Academic literature on the topic 'Spare Parts Replenishment'

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the current spare parts replenishment system of the Army. This exercise is being done with an aim to assess the capability of the current system to implement a time separated lean-agile system of spare parts replenishment. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on a survey conducted on people in managerial ranks, working in the field of military logistics. The survey is thereafter summarised to ascertain the current status of spare parts replenishment system in the Army. The findings of the survey are elaborated at the end of the paper. Findings The strengths of the current spare parts replenishment system are highlighted. This is followed with the weaknesses of the system in implementing a dynamic lean-agile replenishment system. Originality/value The paper is aimed at assessing the capability of the current spare parts replenishment system and its ability to adapt to a novel replenishment system that is lean in peacetime to save money and agile during war to increase reliability of equipment achieved by a certainty of supply. The survey conducted on the persons actually involved in this logistics reveals areas that need emphasis in order to achieve such a time separated lean-agile replenishment system.

Control model for spare parts inventory is established based on the optimal replenishment cycle. The replenishment cycle impact on the spare parts inventory control is analyzed as well as the demand forecasting. First, the optimal replenishment cycle is given by using the method of the lowest cost of inventory. Then according to the demand characteristic of the spare parts, the safety stock can be calculated. Finally on the basis of the demand forecasting, the calculation method of spare parts replenishment quantity is given. A numerical example is presented to verify the validity and practicability of the model.

In today?s volatile and turbulent business environment, supply chains face great challenges when making supply and demand decisions. Making optimal inventory replenishment decision became critical for successful supply chain management. Existing traditional inventory management approaches and technologies showed as inadequate for these tasks. Current business environment requires new methods that incorporate more intelligent technologies and tools capable to make fast, accurate and reliable predictions. This paper deals with data mining applications for the supply chain inventory management. It describes the unified business intelligence semantic model, coupled with a data warehouse to employ data mining technology to provide accurate and up-to-date information for better inventory management decisions and to deliver this information to relevant decision makers in a user-friendly manner. Experiments carried out with the real data set, from the automotive industry, showed very good accuracy and performance of the model which makes it suitable for collaborative and more informed inventory decision making.

Creating a fair replenishment strategy is one of the most significant instruments in the inventory management for automotive spare parts. It is also crucial to controlling the enterprise's inventory level. This study considers the significance of retailers' demand forecasting at the conclusion of the sales period to build a lateral transfer inventory optimization scheme with high scientific rigor, aiming to ensure the correctness and logic of the replenishment strategy. To provide a more scientific direction for the inventory management of an automotive spare parts company, this research constructs an upgraded particle swarm optimization (PSO)-backpropagation (BP) neural network prediction model, and a lateral transfer inventory optimization method based on demand forecasting. Finally, 26 retailers of Company B in Central China's Hunan Province were taken as examples to confirm the model's efficacy. The outcomes demonstrate an improvement in the lateral transfer's applicability in Company B.

To ensure high operational reliability of electronic equipment, maintenance and repair, and pro-long the service life of the equipment, there is proposed a system which comprises diagnostics and repair tools, sets of spare parts (so-called «ZIP»), including spare parts design to ensure re-liability criteria of the system, i.e., sufficiency, composition and the number of spare parts that are expected to ensure the operation of the system with the required reliability. The paper pro-poses to use the method of calculating spare parts on the basis of more adequate models of reli-ability which leads to more accurate forecasting of the required amount of spare elements and, as a result, to more efficient completeness of the equipment with spare parts. There have been determined the methods of replenishing which are used depending on the purpose of the equip-ment, the system of its maintenance and repair, the requirements for equipment reliability: whether it is periodic, or continuous, periodic replenishment with emergency deliveries or re-plenishment by level. To ensure high operational reliability of electronic equipment, mainte-nance and repair, and prolong the service life of the equipment, a support system is proposed, which includes diagnostic and repair tools, sets of spare parts, etc. The design of spare parts with compliance with the criteria of system operation reliability is considered. The task of re-quirements to the indicators of sufficiency of spare parts for products with non-renewable spare elements has been determined. The task of requirements to spare parts adequacy indicators for products with renewable spare parts has been distinguished as well. The article also considers an approach to the calculation and some principles of calculation of indicators of spare parts sets sufficiency.

Abstrak: Penumpukan spare part di gudang persediaan Pabrik Tuban PT. X. sebagai aset perusahaan tidak terpakai (deadstock), tersimpan selama bertahun-tahun merupakan permasalahan yang apabila tidak segera dikurangi akan membuat dampak negatif bagi perusahaan dari segi pemanfaatan lahan (tempat) dan munculnya biaya yang tidak memberikan nilai tambah. Penulis menggunakan metode diagram sebab-akibat atau sering disebut fishbone diagram analysis untuk menemukan akar penyebab deadstock dan hasil dari metode identifikasi tersebut ter-capture beberapa akar permasalahan pengadaan spare part perusahaan sebagai pemicu membengkaknya aset deadstock. Setelah mengetahui bahwa rendahnya koordinasi sebagai penyebab besar terjadinya deadstock, penulis merekomendasikan metode CPFR, metode kolaborasi yang biasanya digunakan antara produsen dengan vendor atau supplier agar diterapkan pada PT. X. Dengan penerapan metode CPFR di internal pengadaan PT. X ini diharapkan mampu mengurangi kemungkinan semakin bertambahnya deadstock perusahaan, melalui langkah-langkah kolaborasi planning (perencanaan), forecasting (peramalan) kebutuhan spare part, dan replenishment (penambahan). Kata Kunci: Deadstock Spare parts, Inventory, Fishbone Diagram, CPFR Accumulation of spare parts in the Tuban Factory inventory warehouse PT. X. as a company unused asset (deadstock), stored for years is a problem which if not immediately reduced will create a negative impact on the company in terms of land use (place) and the emergence of costs that do not provide added value. The author uses the cause-effect diagram method or often called fishbone diagram analysis to find the root causes of deadstock and the results of the identification method are captured by some of the root problems of the procurement of company spare parts as a trigger for swelling of deadstock assets. After knowing that the low coordination as a major cause of deadstock, the authors recommend the CPFR method, a collaborative method that is usually used between producers and vendors or suppliers to be applied to PT. X. By applying the CPFR method in the internal procurement of PT. X is expected to reduce the possibility of increasing company deadstock, through the steps of collaborative planning (planning), forecasting (forecasting) the need for spare parts, and replenishment (addition). Keywords: Deadstock Spare parts, Inventory, Fishbone Diagram, CPFR

During the last decade, research related to Supply Chain Management has got a great deal of attention. The focus has especially circulated around supply chain integration and centralisation due to the increasingly competitive global market. The aim of this thesis has been to investigate how the supply chain performance in international manufacturing companies could be improved. By having a qualitative approach, this thesis contributes to earlier conducted research by providing a holistic view on supply chain management. This is by the authors considered crucial to manage the complexity of supply chain management and supply chain change. The specific context examined in this thesis concerns the spare parts distribution of large international manufacturing companies. The methods used during the case study consisted of a thorough literature review, external interviews and workshops with experts within supply chain management and supply chain change, and several interviews with employees at different levels and functions at the focal company, Toyota Material Handling Europe. Two of the interviewed external experts were managers at the supply chain function at Volvo Construction Equipment and Ericsson. To answer the main research question, three sub-queries have been examined. The first one concerns what main areas of difficulty that can be identified in the current supply chain of the focal company and in international manufacturing companies in general. The second sub-query concerns which supply chain policies that could be used to solve identified areas of difficulty. Finally, the third sub-query concerns which prerequisites that could be identified to successfully manage change within supply chains. The results imply that Information and Inventory Management are the main supply chain related areas in need of improvements at the focal company, as well as in international manufacturing companies in general. Thereby supply chain performance could be improved if performance within these areas is enhanced. To solve these two identified areas of difficulty, four theoretical supply chain policies related to supply chain integration have been examined due to complexity, need of investments during an implementation, as well as each policy’s possibility to solve the identified areas of difficulty. The supply chain policy Vendor-Managed Inventory was considered the most appropriate policy for the focal company to implement. As a consequence, an evaluation of the focal company’s readiness to implement a Vendor-Managed Inventory policy was also conducted by using a supply chain readiness framework developed by Niranjan, Wagner and Nguyen (2012). Based on the literature review, including the theoretical evaluation of the appropriateness of implementing Vendor-Managed Inventory, together with the findings from the external expert interviews, the focal company is recommended to implement a Vendor-Managed Inventory strategy. However, the focal company is also recommended to see such an implementation as an opportunity to later investigate the possibility to also include large suppliers in the collaboration. This would increase the level of integration among supply chain members further and thereby secure the company has the possibility to receive the advantages associated with sharing information (including Points-of-Sales data) with all supply chain members.   From a theoretical perspective the conclusion is that Vendor-Managed Inventory, with its focus on supply chain integration through collaboration and information sharing among supply chain members, is considered appropriate to implement when companies want to improve performance in one or all of these areas. Furthermore, the usage of a consignment stock agreement might be an appropriate complement to Vendor-Managed Inventory due to the international context. However, the authors suggest that international manufacturing companies should strive towards including large suppliers in the supply chain collaboration to increase performance further. Thereby they should move towards capabilities promoted in the supply chain policy Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment, which advocate a higher level of integration than Vendor-Managed Inventory. Another main finding pinpoints the importance of a well-formulated and communicated vision in the beginning of a transformation, to manage supply chain change successfully. As a consequence, the authors of this thesis expanded the supply chain framework developed by Chopra and Meindl (2010) to also include vision. In addition, legal has been added as an important supply chain driver since it affects supply chain possibilities and decisions. The added parts are considered critical for the framework to be applicable in an international and rapidly changing business environment. Furthermore, the authors suggest the extended framework should be used to support companies evaluate the current and a desired future supply chain in accordance with examined change management literature.
Supply Chain Management har under det senaste decenniet fått mycket uppmärksamhet. På grund av en ökande internationell handel har forskningen framförallt behandlat Integration och Centralisering inom distributionskedjor. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur man kan förbättra prestandan av distributionskedjan hos internationella tillverkningsföretag. Genom ett kvalitativt angreppssätt bidrar denna studie med ett holistiskt synsätt av Supply Chain Management, vilket av författarna är ansett kritiskt för att kunna hantera komplexiteten relaterad till Supply Chain Management och förändringsarbete inom detta område. Studiens forskningsfråga har kunnat besvaras genom att undersöka tre delfrågor. Den första behandlar att identifiera huvudproblemområden i distributionskedjan hos fokusföretaget samt internationella tillverkningsföretag generellt. Den andra delfrågan behandlar vilka teoretiska supply chain policies som skulle kunna användas för att lösa de identifierade problemområdena, medan den tredje och sista delfrågan handlar om att identifiera förutsättningar för att kunna hantera förändringsarbete av, och inom, distributionskedjor på ett lyckat sätt. Samtliga delfrågor och huvudfrågan har kunnat besvaras genom genomförandet av en litteraturstudie, intervjuer och workshops med externa områdesexperter inom Supply Chain Management och Supply Chain Change, samt interna intervjuer med anställda på olika avdelningar och nivåer inom fokusföretaget, Toyota Material Handling Europe. Två av de intervjuade experterna utgjordes av chefer på logistikavdelningen på två stora internationella tillverkningsföretag. Företagen i fråga utgjordes av Volvo Construction Equipment respektive Ericsson. Resultaten visar att Informations- och Lagerhantering anses vara de huvudområden inom Supply Chain Management, vilka är i störst behov av förbättringar och förändringar på fokusföretaget samt i stora internationella tillverkningsföretag generellt. Därmed kan prestandan av distributionskedjan förbättras om företag fokuserar på dessa två områden. För att förbättra Informations- och Lagerhanteringen har fyra teoretiska supply chain policies utvärderats, vilka alla mer eller mindre fokuserar på att öka integrationen mellan medlemmar inom distributionskedjan. Genom att utvärdera dessa supply chain policies med avseende på komplexitet, implementationskostnader samt möjlighet att lösa de identifierade huvudproblemområdena, har författarna kunnat dra slutsatsen att policyn Vendor-Managed Inventory bör vara mest passande att implementera på fokusföretaget. I och med detta resultat utvärderades fokusföretagets lämplighet att implementera Vendor-Managed Inventory utifrån en teoretisk modell utvecklad av Niranjan, Wagner och Nguyen (2012). Resultatet av denna utvärdering stödde det tidigare antagandet att Vendor-Managed Inventory är lämpligt för fokusföretaget att implementera. Författarna rekommenderar dock att en VMI-implementation ska ses som ett första steg varefter förtaget även skall utvärdera möjligheten att inkludera sina större leverantörer och därmed öka integrationen av distributionskedjan ytterligare. Detta för att verkligen uppnå de fördelar informationsdelning kan medföra om information delas med samtliga medlemmar i kedjan. Författarna har med hjälp av dessa resultat kunnat dra den teoretiska och generella slutsatsen att Vendor-Managed Inventory, med dess fokus på att öka integrationen i distributionskedjan genom ökat samarbete och ökad informationsdelning mellan distributionskedjans medlemmar, anses lämplig att implementera då företag vill eller behöver förbättras inom dessa områden. Vidare kan avtalsmodellen Consignment Stock komplettera Vendor-Managed Inventory i en internationell kontext genom användandet av en legal ägare av lager, oavsett lagerposition. Författarna rekommenderar även att stora internationella tillverkningsföretag bör sträva mot att inkludera sina större leverantörer och därmed öka integrationen av, och samarbetet inom, distributionskedjan. Detta skulle medföra att prestandan av distributionskedjan förbättras ytterligare. Därmed bör de utvecklas mot supply chain policyn Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment, vilken förespråkar en högre nivå av samarbete än Vendor-Managed Inventory. Vidare visar studien vikten av en välformulerad och kommunicerad Vision i början av större förändringsprojekt. Detta för att öka chanserna till lyckade och välmotiverade förändringar. I och med identifieringen av visionens vitala del i förändringsprojekt, vidareutvecklade författarna modellen; Supply Chain Decison-Making Framework, utvecklad av Chopra & Meindl (2010), till att även inkludera Vision. Dessutom adderades Legala aspekter, då de påverkar både beslutsfattande och möjligheter inom en internationell kontext. Både Vision och Legala aspekter anses av författarna vara kritiska delar för att modellen skall vara applicerbar i en internationell och föränderlig miljö. I linje med forskning inom förändringshantering som identifierats i litteraturen, anses Chopra & Meindl’s vidareutvecklade modell nu vara lämplig att användas som en hjälp för företag att utvärdera sin nuvarande och önskade framtida distributionsstruktur.

博士
中原大學
工業與系統工程研究所
105
Due to the increasing market competition, shorter product life, small profit margin and rising customer service demand, after service quality is getting more and more important. Besides product design and function, after service is a vital decisive role in the success or fail in the new product introduction. Spare part availability will affect the speed of service, which directly impacts the service quality. Spare part lifecycle can be classified into four stages: preparation, production, EOL (End of Life) and EOS (End of Service) stages. In the preparation stage, due to lack of historical usage information, it is hard to apply traditional statistic technique to perform demand forecasting. Therefore, a different approach to forecast usage is necessary. The problem to new product sales forecasting can be done by extending the research done by Kahn (2002) who uses qualitative forecasting. In this study, we propose a JQM (Joint Qualitative Method)) method for forecasting the preparation stage of spare part demand. The key in JQM is centered in the similarity matrix, and by assuming the optimistic and pessimistic service level value of 90% and 60 % respectively. This standardization generates a method which enable user to choose the service level for the demand condition. For production and EOL stages, this study focusses in repairable spare part, since repairable spare part are likely the most expensive. Repairable spare part replenishing model can be classified into a multi-echelon inventory model with multi upper inventory hubs and lower level warehouses with limited or infinite stock. In current industrial practice, central component repair center intuitively assumes service point has a fixed cycle return for defects; this enables more convenient workload arrangement. However, a fixed cycle return model is not very efficient in handling the defect returns. Therefore, a LTAT (Least Turn Around Time) method is proposed in this study. The method leverages the minimum time in returning the repaired defect parts to the service point. The theory is based on the specific spare part failure rate to forecast the possible spare part shortage time; it is based on the minimum repair process time to reserve the time to ship defect parts to central component repair center. By this method, repaired parts should arrive at the service point in time and thus avoid any shortages. With LTAT method, the total inventory demand and replenishment cycle will be reduced compared to a fixed cycle model. This shows LTAT model can improve the efficiency of spare part inventory operation and the cost.

We consider a single-part, two-echelon supply chain problem for spare parts. The network consists of a single manufacturing plant, a set of service centers (SCs) and a set of customers. Both echelons keep spare parts using the base-stock replenishment policy. The plant behaves as an M/M/1 queueing system and has limited production and storage capacity. Demand faced by each SC follows an independent Poisson process. The problem is to determine optimal location-allocation and optimal base-stock levels at both echelons while satisfying the target service levels and customer preferences of SCs. We develop a mixed integer non-linear programming model and use cutting-plane method to optimize the inventory-location decisions. We present an exact solution procedure for the inventory stocking problem and demonstrate the limitations of using traditional inventory models like METRIC-like and Approximate in case of high utilization rates. We show the effectiveness of our proposed cutting-plane algorithm and provide important managerial insights for spare parts management.

碩士
國防管理學院
後勤管理研究所
94
Logistics is said to be a multiplier of military forces. Therefore, to refine and solidify logistical operations is critical to efficiency of military forces. In recent years, implementation of Supply Chain Management (SCM) has become a major direction of corporal transformation and refinement on business procedures. Hence, utilizing integrated management module of SCM’s Vender Managed Inventory (VMI) to comprehend military necessities in order to lower the logistical costs has a great influence on the effectiveness of military forces. This research is based on a case study of parts supply and transportation procedure and its supply chain scheme of a certain military weapon system. First, I will identify the bottlenecks of current supply and transportation procedure and related issues of the logistical operations via bibliography researches, interviews with experts, and data analysis. Then, I shall demonstrate implementing each activity of the supply chain scheme into VIM management module and having each function linked closely. Finally, I will provide a number of suggestions to improve current parts supply and transportation procedure. The results of this research are acquired through procedure reconstruction which applies VMI disciplines to transform current tier-by-tier appropriation procedures into an active dual-layered appropriation strategy. With this strategy, supplying divisions can employ integrations of information technology (IT) to apprehend prompted interactions between each tier within the supply chain. At the same time, by allying with civil logistic companies, supplying divisions can also lower or shift the transportation risk with the aid of civil logistic companies’ flexible logistical operations. In sum, this appropriation strategy, which includes IT integrations and civil logistic company alliances, will be able to effectively shorten the transportation time frame, quickly reflect maintenance necessities, improve overall operation capabilities, promote customer satisfaction, and, most importantly, successfully refine and solidify logistical operations.

HNLMS Zuiderkruis (1975-2012) was the second Fast Combat Support Ship of the Royal Netherlands Navy. It was primarily intended for Replenishment At Sea, fueling task groups and NATO units. As a modern design Zuiderkruis enabled a “one stop replenishment” and also carried AVCAT, fresh water and spare parts. A helicopter deck facilitated vertical replenishment.

The challenge for materials and spare parts management is to keep an economical inventory level and assure reliability to end-users. Another challenge is to have end users committed to the management model and procedures. The usual models call for re-order points and statistics analyses that do not fit the normal demand profile of pipelines. The proposed model works in committees by equipments or installations (as compressor stations, city-gates, etc.). The committee defines the necessary level of reliability for each material or component, estimated demand, normalized specification, etc. The Stock Base model supplies the statistical support for defining the quantity to maintain during the leading time plus a standard interval between semiannual or annual analyses. The model combines the most important concepts practiced by material management: Pareto’s Principle to indicate the economical standpoint to be considered in the analyses, statistical concepts to indicate the level of reliability required (accepted interval between two consecutive non-stock situation), traditional methods of material management (as the replenishment stock level) and the most important: the end users recommendation. The main results of this model are: low inventory levels, non-repetition of items in stock, different treatment for classes A, B and C items, combination of economical and operational importance resulting in reliability and stock investment reduction.

In order to accomplish missions, naval ships must be able to stay at sea for a prolonged period of time in specific areas without having the opportunity to reach the shore for replenishment. Thus navy ships are equipped to perform Underway replenishment (UNREP) (US Navy) or replenishment at sea (RAS) (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation / Commonwealth of Nations) with fuel, ammunition, provisions, and spare parts. Replenishment at sea represents another potential collision situation at sea as a result of operating within short distances of the ships involved in this operations. Ongoing safely replenishment at sea operations involve highly skilled personnel on both ships such as: the very best of helmsmanship for keeping a steady course and the officer of the watch to bring the ship into position and match speed. As the two ships close each other, the hydrodynamic forces will both change and increase noticeably. Knowing the hydrodynamic interaction loads between the vessels engaged in RAS operations is highly advantageous. ,,Mircea cel B?tr?n" Naval Academy (MBNA) uses a top notch "Integrated simulator for driving of watercraft" that meets the Standard Certification No. 2.14 for Maritime Simulator Systems, adopted in January 2011 for training and development of practical skills of teams onboard naval ships in order to safely perform replenishment at sea operations. Using "Integrated simulator for driving of watercraft" capabilities, underway replenishment operations can be performed with the use of two ship model types: delivery ships and receiving ships. The parameters of refuelling underway are: the admissible course and speed deviation of the receiving ship, the admissible deviation of the phone and distance (P&D) line angle from the normal to the plane parallel to the centreline plane of the receiving ship, the maximum length of the P&D line and the maximum break force of the span wire. RAS module of the simulator is used for training of undergraduate students and also embarked personnel onboard Romanian Navy ships. The aim of this paper is to present how practical skills and competences neccesary for military personnel onboard ships engaged in replenishment at sea operations can be achieved through simulated exercises in different hydrometeorological conditions.