Academic literature on the topic 'Spain – Social conditions – 21st century'
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Journal articles on the topic "Spain – Social conditions – 21st century"
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Jenkins, Katie, and Rachel Warren. "Drought-Damage Functions for the Estimation of Drought Costs under Future Projections of Climate Change." Journal of Extreme Events 02, no. 01 (August 2015): 1550001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345737615500013.
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Drought events and their impacts pose a considerable problem for governments, businesses and individuals. Superimposed on this is the risk of anthropogenic climate change. Climate models are increasingly being used to understand how climate change may affect future drought regimes. However, methodologies to quantify economic costs which could occur under these future scenarios are virtually non-existent. In this study, historic drought events were identified in regional precipitation data using the Standardized Precipitation Index, and their magnitude quantified and linked to reported economic costs. Drought damage functions were created for Australia, Brazil, China, India, Spain/Portugal and the USA. Projections of drought magnitude for 2003–2050 were modeled using the Community Integrated Assessment System, for a range of climate and emission scenarios, and future economic costs estimated. Severe and extreme drought events were projected to cause estimated additional losses ranging between 0.04 and 9 percent of national GDP in Australia, the USA and Spain/Portugal under future scenarios of climate change. The combined effect on global GDP from projected long-term drought events in the countries analyzed resulted in additional annual losses of 0.01 to 0.25 percent. This is considered conservative as the analysis is representative of seven countries only; does not incorporate the possibility of successive drought events, or compounding effects on vulnerability from interactions with other extreme events. Furthermore, it excludes indirect economic effects; social and environmental losses; the possibility of increasing vulnerability due to changing socio-economic conditions; and the possibility of irreversible or systemic collapse of economies as the study highlighted that under future climate change drought magnitude may exceed current experience potentially passing thresholds of social and economic resilience. Stringent mitigation had little effect on the increasing impacts of drought in the first half of the 21st century, so in the short-term adaptation in drought "hot spots" will be crucial.
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Codó, Eva, and Jessica McDaid. "English language assistants in the 21st century." Language, Culture and Society 1, no. 2 (October 22, 2019): 219–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lcs.00017.cod.
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Abstract Although the figure of the English language assistant (ELA) dates back a long while, its current popularity is unprecedented in some areas of the world. Such is the case of Spain, where the goal of raising English standards among the younger generations has become a national obsession. Using critical ethnographic methods, this paper examines the experience of three British LAs placed in secondary schools in Barcelona. It draws on a focused case study of one of them – combined with ethnographic snapshots of the other two, interviews with school teachers and regional programme administrators, relevant programme publications, and social media data. The analysis reveals three major tensions shaping the ELA experience in the 21st century revolving around: (a) the underspecified and unskilled nature of the job; (b) its culturalist imagination and state diplomacy mission; and (c) the native speaker ideology constituting its raison d’être. This paper provides new insights into the intertwining of the ELT infrastructure with global travel and tourism capitalised as skill boosters for employability purposes, and showcases the importance of foreign language education as a soft power tool.
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Stein, Ruth E. K. "Children with chronic conditions in the 21st century." Journal of Urban Health 75, no. 4 (December 1998): 732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02344503.
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Tuntevski, Nikola. "Livability of social state in the 21st century – conditions, opportunities, perspectives." HORIZONS.A 22 (November 20, 2018): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/horizons.a.22.1.18.p13.
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Terziev, Venelin, and Preslava Dimitrova. "SOCIAL POLICY DEVELOPLMENT AT THE BEGINNING OF 21ST CENTURY." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij2801273t.
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The social policy of a country is a set of specific activities aimed at regulating the social relations between different in their social status subjects. This approach to clarifying social policy is also called functional and essentially addresses social policy as an activity to regulate the relationship of equality or inequality in society. It provides an opportunity to look for inequalities in the economic positions of individuals in relation to ownership, labor and working conditions, distribution of income and consumption, social security and health, to look for the sources of these inequalities and their social justification or undue application.The modern state takes on social functions that seek to regulate imbalances, to protect weak social positions and prevent the disintegration of the social system. It regulates the processes in society by harmonizing interests and opposing marginalization. Every modern country develops social activities that reflect the specifics of a particular society, correspond to its economic, political and cultural status. They are the result of political decisions aimed at directing and regulating the process of adaptation of the national society to the transformations of the market environment. Social policy is at the heart of the development and governance of each country. Despite the fact that too many factors and problems affect it, it largely determines the physical and mental state of the population as well as the relationships and interrelationships between people. On the other hand, social policy allows for a more global study and solving of vital social problems of civil society. On the basis of the programs and actions of political parties and state bodies, the guidelines for the development of society are outlined. Social policy should be seen as an activity to regulate the relationship of equality or inequality between different individuals and social groups in society. Its importance is determined by the possibility of establishing on the basis of the complex approach: the economic positions of the different social groups and individuals, by determining the differences between them in terms of income, consumption, working conditions, health, etc .; to explain the causes of inequality; to look for concrete and specific measures to overcome the emerging social disparities.
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Garreto, Gairo, João Santos Baptista, Antônia Mota, and Mário Vaz. "Modern Slavery Characterisation through the Analysis of Energy Replenishment." Social Sciences 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10080299.
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The Brazilian economy was, until the end of the 19th Century, based on slave labour. However, in this first quarter of the 21st Century, the problem persists. These situations tend to be mistaken with “simple” violations of labour laws. This work aims to establish Occupational Health and Safety parameters, focusing on energy needs, to distinguish between the breach of labour legislation and modern rural slavery in the 21st Century in Brazil. In response to this challenge, bibliographical research was carried out on the feeding and energy replenishment conditions of Brazilian slaves in the 19th Century. Obtained data were compared with a sample where 392 cases of neo-slavery in Brazil are described. The energy spent and the energy supplied was calculated to identify the enslaved workers’ general feeding conditions in the two historical periods. The general conditions of food and water supply were analysed. It was possible to identify three comparable parameters: food quality, food quantity, and water supply. It was concluded that there is a parallelism of energy replenishment conditions between Brazilian slaves and neo-slaves of the 19th and 21st centuries, respectively, different from that of free workers. This difference can help authorities identify and punish instances of modern slavery.
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YAKOVLEV, Petr. "Spain and Portugal in the Power Field of Globalization and Regionalization." Perspectives and prospects. E-journal, no. 2/3 (25/26) (2021): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.32726/2411-3417-2021-2-3-100-114.
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The author traces, from today’s perspective, the course and ways of global and regional (European) influences on social development of the two Iberian countries – Spain and Portugal. Both states have been facing numerous domestic and external challenges at the beginning of the third decade of 21st century. Both have been engaged in strenuous efforts to overcome the grave social and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Both are on the threshold of new major transformations. The two Iberian countries are good case studies of the global and regional trends that would shape the trajectory of global development in the foreseeable future.
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A. A., Elaev. "BURYAT ETHNOS IN THE 21st CENTURY." Human research of Inner Asia 3 (2022): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18101/2305-753x-2022-3-6-16.
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The article discusses the prospects for preserving the ethno-cultural identity of the Buryat people in the 21st century. Under the conditions of the transformation of Russian society over the past twenty years and the impact of global integration processes taking place in the world the opportunities for preserving the ethno-cultural identity of the Buryat ethnic group and its language are rapidly declining. Based on the analysis of vari-ous environmental factors, we have considered the possible scenarios for the development of the Buryat ethnos in the conditions of the socio-economic crisis and in the economic stability and growth, and summed up the total prospects for preserving its ethno-cultural identity in the 21st century. The “negative” scenario for the development of the Buryat ethnic group covers the crisis period of the 1990s and early 2000s. Predictive assessments are based on an analysis of the impact of crisis phenomena on the agricultural sector and the social sphere of the village, which led to the outflow of the Buryat population from the village to the city. The economic crisis has a negative impact on the institutions of reproduction and transmission of the Buryat culture: it leads to a reduction in funding and commercialization of their ac-tivities and separation from the needs of the bulk of the ethnic group. Thus, the socio-economic crisis accelerates the process of de-ethnization and acculturation of the ethnos. The “positive” scenario reflects the development of the ethnic group in the context of eco-nomic growth, however, its consequences also negatively affect the preservation of ethnic identity and language, since the needs of the economic development of the ancestral terri-tory of the Buryat ethnic group will entail an influx of labour resources, that is, a popula-tion of other ethnicities, which will reduce the demographic power of the Buryat ethnic group. Thus, the economic growth, as well as the economic crisis will contribute to the ac-culturation and assimilation of the Buryats. In the context of global integration processes taking place in the world and the current policy of Russia, the opportunities of preserving the ethno-cultural identity of the Buryat ethnos and its language due to objective reasons will gradually decrease in the 21st century.
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Korol, Andrey D. "Anthropological Crisis in the Social Realities of the 21st Century." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 64, no. 5 (November 1, 2021): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2021-64-5-45-56.
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The article examines the modern anthropological crisis in the context of various social phenomena. The author identifies key features of this crisis and reveals its causes. The article, addressing such philosophical concepts as time, space, happiness, motivation, analyzes the theories on the essence of this crisis. The author discusses the issues of self-alienation in an accelerating and polarizing world, of dialectical antagonism, of contradiction between the Self and the Other. The article critically analyzes the modern forms of consumerism, the consumer society, and the liberal worldview. Written in the essay form, the article poses the questions to the reader: How and why does man lose and acquire his meanings? What role do words and silence play in that? Who wins in the existential race “man versus society”? The author argues that a person does not see his absolute, since his expanding outer space narrows the inner space. The stratification of internal and external space (which is advisable to understand as a consequence of the loss of contact with reality) is the cause of lies, violence, and aggression. Liberal form of worldview is interpreted in a dialectical form: as the opposition of slavery, preserving its original vices. The article demonstrates how progress can lead to chaos in social life. Distinguishing three types of personality (directive, democratic, and liberal-permissive), it is concluded that the latter type of personality forms a border between the external and internal world. This kind of gap is the source of growing social and psycho-logical chaos. The concludes with a discussion of the possibility of happiness in modern social conditions.
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Stradomska, Marlena. "E-learning as a university challenge of the 21st century." Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja 19, no. 1 (June 14, 2021): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/kse.2021.19.10.
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The article is one of several articles summarizing research carried out with a group of foreign students who come to Poland to participate in the Erasmus+ program. Method and research group: Research has been taking place since 2016 and is conducted using an interactive Google survey. The study group consists of 128 people aged 18 to 25 years. The respondents chose Poland, specifically the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, in order to complete a semester or an academic year. This article will also present structured interviews that were conducted with foreign students. Aim of the study: To learn about the attitude of foreign students towards modern teaching methods (e-learning). An additional goal was to verify the knowledge regarding this method of education and to compare Poland with the respondents’ home countries. Results: The respondents come from European countries such as Spain, Portugal, Germany, France, as well as, Braziland India. Most of them appreciate the possibilities of e-learning (87%). Over half of the respondents (62%) say that in Poland distance learning was rather not implemented until 2020. What changed this situation was the coronavirus outbreak. In social sciences, they also appreciate the possibility of classes in the traditional form due to the possibility of participating in workshops and specialist training, or giving presentations.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spain – Social conditions – 21st century"
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Mok, Wai-man Karina. "Planning for Hong Kong : a world city moving into the 21st century /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14799844.
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Mills, Michael F. "Witness to the American apocalypse? : a study of 21st century 'doomsday' prepping." Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/60441/.
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This thesis addresses the phenomenon of 21st century "doomsday" prepping. Prepping is a primarily American phenomenon centred on storing food, water, and weapons for the purpose of surviving future crisis or social collapse. Growing rapidly post-2007/8, it is the successor to the right-wing American survivalist movement that flourished (and then disappeared) in the late-20th century. This thesis engages with a lack of scholarly knowledge on prepping, which has resulted in this phenomenon being understood through media-driven stereotypes and theories of older survivalist activity. Such understandings suggest that prepping is apocalyptic, millenarian, politically-extreme, and a product of the United States' fringe right-wing militia culture. Drawing on research that involved 200 online surveys responses, ethnography and interviews with 39 American preppers, and attendance at three prominent prepping conventions, the thesis challenges such dominant ideas. It shows prepping to be a distinct, more moderate wave of American survivalist activity. The thesis establishes that preppers typically do not prepare for an "apocalypse", nor do they think in millenarian terms. Preppers instead use their preparations as precautionary protection against temporary social collapse and job loss. The thesis also reveals that prepping is not as politically-extreme as is often speculated. Rather than militia ideology, prepping intermingles with waves of right-wing "Tea Party" discontent, as well as widespread frustration at the dysfunctional and post-political state of American democracy. Additionally this work reveals that, as far as preppers retreat from political and community life, their withdrawal is symptomatic of wider currents of American individualist values, and processes of civic decline. It is thus argued that prepping must be understood as a product of "mainstream" American society. It is concluded that prepping should be principally explained as a product of: late modern capitalism's effects on democracy, secure employment, and collective sympathies; contemporary media's impact on disaster-related fears; and the American Right's promotion of political anxiety and individualistic thinking.
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VIDAL, Guillem. "The political consequences of the Great Recession in Southern Europe crisis and representation in Spain." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/63265.
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Defence date: 13 June 2019Examining Board: Prof. Hanspeter Kriesi, European University Institute (Supervisor); Prof. Elias Dinas, European University Institute; Prof. Eva Anduiza, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Prof. Kenneth M. Roberts, Duke University
The Great Recession constituted a breaking point in several aspects of the cultural, economic and political life of southern European countries (i.e. Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain). This dissertation aims to shed light on the political consequences of the economic crisis in this region —with a specific focus on Spain as a paradigmatic case— by analysing different aspects of the political transformations that took place during the period of crisis. The underlying argument is that, albeit some relevant differences, the four countries experienced a common pattern: the incapacity of national politics to offer differentiated recipes to the deteriorating economic situation triggered a widespread crisis of representation that introduced new issues in the political agenda and drove the political transformations in these countries. The combination of a political and economic crisis at the national and European levels opened new political spaces that new parties capitalised by appealing to the need for democratic renewal and opposition to austerity politics. Furthermore, as illustrated by the Spanish case, and in particular the Catalan experience, the political crisis had far-reaching consequences beyond economic grievances, leading to the activation of different types of conflicts. Overall, the findings suggest that the transformations in the structure of political conflict in southern Europe in the aftermath of the Great Recession are not the by-product of a growing cultural divide —as is the case in several other continental and north-European countries—, but instead respond to the loss of credibility in the political system. Methodologically, the dissertation relies on an original dataset of media content as well as on several sources of survey data to test the empirical validity of the claims.
Chapter 2 'From Boom to Bust : A Comparative Analysis of Greece and Spain under Austerity' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as chapter 'From boom to bust : a comparative analysis of Greece and Spain under austerity' (2018) in the book Living under austerity : Greek society in crisis.
Chapter 3 'Old versus new politics: The political spaces in Southern Europe in times of crisis' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'Old versus new politics : the political spaces in Southern Europe in times of crises' (2018) in the journal 'Party politics'
Chapter 4 'Out with the Old: Restructuring Spanish Politics' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'Challenging business as usual? : the rise of new parties in Spain in times of crisis' (2017) in the journal 'West European politics'
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Lee, Ka-yan Vivian, and 李家欣. "Who will be hercules in the 21st century?: economic and social development : a comparative study of Hong Kongand Singapore." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31953116.
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Peri-Rotem, Nitzan. "The role of religion in shaping women's family and employment patterns in Britian and France." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e0cedea1-973c-4395-9916-d47416672802.
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The current study examines the influence of religious affiliation and practice on family patterns and labour market activity for women in Western Europe, focusing on Britain and France. While both countries have experienced a sharp decline in institutionalized forms of religion over the past decades, differences in family and fertility behaviour on the basis of religiosity seem to persist. Although previous studies documented a positive correlation between religion and both intended and actual family size, there is still uncertainty about the different routes through which religion affects fertility, how structural factors are involved in this relationship and whether and how this relationship has changed along with the process of religious decline. This study aims to fill this gap by exploring the interrelationships between religion, educational attainment, female labour force participation, union formation and fertility levels. The data come from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), which contains 18 waves from 1991 to 2008, and the French survey of the Generations and Gender Programme (GGP), which was initially conducted in 2005. By following trends in fertility differences by religious affiliation and practice across birth cohorts of women, it is found that religious differences in fertility are not only persistent across birth cohorts, there is also a growing divide between non-affiliated and religiously practicing women who maintain higher fertility levels. Religious differences in family formation patterns and completed fertility are also explored, taking into account the interaction between education and religiosity. It appears that the effect of education on fertility differs by level of religiosity, as higher education is less likely to lead to childlessness or to a smaller family size among more religious women. The findings on the relationships between family and work trajectories by level of religiosity also point to a reduced conflict between paid employment and childbearing among actively religious women, although these patterns vary by religious denomination and by country.
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Lloyd, Stephanie 1975. "An anxious society : the French importation of social phobia and the appearance of a new model of the self." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102807.
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This dissertation examines the introduction of social phobia into France. My analysis is concerned with how this diagnosis, which is inconsistent with the psychoanalytic model that dominates French psychiatry, is increasingly being accepted by French physicians and patients. I argue that the diagnosis social phobia offers physicians and patients a justification for life difficulties that was not provided by existing diagnoses such as phobic neurosis, obsessional neurosis or 'normal' shyness.In 2003-4 I carried out one year of fieldwork in North America and France. During this time I conducted participant observation and interviews with clinicians and members of a social phobia support group. Throughout this thesis, it is my objective to understand the disorder from three perspectives: historical, ethnographic, and sociocultural.
First, I examine French psychiatrists' claims that social phobia has existed in French psychiatric literature since the nineteenth century. I investigate the efforts of these French psychiatrists to prove that the diagnostic category has a legitimate place in French medicine. Second, I look at how a small group of Parisian psychiatrists who practice cognitive and behavioural therapy are fighting for greater awareness and acceptance of social phobia. Promoting social phobia is a means of spreading awareness of their therapeutic model. Their aim is to unseat psychoanalysis from its dominant position in French psychiatry. Many individuals prefer cognitive and behavioural therapists' explanations of social phobia symptoms to those of psychoanalysts because they are less stigmatizing and their predicted outcomes more optimistic. But many French clinicians reject the diagnosis social phobia and prefer psychoanalytic explanations for patients' symptoms. Some see it as a 'fashionable' disorder overly promoted by the pharmaceutical industry. Third, I investigate how social phobia is related to cultural behavioural ideals and societal expectations. I look at how these factors lead more people to become concerned about the symptoms of social phobia than in the past.
In the end, I explain that French physicians and patients are choosing social phobia from among other possible labels for this set of symptoms. The way that they describe this diagnosis, however, blends multiple therapeutic models and they create an explanation of the disorder which most thoroughly and positively describes patients' experiences.
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Lee, Ka-yan Vivian. "Who will be hercules in the 21st century? : economic and social development : a comparative study of Hong Kong and Singapore /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23425714.
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Ahearn-Ligham, Ariell. "The changing meaning of work, herding and social relations in Rural Mongolia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:da410056-7e73-4b15-b2e9-8be97fe40dd8.
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By using ethnographic methods based on extensive participant observation, this thesis explores the role of pastoralism and rural work as a medium of social reproduction for families in rural Mongolia. This work is reported in four articles, which examine herder household management, decision making, and the spatial aspects of household social and economic production. As standalone pieces and as a united work, the articles make a case for understanding social change through the lens of spatialized performative relations. Pastoralism as a form of work and social system is one aspect of these relations. I contend that people consciously engage with herding as a form of work, which is an important reference point in political subjectivities and administrative practices that idealize the state. The policies and practices of government institutions, including non-state agencies, play powerful roles in the particular forms through which relations are spatialized. By taking this approach and prioritizing herder critical reflections on their own lives, I argue against the dual claim that herders exist outside the state and are bound to local environments. I show, in contrast, how herder efforts to access resources beyond local environments, such as formal schooling for children, spatially transform the labour, finance, and mobility systems of households. My work presents three key arguments with reference to these concepts. The first is that patron-client relations continue to play a strong role in family hierarchies and wider social alliances used to gain access to needed resources and services. Secondly, I argue that pastoralist work is an integral part of governance and the propagation of the moral authority of the state. Pastoralism as a form of work should be seen as a political enterprise as much as an economic or cultural one. Finally, attention to the spatial organisation of household economies, including household splitting and new types of mobility, reiterates the significance of place in human agency.
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Novillo, Perez Cecilio Jose, and Perez Cecilio Jose Novillo. "La Movida Madrileña and the Rock Radical Vasco as Political and Social Agents in Post-Franco Spain: Their influence on Popular Musical Practices of 21st-Century Spain." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626715.
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In Spain, the era of political transition to democracy known as La Transición during the 1970s and 1980s led to changes in Spanish popular music (i.e., pop, rock, punk) which became the musical representation of the new democracy’s social and political changes. Two different musical movements of that period, La Movida Madrileña and Rock Radical Vasco, established boundaries between official mainstream music and its musical counterculture counterpart, underground, and subversive musical practices within Spanish democracy. This thesis examines the nature of those musical practices, their song lyrics, and their social and political interpretations, including their influence on current musical practices.
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Simcik, Arese Nicholas Luca. "The common in a compound : morality, ownership, and legality in Cairo's squatted gated community." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dd437dc6-1b8f-42d9-8b95-e1d460a4e66d.
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In Haram City, amidst Egypt's 2011-2013 revolutionary period, two visions of the city in the Global South come together within shared walls. In this private suburban development marketed as affordable housing, aspirational middle class homebuyers embellish properties for privilege and safety. They also come to share grounds with resettled urban poor who transform their surroundings to sustain basic livelihoods. With legality in disarray and under private administration, residents originally from Duweiqa - perhaps Cairo's poorest neighbourhood - claim the right to squat vacant homes, while homebuyers complain of a slum in the gated community. What was only desert in 2005 has since become a forum for vivid public contestation over the relationship between morality, ownership, and order in space - struggles over what ought to be common in a compound. This ethnography explores residents' own legal geographies in relation to property amidst public-private partnership urbanism: how do competing normative discourses draw community lines in the sand, and how are they applied to assert ownership where the scales of 'official' legitimacy have been tipped? In other words: in a city built from scratch amidst a revolution, how is legality invented? Like the compound itself, sections of the thesis are divided into an A-area and a B-area. Shifting from side to side, four papers examine the lives of squatters and then of homeowners and company management acting in their name. Zooming in and out within sides, they depict discourses over moral ownership and then interpret practices asserting a concomitant vision of order. First, in Chapter 4, squatters invoke notions of a moral economy and practical virtue to justify 'informal' ownership claims against perceptions of developer-state corruption. Next, Chapter 5 illustrates how squatters define 'rights' as debt, a notion put into practice by ethical outlaws: the Sayi' - commonly meaning 'down-and-out' or 'bum' - brokers 'rights' to coordinate group ownership claims. Shifting sides, Chapter 6 observes middle class homeowners' aspirations for "internal emigration" to suburbs as part of an incitement to propertied autonomy, and details widespread dialogue over suburban selfhood in relationship to property, self-interest, and conviviality. Lastly, Chapter 7 documents authoritarian private governance of the urban poor that centres on "behavioural training." Free from accountability and operating like a city-state, managers simulate urban law to inculcate subjective norms, evoking both Cairene histories and global policy circulations of poverty management. Towards detailing how notions of ownership and property constitute visions and assertions of urban law, this project combines central themes in ethnographies of Cairo with legal geography on suburbs of the Global North. It therefore interrogates some key topics in urban studies of the Global South (gated communities, affordable housing, public-private partnerships, eviction-resettlement, informality, local governance, and squatting), as Cairo's 'new city' urban poor and middle classes do themselves, through comparative principles and amidst promotion of similar private low-income cities internationally. While presenting a micro-history of one project, it is also offers an alternative account of 2011-2013 revolutionary period, witnessed from the desert developments through which Egyptian leaders habitually promise social progress.
Books on the topic "Spain – Social conditions – 21st century"
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Morshed, Khan M., and Bangladesh. Tathya Mantraṇālaẏa. Bahiḥ Pracāra Anubibhāga., eds. Bangladesh towards 21st century. [Dhaka]: External Publicity Wing, Ministry of Information, Govt. of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, 1994.
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21st century China: Views from Australia. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2009.
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Owino, Joseph. Kenya into the 21st century. London: Pen Press Publishers, 2003.
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Curry, Timothy J. Sociology for the 21st century. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997.
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Curry, Timothy J. Sociology for the 21st century. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999.
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Taiwan sheng zheng zi liao guan. Taiwan today: Heading toward the 21st century. Nantou County, Taiwan: Taiwan Provincial Administration Information Hall, 1997.
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Keshav, Bhattar, ed. Nepal in the 21st century. Hauppauge NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
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Tenement cities: From 19th century Berlin to 21st century Nairobi. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2011.
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Native America in the 21st century. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017.
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Dalits in 21st century: Ambedkarite perspective. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications, 2014.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Spain – Social conditions – 21st century"
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Ulukütük, Mehmet. "Scientific Paradigm Shifts and Curriculum: Experiences in the Transition to Social Constructivist Education in Turkey and Singapore." In Educational Theory in the 21st Century, 25–49. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9640-4_2.
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AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between changes in the scientific paradigm and curriculum after 2000 in Turkey and Singapore as case countries that experienced the transition to social constructivist education. This chapter explores the following questions: Can the traces of paradigm shifts be seen in the curricula? What was the education curriculum like in Turkey and Singapore before 2000? Have any changes occurred in the curricula in Turkey and Singapore after 2000? If any apparent changes have occurred in the curricula, how can they be explained through the relationship with the science-knowledge paradigm shift? After 2000, Singapore and Turkey were observed to have adopted the contextual and subjectivist paradigm, which changes based on idiosyncratic conditions, rather than the objectivist science-knowledge paradigm based on the positivist paradigm. Since 2000, Turkey has started to apply the constructivist paradigm in its education system after trying out various education approaches. Likewise, Singapore started to search for a new paradigm following its independence from England in 1959 and separation from Malesia in 1965. Even though the change in Turkey’s curriculum after the 2000s indicates positivism to be questioned, the realist ontology and objectivist approach to knowledge have apparently not been put behind. In the case of Singapore, the constructivism that had evolved over time emerged in the curriculum, not the relativist and anti-realist constructivism. Singapore’s success compared to Turkey’s is debatable; nevertheless, Singapore’s performance on the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) is noteworthy.
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Gümüş, Arife. "Twenty-First-Century Teacher Competencies and Trends in Teacher Training." In Educational Theory in the 21st Century, 243–67. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9640-4_11.
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AbstractIn the context of digitalization, globalization, and internationalization, the twenty-first century has changed societies as well as their institutions and concepts, significantly affecting powerful communication technologies and the speed and forms of access to information. Being employable, coping with global competition, and having the appropriate equipment and skills for the professions of the future have become more important than ever in an information-intensive economic structure. The question of how education will function in adapting to the new work order and managing and categorizing knowledge has been important. Considering the success teachers have in achieving the purpose of education, what the skills of both the learner and the teacher should be in order to adapt to the rapidly changing world has become more important. Changing learning environments and styles, new student profiles, and transformations in social life and the business world are critical issues for the role of the teacher. This study discusses the skills teachers should have and tendencies toward teacher training within the scope of twenty-first-century standards. We make the following recommendations: having holistic goals for teachers’ pre-service, in-service, and professional development; providing opportunities for national and international mobility; promoting better salaries and working conditions; providing continuous professional development opportunities for teachers just starting their profession; lightening the curriculum while preserving wages; participating in guidance programs; facilitating access to resources; providing opportunities to systematically associate theory and practice; supporting consultation with colleagues; and encouraging the selection of mentors only from qualified and experienced specialist teachers in both in pre-service and in-service teacher training.
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Jarty, Julie, and Karina Batthyány. "Recent Evolutions of Gender, State Feminism and Care Models in Latin America and Europe." In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America, 361–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_12.
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AbstractThis chapter presents and characterises the way in which, in the twenty-first century, after years of feminist struggles inside and outside of institutions, gender relations are organised in the different countries of the INCASI project (on the European side, Spain, Italy, Finland, France and the United Kingdom, on the side of the South American Southern Cone, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay). It pays special attention to the implementation of feminist issues on political agendas, and in particular the assignment of women to unpaid care work—an aspect of the power continuum that we look to relate to other aspects. Gradually and for almost a century all countries in both continents have granted women the status of subjects, citizens and employees. However, the conditions, challenges and timelines of this process differ considerably from one continent to another, so they need to be addressed separately. The neoliberal era did not have the same impact in Europe as it did in South America (nor was it exactly the same between particular European countries or among South American ones).
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Loureiro, Maria José, Cecília Vieira Guerra, Isabel Cabrita, and Filipe T. Moreira. "Multiple Case Studies About Robotics in Compulsory Education." In Handbook of Research on Global Education and the Impact of Institutional Policies on Educational Technologies, 100–129. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8193-3.ch006.
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Programming is fundamental to the development of computational thinking, one of the essential skills for the 21st century. Tangible programming can be a powerful ally of this process from an early age, especially if it supports STEM tasks areas and inclusion. These are the pillars of the TangIn project, under which four qualitative case studies were developed with the aim of to evaluate the lesson plans designed within the scope of the project and the potential of its implementation for the development of the mentioned dimensions. The statistical and content analysis which the questionnaires applied to 43 teachers from Portugal, Spain, Bulgaria, and Latvia were submitted to conclude that students were always very committed and motivated during activities and developed specific and transversal skills related to STEM, including the ability to program and value colleagues, what contributed to its inclusion, regardless of sex and socio-economic conditions.
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"Social and Political Conditions for Cantaoras in Twentieth-Century Spain." In Cantaoras, 105–30. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203954348-10.
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Wolfrum, S., P. Cerezo, and G. Hernández. "Social demand for dam construction in Spain: Forest fires, rural tourism and environment." In Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century, Two Volume Set, 1345–50. CRC Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16818-212.
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Collins Ayanlaja, Carole Rene', Catherine Lenna Polydore, and Danielle Anita Beamon. "Promoting Social and Academic Wellness Among African American Adolescent Males." In Research Anthology on Navigating School Counseling in the 21st Century, 154–71. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8963-2.ch009.
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African American adolescent males are at increasing risk for mental health challenges. Statistics indicate that depression and anxiety are of primary concern. Historical and social conditions, including institutionalized racism, produce stressors for Black males and propel negative public attitudes. The responses of healthcare professionals and school personnel to the mental health needs of Black adolescent males are generalized with limited focus on this specific population and effective interventions. The authors identify and describe predominant mental health conditions in Black male adolescents and describe the current landscape of emotional health impacting this population. They identify determinant factors that lead to poor mental health. Activating a social-constructivist approach, the authors recommend culturally responsive approaches to address the problem and improve outcomes, along with future directions.
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Dwyer, Peter. "Citizenship, conduct and conditionality: sanction and support in the 21st-century UK welfare state." In Social Policy Review 28. Policy Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447331797.003.0003.
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This chapter shows how the evil giant of ‘idleness’ has returned in the political debate, but with new features. In the current age, the welfare state is no longer considered as a solution for idleness, it is also assumed to cause idleness. This chapter shows how T.H. Marshall’s notion of social citizenship in which largely unconditional, de-commodified social rights have been replaced by a system of behavioural conditions and sanctions in different domains of the welfare state. The main focus of this paper is on conditionality in social security benefits, housing and homelessness. The chapter shows an intriguing picture of how the twenty-first century welfare state is concerned with regulating individual behaviour.
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Oatman, Annalise, and Kate Majewski. "Rape as a Weapon of War in Myanmar/Burma." In Women's Journey to Empowerment in the 21st Century, 266–84. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927097.003.0016.
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This chapter examines the conflict in Myanmar and its historical development as an example of the way that rape is wielded as a weapon of war. It also provides a discussion of advocacy for the ethnic minority women of Myanmar at the grassroots, national, and international levels. It reviews statistics on conflict-related rape and theories regarding the social and political forces driving it. It examines the political history of Myanmar and the status of Myanmarese women. It also discusses the way that current conditions have set the stage for conflict-related rape in Myanmar and data on its prevalence. It discusses the extradition of the rapist of a 7-year-old girl, Myanmarese grassroots efforts to address this issue, and international proposals for reform. In addition, it discusses the way that the “legal culture” of a nation can get in the way of the enactment of international legislation.
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McKinney, Laura, and Arianna King. "Women and Climate Change." In Women's Journey to Empowerment in the 21st Century, 5–23. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927097.003.0001.
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Abstract: This chapter aims to contribute to discussions concerning the global oppression of women by highlighting the ways in which the status of women intersects with climate change throughout the world. Empirical research shows that women’s representation in political organizations and their incorporation into decision-making processes are associated with lower contributions to climate change and overall improvements in sustainability across nations. These findings suggest that the status of women has a substantive bearing on the environmental and ecological future of the planet. Other research shows that women’s role as primary producers of food for the household results in a disproportionate burden of climate change for women, who leverage myriad strategies to adapt to changing conditions. In reviewing past qualitative and quantitative findings on climate change and women, the chapters focuses on the West African nation of Ghana, arguing that development and environmental policies would benefit from greater sensitivity to the ways in which climate change shapes women’s social, political, and economic opportunities. In doing so, the chapter utilizes ecofeminist theories to highlight critical links to achieving greater gender equality across social, political, economic, and environmental lines.
Conference papers on the topic "Spain – Social conditions – 21st century"
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Mazur-Kumrić, Nives. "POST-COVID-19 RECOVERY AND RESILIENCEBUILDING IN THE OUTERMOST REGIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: TOWARDS A NEW EUROPEAN STRATEGY." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22443.
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The socio-economic environment of the outermost regions of the European Union was severely affected by the COVID-19 crisis. Due to their geographical and historical specificities, the outermost regions were significantly lagging behind the rest of the European Union in terms of economic indicators even in the pre-pandemic period. Expectedly, COVID-19-induced shocks additionally potentiated their development gap. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the multiple impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Réunion, Martinique, Mayotte, and Saint Martin (France), the Azores and Madeira (Portugal), and the Canary Islands (Spain), and the related legislative responses of the European Union aiming at eliminating adverse effects of the crisis and building more resilient societies. The factual assessment is carried out primarily through the prism of the European Commission’s 2021 Study on the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Outermost Regions, which underlines the health, economic and social repercussions of the crisis as well as a recommended set of recovery and resilience-building measures in the outermost regions. The legal analysis focuses on the ongoing codification of the rules and measures regulating the governance of the outermost regions as integral parts of the European Union. Pursuant to Article 349 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), the European Union shall adopt specific measures for laying down the conditions for the development of the outermost regions, such as those in the area of fiscal policy, European Structural and Investment Funds, State-aid, agriculture and fisheries policies, and others. In that regard, the paper looks into the recently adopted regulations facilitating the use of EU funds and particular benefits (e.g. tax exemptions) in the outermost regions. Special emphasis is put on the currently tabled initiatives for an updated regulatory framework enabling the outermost regions to improve and strengthen their overall socio-economic position. That mainly refers to the forthcoming European strategy for the outermost regions, to be adopted in 2022. The respective strategy shall lay the foundations for a new strategic approach of the European Union to shaping a sustainable and resilient future for the outermost regions apt to face the challenges of the 21st century, notably those related to green, digital, and demographic transition.
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ANTOKHONOVA, Inna. "EVOLUTION OF HUMAN CAPACITY OF LOCAL TERRITORIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE CIVILIZATION CHALLENGE." In Social and political challenges of modernization in the 21st century. Publishing House of Buryat Scientific Center, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30792/978-5-7925-0537-7-2018-42-46.
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BADARAEV, Damdin. "SOCIAL STRATIFICATION OF THE MONGOLIAN SOCIETY IN THE CONDITIONS OF MODERNIZATION IN THE ХХ-ХХI-ST CENTURIES." In Social and political challenges of modernization in the 21st century. Publishing House of Buryat Scientific Center, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30792/978-5-7925-0537-7-2018-29-32.
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BUTUEVA, Zinaida. "THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF THE SENIOR GENERATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF BURYATIA IN THE CONDITIONS OF MODERNIZATION." In Social and political challenges of modernization in the 21st century. Publishing House of Buryat Scientific Center, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30792/978-5-7925-0537-7-2018-206-209.
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Ornellas, Adriana. "Defining a taxonomy of employability skills for 21st-century higher education graduates." In Fourth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head18.2018.8197.
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This paper aims to discuss the theoretical development and the practical validation of a taxonomy of skills for boosting new graduates employability at Higher Education Institutions (HEI). The taxonomy was developed within the framework of the project Skill Up: Matching graduates' skills and labour world demands through authentic learning scenario. The project, funded by the Erasmus+ programme of the European Union, is a strategic partneship in the field of Higher Education (HE) that involves six partners (four universities, a VET school and an employer representative) from three European countries (Spain, Sweden and Germany). For the definition and validation of the taxonomy two methods were applied: a) a literature review of studies and reports that in recent years have established different frameworks and lists of skills crucial for HE graduates to acquire; b) an asynchronous online focus group involving various stakeholders (undergraduates, graduates, employers' representatives, lecturers and counsellors) to validate the taxonomy. The paper presents the resulting list of employability skills sorted into four clusters: cognitive, methodological, social and subject-specific.
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Hoványi, Gábor, Róbert Tésits, and B. Levente Alpek. "An in-depth survey of the factors causing dissatisfaction within the group of elderly workers in South Transdanubia." In The Challenges of Analyzing Social and Economic Processes in the 21st Century. Szeged: Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/casep21c.13.
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The currently still active age group (aged 50–64) faces a number of difficulties with the approaching retirement age, as their ability to work and adapt quickly to changing situations are constantly losing their effectiveness. With this, of course, we do not claim that an older worker will carry out his or her work less effectively than a younger worker, as the experience gained in a particular job can balance out the performance differences stemming from age. However, as we approach the retirement age, losing your job at an older age would pose serious challenges for those who would want to return to the group of economically active workers. It is unlikely that they will find a job that matches their qualifications, as their knowledge is less up-to-date and employers would prefer young people who could be relied on in the longer term, as opposed to those who need to be replaced within a few years. These potential difficulties are revealed by the widely distributed questionnaire, which seeks to identify the motivations and preparedness of different social strata for the changing challenges of a precarious age, based on the current economic situation and living conditions of the workers. Results: Through the questionnaire survey, we were able to gain insight into how aging workers are preparing for their approaching retirement years and what steps they can take to preserve their current labour market position, as well as what opportunities they might have for returning to the labour market after losing their jobs as a result of possible redundancies. Conclusion: Due to the aging national age structure, the situation of the aging workers is becoming an increasingly widespread problem, which, if we are not able to remedy in time, then will have to count on the degradation of the employability for the examined group in the near future. This will be mainly due to the constantly deteriorating health status of the individuals and the overwhelmed health care system that needs to provide for all age groups.
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Mestry, Raj, and Pierre du Plessis. "EMPOWERING PRINCIPALS TO LEAD AND MANAGE PUBLIC SCHOOLS EFFECTIVELY IN THE 21ST CENTURY." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2022v1end006.
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Globally, education systems have been affected by radical social, political and economic changes. Although school principals play a pivotal role in improving student learning and attaining educational outcomes, they work under strenuous conditions to deal with multifaceted transformational issues. Principals experience great difficulty in coping with numerous changes, partly because they are inadequately prepared for their leadership position, or simply lack the necessary skills, knowledge and attitudes to lead and manage schools effectively and efficiently. Fundamentally, principals should be empowered to effectively deal with challenges facing them in the 21st century. Using qualitative research, this study explored the importance of promoting a culture of professional development that will prepare principals to confront education challenges and obstacles facing them. Fifteen principals were selected to determine their perceptions and experiences of how they were prepared and professionally developed to lead and manage schools. Findings revealed that in South Africa, there is no formal preparation for aspiring or practicing principals taking on leadership and management positions, and very few in-service professional development programmes are available. There is a dire need for education authorities to introduce compulsory training and development programmes for aspiring and practicing school leaders to lead and manage their schools successfully.
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Marin Suelves, Diana, Isabel Vidal Esteve, and M. Isabel Pardo Baldoví. "Escape room in education: a bibliometric study." In Sixth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head20.2020.10960.
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The impact of technologies in all areas is one of the main points that characterize the current society. In the educational context, recently, great efforts are being made to adapt the system to characteristics and needs of the students of the 21st century. Gamification in education consist on the use of structures, characteristics, dynamics and aesthetics of games for educational purposes, to increase students participation and motivation. The escape room is a gamified activity in which one or more teams must leave a place during a limited time solving a challenge whose goal is learning. This study pretends to analyze research trends through a bibliometric study of scientific production deposited in Scopus. 32 articles were obtained for the analysis. The results indicate an increase in scientific publications in last decade, and the main mean of dissemination are journals, specially in Social Sciences field. In addition, data shows the low impact and the absence of medium and large producers. Finally, the weight of Spain highlights and the implementation of escape rooms in the Higher Education stage stands out too.
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Catana, Elisabeta simona. "E-LEARNING IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE COURSES AS A PREREQUISITE FOR SUCCESSFUL JOB INTERVIEWS AND CAREERS IN THE 21ST CENTURY MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY." In eLSE 2015. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-15-241.
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Living and working in the 21st century multicultural and technological society challenged by business and job market competition, we have to understand and respond to the new needs for education and communication by resorting to e-learning besides traditional learning for career choice and career development. Considering e-learning the prerequisite for thorough preparation for enjoying success in a job interview, this theoretical paper argues for the necessity of engaging the engineering students in e-learning activities in the English language courses and seminars in a technical university with a view to developing their communication skills for succeeding in a future career, showing them the importance of long-life learning and e-learning for adopting flexible, diplomatic and politically-correct approaches in the workplace environment, in a professional environment as well as in a social environment. Acknowledging the significant role of good communication and behavioural skills for successful job interviews and careers in our multicultural society, this paper argues that foreign language courses in a technical university should establish and accomplish the objective of developing the engineering students' language competence, their communicative competence as well as their awareness of the necessity to learn how to act, how to behave in a work-related environment by resorting to traditional learning and e-learning, which are the prerequisites for being able to beat the job market competition, to succeed in a job interview and in one's future career. Just having advanced knowledge in a certain domain and knowing an international language of communication for a job interview in a multinational, a candidate will not meet all the conditions for winning a job and for further succeeding in one's career. The absence of preparation and e-learning leads to poor performance in a job interview. That is why this theoretical paper will enlarge upon: 1) e-learning tasks for preparing and simulating job interviews in the English language classes in a technical university and on 2) e-learning tasks for career success and promotion after being offered the desired job. Quoting a series of theorists who argue for the importance of careful preparation for succeeding in a job interview, this theoretical paper shows that e-learning, besides traditional teaching and learning, is essential for the students' preparation to meet the employers' hiring criteria and demands.
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Malinina, Elena. "Contemporary Art Culture as a Creator of Publicity New Forms: Experience of Perm Theatrical Community." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-13.
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This article covers some new forms of publicness in the field of art culture of the Russian city of Perm, e.g. dramatics as a performance in a street environment, and synthetic museum-theatrical form under the conditions of a stage box. The study was accomplished mainly via culturological method. At one time theatre left the urban environment, but in the 21st century theatrical forms have begun to permeate urban space again, the statement primarily concerns site-specific theatre. This is equivalent to the birth of new theatrical-city publicity, a new modality of the interpenetration of the public and the private. One of the best-known theatrical projects in this field is ‘Remote X’ (‘Rimini Protokoll’ band). Here, the close co-existence habitual to city dwellers turns into a social substrate, and a way to implement interpersonal artistic communication, thereby largely changing the disposition of the former, and transforming itself. Another new form of relationship between collective and individual aspects in the public sphere is the synthetic museum-theatre form, on the example of immersion dramatics ‘Permian Pantheon’ (Perm Academic Theatre, stager Dmitry Volkostrelov). The natural ‘calendar-seasonal’ tempo-rhythm of the dramatics creates a triple semantic effect risen from artistic reality. It immerses the viewer into the process of traditional subsistence in whole (actualisation of the cultural collective unconscious), represents cultural phenomena (which corresponds to the culture-focused paradigm of artistic consciousness of the second half of the 20th century to the early 21st century), reaches the level of worldview values, the philosophical generalisation of cultural-existential reality. Thus, on the example of two Perm theatrical plays the author can speak about the origin of new forms of publicness in contemporary culture to entail new relationships between publicity and privacy in the current realities.
Reports on the topic "Spain – Social conditions – 21st century"
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Petrie, Christopher, Clara García-Millán, and María Mercedes Mateo-Berganza Díaz. Spotlight: 21st Century Skills in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003343.
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There is a wealth of conversation around the world today on the future of the workplace and the skills required for children to thrive in that future. Without certain core abilities, even extreme knowledge or job-specific skills will not be worth much in the long run. To address these issues, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and HundrED conducted this Spotlight project with the goal of identifying and researching leading innovations that focus on 21st Century Skills in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Spotlight program was supported by J.P. Morgan. The purpose of this project is to shine a spotlight, and make globally visible, leading education innovations from Latin America and the Caribbean doing exceptional work on developing 21st Century Skills for all students, teachers, and leaders in schools today. The main aims of this Spotlight are to: Discover the leading innovations cultivating 21st century skills in students globally; understand how schools or organizations can implement these innovations; gain insight into any required social or economic conditions for these innovations to be effectively introduced into a learning context; celebrate and broadcast these innovations to help them spread to new countries. All the findings of the Spotlight in 21st Century Skills are included in this report.