Journal articles on the topic 'Spanish American Society'
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1
Qamber, Rukhsana. "Family Matters." ISLAMIC STUDIES 60, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 223–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52541/isiri.v60i3.1791.
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History has so far paid scant attention to Muslims in the earliest phase of colonizing the Americas. As a general policy, the Spanish Crown prohibited all non-Catholics from going to early Spanish America. Nevertheless, historians recognize that a few Muslims managed to secretly cross the Atlantic Ocean with the European settlers during the sixteenth century. Later they imported African Muslim slaves but historians considered both Africans and indigenous peoples passive participants in forming Latin American society until evidence refuted these erroneous views. Furthermore, the public had assumed that only single Spanish men went to the American unknown until historians challenged this view, and now women’s role is fully recognized in the colonizing enterprise. Additionally, despite the ban on non-Catholics, researchers found many Jews in the Americas, even if the Spanish Inquisition found out and killed almost all of them. In line with revisionist history, my research pioneers in three aspects. It demonstrates that Muslim men and women went to early Spanish America. Also, the Spanish Crown allowed Muslims to legally go to its American colonies. Additionally, the documents substantiate my new findings that Muslims went to sixteenth-century Latin America as complete families. They mostly proceeded out of Spain as the wards or servant-slaves of Spanish settlers after superficially converting to Catholicism. The present study follows two case studies that record Muslim families in early sixteenth-century Spanish America. Paradoxically, their very persecutor—the Spanish Church and its terrible Inquisitorial arm—established their contested belief in Islam.
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Bronner, Fred. "Urban Society in Colonial Spanish America: Research Trends." Latin American Research Review 21, no. 1 (1986): 7–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100021865.
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In 1972 James Lockhart summarized for LARR the state of social history research on colonial Latin America and proposed far-reaching methodological innovations. The time is ripe for another assessment if only because of the prolific ongoing research. But this very luxuriance hinders an overview of the whole field. Let me therefore focus on Spanish American urban society, with its stratification and elite circulation. Where Lockhart's article led into his message, mine reviews the outcome of his and other research strategies; it also concentrates on English-language publications and excludes theory and methods not directly related to this area.
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Schmidt-Nowara, Christopher. "The Specter of Las Casas: José Antonio Saco and the Persistence of Spanish Colonialism in Cuba." Itinerario 25, no. 2 (July 2001): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300008846.
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The empire of absolutist Spain haunted the debates over the empire of liberal Spain. To take one example, José Arias y Miranda, an unemployed civil servant who would later work as the librarian for the Ministerio de Ultramar (Overseas Ministry), responded to the Real Academia de la Historia's query on the effects of the American empire on Spain's economy and society in words that would have been familiar to a seventeenth-century arbitrista. After reviewing America's drain on the sparse Spanish population and the corrupting effects of gold, silver, and land on Spanish work habits, Arias y Miranda concluded ‘that America was […] the determining cause of Spain's decadence’.
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LITTLE, RICHARD. "Intervention and non-intervention in international society: Britain's responses to the American and Spanish Civil Wars." Review of International Studies 39, no. 5 (September 30, 2013): 1111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210513000211.
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AbstractThis article aims to show that from the end of the eighteenth century, international order began to be defined in terms of ground rules relating to non-intervention and intervention, with the former being prioritised over the latter. After the Napoleonic wars, within continental Europe there was an attempt to consolidate an intervention ground rule in favour of dynastic legitimacy over the right of self-determination. By contrast, the British and Americans sought to ensure that this ground rule was not extended to the Americas where the ground rule of non-intervention was prioritised. During the nineteenth century, it was the Anglo-American position which came to prevail. Over the same period international order was increasingly bifurcated with the non-intervention ground rule prevailing in the metropolitan core and with the intervention ground rules prevailing in the periphery. This article, however, only focuses on the metropolitan core and draws on two case studies to examine the non-intervention ground rule in very different circumstances. The first examines the British response to the American Civil War in the 1860s during an era of stability in the international order. The second explores the British Response to the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s when the international order was very unstable and giving way to a very different international order.
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Stoner, K. Lynn. "Directions in Latin American Women's History, 1977–1985." Latin American Research Review 22, no. 2 (1987): 101–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100022068.
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Although the history of Latin American women has emerged only recently as a dynamic field of research, it is already shedding light on a range of social and cultural issues. Thirteen years ago, Ann Pescatello edited the first anthology of Latin American articles on gender issues, Female and Male in Latin America. One of her greatest contributions was a hefty interdisciplinary bibliography listing not only secondary sources but primary documents as well. In 1975 and 1976, Meri Knaster's excellent bibliographies appeared. “Women in Latin America: The State of Research, 1975” surveyed the research centers in Latin America with active publishing programs and assessed the state of the art. Women in Spanish America: An Annotated Bibliography from Pre-Conquest to Contemporary Times (1977) is an interdisciplinary bibliography that has become a standard reference on women in Spanish-speaking America. Asunción Lavrin's historiographic essay in Latin American Women: Historical Perspectives charted the course taken by subsequent historical researchers and indicated new directions and resources (Lavrin 1978a). Marysa Navarro's “Research on Latin American Women” discussed the effects of economic development on gender roles in less-developed countries, pointing out that Marxist and radical feminist perspectives do not adequately analyze female society. June Hahner's article, “Researching the History of Latin American Women: Past and Future Directions,” briefly reviewed scholarly trends (Hahner 1983). Her most recent report in this journal identified research centers and important interdisciplinary studies on women in Brazil (Hahner 1985).
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Huang, Gary Gang. "Self-reported biliteracy and self-esteem: A study of Mexican American 8th graders." Applied Psycholinguistics 16, no. 3 (July 1995): 271–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014271640000730x.
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ABSTRACTThe concept of proficient bilingualism or biliteracy (proficiency in reading and writing in both Spanish and English) has.been used in research on linguistic and academic processes among Mexican American children, but rarely has it been used to examine noncognitive outcomes in this population. Biliteracy – a quality that strengthens cultural identity and facilitates adaptation to the mainstream society – hypothetically contributes to the growth of self-esteem among Mexican Americans. Biliteracy is arguably more relevant to the development of self-concept among Mexican American children than Spanish proficiency or a general notion of bilingualism. Drawing on data from the 1988 National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS 88), this article compares self-deprecation, self-confidence, and fatalistic belief among Mexican American 8th graders who reported themselves as biliterate, English monoliterate, Spanish monoliterate, or oral bilingual. Controlling for the effects of sociodemographic background and school experience, ordinary least-square regression analysis generated supportive results. Mexican American children who identified themselves as biliterate had higher self-confidence than other groups (English or Spanish monoliterates and oral bilinguals). Logistic regression analysis found a strong interaction effect between self-identity and birthplace (United States or foreign) and parents' education. Among students born in the United States, parents' education was negatively related to biliterate identity. In contrast, parents' education was positively associated with biliterate identity among those who were foreign-born.
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Kosevich, Ekaterina Y. "Spanish mass-media on Latin American migrants: between fear and pity." VESTNIK INSTITUTA SOTZIOLOGII 31, no. 4 (2019): 92–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/vis.2019.31.4.606.
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Mass-media discourse is a “mirror” of sorts, which reflects general opinions and allows for understanding society’s mindset concerning migration issues. This article is devoted to analyzing the images created by Spanish mass-media regarding Latin American immigrants residing in Spain. Such a vision ultimately led to the emergence of an enduring perception of said immigrants by Spanish society from two main points of view – fear and pity. Columbians and Ecuadorians served as the prototypes for all Latin Americans who illegally entered Spain. The author reveals the reasons for the “divide” in Spanish mass-media’s perception of Columbia and Columbians, who became synonymous with danger, as well as Ecuador and Ecuadorian immigrants, who are primarily associated with Испанские СМИ о латиноамериканских мигрантах: между страхом и жалостью 110 № 4, Том 10, 2019 compassion and pity. This article examines the main stages of Latin American migration to Spain at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, which were primarily comprised in succession by immigrants from Columbia, Argentina, Venezuela and Cuba. The author characterizes the most numerous of Spain’s Latin American Diasporas. It is revealed that immigration is a collectively constructed social phenomenon. In turn the host society attributes certain characteristics to visitors (“others”) which they in fact do not possess. Such artificially assigned qualities are the result of a so-called “symbolic structure”, attributed to each “imaginary migrant”. Latin American migration to Spain is a result of a multitude of factors lying on various levels. However, it is very uncommon for the news to carefully examine the regional and global aspects of this process. This article reveals the specific image of Latin American migrants which developed in Spain towards the beginning of the 21st century. The author attempts to define the hidden ideology supporting the vast majority of those negative Latin American migrant stereotypes broadcast by national mass-media.
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Federspiel, Howard M. "Islam and Muslims in the Southern Territories of the Philippine Islands During the American Colonial Period (1898 to 1946)." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 29, no. 2 (September 1998): 340–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400007487.
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The United States gained authority over the Philippine Islands as a result of the Spanish-American War (1898) and the Treaty of Paris (1899), which recognized American wartime territorial gains. Prior to that time the Spanish had general authority over the northern region of the Islands down to the Visayas, which they had ruled from their capital at Manila on Luzon for nearly three hundred years. The population in that Spanish zone was Christianized as a product of deliberate Spanish policy during that time frame. The area to the south, encompassing much of the island of Mindanao and all of the Sulu Archipelago, was under Spanish military control at the time of the Spanish American War (1898), having been taken over in the previous fifteen years by a protracted military campaign. This southern territory was held by the presence of Spanish military units in a series of strong forts located throughout the settled areas, but clear control over the society was quite weak and, in fact, collapsed after the American naval victory at Manila Bay. The United States did not establish its own presence in much of the southern region until 1902. It based its claim over the region on the treaty with the Spanish, and other colonial powers recognized that claim as legitimate.
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Bazán-Figueras, Patricia, and Salvador J. Figueras. "The Future of Spanglish: Global or Tribal?" Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 13, no. 1-2 (2014): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341300.
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Abstract Research revolves around the socio-political, linguistic, and cultural aspects of “Spanglish” while considering its future in American society. A speech modality used by many Hispanics in the United States, Spanglish mixes grammatical and lexical elements from both English and Spanish and is primarily used in oral communication. The announcement by the Real Academia Española (RAE) to include Estadounidismos (a term coined by the RAE for referring to words used primarily, if not exclusively, in the US by Spanish speakers which are now part of the recognized lexicon) in its upcoming dictionary in 2014 shocked many. Furthermore, it has also placed Spanglish in the center of yet another controversy, as it presents heritage speakers with an opportunity to decide whether or not to remain fragmented or united.
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Estivill, Alejandro. "Stephen M. Hart, The other scene: Psychoanalytic readings in modern Spanish and Latin-American literature. Society of Spanish and Spanish- American Studies, Boulder, CO, 1992; 122 pp." Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica (NRFH) 43, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/nrfh.v43i1.960.
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LEWTHWAITE, STEPHANIE. "Reworking the Spanish Colonial Paradigm: Mestizaje and Spirituality in Contemporary New Mexican Art." Journal of American Studies 47, no. 2 (April 17, 2013): 339–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002187581300011x.
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During the early 1900s, Anglo-Americans in search of an indigenous modernism found inspiration in the Hispano and Native American arts of New Mexico. The elevation of Spanish colonial-style art through associations such as the Anglo-led Spanish Colonial Arts Society (SCAS, 1925) placed Hispano aesthetic production within the realm of tradition, as the product of geographic and cultural isolation rather than innovation. The revival of the SCAS in 1952 and Spanish Market in 1965 helped perpetuate the view of Hispanos either as “traditional” artists who replicate an “authentic” Spanish colonial style, or as “outsider” artists who defy categorization. Thus the Spanish colonial paradigm has endorsed a purist vision of Hispano art and identity that obscures the intercultural encounters shaping contemporary Hispano visual culture. This essay investigates a series of contemporary Hispano artists who challenge the Spanish colonial paradigm as it developed under Anglo patronage, principally through the realm of spiritually based artwork. I explore the satirical art of contemporary santero Luis Tapia; the colonial, baroque, indigenous and pop culture iconographies of painter Ray Martín Abeyta; and the “mixed-tech media” of Marion Martínez's circuit-board retablos. These artists blend Spanish colonial art with pre-Columbian mythology and pop culture, tradition with technology, and local with global imaginaries. In doing so, they present more empowering and expansive visions of Hispano art and identity – as declarations of cultural ownership and adaptation and as oppositional mestizo formations tied historically to wider Latino, Latin American and transnational worlds.
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Hidalgo, Jesús. "Darío Villanueva. Mario Vargas Llosa: La novela como literatura. Society of Spanish and Spanish-American Studies, 2011." Revista Iberoamericana, no. 250 (June 16, 2015): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/reviberoamer.2015.7261.
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Hoyte-West, Antony. "A return to the past? The Spanish as the First Foreign Language policy in Trinidad and Tobago." Open Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2021-0018.
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Abstract Situated close to the coast of Venezuela, the small twin-island nation of Trinidad & Tobago is geographically South American, but culturally Caribbean. Despite colonisation by various European powers, years of British rule and the ensuing dominance of English have meant that the country’s rich ethnic and cultural heritage is currently not paralleled by equivalent linguistic diversity. Building on the country’s natural position as a bridge between the English and Spanish-speaking worlds, the government launched the Spanish as the First Foreign Language (SAFFL) policy in 2005, with the aim to enhance trade links with Latin America through increased use of Spanish in the education system, civil service, and wider society. After outlining the historical and sociocultural background underpinning the SAFFL policy, this study examines the initiative’s implementation and surveys its impact, seeking to evaluate the policy’s effectiveness as a whole.
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Blazek, Andrew J., Joshua Belle, Michael P. Deibert, and Christopher M. Deibert. "Author Reply: Comparing Medicolegal Risk Surrounding Vasectomy in Spanish and American Society." Urology 133 (November 2019): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.07.011.
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del Campo, Salustiano, and Enrique Gil-Calvo. "A Parallel Case: Mixed Reactions to American Influence on Spanish Popular Culture." Tocqueville Review 15, no. 2 (January 1994): 89–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.15.2.89.
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It may be argued that the solidity of a country's popular culture (and hence its capacity to resist penetration by foreign cultural forms) depends on its inhabitants' consciousness of sharing a common national identity: a highly nationalistic society will successfully repel alien cultural invasions while a society with a weak national consciousness will easily absorb extraneous cultural forms. It must be noted that the national identity referred to is a historical construction contingent upon the element of conflict, competition or opposition that has characterized the country's relations with its neighbours throughout generations.
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Houvenaghel, Eugenia. "Las presencias de la Reto´´rica en la obra de Alfonso Reyes: Esbozo de una evolucio´´n." Rhetorica 21, no. 3 (2003): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2003.21.3.149.
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The Mexican diplomat Alfonso Reyes (1889––1959) was notable in the cultural panorama of Spanish America in the first half of the 20th century for his acquaintance with classical rhetoric, a discipline rarely studied at that time in that part of the world. This article distinguishes four aspects of rhetoric throughout Reyes' oeuvre: (i) a vulgar sense, (ii) an erudite sense, (iii) classical theories, (iv) and modern applications. In his early work, Reyes uses rhetoric in a pejorative and vulgar sense. Around the year 1940, Reyes starts to show a lively interest in rhetoric, opts definitively for an erudite sense of the term, and initiates the study of the classical art of persuasion. In his third phase, Reyes gains deeper knowledge of rhetoric, lectures on the subject, and explains his favorite orators andtheorists. Finally,his use of rhetoric reveals a commitment to the reality of Spanish America. Reyes' rhetoric is an "actualised" and "Americanised" version that shows the possibilities of the classical art of persuasion in Spanish American society.
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Webre, Stephen. "Water and Society in a Spanish American City: Santiago de Guatemala, 1555-1773." Hispanic American Historical Review 70, no. 1 (February 1990): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2516367.
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Webre, Stephen. "Water and Society in a Spanish American City: Santiago de Guatemala, 1555-1773." Hispanic American Historical Review 70, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 57–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-70.1.57.
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Yaremko, Jason M. "Protestant Missions, Cuban Nationalism and the Machadato." Americas 56, no. 3 (January 2000): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500029527.
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Before the Spanish-Cuban-American War of 1898, Protestantism and Cuban nationalism coexisted relatively comfortably and even naturally, the function of a Protestant movement under Spanish colonialism that, unlike the rest of Latin America, was run not by North American or English missionaries, but by Cuban ministers. After United States intervention in 1898, U.S. interests were imposed on virtually every sector of Cuban society, including organized Protestantism, influencing Cuba's development for at least the next half-century. Preempted by U.S. intervention, Cuban nationalism, in both its ecclesiastical and secular dimensions, endured and intensified with the deepening of Cubans' dependency on the U.S. Politically, Cuban nationalism was expressed in growing protests and demands for a more genuine independence by abrogating the Platt Amendment and otherwise ending U.S. interventionism. Ecclesiastically, Cubans pushed for a greater role in Protestant church affairs, and toward Cubanization of the Church. Protestant missions thus confronted a rising nationalism within and outside the Church. By 1920, eastern Cuba, the cradle of Cuban independence, became the epicenter of this struggle.
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Earle, Rebecca. "Information and Disinformation in Late Colonial New Granada." Americas 54, no. 2 (October 1997): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007740.
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In 1814, Alexander von Humboldt, the great traveller and explorer of the Americas, drew attention to an unusual feature of the movement for independence in the Viceroyalty of New Granada: the establishment of printing presses and newspapersfollowedrather thanprecededthe outbreak of war. Humboldt was struck by the contrast New Granada's war of independence offered with the two more famous political revolutions of the age. A great proliferation of printed pamphlets and periodicals had preceded the outbreak of revolution in both the Thirteen Colonies and France. How curious, Humboldt commented, to find the process reversed in Spanish America. Humboldt is not alone in viewing the newspaper as the expected harbinger of change in the age of Atlantic revolution. While the precise role played by the printed word in the French and American revolutions remains a subject of debate, many historians acknowledge the importance of print in creating a climate conducive to revolutionary challenge. Were newspapers and the press really latecomers to the revolution in the Viceroyalty of New Granada, as Humboldt suggests? What does this tell us about late colonial New Granada? How, in the absence of a developed press, did information, revolutionary or otherwise, circulate within the viceroyalty? Moreover, what means were available to either the Spanish crown or the American insurgents to create and manipulate news and opinion? What, indeed, does it mean to speak of the spread of news in a society such as late colonial New Granada? This article seeks to address these questions.
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Natalia, Samsonova. "Spain at the End of the 19th – beginning of the 20th Century in the Russian Socio-Political Discourse." Latin-American Historical Almanac 29 (March 26, 2021): 40–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2021-29-1-40-62.
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The article studies the response of the Russian reading public to the socio-political situation in Spain at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century (the Spanish-American War, Tragic Week of 1909, the manifestation of regionalism and anti-clericalism, caciquism, the development of the ideas of socialism, working class movement). The author analyses common and different things in socio-political processes that were taking place in Russia and Spain of that period as well as the pe-culiarity of Russia`s perception of the Spanish events. In the `90s of the 19th century the Spanish-American War of 1898 acted as an impedi-ment to the dynamics of the image of Spain. The similarity of the socio-political situation, social upheaval in Spain and Russia of the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century increase the urgency of the “vision” of Spain by Russian society, make its perception in Russia more fragmented.
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Stephen, Whitman. "Diverse Good Causes." Social Science History 19, no. 3 (1995): 333–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017405.
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In many slave societies manumission coexisted with perpetual bondage, often featured by self-purchase by slave artisans, a practice that some societies monitored through recognition of the slave's legal personality as a contracting party. Manumission played a comparatively minor role in shaping North American slavery, with debatable exceptions in the mid-Atlantic region; historians of slavery there have portrayed manumitters as individuals of conscience and/or economic maximizers seeking profitable exits from a locally declining labor institution. This contrast was first noted by Frank Tannenbaum, who characterized slavery in Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking America as milder than in British America, and targeted differences in religion and in the European history of slavery of each society as key explanatory factors.
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Fierro, Jaime, Sònia Parella, Berta Güell, and Alisa Petroff. "Generational cohorts versus national origin: Explaining the educational attainment among children of Latin American immigrants in Spain." Ethnicities 22, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 274–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14687968211073134.
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Over the last 25 years, Spain has experienced a significant increase of Latin American immigrants, which has raised questions about their children’s adaptation process. Yet, there is little evidence on the factors that explain school success or failure among this group. This paper aims to fill this gap by using data from the Longitudinal Study of the Second Generation in Spain (ILSEG is its Spanish acronym). The findings show that the children of Latin American immigrants are more likely to attain lower educational levels than the children of Spanish natives. However, concentrating on the national origin variable risks obscuring some underlying adaptive processes—associated with generational age cohorts—involved in differential educational outcomes among immigrant children. The data analyzed show that Latin American immigrant children born in Spain are likely to attain the same educational levels as their native Spanish peers. This finding highlights the importance of being raised in the host country in easing adaptation to the new society and the school system. The paper concludes with some policy suggestions in the field of education. Instead of treating all child migrants uniformly, public policies should address the specific needs of the target groups, emphasizing later arrivals.
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Gonzalez, C. J. I. "CHARACTERISTICS OF EXTREMIST POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES: THE CASE OF THE SPANISH FASCIST FRONT BASTION." Вестник Пермского университета. Политология 16, no. 1 (2022): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2022-1-14-21.
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This work analyses the concept and characteristics of extremist political ideologies through the study of previous works on European and American far-right extremism. This analysis explores how in some societies, like the Spanish one, certain types of extremist political ideologies are tolerated. The author proposes an additional characteristic to the ones analyzed, which helps to classify and understand these ideologies and their sympathizers. This proposed characteristic is based on the use of force to impose an ideology. The case of the Spanish extremist group Bastion Front, of fascist and Francoist ideology, is analyzed through the mentioned characteristics. The discourse given by Isabel Peralta in 2021 in memory of the Blue Division in Madrid is included to demonstrate the tolerance of extremist and fascist public speeches. A review of the main characteristics and values of Spanish national-Catholicism extremist political ideology is presented, as well as those of the historical fascist party Falange, still active today. This work exposes the rhetorical use of Russia by Western fascists as a supposed leader of an illiberal system opposing the American and English order. The author concludes that extremist political ideologies like fascism are tolerated in Spanish society and the Spanish legal system today.
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Martínez, Elena M., and Kirsten F. Nigro. "Palabras más que comunes. Ensayos sobre el teatro de José Triana. Boulder: Society of Spanish and Spanish American Studies, 1994." Chasqui 24, no. 2 (1995): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/29741235.
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McFarlane, Anthony. "Identity, Enlightenment and Political Dissent in Late Colonial Spanish America." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 8 (December 1998): 309–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679300.
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During the long crisis of the Spanish empire between 1810 and 1825, the Creole leaders of Spanish American independence asserted a new identity for the citizens of the states which they sought to establish, calling them ‘Americanos’. This general title was paralleled and often supplanted by other political neologisms, as movements for independence and new polities took shape in the various territories of Spanish America. In New Spain, the insurgents who fought against royalist government during the decade after 1810 tried to rally fellow ‘Mexicans’ to a common cause; at independence in 1821, die Creole political leadership created a ‘Mexican empire’, the title of which, with its reference to the Aztec empire which had preceded Spain's conquest, was designed to evoke a ‘national’ history shared by all members of Mexican society. In South America, die leaders of the new republics also sought to promote patriotic feelings for territories which had been converted from administrative units of Spanish government into independent states. Thus, San Martín and O'Higgins convoked ‘Chileans’ to the cause of independence in the old Captaincy-General of Chile; shortly afterwards and with notably less success, San Martín called upon ‘Peruvians’ to throw off Spanish rule. Bolívar was, likewise, to call ‘Colombians’ to his banner in die erstwhile Viceroyalty of New Granada, before advancing south to liberate Peru in the name of ‘Peruvians’, and Upper Peru in the name of ‘Bolivians’, where the Republic which his military feats and political vision made possible was named after him.
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Kellman, Steven. "Multilingual Literature of the United States." Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 19, no. 1 (March 16, 2022): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2022-19-1-19-27.
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Like the Russian Federation, the United States is a multilingual, multicultural society. A nation of immigrants and indigenous peoples, it has produced a rich body of literature in dozens of languages in addition to English that scholars have only in recent decades begun to pay attention to. Of particular note are texts in Spanish, Yiddish, Chinese, French, Hebrew, German, Arabic, Norwegian, Welsh, Greek, Turkish, Italian, Korean, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Vietnamese and numerous American Indian languages. In this paper we observe the most significant texts of multilingual American literature. The corpus of literary works shows us, that despite Americans pervasive and enduring xenolinguaphobia - aversion to other languages - the United States, like other large countries, is a heterogeneous amalgam. Ignoring the variety of works written in languages other than English impoverishes the national culture and handicaps serious readers.
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Morales, Maria Cristina. "Linguistic occupation segregation along the U.S.–Mexico border: using the index of dissimilarity to measure inequality in employment among monolingual speakers and Spanish–English bilinguals." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2021, no. 270 (June 1, 2021): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2020-0022.
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Abstract The U.S.–Mexico border is a Latina/o concentrated region and Spanish–English bilingual society. While there are some indications of an economic advantage associated with Spanish–English bilingualism in regions with over-representations of Spanish-origin speakers, the degree of occupational linguistic segregation in such ethno-linguistic context is unknown. Based on data from the American Community Survey (ACS) Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) for 2018, this study calculates the occupational dissimilarity index (D) among monolingual-Spanish speakers, Spanish–English bilinguals, and monolingual-English speakers for cities located along the Texas–Mexico border and in the Houston metropolis. Findings show that the highest occupational segregation is found between monolingual-Spanish speakers and both monolingual-English and Spanish–English bilinguals. This indicates that the monolingual-Spanish workforce is occupationally segregated from those with fluent command of English. The lowest occupation dissimilarity indices are between Spanish–English bilinguals and monolingual-English speakers, indicating that these groups are approaching similar occupational placements. I conclude by highlighting an occupational advantage to Spanish–English bilingualism, but only in border cities characterised by concentrations of Spanish-origin speakers. In the non-border city of Houston, being Spanish–English bilingual is not enough to experience occupational upward mobility.
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Puertas, Rubén Rodríguez, and Alexandra Ainz Galende. "Our Life Is Not Here: Migration and Return of Young Spaniards Living in Chile." Social Sciences 10, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10080293.
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With the aim of understanding the recent migration processes of young Spaniards settled in Chile, the present paper analyzes, on the one hand, how these young people experience their arrival and establishment in said Latin American country and, in the other hand, how the process of returning and readjusting to Spanish society takes place. For that, and following the procedures of the Grounded Theory, the discourses of 37 Spanish migrants obtained through in depth interviews were analyzed: 22 of them are living in Chile and the other 15 returned to Spain after spending a long period in Chilean society and have been living in Spain for at least one year since then. All of them have university degrees, are between 25 and 35 years old, and arrived in Chile between 2013 and 2018. This qualitative study shows the way in which these migrants experience their sociocultural integration in Chilean society, which could be typified as “nostalgic” since it is characterized by the idealization of and the longing for their society of origin. Another key characteristic is the eventual return to the country of origin, in which the desynchronization they experience is especially remarkable: after a long period abroad, they feel disconnected from the transformations that have taken place in their original environment, which leads them to experience a difficult process of readjustment to Spanish society that sometimes is even more complex than that experienced abroad.
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Rozado, David. "The Prevalence of Prejudice-Denoting Terms in Spanish Newspapers." Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020033.
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Previous scholarly literature has documented a pronounced increase in the prevalence of prejudice-denoting terms in American news media content. Some have referred to this shift in journalistic discourse and related public opinion trends signaling increasing perceptions of prejudice severity in U.S. society as The Great Awokening. This work analyzes whether the increasing prevalence of prejudice themes in American news media outlets has been replicated in the news media ecosystem of a Spanish-speaking country. Thus, we computationally analyzed the prevalence of words denoting prejudice in five million news and opinion articles written between 1976 and 2019 and published in three of the most widely read newspapers in Spain: El País, El Mundo and ABC. We report that within the studied time period, the frequency of terms that denote specific prejudice types related to gender, ethnicity, sexuality and religious orientation has also substantially increased across the analyzed Spanish news media outlets. There are, however, some notable distinctions in the long-term usage dynamics of prejudice-denoting terms between the leading Spanish newspaper of record, El País, and its U.S. counterpart, The New York Times.
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LANDAUER, CARL. "The Ambivalences of Power: Launching the American Journal of International Law in an Era of Empire and Globalization." Leiden Journal of International Law 20, no. 2 (May 21, 2007): 325–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156507004104.
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This article uses the first issue of the American Journal of International Law, one hundred years after its creation in 1907, to analyse the state of American international legal thought following the acquisition of Pacific and Caribbean island territories in the Spanish–American War and the creation of a new international identity. Traditionally, the American Society of International Law (of which the journal was the organ) has been placed in the context of the US peace movement. However, both the society and the journal were led by individuals occupying major positions in the administration of Theodore Roosevelt and earlier administrations, including the sitting and a former secretary of war. The society and its journal were vehicles of the US foreign policy establishment. Despite a mixture of imperialists and anti-imperialists, a cultural coherence is discernable in the journal's pages. In essence, the journal can be placed within what the article calls the genteel tradition of US international law, involving an effort at educating the public away from over-excitement, adopting science in the newly professionalized administrative state, and advocating an arbitrational model of legal ordering to promote international peace.
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Kotenyatkina, Irina B. "Lexical Peculiarities of the Modern Spanish Language of Guatemala." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 10, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 634–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2019-10-3-634-643.
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Despite the fact that Russian linguists are actively exploring the peculiarities of the implementation of language means in Latin American countries, the Spanish language of Guatemala has not yet been the object of analysis in terms of the variation of lexical units. This article examines the lexical units used in the Guatemalan national variety of the Spanish language through the prism of modern lexical semantics, using the current common approaches and methods of the linguistics discipline. The peculiarities of the Guatemalan national variety of the Spanish language are demonstrated, such as: high-frequency common Spanish units that have undergone semantic changes; prevailing terms and idioms that are unusual for Spain; many innovations of both Guatemalan and Mexican origin are used; a large number of loanwords from indigenous languages; and diminutives are widely used. Finally, it is concluded that the revealed and studied peculiarities of the Spanish language of Guatemala determine the need to study it not only for developing philological knowledge but also, to a large extent, for meeting the practical needs of the modern society.
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Moreno Juliá, Xavier. "German institutional aid to Spanish students in Germany during the Second World War." Przegląd Nauk Historycznych 19, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1644-857x.19.02.07.
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During the Second World War Dr. Edith Faupel intensively helped the Spanish students and soldiers of the Blue Division, the unit that fought in Russia within the Wehermacht troops. She was the wife of the first German Ambassador in the National Spain, General Wilhelm Faupel (1936–1937). Faupel was the director of The Iberian-American Institute and of the German-Spanish Society at a time. She and her husband fully served the regime of the National Socialists during its existence in Germany. The action of this woman and her motifs are studied in this article. It is also analysed how her activities were determined by the changes on the fronts of World War II.
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BASSI, ERNESTO. "The ‘Franklins of Colombia’: Immigration Schemes and Hemispheric Solidarity in the Making of a Civilised Colombian Nation." Journal of Latin American Studies 50, no. 3 (November 16, 2017): 673–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x17001213.
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AbstractDuring the 1820s, Colombia's diplomats in London, Washington and Philadelphia worked hard to obtain diplomatic recognition for their nascent republic. Their efforts were also geared towards making Colombia attractive to European and North American settlers whose industry and work ethic would, they hoped, turn it into a civilised and modern Euro-Atlantic nation. The immigration schemes they promoted enable us to understand the type of nations the nation-makers of post-independence Spanish America envisioned and how, by appealing to sentiments of hemispheric solidarity – among other means – they sought to turn their visions into reality. A comparison with similar eighteenth-century schemes promoted by the Bourbons, moreover, reveals the persistence, albeit with some critical modifications, of late-colonial ways of thinking and envisioning society.
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Rebok, Sandra. "Two Exceptional Witnesses of Latin American Independence: The Prussian Explorer Alexander Von Humboldt and The Virginian Politician Thomas Jefferson." Revista Historia de la Educación Latinoamericana 16, no. 23 (July 26, 2014): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01227238.3067.
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This paper analyzes Alexander von Humboldt and Thomas Jefferson’s respective positions regarding the independence of Spanish colonies in South America, as well as the way these views were determined by their own personal experiences. Humboldt is an observer of the political situation just before the beginning of the independence movements. Jefferson is an important actor in both the US independence process and the subsequent creation of a new society. Their respective stands on Spanish America independence movements cannot be studied unrelatedly to the conclusions they draw from both the French Revolution and its consequences. This work shows the way both figures discussed these events through the correspondence they exchanged. Last, through these distinguished representatives of the Old and the New World, similarities and differences in the way these political events were addressed from both sides of the Atlantic are also assessed.
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Hendrickson, D. Scott. "Early Guaraní Printing: Nieremberg’s De la diferencia and the Global Dissemination of Seventeenth-Century Spanish Asceticism." Journal of Jesuit Studies 5, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 586–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00504006.
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This article examines both how and why the Spanish Jesuit Juan Eusebio Nieremberg’s (1595–1658) once famous treatise De la diferencia entre lo temporal y eterno (1640) came to be translated and printed in the Paraguay reductions in 1705, the significance it holds in the transmission of Iberian asceticism to the American missions and how Juan Yaparí and other Guaraní craftsmen participated in its printing and enhanced its illustration. It situates the Guaraní imprint within the context of early modern mission practices and the book-trade of Counter-Reformation Europe, and seeks to show how—in what some scholars consider to be a collaborative enterprise between missionaries of the Society of Jesus and the tribal peoples—the Guaraní edition of the treatise sheds light on the vast global network the Jesuits established in their transmission of faith and knowledge between Europe, Asia, and the Americas.
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Rodriguez, J. D., D. Peris-Delcampo, and A. Garcia-Mas. "History of the Spanish federation of sport psychology (FEPD)." Current Issues of Sports Psychology and Pedagogy 1, no. 1-2 (2021): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/spp.2021.1-2.1.
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The article presents data on the history of the formation of the Spanish Federation of Sports Psychology, examines the main key events that contribute to the creation of the Spanish Federation, the main activities of the federation. The article presents interviews with the presidents of the Spanish Federation of Sports Psychology, their views on the factors contributing to the development of sports psychology in Spain and prospects for its further development. The Spanish Federation of Sports Psychology (FEPD) was established in 1987 and was joined for the first time by existing associations. FEPD is a member of the International Society of Sports Psychology (ISSP) and the European Federation of Sports Psychology (FEPSAC), where it is active as a full member. The FEPD organizes a National Congress every two years with the participation of national and international experts. The active development of sports psychology in Spain and other Latin American countries is associated with high publication activity, the presence of two special educational programs. sports psychology journals and current master’s and postgraduate programs in this field of knowledge.
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Gitelman, Zvi. "Judaism and Jewishness in the USSR: Ethnicity and Religion." Nationalities Papers 20, no. 01 (1992): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999208408227.
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American Jews often treat their religion and ethnicity as coterminous. In the Soviet Union religion and ethnicity are formally more distinct, through in most people's minds the two are closely related. American society generally considers Jews both an ethnic and religious group. There is a strong correlation between religion and ethnicity among other groups—for example between Irish and Polish ethnicity, on the one hand, and Catholicism, on the other. But since Catholicism is a universal religion—to say “Irish” or “Polish” is usually is to say “Catholic”—the converse is not true, since to say “Catholic” may also imply French, Spanish, Italian, Brazilian or many other ethnicities.
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Martínez Martín, Jaime J. "RESEÑA de: Falcón Paradí, Arístides. La crueldad en el teatro de Matías Montes Huidobro. Colorado: Society of Spanish and Spanish-American Studies, 2006." Epos : Revista de filología, no. 22 (January 1, 2006): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/epos.22.2006.10527.
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Zatlin, Phyllis. "Janet Pérez and Stephen Miller, eds.Critical Studies on Gonzalo Torrente Ballester. Boulder, Colo.: Society of Spanish and Spanish-American Studies, 1989. vii + 196pp." Romance Quarterly 37, no. 3 (August 1990): 381–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08831157.1990.9924930.
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González, Alejandro Ariel. "Dostoevsky Society of Argentina." Literature of the Americas, no. 11 (2021): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2021-11-239-247.
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The paper provides an overview of the Dostoievski Society of Argentina (Sociedad Argentina Dostoievski, SAD), created in 2015. The main goal of the Society is to unite specialists in the work of F.M. Dostoevsky and Slavists. The activities of the SAD include organization of scientific conferences, meetings, seminars, round tables, edition of books and online journals. The paper examines two journals published by the SAD, outlines their scientific profile and history of creation. The journal Estudios Dostoievski, created in 2018, was conceived as a continuation of the international dialogue on the work of F.M. Dostoevsky and united the Hispanic Dostoevsky scholars. Another project of the Society — the journal Eslavia, established in the same year, became a meeting point for Slavic scholars and all those interested in Slavic culture and literature, as well as Spanish American–Slavic cultural links. The article highlights the peculiarities of these contacts, their historical background and prospects. The scientific program of the journal Eslavia consists in the publication of articles on various branches of humanitarian knowledge on the basis of the material from different Slavic countries. Estudios Dostoievski and Eslavia were awarded a gold diploma of the International Slavic Forum “Golden Knight” in Russia. The Dostoievski Society of Argentina cooperates with other national and international associations, organizes the International Slavic Readings and since 2016 has been a member of the International Dostoevsky Society (IDS).
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STERBA, CHRISTOPHER M. "“¿Quién es? ¿Quién es?”: Revisiting the Racial Context of the Billy the Kid Legend." Journal of American Studies 51, no. 3 (November 16, 2016): 721–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875816001286.
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Billy the Kid spoke his last words in Spanish. Calling out “¿Quién es? ¿Quién es?” before he was killed by Sheriff Pat Garrett, the young outlaw's final moments signal his diverse ethnic context. This article examines the Kid's close contact with the Southwest's communities of color – New Mexico's Mescalero Apache Indians, African American soldiers, and Hispano farmers – and why these communities have been removed from countless popular representations of the Kid's story. Their omission has helped to perpetuate a uniquely Western and white American ideal of individualism and served to legitimize a libertarian and ahistorical ideal of violence: the rebellion of an outlaw who defies the rest of his society and his times.
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Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad. "The Inquilinos of Cavite: A Social Class in Nineteenth-Century Philippines." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 16, no. 1 (March 1985): 69–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400012777.
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Studies about Philippine colonial class structure are singularly scant. With the exception of Scott's work on the sixteenth century, no effort has yet been made to shed light upon the problem of how Philippine society had been stratified during the long span of the Spanish and American regimes. This paper tries to describe and analyze the manner in which a segment of nineteenth-century Philippine society was structured, and offers a conceptualization of what constituted a provincial “social class” at the time by looking at the role of the inquilino (leaseholders of agricultural land) in Caviteño society. Specifically, it (a) rejects the idea that native Filipino society was composed of only two social strata: a tiny upper stratum and a mass of uniformly poor population; (b) and implies that the native class structure was far from having been static during the Spanish regime. Due to limitations in the sources, no attempt has been made to trace in an evolutionary manner the development of the inquilinos as a social class. The study deals mainly with the Dominican hacienda town of Naic, although less detailed information on other municipalities like Imus, Bacoor, Kawit, Santa Cruz de Malabon, and San Francisco de Malabon suggest the existence of similar conditions that could have fostered the development of an intermediate social class composed largely of inquilinos.
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Wrede, Julia. "Protest polityczny w globalizacji." Civitas. Studia z Filozofii Polityki 18 (June 30, 2016): 324–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/civ.2016.18.16.
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The article shows relations between the philosophical idea of global civil society and civil engagement which transcends national borders – a trend that is being observed in recent years. The article characterizes contemporary social movements including two particular protest movements – Indignados of Spanish origin and the American Occupy movement. A detailed study of these movements helps with understanding the main trends in modern international politics and shows the fundamental mechanisms that shape the modern social world. As an element of global political culture, modern social movements are a significant example of global citizenship. They combine the main features of global civil society and allow us to draw a picture of the changing social landscape of globalization.
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Stein-Smith, Kathleen. "Rethinking the Role of Languages in the US: Toward a More Diverse Cultural Identity." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 10, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1003.01.
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This article examines the English-only post-colonial narrative that has driven the development of US cultural memory and cultural identity does not sufficiently allow for the presence of other languages and cultures that form part of our diverse cultural identity -- past, present, and future. It finds that the current US foreign language deficit, including both lack of necessary foreign language skills among Americans and lack of motivation among Americans -- believing that English is the global lingua franca -- to learn other languages, impacts national and economic security as well as our communities and our society. The author concludes that the resurgence of Spanish, French, and other languages as our languages, rather than foreign languages, empowers us all. Access to foreign language learning from the earliest grade levels for all interested students will not only impact our economic and national security, but will create a new, and more diverse and sustainable "English plus" American identity for generations to come.
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Vilches, Patricia. "Cervantes, Lizardi, and the Literary Construction of The Mexican Rogue in Don Catrín de la fachenda." Open Cultural Studies 1, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 428–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/culture-2017-0040.
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Abstract This study explores the socio-economic legacies and critique of nation-building found in the work of Jose Joaquin Fernandez de Lizardi (1776-1827). In the nineteenth century, the Latin American elite struggled to disassociate itself from a suffocating colonial machine; they sought their own identity, and writing became a way to express their frustration. As in other parts of Latin America, Mexican intellectuals protested fossilisation via Cervantes’s Don Quijote. Using the Spanish author’s text as a blueprint, Lizardi’s Don Catrín de la fachenda depicted a turbulent society that was in the process of abandoning a decaying colonial order. Don Quijote’s characters engaged in power struggles and were involved in a variety of forms of social antagonism. Lizardi juxtaposed and superimposed these on an American geographical and socio-economic space where there was much dissension around the nation’s direction. The social and economic rules of Mexico (and Latin America) today can be said to be already present in the social exchanges in Don Catrín. It was in this context that Don Quijote was “Mexicanised” by Lizardi and thereby made to participate in local reflections on liberty, patriotism, capitalism, and citizenship. Cervantes’s text thus took on a socio-political meaning in the narrative of Latin America’s past and present.
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Beck, Margaret E., and Sarah Trabert. "Kansas and the Postrevolt Puebloan Diaspora: Ceramic Evidence from the Scott County Pueblo." American Antiquity 79, no. 2 (April 2014): 314–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.2.314.
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AbstractNative American communities underwent significant upheaval, ethnic blending, and restructuring in the Spanish colonial period. One archaeological example is the appearance of a seven-room stone and adobe structure in western Kansas, known as the Scott County Pueblo (14SC1). Previous researchers used Spanish documents to attribute the site to Puebloan refugees from Taos or Picuris in the mid- to late 1600s. Here we examine the Smithsonian and Kansas Historical Society ceramic collections for evidence of Puebloan women at the site. We find a high proportion of bowls at 14SC1, suggesting the maintenance of Puebloan food-preparation and-serving patterns, as well as some vessels apparently made by Puebloan potters in western Kansas. We cannot falsify our null hypothesis that the Scott County Pueblo included people from one or more northern Rio Grande pueblos during the mid-1600s, or A.D. 1696–1706, or both.
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O’Donnell, Catherine. "Jesuits in the North American Colonies and the United States." Brill Research Perspectives in Jesuit Studies 2, no. 2 (April 17, 2020): 1–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25897454-12340006.
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Abstract From Eusebio Kino to Daniel Berrigan, and from colonial New England to contemporary Seattle, Jesuits have built and disrupted institutions in ways that have fundamentally shaped the Catholic Church and American society. As Catherine O’Donnell demonstrates, Jesuits in French, Spanish, and British colonies were both evangelists and agents of empire. John Carroll envisioned an American church integrated with Protestant neighbors during the early years of the republic; nineteenth-century Jesuits, many of them immigrants, rejected Carroll’s ethos and created a distinct Catholic infrastructure of schools, colleges, and allegiances. The twentieth century involved Jesuits first in American war efforts and papal critiques of modernity, and then (in accord with the leadership of John Courtney Murray and Pedro Arrupe) in a rethinking of their relationship to modernity, to other faiths, and to earthly injustice. O’Donnell’s narrative concludes with a brief discussion of Jesuits’ declining numbers, as well as their response to their slaveholding past and involvement in clerical sexual abuse.
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Cortes, Jimy Alexander, and Ivan Dario Arellano. "The Relevance of English in Colombian Scientific Research Awareness." English Language Teaching 10, no. 5 (April 23, 2017): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n5p127.
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Even though the majority of Colombian professors are also involved in research, they have limitations in their English language skills that separate them from the rest of the scientific society. Evidently, these limitations have become an obstacle in the awareness of professors’ modest, but no less important, research work. In order to carry out this study, we selected three remarkable higher education institutions of Pereira, Risaralda in Colombia. We used collected data from 2012 to 2015. A quantitative analysis of the number of articles in English in comparison to Spanish was done. Even though there has been an increasing number of articles in English, they are still limited. This research suggests an approach to evaluate the hypothesis raised by the authors that states that the low English-language proficiency of the scientists is affecting the visibility of Colombian and, overall, Latin American science. We propose to increase the visibility of Colombian science by publishing research papers in both languages, Spanish and in English. Finally, Latin American English writing skills require attention from their own governments to increase the awareness and contribution of these countries in a globalized world.
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Turner, Faythe. "Editor's Note." Ethnic Studies Review 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.1997.20.1.i.
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This issue of the Journal of the National Association of Ethnic Studies presents an interesting cross section of ethnic groups in the United States: Native American, Vietnamese, Latino, African American. Several of the articles involving these groups raise the persistent question of assimilation versus acculturation and where the health and welfare of the children of immigrants or the younger generation of immigrants lies. Shaw N. Gynan in “Hispanic Immigration and Spanish Maintenance as Indirect Measures of Ethnicity: Reality and Perceptions” has found that the newest generation of Latinos not only are more involved ethnically with their Spanish heritage than earlier immigrants but also are more proficient in English, information that might cause the promoters of English as the official language of the United States to rethink their position. In “An Examination of Social Adaptation Processes of Vietnamese Adolescents” Fayneese Miller, My Do, and Jason Sperber show that this age group finds its strength in a strong attachment to their ethnic community and proficiency in speaking and writing English: the first keeps them grounded and the second two allow them the confidence to progress in their new society. In “Community Versus Assimilation: A Study IN American Assimilation at Saint Joseph's Indian Industrial School” Sarah Shillinger shows through oral history the effects of being removed from one's ethnic community as Indian children were in the board school movement of the early twentieth century.