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MOTTA, BERNARDO HEISLER. "THE CONTEMPORARY NARRATIVE AND INTERACTIVE DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES: SPALLING, DECENTRALIZATION, SLIDING AND MULTIPLICATION OF CHARACTERS` SPALLING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7661@1.
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FUNDAÇÃO DE APOIO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIROEssa pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a descentralização, fragmentação, deslizamento e multiplicação da identidade dos personagens na ficção literária e cinematográfica contemporânea. A hipótese que norteia o trabalho é a de que estas transformações, na forma em que vêm se apresentando, estão intimamente relacionadas a um outro fenômeno, decorrente das possibilidades criadas pelas novas tecnologias digitais, o da interatividade. Assim, a pesquisa debruça-se sobre a inter-relação entre as narrativas de ficção digitais e as narrativas de ficção na literatura e no cinema contemporâneo.
This research has as objective to analyze the decentralization, spalling, sliding and multiplication of the identity of the characters in contemporary literary and cinematographic fiction. The hypothesis that guides this work is of that these transformations are intimately related to another phenomenon, linked to the possibilities created by the new digital technologies, the interactivity. The research then leans over the relations between the fictional digital narratives and the fictional narratives in contemporary literature and cinema.
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Connolly, Raymond J. "The spalling of concrete in fires." Thesis, Aston University, 1995. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14310/.
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The occurrence of spalling is a major factor in determining the fire resistance of concrete constructions. The apparently random occurrence of spalling has limited the development and application of fire resistance modelling for concrete structures. This Thesis describes an experimental investigation into the spalling of concrete on exposure to elevated temperatures. It has been shown that spalling may be categorised into four distinct types, aggregate spalling, corner spalling, surface spalling and explosive spalling. Aggregate spalling has been found to be a form of shear failure of aggregates local to the heated surface. The susceptibility of any particular concrete to aggregate spalling can be quantified from parameters which include the coefficients of thermal expansion of both the aggregate and the surrounding mortar, the size and thermal diffusivity of the aggregate and the rate of heating. Corner spalling, which is particularly significant for the fire resistance of concrete columns, is a result of concrete losing its tensile strength at elevated temperatures. Surface spalling is the result of excessive pore pressures within heated concrete. An empirical model has been developed to allow quantification of the pore pressures and a material failure model proposed. The dominant parameters are rate of heating, pore saturation and concrete permeability. Surface spalling may be alleviated by limiting pore pressure development and a number of methods to this end have been evaluated. Explosive spalling involves the catastrophic failure of a concrete element and may be caused by either of two distinct mechanisms. In the first instance, excessive pore pressures can cause explosive spalling, although the effect is limited principally to unloaded or relatively small specimens. A second cause of explosive spalling is where the superimposition of thermally induced stresses on applied load stresses exceed the concrete's strength.
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Jansson, Robert. "Fire Spalling of Concrete : Theoretical and Experimental Studies." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-128378.
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Fire spalling of concrete is not a new phenomenon. To some degree there has always been a risk during rapid heating of concrete. Therefore, to a certain degree the effect of fire spalling is included in the bank of data from fire tests and fires on which our understanding of the fire resistance of concrete is based. However, the development and modern use of more dense concrete mixes have produced cases of very severe fire spalling which have increased the urgency to understand this phenomenon. In this context, the use of an addition of polypropylene (PP) fibres to the mix to limit the amount of spalling has been one topic of interest for this thesis. During fire tests on a post-tensioned concrete structure made of spalling sensitive concrete, it has been shown that substantially lower amounts of PP fibres than 2 kg/m3, which is recommended in the Eurocode (1992-1-2:2004), can be used with successful results. As part of this study, another important aspect has emerged, i.e. the impact the test method used can have on the fire spalling depths observed in concrete specimens. This has been known for many years but is seldom discussed in the scientific literature. In this thesis it has been shown that results from tests on unloaded cubes do not necessarily correspond to results seen on larger loaded slabs. In the results presented, none of the tested cubes spalled whereas some of the large slabs spalled to the degree that the reinforcement became fire exposed. Further, the difference in spalling depths between small and large post-tensioned slabs was shown to be substantial; although in general the ranking in severity from least to greatest spalling correlated between these two specimen sizes. The correlation to larger specimens was much vaguer in the case when the small slabs were not loaded in compression as there sometimes was no spalling in the small slabs. From time to time the randomness of the fire spalling of concrete has been mentioned. To investigate this further, an analysis of 110 fire tests performed on small slab type specimens was performed. This analyse showed that the spalling behaviour had a good repeatability between two identical tests, which proved that the so called “random factor” relating to spalling depth was low for the chosen data set. It was also possible to make a multiple least squares fit of test parameters that could be used to predict the spalling behaviour which also underlines that a substantial stochastic factor was not present. Regarding the influence of different factors, the results compiled on the influence of ageing show that for three of the tested Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) mixes, the amount of spalling was reduced with age whereas for the fourth mix (which included the highest amount of limestone filler, 140 kg/m3) the spalling was not reduced with age. In this test series no systematic influence of the intensity of the fire, between standard fire exposure and the more severe hydrocarbon fire, on the spalling depth was detected for this type of specimen. The only major difference was that spalling started earlier during the more severe fire exposure. Pressure measurements conducted as part of the work within this thesis, supported by results from the literature, indicate that there is no relationship between pressure rise due to moisture and fire spalling. Based on this and the fact that the spalling event in many cases happens at relatively low temperatures where the saturation vapour pressure is low two alternative factors to explain the function of PP fibres have been presented: (i) PP fibres reduce the moisture content in the critical zone close to the heated surface which affects the mechanical properties advantageously, and (ii) PP fibres amplify moisture movement leading to larger drying creep and shrinkage which locally relax the thermal stresses. To investigate the influence of the presence of moisture on the compressive strength, specimens were tested after being boiled for varying periods of time in a water bath. The study showed a remarkable reduction of strength due to boiling of the mortar specimens. After boiling mortar in a water bath for 3, 10 or 20 minutes, i.e. approximately the same time span as the initiation of fire spalling during fully developed fires, the strength was only 64% of the corresponding value for a dry specimen. As no strength change was detected between the specimens boiled 3, 10 or 20 minutes, and that the corresponding saturation pressure for steam at 100ºC is negligible compared with the tensile strength of concrete, it was concluded that pore pressure is not a significant contributor to the measured reduction in strength. It appears that the presence of moisture itself rather than an increased pressure is the most important factor reducing strength. This is a clear indication that moisture plays a key role in the fire spalling of concrete but in a different way from previously assumed.QC 20130911
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Nguyen, Thang Dinh. "Theoretical study of thermal spalling of brittle materials." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77905.
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In this work several problems related to thermal spalling are considered. First, a novel approximate technique to solve general linear heat-conduction problems with changing boundary conditions and locations is proposed. The technique is based on the concept of linear superposition and the possibility to transform the initial condition into a time-varying boundary condition. The proposed technique is evaluated and compared_to some of the existing techniques. The individual contribution of several stress components and their combined effects on the risk of failure are then considered for a theoretical axi-symmetric body subjected to uniform unconfined heating. The results indicate that using a single stress component in the prediction of failure for brittle materials is not justified in general. Finally, the thermal spalling process in jet piercing operations is studied. The finite element model consists of a large axi-symmetric object subjected to a confined heat flux. The numerical results are used to study the combined effects of several stress components and the influence of material properties and heat flux intensity on the spalling rate and spallability of brittle materials. The results compare favorably with experimental results reported in the literature. A set of plots are offered for use in design. Possible extensions and variations of the present work are also discussed.Ph. D.
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Jansson, Robert. "Material properties related to fire spalling of concrete /." Lund : Division of Building Materials, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, 2008. http://www.byggnadsmaterial.lth.se/.
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Jerabek, Jakub, Allessandra Keil, Jens Schoene, Rostislav Chudoba, Josef Hegger, and Michael Raupach. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Spalling Effect in TRC Specimens." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1244046893347-05461.
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The paper presents the study of spalling effect occurring under tensile loading in thin-walled TRC specimens. The experimentally observed failure patterns are first classified and the performed experiment design is explained and discussed. A parameter study of spalling effect with varied thickness of concrete cover and reinforcement configurations including both the textile fabrics and the yarns provided the basis for numerical analysis of the effect. The applied numerical model was designed in order to capture the initiation and propagation of longitudinal cracks leading to the separation of concrete blocks from the textile fabrics. A meso-scopic material resolution in a single crack bridge is used for the simulation exploiting the periodic structure of the crack bridges both in the lateral and in the longitudinal direction of the TRC specimens. The matrix was modeled using an anisotropic damage model falling in the microplane-category of material models. The bond between yarn and matrix follows a non-linear bond-law calibrated using pull-out tests. The epoxy-impregnated reinforcement is considered as a homogeneous bar.
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Thiruchelvam, Chellathurai. "Deterioration and spalling of high strength concrete at elevated temperatures." Thesis, City University London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274476.
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Lopes, Christian Raposo. "Spalling e DoP em alvos metálicos : estudos analíticos e numéricos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2493.
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Mestrado em Engenharia MecânicaAs constantes formas de ameaça requerem o desenvolvimento constante de mecanismos de protecção, capazes de suster ataques de diversos tipos. Estes mecanismos devem possuir qualificações de segurança elevadas, visando a protecção de pessoas, veículos ou infraestruturas. O desenvolvimento tecnológico de sistemas de protecção inovadores permite acompanhar a evolução do tipo, tecnologia e performance das ameaças (armas, projécteis, explosivos, etc.). Consequentemente, é de grande importância o desenvolvimento de meios capazes de avaliar a capacidade de absorção de impacto dos referidos sistemas de protecção, sistemas esses que devem fornecer a resistência necessária ao impacto de ameaça. Neste trabalho procura-se estudar o comportamento ao impacto balístico de sistemas de protecção metálicos. Estudam-se numericamente os factores que influenciam a capacidade de absorção de energia de um alvo. Apresenta-se uma investigação detalhada das características de absorção de impacto de alvos com diferentes espessuras, impactados por projécteis com forma de ponta cilíndrica, hemisférica, cónica e ogival. Analisa-se a influência de vários parâmetros que afectam a capacidade de absorção de energia do alvo, tais como, a energia cinética de impacto, a forma de ponta do projéctil, as espessuras e os modos de cedência dos alvos. Faz-se a caracterização do comportamento mecânico ao impacto do aço Weldox 460 E, recorrendo ao programa de elemento finitos Abaqus. Evidencia-se, através da análise dos resultados numéricos, a dependência do modo de cedência do alvo em relação ao tipo de projéctil utilizado. Verifica-se um aumento da velocidade de limite balístico com o aumento da espessura do alvo, induzindo um aumento da capacidade de protecção deste. Denota-se a influência da forma de ponta do projéctil e da velocidade inicial de impacto na variação da velocidade residual do projéctil. Ilustra-se o aumento de absorção de energia por parte do alvo, com o aumento de espessura deste. É ainda notória uma absorção de energia de forma mais rápida para projécteis com configuração cilíndrica, verificando-se o inverso em projécteis de configuração ogival. ABSTRACT: The constant forms of threat require the constant development of protection systems capable of sustaining various types of attacks. These mechanisms should have high safety qualifications concerning the protection of people, vehicles or buildings. The development of innovative security systems can follow the evolution of type, technology and performance of the threats (weapons, projectiles, explosives, etc.). Therefore it is of extreme importance the development of means capable of evaluating the impact absorption capability of the before mentioned protection systems, which should be able to provide the resistence needed for the impact of a threat. This work presents a study of the behavior of metal protection systems against a ballistic impact where the afecting factors of the energy absorption capability of a target are numerically analysed. A detailed investigation of the impact absorption characteristics of a target with different thickness when collided by projectiles with blunt, hemispherical, conical and ogival noses is presented. Influence of various parameters afecting the energy absorption capability of the target, such as the kinetic energy of the impacting projectile, its nose shape, failure mode and thickness is studied. The mechanical behavior under an impact loading of Weldox 460 E steel is analysed using the finite element program Abaqus. It is possible to verify the dependence of the failure mode of the target on the type of projectile being used. Along with the increasement of the thickness of the target it is observed that the same happens to its energy absorption and to the ballistic limit velocity. The projectile nose shape and the initial velocity of impact affect its residual velocity. It is also noticed a faster absorption of energy by the target for projectiles with blunt noses, with the opposite happening for the ones with ogival noses.
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Yanko, William Andrew. "Experimental and numerical evaluation of concrete spalling during extreme thermal loading." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0006380.
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Khoylou, Naysan. "Modelling of moisture migration and spalling behaviour in non-uniformly heated concrete." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7317.
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Medlej, Adel. "Experimental investigation of corrosion-induced cracking, spalling and delamination of bridge decks." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27712.
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Corrosion of the steel rebar is one of the major deterioration mechanisms of reinforced concrete structures. The build-up of corrosion products around the reinforcing steel induces tensile stresses in the surrounding concrete, leading to cracking of the concrete cover when its tensile resistance is exceeded. Corrosion-induced failure mechanisms of the concrete cover that have been observed in the field are longitudinal cracking (parallel to the direction of reinforcement), spalling and delamination. Previous research efforts have lead to the development of analytical and finite element models to simulate the damage induced in the concrete cover by the growth of corrosion products. These models have distinguished different failure mechanisms in reinforced concrete bridge decks by developing relationships between the cover-to-rebar diameter ratio c/d and spacing-to-rebar diameter ratio s/d. Although corrosion-induced cracking is a widespread problem in concrete infrastructure suffering from reinforcing steel corrosion, there is not much experimental or field data available to verify these models. The objective of this research is to validate those relationships experimentally through accelerated corrosion laboratory tests. Nine reinforced concrete specimens with different geometrical dimensions and reinforcing steel arrangements were tested. These specimens have been designed to obtain different corrosion-induced failure patterns as estimated by previous finite element modelling. Corrosion of the reinforcing steel was induced by means of a potentiostat PGSTAT100 with a corrosion current density varying between 150 to 200 muA/cm2 and held constant for a period that varied between two to three weeks. A comparison and analysis of the obtained results were done against results obtained from a finite element model. Due to differences observed in the comparison, a modification was applied on the previous numerical equations in order to better present the different modes of corrosion-induced failure of reinforced concrete bridge decks.
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Luo, Yang. "Dynamic Modelling and Fault Feature Analysis of Gear Tooth Pitting and Spalling." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38834.
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Fault feature analysis of gear tooth spall plays a vital role in gear fault diagnosis. Knowing the characteristic of fault features and their evolution as a gear tooth fault progresses is key to fault severity assessment. This thesis provides a comprehensive (both theoretical and experimental) analysis of the fault vibration features of a gear transmission with progressive localized gear tooth pitting and spalling. A dynamic model of a one-stage spur gear transmission is proposed to analyze the vibration behavior of a gear transmission with tooth fault. The proposed dynamic model considers the effects of Time Varying Mesh Stiffness (TVMS), tooth surface roughness changes and geometric deviations due to pitting and spalling, and also incorporates a time-varying load sharing ratio, as well as dynamic tooth contact friction forces, friction moments and dynamic mesh damping ratios. The gear dynamical model is validated by comparison with responses obtained from an experimental test rig under different load and fault conditions. In addition, several methods are proposed for the evaluation of the TVMS of a gear pair with tooth spall(s) with curved bottom and irregular shapes, which fills the current research gap on modelling tooth spalls with irregular shapes and randomly distribution conditions. Experiments are conducted and the fault vibration features and their evolution as the tooth fault progresses are analyzed. Based on feature analysis, a new health indicator is proposed to detect progressive localized tooth spall.
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Khalid, Nibras Nizar. "STRENGTH REDUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO CORROSION RELATED COVER SPALLING." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron152536559529405.
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Wang, Xiaofeng. "Simulation models for rolling bearing vibration generation and fault detection via neural networks." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362159.
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SUZUKI, Kenji, Keisuke TANAKA, and Yoshiaki AKINIWA. "Estimation of Spalling Stress in Thermal Barrier Coatings Using Hard Synchrotron X-Rays." The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9176.
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Santos, Mario Cesar Borba. "O método da extensão virtual da trinca na fadiga por contato do tipo "spalling"." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/6766.
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O estudo dos mecanismos de fadiga por contato tem grande relevância para o estudo dos componentes mecânicos que estão sujeitos ao desgaste. O desgaste é um tipo de falha que ocorre na maioria dos componentes que trabalham em contato. Atualmente para prever o desgaste são utilizados métodos experimentais que permitem ajustar curvas semi-empíricas, ou seja, o resultado depende de vários testes que além de caros são demorados. Com o aumento da competitividade na indústria, o tempo se tornou artigo de luxo e com isso o aprimoramento dos modelos de cálculo e das simulações numéricas são muito bem justificados. O estudo aprofundado do mecanismo de fratura por contato sem dúvida pode dar subsídios para um melhor projeto do componente mecânico e assim conseguir predizer com maior precisão quando a falha por desgaste ocorrerá e assim evitar falhas catastróficas e paradas de máquinas não programadas gerando grandes prejuízos e também risco de vidas humanas Este estudo apresenta um modelo numérico utilizando o método dos elementos finitos computacional para a simulação do spalling em componentes mecânicos sujeitos à fadiga de contato. O modelo foi simplificado para duas dimensões e foi considerado estado plano de deformações. Este estudo apresenta uma aproximação na aplicação dos conceitos da Mecânica da Fratura para estimar a vida de componentes mecânicos. O resultado do modelo numérico é confrontado qualitativamente com resultados práticos. A geometria dos pits assim como as relações entre o Fator de intensidade de tensões e o tamanho da trinca é apresentado.
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Khalaf, Jamal. "Development of non-linear bond stress-slip models for reinforced concrete structures in fire." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14863.
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Exposure of concrete structures to high temperatures leads to significant losses in mechanical and physical properties of concrete and steel reinforcement as well as the bond characteristics between them. Degradation of bond properties in fire may significantly influence the load capacity of concrete structures. Therefore the bond behaviours need to be considered for the structural fire engineering design of reinforced concrete structures. At present, the information about the material degradations of concrete and reinforcing steel bars at elevated temperatures are generally available. However, the research on the response of the bond characteristic between concrete and reinforcing steel bar at elevated temperatures is still limited. Due to the lack of robust models for considering the influence of the bond characteristics between the concrete and steel bar at elevated temperatures, the majority of the numerical models developed for predicting the behaviour of reinforced concrete structures in fire was based on the full bond interaction. Hence, the main purpose of this research is to develop robust numerical models for predicting the bond-slip between concrete and the reinforcement under fire conditions. Therefore, the bond-slip between the concrete and reinforcement for conventional and prestress concrete structures at both ambient and elevated temperatures has been investigated in this research. Two models have been developed in this study: the first model is to simulate the behaviour of bond-slip of deformed steel bars in normal concrete at room temperature and under fire conditions. The model is established based on a partly cracked thick-wall cylinder theory and the smeared cracking approach is adopted to consider the softening behaviour of concrete in tension. The model is able to consider a number of parameters: such as different concrete properties and covers, different steel bar diameters and geometries. The proposed model has been incorporated into the Vulcan program for 3D analysis of reinforced concrete structures in fire. The second robust model has been developed to predict the bond stress-slip relationship between the strand and concrete of prestressed concrete structural members. In this model, two bond-slip curves have been proposed to represent the bond-slip characteristics for the three-wire and seven-wire strands. This model considers the variation of concrete properties, strands’ geometries and the type of strand surface (smooth or indented). The degradation of materials and bond characteristic at elevated temperatures are also included in the model. The proposed models have been validated against previous experimental results at both ambient and elevated temperatures and good agreements have been achieved. A comprehensive parametric study has been carried out in this research to examine the influence of bond-slip model on the structural behaviours of normal reinforced concrete structures. The study investigated the most important factors that can affect the bond characteristics between concrete and steel reinforcement at elevated temperatures. These factors are: the concrete cover, spalling of concrete, concrete compressive and tensile strengths.
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Ichikawa, Yoshikazu. "Prediction of pore pressures, heat and moisture transfer leading to spalling of concrete during fire." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8721.
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Miah, Md Jihad. "The effect of compressive loading and cement type on the fire spalling behaviour of concrete." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU3015/document.
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La recherche présentée dans cette thèse vise à examiner le mécanisme d’écaillage des bétons exposés au feu et comprendre l’influence du chargement mécanique appliqué en compression durant le chauffage. Des cubes (200 x 200 x 200 mm3) et des dalles (800 x 800 x 100 mm3) de béton fabriqués avec des ciments CEM II et CEM III (B40-II et B40-III: fc28days ≈ 40 MPa) ont été exposés à un feu ISO 834-1 sous différents niveaux de chargement uniaxial (cubes) et biaxial (dalles). En outre, l'effet du chargement mécanique (pression de confinement et charge uniaxiale) sur la perméabilité résiduelle au gaz a été étudié. Afin de mieux analyser les résultats expérimentaux et comprendre les mécanismes à l’origine de l'écaillage, des calculs numériques ont été réalisés en utilisant un modèle thermo-mécanique du code aux éléments finis CAST3M. Les résultats expérimentaux ont clairement montré que les éprouvettes chargées (uniaxial et biaxial) présentent un risque d’écaillage plus important que les éprouvettes non chargées. L’écaillage augmente avec le niveau de contrainte appliquée. Une partie des essais mais pas tous, ont montré que le B40-II (3% de laitier) présente un écaillage plus important que celui du béton B40-III (43% de laitiers).À partir de cette étude sur deux bétons ordinaires, il peut être mis en évidence qu'un certain niveau de contrainte de compression externe (uniaxiale ou biaxiale) est nécessaire pour induire l'écaillage du béton ordinaire. Les pressions des pores se combine avec les contraintes thermiques dûes aux gradients thermiques. Les contraintes de compression appliquées empêchent la création de certaines fissures générées par l'incompatibilité des déformations thermiques de la pâte de ciment et des granulats et des gradients thermiques. Pour l'échantillon non chargé, la création de fissures augmente la perméabilité et empêche naturellement le développement des pressions de pores.Pendant un feu réel, les membres structurels en béton sont toujours chargés ou retenus. La présence d'un chargement compressif pendant le chauffage augmente considérablement le stress de compression (diminue le stress de traction) et la grandeur de la pression des pores, ce qui augmente le risque d'écaillage. Ensuite, le stress compressif appliqué est un facteur clé très important que la conception de la résistance au feu des structures en béton devrait prendre en compte lors de l'écaillage. Par conséquent, il est recommandé que les essais d'écaillage ne soient pas effectués uniquement sur des échantillons non chargésThe research presented in this thesis seeks to examine and understand the mechanism of fire spalling role played by the external compressive loading during heating. Concrete cube (200 x 200 x 200 mm3) and slab (800 x 800 x 100 mm3) specimens made with CEM II and CEM III cements (B40-II and B40-III: fc28days ≈ 40 MPa) were exposed to ISO 834-1 fire curve under different levels of external uniaxial (for cube) and biaxial (for slab) compressive stress. Additionally, the effect of external compressive loading (confining pressure and uniaxial load) on the residual gas permeability of concretes have been investigated. In order to better analyse the experimental results and to provide more insight into the mechanism behind the fire spalling behaviour of concrete, numerical computations were carried out by using the existing thermo-mechanical model implemented in a finite element code CAST3M. The experimental results have clearly shown that the loaded specimens (uniaxial and biaxial) are more prone to spalling than unloaded specimens, with increasing amounts of spalling for higher values of applied compressive stress. Part of the tests, but not all have shown that B40-II (3% of slag) exhibited higher spalling than the B40-III (43% of slag).From this study on two ordinary concretes, it highlights that a certain level of external compressive stress (uniaxial or biaxial) was necessary to induce spalling. A possibility is that the applied compressive stress prevents the creation of cracks naturally due to thermal mismatch between cement paste and aggregates and thermal gradients. For unloaded specimen, the creation of cracks increases the permeability and naturally prevents the pore pressure to exceed a value that favours spalling.During a real fire, concrete structural members are always loaded or restrained. The presence of compressive loading during heating significantly increases the compressive stress (decreases the tensile stress) and the magnitude of pore pressure, which increase the risk of fire spalling. Then, the applied compressive stress is a very important key factor that the fire resistance design of concrete structures should take into account when considering spalling. Hence, it is recommended that the fire spalling test should not be carried out only on unloaded specimens, especially for the ordinary concrete
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Dauti, Dorjan. "A combined experimental and numerical approach to spalling of high-performance concrete due to fire." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI062/document.
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Le béton est un matériau très utilisé dans l'industrie de construction. Une limite essentielle à un usage de ce matériau est sa dégradation par écaillage lorsqu’il est exposé au feu. Le phénomène d'écaillage consiste en une éjection du béton sous forme d'écailles à la surface du béton exposée à l'incendie. La section de béton s'en trouve progressivement réduite. De plus, ce phénomène expose les armatures et peut conduire à une rupture prématurée de structures telles que les tunnels, les gratte-ciels, les centrales nucléaires etc. De nombreuses recherches ont été consacrées à la mise au point de méthodes de prévention de l'écaillage et à la détermination des paramètres qui ont une influence sur ce phénomène. Cependant, la physique qui contrôle l'écaillage n'est pas encore entièrement comprise. L'objectif principal de la thèse est de fournir une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans l’écaillage du béton en utilisant une approche numérique-expérimentale, i.e., la tomographie neutronique couplée à la modélisation numérique avancée à une échelle adéquate.Dans ce travail, les premières mesures 3D de la teneur en eau du béton (grandeur locale indispensable au suivi du processus de déshydratation potentiellement responsable de l’écaillage) soumis à un chargement thermique sévère ont été réalisées à l'aide de tomographies neutroniques rapides. Le suivi de la déshydratation rapide du béton a été possible en réalisant un scan 3D toutes les minutes grâce à la source neutrons de l'Institut Laue Langevin (leader mondial), à Grenoble, France. Cette vitesse d'acquisition est dix fois plus rapide que toute autre étude tomographique rapportée dans la littérature. Un dispositif, adapté à l'imagerie neutronique et aux essais à haute température, a été développé pour réaliser de telles expériences. L'influence de la taille des agrégats sur la distribution de l'humidité au sein de l'échantillon est présentée. Les résultats quantitatifs sur l'accumulation d'humidité derrière le front de déshydratation, connue sous le nom de 'moisture-clog" et considérée comme un des facteurs principaux engendrant un excès de pression, sont également présentés et discutésEn parallèle, un modèle thermo-hydro-mécanique (THM) entièrement couplé a été mis en œuvre sur le logiciel élément fini Cast3M afin d'étudier et prédire le comportement du béton à haute température. Le code nouvellement implémenté est remarquablement plus rapide (20-30 fois) que le code existant sur lequel il est basé. Une approche mésoscopique a été adaptée au modèle pour prendre en compte l'hétérogénéité du béton. D'abord, le modèle est appliqué à des expériences de la littérature, qui étu-dient les paramètres standards tels que la température, la pression du gaz et la perte de masse. En-suite, des profils d'humidité 1D obtenus à partir d'expériences de radiographie neutronique sont utili-sés pour vérifier et améliorer le modèle en termes de lois de comportement critiques telles que les courbes de déshydratation et de rétention d'eau. Enfin, le modèle est utilisé pour prédire la distribution d'humidité 3D mesurée dans ce travail de doctorat par tomographie neutronique. Entre autres, des simulations THM mésoscopiques sont effectuées pour étudier l'influence d'un agrégat sur le front de séchageConcrete has been extensively used in the construction industry as a building material. A major drawback of this material is its instability at high temperature, expressed in the form of violent or non-violent detachment of layers or pieces of concrete from the surface of a structural element. This phenomenon, known as fire spalling, can lead to the failure of concrete structures such as tunnels, high rise buildings, nuclear power-plants, underground parkings etc. because the reinforcement steel is directly exposed to high temperature and the designed cross section of the concrete elements (e.g., columns, beams, slabs) is reduced. A lot of research has been dedicated on developing preventing methods for spalling and also on determining the parameters that have an influence on it. However, the physics behind this phenomenon is not yet fully understood.In this doctoral, the first 3D measurements of moisture content in heated concrete, which is believed to be one of the processes directly related to spalling, have been performed using in-situ neutron tomography. In order to follow the fast dehydration process of concrete, one 3D scan (containing 500 radiographs) per minute was captured thanks to the world leading flux at the Institute Laue Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble France. This acquisition speed, which is ten times faster than any other experiment reported in the literature, was sufficient to follow the dehydration process. A dedicated setup, adapted to neutron imaging and high temperature, has been developed for performing such kind of experiments. Concrete samples with different aggregate size have been tested. Quantitative analysis showing the effect of the aggregate size on the moisture distribution is presented. Results on the moisture accumulation behind the drying front, known as the moisture-clog, are also presented and discussed.In parallel, a numerically-efficient coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) model has been implemented in the finite element software Cast3M for understanding and predicting the complex behavior of concrete at high temperature in the context of spalling. The newly implemented code is remarkably faster (20-30 times) than an existing one, on which it is based. A mesoscopic approach has been adapted to the model for taking into account the heterogeneity of concrete. First the model is applied to experiments from literature monitoring standard parameters such as temperature, gas pressure and mass loss. Then, 1D moisture profiles obtained from neutron radiography experiments are used for verifying and improving the model in terms of some critical constitutive laws such as dehydration and water retention curves. Finally, the model is employed for predicting the 3D moisture distribution measured in this doctoral work via neutron tomography. Among others, mesoscopic THM simulations are performed for investigating the influence of an aggregate on the drying front
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Clayton, Daniel James. "A physiochemical study of the heating of low cement castable refractories and the problem of explosive spalling." Thesis, Keele University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327700.
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Low cement castable (LCC) refractory linings, over recent years, have superseded refractory bricks in many high temperature applications. There are concerns however, pertaining to their dry-out. In particular the catastrophic destruction of LCC shapes or linings as a result of phenomenate rmede xplosives palling. This thesis describes the study of both the on-site treatments of LCCs and the physicochemical changes that occur during heating. Two types of explosive spalling event are classified,b asedo n on-siteo bservationsa ndp ost-mortems tudy. A model is presented that describes the physicochemical changes in a LCC system as it is heated from ambient to 450°C. From this model a zone of high vulnerability to explosion has been identified between 230-280°C. The dehydration of the hydrated alumina phase gibbsite (AH3), within this zone, is identified as a possible cause of explosive spalling. An investigation of polypropylene fibres, which are added to LCCs as anti-explosion additives, found that the fibres block porosity between1 60-240°CI.t is suggested that this additive system is not optimised and that polymer fibre blends may be more advantageous. The diffusion characteristics of a LCC system cured at 5 and 20°C is presented. It was found that at the lower curing temperature the diffusion rate was lower. This supports the recommendation for the use of high curing temperature to facilitate the drying of LCCs and reduce the risk of explosive spalling. A list of guidelines that could be used to establish benchmark standards for the development of best practice in industry has been compiled from the results of these studies.
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Busba, Ezeddin Rafaa. "Effect of Localized Corrosion of Steel on Chloride-Induced Concrete Cover Cracking in Reinforced Concrete Structures." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4872.
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Abstract: Concrete cover cracking due to reinforcement corrosion is widely accepted as a limit-state indicator in defining the end of functional service life for existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures undergoing corrosion. Many of the currently available durability prediction models are incapable of providing realistic estimates of remaining service lives of RC structures beyond the corrosion initiation point. Therefore, the need to incorporate the length of the corrosion propagation stage in a comprehensive durability prediction approach has recently received much research attention. Previous research focus however was mostly limited to the case of uniformly corroding reinforcement with only few studies addressing the commonly encountered case of localized rebar corrosion. It was empirically shown in a previous study that localized corrosion can have a mitigating effect on time to concrete cover cracking due to the larger required depth of rebar corrosion penetration (Critical penetration or Xcrit). The present research was focused on developing a model for predicting Xcrit for various degrees of corrosion localization including new cases of highly localized corrosion. Accelerated corrosion testing of controlled anodic regions along axial rebars in sound concrete cylinders suggested that localized corrosion can increase Xcrit by up to about a factor of 10. The effect of corrosion localization on the orientation of corrosion-induced surface cracks was also addressed. Testing of freely corroding pre-cracked RC pipe specimens in a chloride-containing environment indicated that steel corrosion can be localized at intersection regions with the pre-existing cracks and uniformly distributed around the reinforcing steel perimeter. Numerical modeling was undertaken to substantiate the experimentally observed trends on a theoretical basis for various degrees of corrosion localization. A mechanical model was developed to improve understanding of the underlying mechanism responsible for corrosion-induced stresses. A thick-walled multiple-cylinder approach was employed to simulate crack initiation and propagation to account for the residual strength property of concrete after cracking by applying the principles of applied elasticity. For a given concrete cover depth, the amount of Xcrit was shown by modeling to be largely determined by the length of corroding region and the capacity of the induced cracks to accommodate produced rusts. The properties of both concrete-rebar interface and corrosion products were also found to have a significant impact on Xcrit. Based on the model and experimental trends and comparisons with literature data, an improved relationship for the estimation of Xcrit was proposed. An electrochemical model was also formulated to address the possible role of corrosion aggravation due to macrocell coupling in counteracting the mitigating effect of increased Xcrit on time to concrete cover cracking. Findings confirmed that corrosion localization can reasonably be considered a mitigating factor for extending the corrosion propagation stage, and provided more precise quantification to that effect.
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Bosnjak, Josipa [Verfasser], and Joško [Akademischer Betreuer] Ožbolt. "Explosive spalling and permeability of high performance concrete under fire : numerical and experimental investigations / Josipa Bosnjak. Betreuer: Josko Ozbolt." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1058362151/34.
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Bošnjak, Josipa [Verfasser], and Joško [Akademischer Betreuer] Ožbolt. "Explosive spalling and permeability of high performance concrete under fire : numerical and experimental investigations / Josipa Bosnjak. Betreuer: Josko Ozbolt." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:93-opus-95122.
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Concetti, Lorenzo. "Verifica di resistenza al fuoco del rivestimento definitivo in c.a. di una galleria ferroviaria." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.
Find full textAbstract:
L’analisi degli incendi con l’impiego del metodo della Fire Safety Engineering sta acquisendo sempre più importanza sia in Italia sia in tutte le nazioni più tecnologicamente avanzate, in quanto negli ultimi anni gli standard di sicurezza in ambito strutturale sono notevolmente aumentati. La verifica di sicurezza delle strutture al fuoco è necessaria quando il rischio di incendio non è trascurabile e i conseguenti danni strutturali possono avere ripercussioni inaccettabili per l’incolumità degli occupanti o delle squadre di soccorso. La verifica delle prestazioni è d’altro canto necessaria (ove non obbligatoria) per evitare la perdita di funzionalità dell’opera stessa o, ancora, per limitare i costi imprescindibili dovuti al recupero della struttura. E’ quindi evidente come la progettazione strutturale del manufatto non possa essere disgiunta da un’opportuna verifica al fuoco.
Il presente lavoro di tesi ha lo scopo di approfondire la tematica relativa alla strategia antincendio di protezione passiva, con riferimento alla valutazione della resistenza termica e meccanica del rivestimento definitivo in calcestruzzo ordinario della galleria ferroviaria Quali, esposto ad un scenario di incendio secondo la curva tempo-temperatura RWS. La curva RWS è stata sviluppata dal Ministero dei Traporti Olandese (Rijkswaterstaat) e è relativa ad un incendio di una cisterna contenente 50 m³ di idrocarburi. La galleria, di lunghezza pari a 4.161metri, viene scavata con TBM che posizionerà in opera il rivestimento definitivo costituito da conci di calcestruzzo armato ordinario.
Lo scopo finale è quello di valutare la resistenza al fuoco di un anello di conci prefabbricati in calcestruzzo secondo la normativa di riferimento, considerando anche la presenza del fenomeno di spalling.
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Kirchhof, Larissa Degliuomini. "Estudo teórico-experimental da influência do teor de umidade no fenômeno de spalling explosivo em concretos expostos a elevadas temperaturas." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/32002.
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Os concretos de alta compacidade, com resistências elevadas (acima de 40 MPa), estão começando a ser cada vez mais usados em obras de infraestrutura e em edificações de grande porte, devido às importantes vantagens que os mesmos oferecem em termos de capacidade de carga e durabilidade. Um dos pontos acerca de seu desempenho que levanta dúvidas envolve o seu comportamento frente a elevadas temperaturas. Evidências coletadas em incêndios ocorridos em estruturas reais, como o do Channel Tunnel e do Mont Blanc Tunnel, indicaram que, sob certas circunstâncias, existe a possibilidade de ocorrência de um fenômeno, conhecido como spalling explosivo, que causa sérios danos por lascamento ao material, incrementando de forma significativa a degradação térmica. Isso ocorre porque a reduzida porosidade e a baixa permeabilidade favorecem o aprisionamento do vapor de água nos poros, gerando um acréscimo da pressão interna que ocasiona tensões que podem superar a resistência à tração do concreto. O processo de spalling, bem como a sua probabilidade e severidade de ocorrência, dependem de uma série de fatores interdependentes que influenciam o comportamento do material. Contudo, está se formando um consenso de que o teor de umidade é o parâmetro mais influente para o desencadeamento do processo. Estudos efetuados após o reconhecimento da existência do spalling explosivo demonstraram que o mesmo tende a ocorrer somente quando o concreto apresenta teores muito elevados de umidade em sua estrutura de poros. Isso restringe a preocupação a certos tipos de elementos onde o concreto pode estar muito úmido por ocasião do sinistro. Embora estes sejam casos raros, a gravidade dos danos devido ao spalling explosivo justifica que se investiguem as condições nas quais o mesmo pode acontecer e se implementem medidas mitigatórias. Dado o caráter recente das investigações sobre o tema, ainda existe uma carência de estudos específicos que apontem quais as combinações críticas de porosidade e teores de umidade que desencadeiam o fenômeno. Este trabalho foi concebido para ajudar a superar essa lacuna de conhecimento, coletando dados sobre as condições que favorecem o spalling explosivo, bem como averiguando quais são as propriedades mecânicas residuais e as alterações na microestrutura sofridas por concretos com vários patamares de resistência submetidos a altas temperaturas. O trabalho utiliza os dados coletados para fundamentar a proposição de um modelo simplificado de spalling, elaborado com o objetivo de prover uma forma de considerar os efeitos do fenômeno durante uma análise termomecânica. Essa é uma necessidade fundamental para complementar os softwares atualmente utilizados para analisar os efeitos de incêndios sobre estruturas. O módulo de spalling foi implementado computacionalmente de forma que pudesse ser utilizado em consórcio com a ferramenta computacional VULCAN, o que permitiu simular a ocorrência do fenômeno na deterioração de uma viga durante um incêndio. Os resultados indicaram que a perda de seção transversal causada pela ocorrência do spalling explosivo reduz substancialmente o tempo de resistência ao fogo (TRRF), devido à aceleração dos danos e à redução da capacidade portante dos elementos estruturais de concreto. Conclui-se, portanto, que é fundamental considerar a possibilidade de lascamentos explosivos em estruturas suscetíveis ao fenômeno. De acordo com o presente estudo, estas incluem aquelas fabricadas com concretos de resistência maior que 40 MPa, que apresentem grau de saturação em torno ou superiores a 90%.In the last years, the utilization of high-strength concrete (HSC) in the construction industry, with compressive strength grades greater than 40 MPa, has become wide spread due to remarkable characteristics of durability and load bearing capacity. However, the increased use of HSC has raised concerns regarding the behaviour of such concretes in fire. Evidences which were collected from structures exposed to the effects of fires, like Channel Tunnel and Mont Blanc Tunnel, have indicated that there is a possibility of the occurrence of explosive spalling in this condition. The phenomenon causes serious damages to the material and raises its thermal degradation in a significant way. This occurs because of its low porosity and permeability that contribute for the vapour pressure build-up in the pores, generating stresses which can exceed tensile strength of the material. The probability and severity of spalling process depend on a large number of inter-dependent factors that influence the behaviour of HSC in an unexpected manner. There is a consensus that the moisture content is one of the principal factors of the occurrence of explosive spalling. Recent investigations have demonstrated that spalling tends to occur only when the moisture content in the pores of concrete is elevated. Although fire is considered an exceptional event, the seriousness of spalling in concrete structures justifies the investigation of conditions in that the phenomenon can be happen and the implementation of preventive measures. In spite of the recent advances about the spalling process in HSC at high temperatures, there is still a lack of information in relation to the critical combinations of factors which affect the spalling occurrence. This work intends to help overcoming this lack of knowledge from the experimental data analysis with the purpose of establishing some critical conditions which collaborate in the spalling process as well as investigating the residual mechanical properties and changes in the microstructure of different concrete grades submitted to high temperatures. In addition, the experimental data are used to validate the proposition of a simplified model of spalling which was developed with the objective to take into account the effects of spalling in the thermo-mechanical analysis. This is an important need to complement the fire analysis of concrete structures. The spalling model was incorporated in the VULCAN software to simulate the phenomenon occurrence in a concrete beam exposed to fire. The results shown that the loss of mass in the beam cross-section, caused by spalling, reduces substantially its required time of fire resistance whereas it accelerates the damage in the concrete and aids the reduction of load bearing capacity of structural element. In conclusion, it is essential to consider the possibility of concrete spalling mainly in concrete grades greater than 40 MPa that present a saturation degree higher than 90%.
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Klein, Mark Andrew. "An Experimental Investigation of Materials and Surface Treatments on Gear contact Fatigue Life." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243885964.
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Mullins, Sarah K. "The Evaluation on the Effectiveness of Hydrodemolition and Polyaspartic Sealing for Bridge Parapet Wall Protection." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1543920461272325.
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BERARDONE, IRENE. "Fracture Mechanics of Silicon: From durability of photovoltaic modules to the production of thin film solar cells." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2651712.
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Nowadays the photovoltaic research is focused on increasing the performances, the durability
and reducing the cost of production of solar cells, such as PV modules. These are
the paromount fields to make photovoltaics more attractive for the energetic market. In this
dissertation two of these aspects are investigated: the durability and the cost reduction issues.
The fracture mechanics of the Silicon, the standard material used for the solar cells, is the
main subject of the presented study.
In the recent and next years the relevance of the durability studies is expected to increase
more and more because of the developing of a new segment of PV, the building integrated
Photovoltaic (BIPV). These new products incorporating PV modules in the building materials
are curtains, walls, windows, sloped roofs, flat roofs, facades, shading systems and roofing
shingles. In the new generation of BIPV systems, PV modules replace parts of the building
structure, providing functional considerations and lowering costs.
In this market the thin-film PV is the most promising technology because of its superior flexibility,
minimal weight, and the ability to perform in variable lighting conditions. The issues
of this particular PV market are not only the energy production but also the structural safety
and performance in addition to architectural specifics as the shadowing. In this framework the
durability, the degradation and new technology to achieve a cost reduction are of fundamental
importance.
In this thesis, experimental diagnostic techniques and interpretative models based on
linear and nonlinear fracture mechanics for studying the phenomena of fracture in Silicon
are presented. In particular the development and the use of techniques for the quantitative
analysis of electroluminescence signals, for the detection of cracks in Silicon caused by
thermo-elastic stresses, have been developed. The experimental results have been obtained
during an extensive experimental campaign conducted at Politecnico di Torino.
For the interpretation of the experimental evidence it has been proposed an original onedimensional
electrical model for predicting the eect of cracks on the distribution of electric
current. Subsequently, the electric field has been coupled to the mechanical, introducing an
electric resistance located at the level of the crack and dependent on the crack itself.
In parallel, a numerical analysis has been carried out, using the finite element codes FRANC2D
and FEAP, on the phenomenon of peeling in mono-crystalline Silicon induced by thermoelastic
stresses. This study, which can be very important in applications because it may allow
the production of ultra-thin solar cells with a significant saving of material, is carried out in
collaboration with the Institute for Solar Energy Research (ISFH), Hamelin, Germany. This
process exploits the thermo-mechanical stresses due to the contrast between the elastic proviii
perties of Silicon and Aluminium in line with earlier studies of the school of Harvard. It
has been proposed a broad campaign experimental and numerical in order to optimize the
process.
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Corcoran, Jeffrey C. "ASSESSING THE STABILITY AND LONG-TERM VIABILITY OF ABANDONED MINES FOR USE BY BATS." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1791850981&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Vittal, Srigiripura Sahana. "Development of a method for estimation of contact fatigue life in hypoid gears." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-288898.
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Hypoid gears have been used extensively in automobiles, aerospace, marine and other applications for decades. The special advantages of hypoid gears come with inherent contact complexities of varying curvature and sliding in both profile and lengthwise direction. Spalling failure is catastrophic and needs to be addressed with deeper roots in gear design. Analytical methods present several limitations. Iterative development from experimentation is expensive and time consuming with different nonlinear parameters difficult to interpret. This thesis aims to develop a method to calculate contact fatigue life for initiation of spalling using finite element methods. Experiments have played a major role in understanding the causal factors for failure, determining the fatigue life and to study the major system design parameters. A failure analysis of the fractured flank is performed. It clarified the design causal factors for failure and the mechanism of failure. Pinion being the vulnerable part is the focus of this thesis, a finite element model was developed on ANSOL HFM and the residual stresses were superposed on MSC Marc. A finite element fatigue analysis is performed on FEMFAT and the component fatigue life is determined. The calculated fatigue life is compared with physical testing results using Weibull statistical analysis in combination with probabilistic bearing life models to formulate emphatical correlation methods. The goal of this thesis is to establish a method to estimate fatigue life by taking up example of computing subsurface fatigue life of a hypoid pinion. The influence factors like the method of contact analysis, different types of residual stresses due to case hardening and shot peening, fatigue criteria, friction, material properties are studied in this thesis to develop a conscience for the methodology to computing contact fatigue life. The bulk material properties based on hardness represented fatigue properties more accurately. Scaled normal stress in critical plane fatigue criteria was found more suitable for contact analysis with pre-stresses and multi-axial non-proportional contact stress state on FEMFAT. Finite element based contact analysis method was found to be more suitable for subsurface fatigue life estimation despite the inherent advantages of the hybrid surface integral method and its accurate representation of friction. It was found that inclusion of friction in model did not change the fatigue life significantly, showing that the influence of hardness, surface topographies lubrication and contact temperature on shear stresses are too large to be neglected. Contact fatigue life increased by a factor of 4.4 times due to shot peening of gears in comparison with case hardening indicating the influence of residual stresses. For the estimation of fatigue life at the initiation of failure, a complete correlation with the fatigue test results could not be achieved and reasons for deviations were clearly identified. The area of damage indicated by this computation method correlated with the damage observed during tests. The observations and calculations indicated premature failure of pinion with explanation of mechanism of failure of pinion flank using contact conditions.Hypoidväxlar har använts i stor utsträckning i bilar, flyg-, marin- och andra applikationer under årtionden. De speciella fördelarna med hypoidväxlar kommer med inneboende kontaktkomplexitet med varierande krökning och glidning i både profil och längdriktning. Spallingfel är katastrofala och måste hanteras med grundlig redskapsdesign. Analytiska metoder har flera begränsningar. Iterativ utveckling baserad på experiment är dyrt och tidskrävande med olika icke-linjära parametrar som är svåra att tolka. Denna avhandling syftar till att utveckla en metod för att beräkna kontaktutmattningslivslängden för initiering av spalling med finitaelementmetoden. Experiment har spelat en viktig roll för att förstå orsaksfaktorerna för fel, bestämma utmattningslivslängden och för att studera de viktigaste systemdesignparametrarna. En felanalys av den skadade kuggflanken utfördes, vilket förtydligade felens orsaksfaktorer och den underliggande felmekanismerna. Driften är fokus för denna avhandling, en finitaelementmodell utvecklades med ANSOL-HFM och restspänningarna överlagrades med FEM-verktyget MSC-Marc. En slutlig elementutmattningsanalys utfördes med FEMFAT och komponentens utmattningstid bestämdes. Den beräknade utmattningslivslängden korrelerades med fysiska provningsresultat genom att tillämpa statistisk Weibullanalys i kombination med probabilistiska livslängdsmodeller. Målet med denna avhandling är att utveckla en metod för att uppskatta utmattningslivslängden och att tillämpa metoden för att beräkna bulkmaterialets utmattningslivslängd för ett hypoidrev. Påverkningsfaktorer som metoden för kontaktanalys, olika typer av restspänningar på grund av ythärdning och kulblästring, utmattningskriterier, friktion, materialegenskaper studeras i denna avhandling för att utveckla denna metod för att prediktera kontaktutmattningslivslängden. Bulkmaterialegenskaperna för hårdhet representerade utmattningsegenskaperna mera exakt. Skalad normalspänning i kritiska planutmattningskriterier befanns vara mer lämplig för kontaktanalys med förspänningar och multi-axiell icke-proportionell kontaktspänningsstatu än andra egenskaper med FEMFAT. Metodbaserad kontaktanalysmetod visade sig vara mer lämplig för uppskattning av ytutmattningslivslängd trots de inneboende fördelarna med hybridytaintegralmetoden och dess mera exakta friktionsrepresentation. Det visade sig att inkludering av friktion i modellen inte markant förändrade livslängden, vilket visade att påverkan av hårdhet, smörjning av ytorna och kontakttemperatur på skjuvspänningarna är för stor för att försummas. Kontaktutmattningslivslängden ökade med en faktor 4,4 gånger på grund av kugghjulning jämfört med ythärdning, vilket indikerar restspänningspåverkan. För att uppskatta utmattningslivslängden vid inledningen av ytfel kunde en fullständig korrelation med utmattningstestresultaten inte uppnås och orsakerna till avvikelser identifierades tydligt. Det skadade område som indikeras av denna beräkningsmetod korrelerade väl med den skada som observerades under testerna. Observationerna och beräkningarna indikerade tidigt fel i kuggen med förklaring av mekanismen för fel hos kuggflanken med hjälp av aktuellt kontaktförhållande.
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Zaina, Mazen Said Civil & Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Strength and ductility of fibre reinforced high strength concrete columns." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22054.
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The main structural objectives in column design are strength and ductility. For higher strength concretes these design objectives are offset by generally poor concrete ductility and early spalling of the concrete cover. When fibres are added to the concrete the post peak characteristics are enhanced, both in tension and in compression. Most of the available experimental data, on fibre reinforced concrete and fibre reinforced high strength concrete columns, suggest that an improvement in both ductility and load carrying capacity due to the inclusion of the fibres. In this thesis the ductility and strength of fibre reinforced high strength concrete are investigated to evaluate the effect of the different parameters on the performance of columns. The investigation includes both experimental and the numerical approaches with 56 high strength fibre reinforced concrete columns being tested. The concrete strength ranged between 80 and 100 MPa and the columns were reinforced with 1, 2 or 2.6 percent, by weight, of end hooked steel fibres. The effect of corrugated Polypropylene fibres on the column performance was also examined. No early spalling of the cover was observed in any of the steel fibre reinforced column tested in this study. A numerical model was developed for analysis of fibre and non-fibre reinforced eccentrically loaded columns. The column is modelled as finite layers of reinforced concrete. Two types of layers are used, one to represent the hinged zone and the second the unloading portion of the column. As the concrete in the hinged layers goes beyond the peak for the stress verus strain in the concrete the section will continue to deform leading to a localised region within a column. The numerical model is compared with the test data and generally shows good correlation. Using the developed model, the parameters that affect ductility in fibre-reinforced high strength concrete columns are investigated and evaluated. A design model relating column ductility with confining pressure is proposed that includes the effects of the longitudinal reinforcement ratio, the loading eccentricity and the fibre properties and content and design recommendations are given.
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Arsava, Kemal Sarp. "Fire Tests Of Cut And Cover Tunnel Roof Segments At Positive Moment Region." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612898/index.pdf.
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The most important issue during a tunnel fire is safety of human life. The tunnel fire structural research and investigations have gained more importance in the last decade but studies show variable results depending on the concrete quality and tunnel design fire. For instance, a certain type of concrete with high moisture content can tend to explode in the first 10-15 minutes of fire with rapid increase of heat release rate. A sudden collapse of the tunnel roof during the fire is unacceptable. Especially in Netherlands, the possible sagging of cut and cover tunnel roof is undesired and prevention systems are applied. The main purpose of this research is to investigate fire response of the positive moment region of cut and cover tunnel roof through an experimental and analytical program without use of any protection. In this context a standard one cell rail road cut and cover tunnel has been designed for loads of backfill, lateral earth pressure and self weight. The typical concrete cover used in Turkish railroad tunnels is 6 centimeters. Four pairs of representative sample tunnel roof segments have been manufactured and only one segment out of each pair are tested under 2 hours extreme design tunnel fire in a furnace. Out of these four types, two types have been internally pre-stressed to simulate the internal loads at the positive moment region of the tunnel roof. Four pairs of sample segments are simply supported during the static load test and static load is applied at the mid-span to measure the difference in the post-fire structural performance. Compressive strength of concrete, tensile strength of reinforcing bars, electron microscope evaluation of concrete, moisture content of concrete are recorded during the test program. A finite element based solution is developed to simulate the results of static load tests. Post-fire structural performances of burnt segments are observed to be not much different than the unburnt segments.
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Dahlberg, Johan. "On the asperity point load mechanism for rolling contact fatigue." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Hållfasthetslära, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4569.
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Boncu, Altan. "Structural Fire Safety Of Standart Circular Railroad Tunnels Under Different Soil Conditions." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609537/index.pdf.
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In many tunnel designs, reinforced concrete tunnel lining design is selected based on construction requirements rather than design loads. A constant cross-section is typically used along a tunnel even if the design loads change from one location to another, especially for tunnels constructed by tunnel boring machines (TBM). Factor of safety against failure is not constant along the length of tunnel and is typically high at shallow depth regions. Factor of safety during a rare event is usually much less than the ones set for service load states. Rare events such as earthquake, train derailment, explosion and long duration fires do not happen daily and generally a minor reparable damage is targeted at the structure during those types of events. The focus of this study is to analytically investigate structural fire safety of reinforced concrete circular tunnel linings in terms of reduction in service load safety and to develop recommendations for preliminary assessment of structural fire endurance of circular tunnel linings. Analytical methods accounting for thermal non-linearity, material degradation, tunnel lining-ground interaction and fire time stages are available to assess the structural fire safety of the concrete tunnel linings. Analytical results are determined to be in good agreement with tunnel key segment hydrocarbon fire test.
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Mohammadi, Hosinieh Milad. "Behaviour of High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete Columns under Axial Loading." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30726.
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When compared to traditional concrete, steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) shows several enhancements in performance, including improved tensile resistance, toughness and ductility. One potential application for SFRC is in columns where the provision of steel fibres can improve performance under axial and lateral loads. The use of SFRC can also allow for partial replacement of transverse reinforcement required by modern seismic codes. To improve workability, self-consolidating concrete (SCC) can be combined with steel fibres, leading to highly workable SFRC suitable for structural applications. Recent advances in material science have also led to the development of ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concretes (UHPFRC), a material which exhibits very high compressive strength, enhanced post-cracking resistance and high damage tolerance. In heavily loaded ground-story columns, the use of UHPFRC can allow for reduced column sections.
This thesis presents the results from a comprehensive research program conducted to study the axial behaviour of columns constructed with highly workable SFRC and UHPFRC. As part of the experimental program, twenty-three full-scale columns were tested under pure axial compressive loading. In the case of the SFRC columns, columns having rectangular section and constructed with SCC and steel fibres were tested, with variables including fibre content and spacing of transverse reinforcement. The results confirm that use of fibres results in improved column behaviour due to enhancements in core confinement and cover behaviour. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the provision of steel fibres in columns can allow for partial replacement of transverse reinforcement required by modern codes. The analytical investigation indicates that confinement models proposed by other researchers for traditional RC and SFRC can predict the response of columns constructed with SCC and highly workable SFRC. In the case of the UHPFRC columns, variables included configuration and spacing of transverse reinforcement. The results demonstrate that the use of appropriate detailing in UHPFRC columns can result in suitable ductility. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the improved damage tolerance of UHPFRC when compared to traditional high-strength concrete. The analytical investigation demonstrates the need for development of confinement models specific for UHPFRC.
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藤村, 隆志. "鉄道車両用車輪のリム部に発生する損傷の分析とその抑制に寄与する材料および製造プロセスの最適化に関する研究." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/244570.
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Xotta, Giovanna. "Mesoscale modelling of concrete as a multiphase material." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422951.
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In recent years, thanks to upgraded computational resources, concrete has started being modeled as porous medium at 3D meso level, distinguishing in the multiphase system the role of aggregates, cement paste and interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A deep knowledge on the behaviour of concrete materials at the mesoscale level requires, as a fundamental aspect, to characterize aggregates and specifically, their thermal properties if fire hazards (e.g. spalling) are accounted for. The assessment of aggregates performance (and, correspondingly, concrete materials made of aggregates, cement paste and ITZ) is crucial for defining a realistic structural response as well as damage scenarios.
A meso-scale approach has been here followed to study concrete behaviour under normal and high temperatures via the 3D fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model developed at Padua University, called NEWCON3D. Particularly, it is assumed that concrete creep and damage are associated to cement paste and ITZ only and that creep of concrete obeys to the B3 model proposed by Bažant and Baweja, instead damage obeys to the Mazars’ damage law with non-local correction.
Therefore several numerical analyses at the mesolevel have been carried out: firstly the role of the ITZ and of the aggregates on the hygro-thermal response of concrete have been investigated, highlighting the barrier effect covered by aggregates towards the flux of humidity; subsequently the visco-damaged behaviour of concrete at the meso level is investigated, to understand the influence of ITZ and aggregates on the overall mechanical behaviour at medium temperatures. Indeed, these two components are crucial for defining a realistic structural response as well as damage scenarios allowing to define an appropriate concrete mixture to withstand spalling. Finally, the study of concrete under high temperature conditions, to catch the “shape effect”, comparing columns of different section at the macro level, and the crucial role of the aggregates and the ITZ on the real evolution of cracking, have been performed.Negli ultimi anni, grazie alle attuali risorse di calcolo, si è iniziato a modellare il calcestruzzo come un mezzo poroso al meso livello, distinguendo nel sistema multifase il ruolo degli aggregati, della pasta di cemento e dell’interfacial transition zone (ITZ). Una profonda conoscenza del comportamento del calcestruzzo al mesoscala richiede, come aspetto fondamentale, la caratterizzazione degli aggregati ed, in particolare, delle loro proprietà termiche, nel caso in cui vi siano rischi di incendio (e quindi di spalling). La valutazione delle prestazioni degli aggregati (e conseguentemente, di calcestruzzi come composti da inerti, pasta di cemento ed ITZ) è cruciale per la definizione sia di una risposta realistica strutturale, sia degli scenari di danno. In questo lavoro si è quindi seguito un approccio al mesoscala per studiare il comportamento del calcestruzzo, in condizioni di temperatura normale ed elevata, tramite un modello tridimensionale igro-termo-meccanico totalmente accoppiato sviluppato presso l’Università di Padova, chiamato NEWCON3D. Nello specifico, si è assunto che i fenomeni di viscosità e di danno fossero associati solo alla pasta di cemento e all’ITZ (per gli aggregati si assume un comportamento elastico) e che il creep obbedisse al modello B3 proposto da Bažant e Baweja, invece il danno alla legge di Mazars con la correzione non locale. Si sono pertanto condotte numerose analisi numeriche al meso livello: in primo luogo si è esaminato il ruolo dell’ITZ e degli aggregati sulla risposta igro-termica del calcestruzzo, mettendo in evidenza l'effetto barriera esercitato dagli aggregati sui flussi di umidità; successivamente si è indagato il comportamento visco-danneggiato del calcestruzzo al mesoscala, al fine di comprendere l'influenza dell’ITZ e degli aggregati sulla risposta meccanica globale a temperature medie. In realtà, come già detto precedentemente, queste due componenti sono molto importanti per ottenere una risposta realistica strutturale e per l’individuazione dei possibili scenari di danno, permettendo quindi di definire una miscela di calcestruzzo appropriata, in grado di resistere allo spalling. Infine, vi è uno studio del calcestruzzo in condizioni di temperatura elevata, al fine di catturare l '"effetto forma", confrontando due colonne di sezione differente al macro scala, ed il ruolo cruciale degli aggregati e dell’ITZ sull'evoluzione reale del danno.
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Hothan, Sascha, and Daniel Ehlig. "Hochtemperaturverhalten von Stahlbetonplatten mit Textilbetonverstärkung." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-78024.
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Die Verwendung von Endlosfilamenten aus Carbon als Bewehrungsmaterial für Beton, sogenannter Textilbeton, bietet die Möglichkeit der Sanierung und der Verstärkung bestehender Stahlbetonkonstruktionen. Dabei muss die Frage nach dem Feuerwiderstand von derart verstärkten Tragwerken beantwortet werden. Aufschluss darüber liefern Brandversuche. Mit Textilbeton verstärkte Stahlbetonplatten haben in Brandversuchen nach der Einheits- Temperaturzeitkurve bei 33 % der Traglast mehr als 60 Minuten standgehalten. Bei 50 % der Traglast kam es nach einer Branddauer von 55 Minuten, bei 65 % nach 30 Minuten, zu einem Zugversagen der textilen Verstärkungsschicht. Bei während des Brandes unbelasteten bzw. gering belasteten Platten lagen die im Anschluss ermittelten Resttragfähigkeiten bei 65 % der Bruchlast nach 30 Minuten Branddauer bzw. bei 50 % der Bruchlast nach 60 Minuten Branddauer. Während und nach der Beflammung waren zunehmende Durchbiegungen und Rissbreiten erkennbar. Es traten aber keine Abplatzungen auf, weshalb die Verstärkungsschicht aus Textilbeton als zusätzliche Betondeckung für die Stahlbewehrung angerechnet werden kann. Diese außerordentlich positiven Ergebnisse zeigen, dass für verstärkte Konstruktionen Feuerwiderstandsklassen von F60 bzw. R60 ohne zusätzliche Maßnahmen erreicht werden können. Dies ist von hoher Relevanz für die wirtschaftliche Anwendung dieser Verstärkungsmethode. Für ein umfassendes Verständnis der Interaktion zwischen den Bewehrungen Textil und Stahl sowie der Versagensmechanismen während des Brandes, sind weitere Erkenntnisse über die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Textilbeton im Hochtemperaturbereich nötig. Auch der Einfluss der Oxidation des Carbons konnte nicht abschließend beurteilt werdenUsing endless carbon filaments for concrete reinforcement, so called textile reinforced concrete, the possibility of reconstruction and strengthening of existing concrete structures arises. The question concerning fire resistance of structures strengthened like this has to be answered. Fire tests provide answers. Steel reinforced concrete slabs strengthened with textile reinforced concrete loaded with 33 % of ultimate load survived an ISO-fire for 60 minutes. Loaded with 50 % and 65 % of ultimate load the slabs failed after 55 minutes and 30 minutes of fire exposure due to tension failure of the textile reinforcement layer. Slabs not loaded or with a low load level during fire exposure showed remaining bearing resistances of 65 % of ultimate load after 30 minutes and 50 % of ultimate load after 60 minutes of fire exposure. During and after fire exposure rising deflections and growing crack widths were observed. However no spalling occurred. Therefore the textile reinforced concrete layer can be taken into account as concrete covering for the steel reinforcement. Those extraordinary positive results document, that reinforced concrete structures with additional fibre reinforced concrete can achieve fire resistance classes of R60 without additional provisions. To achieve comprehensive understanding of interaction between steel and fibre reinforcement and failure mechanisms in case of fire more knowledge concerning the mechanic properties of fibre reinforced concrete at high temperatures is essential. The influence of oxidation of the carbon fibres could not fully be answered
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Hannes, Dave. "Modelling of surface initiated rolling contact fatigue crack growth using the asperity point load mechanism." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära (Avd.), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-34005.
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Bensalem, Hadjira. "Calcul non linéaire des structures en béton : cas particulier du béton soumis au feu." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2022. https://thares.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/2022GRALI014.pdf.
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Les incendies graves qui se sont produits ces dernières décennies sur des ouvrages d’art ou d’habitation en béton tels ceux du tunnel sous la Manche (1996) ou du Mont Blanc (1999) ont mis au premier plan de l’actualité la problématique du béton soumis au feu et ses conséquences. Le béton ordinaire est cependant réputé pour sa bonne tenue au feu. Mais l’apparition et l’utilisation de bétons à hautes performances ou à ultra-hautes performances, tout en résolvant des problèmes techniques inédits, posent en même temps le problème de leur plus grande sensibilité au feu du fait de leur plus grande compacité. La présente étude est une contribution à la compréhension des processus de dégradations thermiques par une approche expérimentale et numérique. Dans l’approche expérimentale, des éprouvettes-dalle de béton à hautes performances formulé à base de sable normalisé et instrumentés de thermocouples ont été soumises à des essais d’écaillage thermique en suivant la courbe de température d’incendie standard ISO834 de l’Eurocode 2. Différentes données thermiques et évènementielles récoltées pendant et après les essais ont été analysées. Le temps au premier éclat, la température du four et celle du béton au premier éclat ainsi que les débris produits ont été caractérisés. En utilisant certains des résultats expérimentaux comme données d’entrée, la modélisation numérique a permis de déterminer de façon satisfaisante le champ de température dans les éprouvettes au cours des essais. Dans certains cas, le recours à la technique de l’analyse par méthode inverse a été nécessaire. En utilisant par la suite l’approche thermomécanique et en s’appuyant sur la loi de comportement d’endommagement isotrope de Mazars, il a été possible de calculer en particulier le champ d’endommagement dans les éprouvettes-dalles au cours des différents essais. La confrontation des résultats de la modélisation numérique avec ceux de l’expérience a montré que le champ d’endommagement modélisé est de nature à rendre compte des dégradations thermiques observées au cours des essais aussi bien en termes d’étendue que de profondeurThe serious fires that have occurred in recent decades on concrete structures or housing such as those in the Channel Tunnel (1996) or Mont Blanc (1999) have brought the issue to the fore of concrete subjected to fire and its consequences. Ordinary concrete is, however, renowned for its good fire resistance. But the appearance and use of high-performance or ultra-high-performance concretes, while solving unprecedented technical problems, simultaneously pose the problem of their greater sensitivity to fire due to their greater compactness. This study is a contribution to the understanding of thermal degradation processes by an experimental and numerical approach. In the experimental approach, high performance concrete specimens-slabs formulated from standardized sand and instrumented with thermocouples were subjected to thermal spalling tests following the standard ISO834 fire temperature curve of the Eurocode 2. Different thermal and event data collected during and after the tests were analyzed. The time to first burst, the temperature of the furnace and that of the concrete to the first burst as well as the debris produced were characterized. Using some of the experimental results as input data, numerical modeling allowed the temperature field in the specimens to be determined satisfactorily during testing. In some cases, the use of the technique of analysis by reverse method has been necessary. By subsequently using the thermomechanical approach and by relying on Mazars's isotropic damage behavior law, it was possible to calculate in particular the damage field in the test specimens-slabs during the various tests. The comparison of the results of the numerical modeling with those of the experiment showed that the modeled damage field is likely to account for the thermal degradations observed during the tests both in terms of extent and depth
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Lukic, Bratislav. "Mise au point d'une technique de mesure de champs pour la caractérisation du comportement dynamique du béton en traction." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI028/document.
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Ce travail thèse a pour objet une méthode expérimentale combinant un essai de traction indirect par écaillage et une mesure de champs à partir d’images obtenues par caméra ultra rapide, ceci à des fins d’identification des propriétés de rupture du béton sous chargement de traction dynamique. Cette méthode, proposée dans la littérature peu de temps avant le démarrage de ces travaux, fait ici l’objet d’une étude approfondi ainsi que d’une série de développements et d’amélioration. Les images obtenues sont traités par une technique de grille et la méthode des champs virtuels est appliquée pour identifier le comportement local des matériaux quasi-fragiles soumis à de hautes vitesses de déformation (plusieurs 100 1/s}). Dans un premier temps, afin de valider la technique de traitement maus aussi d’étudier l’incertitude de mesure associée, un simulateur de la chaîne de mesure complète a été mis au point. Il a été ainsi possible d’étudier l’influence de différentes sources potentielles d’erreurs qui peuvent être rencontrées dans le protocole expérimental. Cette étude a permis de retenir des recommandations sur les conditions de réalisations réelles de l’essai afin d’améliorer la fiabilité des mesures obtenues. D’un point de vue expérimental, différents capteurs ultra haute vitesse ont été utilisés afin d’étudier leur performances vis-à-vis des mesures réalisées. Ainsi, les campagnes d’essais ont été réalisées sur un matériau aux caractéristiques bien identifiées permettant l’étude des performances métrologiques de toute la chaine d’identification, pour chaque modèle de capteur. Enfin, le protocole expérimentale a été mis en place pour étudier le comportement de plusieurs types de béton soumis en traction dynamique. L’objectif, ici, est d’identifier leur comportements mécaniques ainsi que leur caractéristiques de rupture et fragmentation sous traction dynamique. En ce qui concerne la résistance à la traction, les valeurs identifiées dans cette étude sont inférieures, pour chaque cas, à celles rapportées dans la littérature et obtenues, pour la plupart, à partir du traitement de la vitesse matérielle mesurée en face arrière de l’échantillon. Pour ce qui est de l’énergie spécifique de rupture, les valeurs obtenues dans ces travaux sont égalements inférieures à celles publiées dans les revues scientifiquesIn this thesis a recently proposed photomechanical spalling experiment has been used in light of identifying concrete failure properties under dynamic tension.The experimental technique uses ultra-high speed imaging, the grid method and the virtual fields method.First, in order to investigate the accuracy and validate the processing technique, a methodology of using simulated experiments has been developed by numerically simulating the entire identification process.In this way, several potential sources of errors have been investigated allowing to place guidelines on how to perform the experiment in a more reliable manner.Second, several latest ultra-high speed acquisition systems have been used in order to investigate their contribution to a possible measurement refinement.In this case, the trial experiments have been conducted on a material of known characteristics which allowed investigating the metrological performance of the acquisition system on the entire identification chain.Finally, the experimental methodology has been applied to testing several grades of concrete in light of identifying the material constitutive response as well as their fracturing characteristics under dynamic tension.The identified tensile strengths in this work were found to be consistently lower than those obtained from the standard processing of the rear-face velocity profile.Moreover, the values of the identified specific fracture energy were also found to be markedly lower than the ones often reported in the literature
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Alfredsson, Bo. "A study on contact fatigue mechanisms." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3028.
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Palmert, Frans. "Oxidation and degradation of nickel-base alloys at high temperatures." Thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11986.
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This master’s thesis work is a study of oxidation and degradation of nickel-base alloys at high temperatures. The materials studied are designed for use in critical gas turbine components such as turbine blades and vanes. Some of the alloys are used today, whereas others have not yet entered commercial application. In order to maximize the efficiency of gas turbines, there is an ambition to maximize the operating temperatures. There is therefore a demand for materials which can withstand the damage mechanisms active at high temperatures. Among these damage mechanisms are oxidation and microstructural degradation.
To investigate the oxidation resistance of 7 different monocrystalline and polycrystalline alloys, samples have been exposed isothermally in still air at temperatures between 850 and 1000°C, for exposure times of up to 20000h. Two of the alloys were also exposed cyclically at 950°C. Oxidation during the heat treatment resulted in significant weight changes, which were measured after each cycle for cyclically exposed samples and after completed heat treatment for isothermally exposed samples. The weight change data was used to evaluate the relative oxidation resistance of the alloys. The ranking of the alloys with respect to oxidation resistance was generally in agreement with the oxidation resistance predicted by a simple consideration of the Cr and Al contents of the alloys. However, the single-crystal alloy PWA1483 displayed better oxidation resistance than predicted from its chemical composition.
Metallographic analysis of the samples indicated that the oxide scales formed consisted of several different types of oxides. The oxide scales were mainly composed of Cr2O3 and Al2O3. Fragments of the oxide scales spalled off, primarily during cooling but also in some cases during the long-term heat treatments. Spalling of the oxide scale accelerated the oxidation process, since the ability of the oxide scale to impede diffusion decreased with its decrease in thickness. Oxidation caused depletion of Al and thereby local dissolution of the aluminum-rich γ′ particles, which are of vital importance to the mechanical properties of the material. A γ′ depleted zone thereby formed underneath the oxide scale. In this zone nitrides and needle-like particles, believed to be topologically close packed μ phase, precipitated during heat treatment. Recrystallization in the depletion zone was observed in some of the monocrystalline materials. MC carbides (M=metal) present in the virgin material decomposed during heat treatment and M23C6 carbides were formed. The γ′ particles coarsened during heat treatment, which resulted in decreased hardness. The hardness decreased with exposure temperature up to 950°C, as expected due to the increased coarsening rate. At 1000°C an unexpected increase in hardness was observed for all sample materials except one. A possible explanation for this hardness increase is redistribution of γ′, by dissolution of γ′ during heat treatment and reprecipitation during cooling as much finer particles. A fine dispersion of γ′ is expected to contribute more to the hardness than a corresponding volume of γ′ in the form of larger particles. For some of the sample series, clear correlations between hardness and γ′ particle size or exposition time were found. These relationships could potentially be used to estimate the exposure temperature of service-exposed material.
A numerical model was implemented in Matlab to describe the process of oxide growth and spalling, cycle by cycle. The model was successfully adapted to experimental data from the cyclic oxidation measurements. The general applicability of the model to cyclic oxidation data at different temperatures and cycle frequencies was not investigated. At long times of cyclic exposure, the net weight loss of the samples could be well approximated as a linear function of the number of cycles. However, during the last few cycles the amount of oxide spalled in each cycle suddenly decreased. This change in spallation behavior was mainly observed for the samples cooled in air between every cycle and to a much smaller extent for the samples cooled in water. The proposed explanation is that spalling occurred preferentially at a weak subscale interface and that the spalling propensity decreased with decreasing area of this weak interface. The deviating results of the last few cycles were not included in the modeling of the cyclic oxidation process.
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Everitt, Carl-Magnus. "Initiation of rolling contact fatigue from asperities in elastohydrodynamic lubricated contacts." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära (Avd.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-222371.
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Rolling contacts are utilized in many technical applications, both in bearings and in the contact between gear teeth. These components are often highly loaded, which makes them susceptible to suffer from rolling contact fatigue. This work focuses on the rolling contact fatigue mechanism of pitting. In order to attain a better understanding of why pitting initiates and grows, detailed simulations of rolling contacts have been performed. In particular the contact between two gears in a truck retarder was here used as a case study. The investigated contact experienced elastohydrodynamic lubrication conditions since the load was high enough to causes the surfaces in contact to deform and the viscosity of the lubricant to increase significantly. In Paper A it was investigated if surface irregularities in the size of the surface roughness are large enough to cause surface initiated fatigue. The investigation focused on the pitch line since small surface initiated pits were found here even though there was no slip present. Since there were pits present at the pitch line, it is important that the theories of pitting can explain the development of pits also in the absence of slip. The conclusion of the work was that surface irregularities of the size of normal surface roughness are enough to cause surface initiated fatigue at the pitch line. In Paper B it was investigated why pits are more likely to initiate in the dedendum of pinion gears than in the addendum. In both areas slip is present but in different directions. In the dedendum the friction from slip is against the rolling direction which enhances the risk for pitting. The investigation was performed by studying the effect of the temperature rise in the contact caused by the slip. The conclusion drawn was that the temperature rise in the contact explained why pitting was more common in the dedendum than in the addendum.Rullande kontakter förekommer i många applikationer, till exempel i lager och mellan kugghjulständer. Både lager och kugghjul utsätts ofta för höga laster vilket gör att dess ytor löper stor risk att utmattas, vilket kallas rullande kontaktutmattning. Denna studie fokuserar på pitting, även kallat spalling, vilket är en typ av rullande kontaktutmattning där en utmattninsspricka växer fram som får delar av ytan att ramla av. För att få en bättre förståelse varför pittingskador uppkommer har noggranna simuleringar utförts av rullande kontakter. Kontakten mellan två tänder på kugghjul i en lastbilsretarder har används som underlag då många pittingskador påträffats på dem. För att minska friktionen och nötningen i kontakten mellan kuggtänderna användes smörjmedel. De höga lasterna lastbilsretardern utsattes för deformerade kuggarnas ytor elastiskt samtidigt de kraftigt ökade viskositeten hos smörjmedlet. Dessa förhållanden gör att kontakten kallas för elastohydrodynamiskt smord, vilket på engelska förkortas till EHL. I Artikel A undersöktes om små ytojämnheter kan orsaka ytinitierade pittingskador. Eftersom skadan påträffats i friktionslösa kontakter, så som vid rullcirkeln på de undersökta kugghjulen, är det viktigt att teorierna som förklarar uppkomsten inte är beroende av friktion. Undersökningen fokuserade därför på förhållandena vid rullcirkeln. Slutsatsen från arbetet var att små ytojämnheter, av samma storleksordning som ytojämnheterna på de undersökta kugghjulen, är tillräckligt stora för att orsaka utmattningsskador. I Artikel B undersöktes varför det är vanligare att pitts initieras i dedendum än addendum på drivande kugghjul. Kontakten på båda sidorna om rullcirkeln slirar svagt åt olika håll. Att kontakten slirar skapar friktion som är motriktad rullriktningen i dedendum vilket ökar risken för pittingskador. För att undersöka varför dessa förhållanden ökar risken för skador fördjupades analysen av kontakten genom att inkludera temperaturfältet. Simuleringarna visade att temperaturen ökar genom kontakten vilket orsakar en asymmetrisk spänningsfördelning. Denna asymmetriska spänningsfördelning gör att ytojämnheter i dedendum är troligare att orsaka skador än ytojämnheter i addendum.
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Fichtová, Zlata. "Chování cementových kompozitních materiálů s vláknovou výztuží při působení vysokých teplot." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225882.
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This master’s thesis studies the influence of dispersed reinforcement on the behaviour of cement composites at thermal loading. In the theoretical part of the research was performed knowledge of the behaviour of concrete at high temperatures. The paper describes the on-going happening in the individual components of concrete and benefits of using dispersed reinforcement. In the practical part were designed concrete mixtures with different types and quantities of fibers. The object of the research was to determine how different types and amounts of fibers affect the physical - mechanical properties of concrete and their suitability for use in high temperatures.
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Andersson, J. Christer. "Rock Mass Response to Coupled Mechanical Thermal Loading : Äspö Pillar Stability Experiment, Sweden." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4287.
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The geological disposal of nuclear waste, in underground openings and the long-term performance of these openings demand a detailed understanding of fundamental rock mechanics. A full scale field experiment: Äspö Pillar Stability Experiment was conducted at a depth of 450 m in sparsely fractured granitic rock to examine the rock mass response between two deposition holes. An oval shaped tunnel was excavated parallel to the σ3 direction to provide access to the experiment and also provide elevated stress magnitudes in the floor. In the tunnel floor two 1.75-m diameter 6-m deep boreholes were excavated so that a 1-m thick pillar was created between them. In one of the holes a confinement pressure of 700 kPa was applied and in the other displacement transducers were installed. The pillar volume was monitored by an Acoustic Emission System. Spatially distributed thermocouples were used to monitor the temperature development as the pillar was heated by electrical heaters. The excavation-induced stress together with the thermal-induced stress was sufficient to cause the wall of the open borehole to yield. The temperature-induced stress was increased slowly to enable detailed studies of the rock mass yielding process. Once the rock mass loading response was observed, the rock mass was unloaded using a de-stress slotting technique. This thesis focuses on the in-situ study of the rock mass response to coupled mechanical thermal loading and thermal-mechanical unloading. The experiment, its design, monitoring and observations are thoroughly described. An estimate of the yielding strength of the rock mass is presented and compared with laboratory test and results from other rock mass conditions reported elsewhere in the open literature. General conclusions about the effect of the confining pressure and the observations from the unloading of the pillar are also presented. Important findings are that the yielding strength of the rock mass has been successfully determined, low confinement pressures significantly affects the onset of yielding, the primary mode of fracture initiation and propagation is extensional, no significant time dependency of the yielding process was observed. The unloading studies also indicated that what appeared to be shear bands likely was a propagating zone of extensile failure that weakened the rock so that displacements in the shear direction could occur.QC 20100622
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Malmros, Catrine, and Johnson Andrea. "Brandpåverkan på skyddskonstruktioner i funktionsskyddsrum : En undersökning av resthållfasthet i betongbalkar." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-40032.
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In the beginning of the 21st century decisions were made regarding the decommission of the total defence in Sweden. Since then the security policy situation has changed, regarding both the risk of war and other types of treats such as terrorism. Due to this the total defence is now being re-established. The Swedish Fortifications Agency and Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE) has initiated the Centre of excellence for fortification (CFORT) to support the development of competence in fortification. In case of a crisis or war secured function shelters constitutes a significant part of the Swedish total defence by protecting important technology and activity.The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to investigate the remaining load bearing capacity in concrete constructions in secured function shelters after exposure to fire. This will provide a foundation for further research within the area of the effects of fire in secured function shelters. To achive this, experiments were conducted on nine concrete beams which were casted according to calculations based on the structural codes of the Swedish Fortifications Agency (FKR). Since fully scaled beams are difficult to manage and would not fit in the equipment being used, the beams were casted in a smaller size; 2000 x 150 x 210 mm. Samples of the concrete and the reinforcement were sent to the Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute (CBI) for tests which provided actual values of the compressive strength, yield point and modulus of elasticity. Six of the beams were in pairs exposed to fire in a specially built oven according to three different temperature curves. All the beams were later subjected to load until failure. Calculations regarding load bearing capacity were executed with both theoretical and actual values obtained from CBI. The results were compared to the results from the loading tests. During the last fire experiment the beams spalled, most likely due to the quickly rising temperature. The loading test showed that the strength of the beams which had not spalled were not significantly lower than the unaffected beams. Those beams showed a reduction of only 0 – 6 %. However, the beams which had spalled showed a reduce in strength of approximately 20 %.Centrum för fortifikatorisk kompentens
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Gonçalves, André Vinicius Martinez. "Manifestações e contradições da metrópole de São Paulo no antigo bairro de Santana: a paisagem, o valor da terra, a intervenção urbana e o fenômeno da deterioração urbana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-18062007-150254/.
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Esta dissertação parte da tese que o avanço da Metrópole de São Paulo em direção ao antigo bairro de Santana, em especial, a partir dos anos de 1950, gerou ao espaço geográfico local, uma considerável diversidade espacial, implicando hoje, um mosaico de ealidades, tanto no aspecto de ocupação e uso do solo, como em relação às práticas sócio-espaciais. Essas realidades instauradas em Santana, na perspectiva do presente estudo são refletidas, sobretudo, a partir de duas questões: as intervenções urbanas, uma parcialmente efetivada nos anos de 1970, denominada Plano Cura Piloto de Santana, e outra em curso, intitulada Operação Urbana Vila Maria - Campo de Marte; e o fenômeno da deterioração urbana em Santana, fenômeno este, entendido como uma das contradições geradas a partir da reprodução do espaço urbano sob égide do sistema capitalista.This report based on the thesis that the growth of São Paulo city towards the old neighborhood Santana, mostly from the fifties on brought to the geographical locus a great deal of landscape diversity. Such diversity led the city to look like a huge mosaic composed of so many different realities both regarding land occupation and usage and social visual specially lifestyles. As for the research herein presented, the differences that are established from two issuer: the urban interventions; one partially effective in the seventies called Plano CURA Piloto Santana and another one named Operação Urbana Vila Maria - Campo de Marte, and the phenomenon is know as one of the conceived contradictions from the reproductions of the urban lifestyle the capitalism system.
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Nince, Andréia Azeredo. "Lascamento do concreto exposto a altas temperaturas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-27072007-143816/.
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Esta pesquisa foi motivada pela existência de controvérsia na literatura sobre concreto exposto a altas temperaturas, das dúvidas ainda por solucionar acerca da matéria e da lacuna na norma brasileira para a matéria. Este tema reapareceu após os vários acidentes em túneis ao redor do mundo ocorridos nos últimos dez anos, nos quais se verificou a ocorrência de lascamento explosivo de forma intensa, afetando a estabilidade estrutural. O objetivo principal da tese é correlacionar os parâmetros tecnológicos de dosagem (relação água/cimento, teor de argamassa e consumo total de água) às condições de risco de lascamento, associados à umidade ambiente, que indiretamente, influencia no grau de saturação do concreto. O segundo objetivo é otimizar o uso de fibras de polipropileno para minimizar o efeito do lascamento. Adotou-se empregar a curva-padrão H durante 55 minutos em corpos-de-prova cúbicos aquecidos apenas em uma das fases com sua dilatação térmica lateral restringida. O nível de lascamento foi avaliado usando o volume lascado, obtido pela espessura medida diretamente nos corpos-de-prova, multiplicada pela área lascada, calculada pelo AUTOCAD 2000. Os resultados mostraram que o parâmetro tecnológico mais relevante na ocorrência de lascamento foi a relação água/cimento e a umidade ambiente apresentou capacidade de alterar as condições de risco de lascamento. No estudo com as fibras percebeu-se diferentes teores de fibras e diferentes características das fibras para cada grupo de a/c. Conclui-se que a relação água/cimento mais baixa associada a umidade a ambiente mais elevada é a condição mais propícia a ocorrência de lascamento. Conclui-se também que o teor de fibras de 600g/m³ é o teor mínimo para se reduzir o lascamento no grupo a/c=0,50 e 1750g/m³ no grupo a/c=0,25. A fibra L=12mm F=36µm PF=140°C mostrou-se a mais eficaz no grupo a/c=0,50 apenas o comprimento L=6 mm mostrou-se eficiente na redução do lascamento.The present research was motivated by the going controversy in the literature about concrete exposed to high temperatures, the yet unanswered doubts existent on this subject and in the absence of regulation on the matter in Brazil. The theme gained significance after the occurrence of several accidents in tunnels all over the world in the last ten years, in which were observed a very intense form of explosive spalling that affected structural stability of the sites. The main purpose of this work is set up a correlation between technological parameters of dosage in concrete (water cement rate -w/c, mortar content - a, and total water consumption - H) and risk conditions of spalling, which are related to environment humidity that indirectly effects concrete saturation level. The second goal is to optimize the use of polypropylene fiber in order to minimize spalling. The standard H curve was applied during 55 minutes in cubic samples with only a single surface exposed to heat and with restrained lateral thermo dilatation. The response variable was the observed volume of spalling (with multiplied by area of spalling in the sample). The results showed the rate water/cement as the most relevant technology parameter related to spalling risk conditions. Whereas the use of fiber is concerned, efficiency required different fiber content and characteristic for each water/cement rate combined with higher environment humidity provides proper conditions for the occurrence of spalling were 600g/m³ and 1750g/m³ for water/cement ratios of 0,5 and 0,25 respectively. It was also found that the fiber with L=12mm, F=36µm PF=140°C was the most effective in reducing spalling for a water/cement ratio of 0,50 whilst for a effective in reducing spalling for a water/cement ratio of 0,50 whilst for a water/cement ratio of 0,50 whilst for a water/cement ratio 0,25 only the length (L=6 mm) appeared as a significant factor.