sampling site. Concerning the community structure in the Mangueira Lake, bacterioplankton biomass, chlorophyll a, zooplankton biomass and fish captures were different seasonally after extracting the habitat structure effect, while in the Southern sampling site only chlorophyll a presented a seasonal significant variation. Habitat structure (by Z. bonariensis stands and open water samples) induced significant differences in chlorophyll a both in North and South samples after extracting seasonal effect. Fish captures do also responded to habitat structure in the North, after extracting the season effect. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) applied to fish community also showed significant differences between North and South, although no significant differences between vegetated and open water zones was observed. Fish biomass, number of captures, and richness were different between sampling sites. Based on the δ13C and δ15N ratios and analysis of stomach content of fish species, we provide also a description of food web structure, trophic positions of fish species and primary producers of system. Analysis of nitrogen isotope ratios yielded two fish trophic levels in Mangueira Lake. Emergent macrophytes and periphyton were important carbon source that sustain the food web structure of the system. Cluster analysis of δ13C and δ15N values and stomach content yielded a perfect phylogenetic arrangement of species. This result reflects that major feeding niches are shared by taxonomically related species. The feeding dynamics of the dominant fish species, Oligosarcus jenynsii was analysed by using analyses of stomach contents and stable isotopes signature. Seasonal and ontogenetic change in the feeding biology of O. jenynsii was identified, showing the high feeding plasticity, in addition to an opportunistic strategy of this generalist carnivore species. This study allows identifying a large spatial heterogeneity and clear longitudinal gradient both in biotic and abiotic factors, reflecting fish and plankton distribution and abundance. The evaluated parameters are intended to feed a mathematical model for the Mangueira Lake, looking for predictable scenarios from natural and anthropogenic stressors.
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López, Muñoz Ignacio Francisco. "Optimal spatial arrangements of three ecosystems: microalgae pond, anaerobic digester and aerobic wastewater treatment plant." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/139852.
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Ingeniero Civil en BiotecnologíaIngeniero Civil Químico
Actualmente existen diversos problemas medioambientales, dos de ellos corresponden a la futura crisis energética, debido al agotamiento de los combustibles fósiles, y a la existencia de aguas residuales con altas concentraciones de nitrógeno y carbono. Un microorganismo llamado microalga podría ser una potencial solución a estos problemas, ya que éstos consumen nitrógeno y carbono para acumular lípidos en su medio intracelular, el cual posteriormente es procesado para producir biocombustibles. Sin embargo, la producción de energía a partir de microlagas es aún muy cara, es por eso que se debe optimizar este proceso, en este trabajo se abordará la estrategia de optimización a través del acoplamiento de ecosistemas, los cuales corresponden a: Piscina de microalgas (PM), digestor anaeróbico (DA) y una planta de tratamiento de aguas (PTA). El objetivo general de esta investigación es encontrar el arreglo espacial óptimo entre ellos. Se diseñaron y calibraron modelos matemáticos simples para el ecosistema PM y PTA. La calibración se llevó a cabo usando las curvas de nitrógeno y de demanda química de oxígeno (DQO) en paralelo, con una suma de errores de 22.5% para el PM y de 38.5% para el PTA. Los parámetros obtenidos son comparables a los encontrados en la literatura. Los ecosistemas fueron acoplados a través de sus flujos de DQO y de nitrógeno, y las siguientes funciones objetivo fueron definidas: 1) Maximizar el metano producido 2) Maximizar la energía total producida y 3) Maximizar las ganacias obtenidas gracias al valor del metano y de la biomasa producida. Además, fueron consideradas restricciones medioambientales, tales como la concentración de nitrógeno y la DQO en la salida del sistema. Si lo que se maximiza es el metano, se obtienen 99.96 [mol]. El reactor anaeróbico es el más grande y recibe la alimentación más alta, el CH4 generado corresponde al 72.4% del máximo teórico. En este caso, el arreglo espacial no puede ser presentado como una cadena de etapas porque el diagrama de flujos obtenido es uno circular y por lo tanto el orden entre cada ecosistema es irrelevante para el proceso. Si la ganacia y la energía total producida son maximizadas, se obtuvo 343.6 US$ y 115.53 [kWh], respectivamente. El ecosistema de tratamiento de aguas recibe la alimentación más alta, el cual produce el mayor beneficio económicos y la mayor producción de energía. El metano producido es un 21% del máximo teórico. En ambos casos, el arraglo espacial obtenido son iguales, debido a la presencia de mínimos locales y a la similtud de las funciones objetivo. Además, es posible concluir que el primer paso del proceso debiese ser el ecosistema PTA, luego el DA y finalmente el PM. Así, se pudo cumplir el objetivo general de este trabajo. Finalmente, la metodología usada es capaz de cumplir los objetivos planteados, incluso es posible escalar el problema agregando otros ecosistemas o usarla en otras aplicaciones." "In recent years several environmental problems have come about, two of them are an energy crisis as a result of fossil fuel exhaust and the waste water created with high nitrogen and carbon concentrations. A potential solution of the aforementioned problems is contained in the properties of microalgae, which is a microorganism that can accumulate lipids in its intracellular medium. These lipids can be processed and converted into biofuel by allowing microalgae to consume nitrogen and an organic source from the medium. However, energy production from microalgae is too expensive in comparison with fossil fuel and thus there is a need to optimize this process. The strategy of optimizing by coupling ecosystems will be carried out in this work. The ecosystems that will be coupled are: Microalgae pond (MP), anaerobic digester (AD) and wastewater treatment plant (WWT). The general objective of this research is to find the optimal spatial arrangement among them through mathematical modelling. Simple mathematical models were designed and calibrated to MP and WWT ecosystem. Calibrations were carried out using nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand (COD) curves in parallel with a sum error of 22.5% in MP and 38.5% in WWT. Obtained parameters are similar to ones found in previous literature. Ecosystem were coupled through COD and nitrogen flows and the following objectives functions were defined: 1) Maximize methane produced 2) Maximize total energy produced and 3) Maximize profit due to the value of methane and microalgae biomass produced. Environmental constraints were considered, such as nitrogen and COD because they are in the output. When the methane produced was maximized it reached 99.96 [mol]. The anaerobic reactor has the biggest size, it receives the highest input flow, and CH4 generated is the 72.4% of maximum theoretical methane production. This result determined that the spatial arrangement can not be summarized by a chain of processes since the flowsheet obtained is a circular one and thus the order is irrelevant for the process. When profit and total energy produced are maximized, it was obtained 343.6 US$ and 115.53 [kWh]$ respectively. Waste water ecosystem received the biggest input flow, which produced the majority of amount of revenues and energy. Methane produced is equal to 21% of maximum theoretical. In both cases, the spatial arrangements obtained are equals due to the presence of local minima and the similarity in the objective function. These calculations allow to conclude the best order of the ecosystems: WWT, AD, and finally MP. Finally the methodology is enough to reach the objectives of this work, even it is possible to scale the system adding more than one ecosystem or using this methodology in other fields.
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Shivute, Vaino P. "A study of plant spatial arrangements in intercropping with particular reference to the maize/beans combination." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.279653.
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Rannou, Klervi. "Tessellations à base de champs aléatoires gaussiens. Application à la modélisation spatiale et temporelle de l'endothélium cornéen humain." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEM032/document.
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Les tessellations, aussi appelées mosaïques, permettent de modéliser de nombreuses structures, comme des assemblages de cellules en biologie ou de grains en science des matériaux. La tessellation aléatoire la plus connue est le diagramme de Voronoï qui à partir d'un ensemble de points, appelés germes, partitionne le plan. L'approche innovante de cette thèse est d'utiliser des champs aléatoires gaussiens pour générer des germes et des distances aléatoires, qui vont permettre de simuler une grande variété de tessellations en termes de formes et de tailles des cellules.Pour connaître les propriétés des tessellations simulées à partir de champs aléatoires gaussiens, celles-ci vont être caractérisées et comparées à d'autres tessellations. Tout d'abord par une approche ponctuelle en étudiant les germes, dont leur distribution spatiale. Puis par une approche par région, en étudiant la géométrie et la morphométrie des cellules.L'endothélium cornéen humain est une monocouche de cellules formant un pavage hexagonal régulier à la naissance, et perdant de sa régularité ensuite. La qualité du greffon cornéen est donnée par certaines observations, comme la densité, l'homogénéité de la forme et des tailles des cellules endothéliales.L'évolution avec l'âge de cette mosaïque cornéenne va être caractérisée à partir d’une base d’images de l’endothélium. L'originalité est ensuite d'effectuer une estimation de l'âge d’un endothélium à partir des différentes mesures permettant de caractériser les tessellations, et enfin de mettre en place une méthode prometteuse afin de savoir si une cornée a une évolution normaleTessellations, also called mosaics, are used to model many structures, for example cellular arrangements in biology or grains in material science. The most known tessellation is the Voronoï diagram which partitions the space from a set of points, called germs. The innovative approach of this thesis is to use Gaussian random fields to generate germs and random distances. The use of random fields allows to simulate a great variety of tessellations in terms of cells forms and sizes.To study the properties of each type of tessellation, they are characterized: first, by studying the germs, including their spatial distribution, and then by analyzing the cells geometry and morphometry. These tessellations are also compared to other known tessellations.The human corneal endothelium is a mono-layer of cells forming a regular hexagonal mosaic at birth, and losing his regularity later. The corneal graft quality is given by some observations made on the endothelial mosaic (cells density, the homogeneity of cells sizes and shapes).A database of endothelium images allows to characterize the evolution with age of the corneal mosaic. The originality is to estimate the age of an endothelium based on the measures computed to characterize the tessellations, and finally to set up a promising method to evaluate if a corneal evolution is normal
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Castellazzi, M. S. "Spatio-temporal modelling of crop co-existence in European agricultural landscapes." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2007. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/3747.
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The environmental risk of growing genetically modified (GM) crops and particularly the spreading of GM genes to related non-GM crops is currently a concern in European agriculture. Because the risks of contamination are linked to the spatial and temporal arrangements of crops within the landscape, scenarios of crop arrangement are required to investigate the risks and potential coexistence measures. However, until recently, only manual methods were available to create scenarios. This thesis aims to provide a flexible referenced tool to create such scenarios. The model, called LandSFACTS, is a scientific research tool which allocates crops into fields, to meet user-defined crop spatio-temporal arrangements, using an empirical and statistical approach. The control of the crop arrangements is divided into two main sections: (i) the temporal arrangement of crops: encompassing crop rotations as transition matrices (specifically-developed methodology), temporal constraints (return period of crops, forbidden crop sequences), initial crops in fields regulated by temporal patterns (specifically-developed statistical analyses) and yearly crop proportions; and (ii) the spatial arrangements of crops: encompassing possible crops in fields, crop rotation in fields regulated by spatial patterns (specifically-developed statistical analyses), and spatial constraints (separation distances between crops). The limitations imposed by the model include the size of the smallest spatial and temporal unit: only one crop is allocated per field and per year. The model has been designed to be used by researchers with agronomic knowledge of the landscape. An assessment of the model did not lead to the detection of any significant flaws and therefore the model is considered valid for the stated specifications. Following this evaluation, the model is being used to fill incomplete datasets, build up and compare scenarios of crop allocations. Within the GM coexistence context, the model could provide useful support to investigate the impact of crop arrangement and potential coexistence measures on the risk of GM contamination of crops. More informed advice could therefore be provided to decision makers on the feasibility and efficiency of coexistence measures for GM cultivation.
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Graham, David J. "The socio-spatial boundaries of an 'invisible' minority : a quantitative (re)appraisal of Britain's Jewish population." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9bdbd348-b50c-4090-9e2d-e86ffe198601.
Full textAbstract:
This study, located in the disciplines of human geography and demography, explores the socio-spatial boundaries encapsulating Britain’s Jewish population, particularly at micro-scales. It highlights and challenges key narratives of both Jewish and general interest relating to residential segregation, assimilation, partnership formation, exogamy and household living arrangements. It presents a critical exploration of the dual ethnic and religious components of Jewish identity, arguing that this ‘White’ group has become ethnically ‘invisible’ in British identity politics and, as a consequence, is largely overlooked. In addition, the key socio-demographic processes relating to Jewish partnership formation are addressed and a critical assessment of data pertaining to the decline of marriage, the rise of cohabitation and the vexed topic of Jewish exogamy, is presented. The analysis culminates by linking each of these issues to the micro-geographical scale of the household and develops a critical assessment of this key unit of Jewish (re)production. Jewish population change is contextualised within the framework of the second demographic transition. This deliberately quantitative study is designed to exploit a recent glut of data relating to Jews in Britain. It interrogates specially commissioned tables from Britain’s 2001 Census as well as four separate communal survey data sources. It highlights and challenges recent geographical critiques of quantitative methodologies by presenting a rigorous defence of quantification in post-‘cultural turn’ human geography. It emphasises the importance and relevance of this fruitful shift in geographical thought to quantitative methods and describes the role quantification can now play in the discipline. Above all, it synthesises two disparate sets of literature: one relating to geographical work on identity and segregation, and the other to work on the identity, demography and cultural practices of Jews. As a result, this thesis inserts the largely neglected ethno-religious Jewish case into the broader geographical literature whilst developing a critical quantitative spatial agenda for the study of Jews.
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Månsson, Martin. "Patterns and predictability of visual attention in different street types : An eye tracking study exploring the predictability of the distribution of human visual attention based on the spatial arrangements of buildings in a two-dimensional plan." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för fysisk planering, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-14564.
Full textAbstract:
Streets are the most resilient elements in a city. While buildings are replaced and property borders redrawn, the streets remain. The primary means of planning new streets and the built environment surrounding it is by the creation of a two-dimensional plan - in a Swedish context called a detailed development plan. The two-dimensional plan is sometimes criticized for its inability to take the three-dimensional world into account and thus its inability to predict the actual outcome of the plan. To address this critique and provide additional understanding for this planning device, this paper empirically explores if the distribution of visual attention can be predicted from a two-dimensional plan. Visual attention is explored due to sight being the most prominent means used by humans to gather information in the urban environment. Fifteen subjects performed a simple, computerized eye-tracking experiment, whereby their visual attention was measured as they looked at 40 images on a monitor. The 40 images depicts four different street types: blocked, open, curved and angled, each of which was represented with a simple figure image, as per interpretation from a two-dimensional plan, as well as a photograph of the same environment, representing the actual outcome of the plan. The results show that the simple figure images have effective predictive capabilities, as the distribution of visual attention exhibited a similar pattern in both the figure image and the photograph. The results also show that different patterns of visual attention are evoked by each of the four different street types. In sum, the results indicate that two-dimensional plans are able to predict the future three-dimensional outcome of a given plan in terms of visual attention. These indications are valuable for planners, architects, engineers and decision-makers when planning for new urban environments. The results are also valuable for understanding human perception of streets in a wider context.