Journal articles on the topic 'Spain – Economic conditions – 21st century'
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1
Romiszewska, Anna. "Influence of immigration on dynamics of economic growth and on condition and standing of public finance of Spain." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 2 (December 5, 2015): 229–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2015.2.10.
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At the turn of 20th and 21st century, Spain was one of target countries of earning immigration not only in the European Union, but in the entire world as well. This paper aims at analyzing the influence of immigration on the dynamics of Spanish GDP in the context of its direct influence on the level of productivity, employment rate, as well as the demographic factor that results from the share of working foreigners in the creation of national income, and the indirect impact resulting from its influence on, among other things, functioning of the labor market through mobility or occupational activity, as well as on changes in the volume of demand notified in the economy. Next, we are going to present the influence of immigration on condition and standing of public finance against the background of revenues generated by foreigners and public expenditures borne on immigrated population. Due to the size of this paper and difficult availability of data, the analysis will cover the country as a whole, disregarding regional differences
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Jenkins, Katie, and Rachel Warren. "Drought-Damage Functions for the Estimation of Drought Costs under Future Projections of Climate Change." Journal of Extreme Events 02, no. 01 (August 2015): 1550001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345737615500013.
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Drought events and their impacts pose a considerable problem for governments, businesses and individuals. Superimposed on this is the risk of anthropogenic climate change. Climate models are increasingly being used to understand how climate change may affect future drought regimes. However, methodologies to quantify economic costs which could occur under these future scenarios are virtually non-existent. In this study, historic drought events were identified in regional precipitation data using the Standardized Precipitation Index, and their magnitude quantified and linked to reported economic costs. Drought damage functions were created for Australia, Brazil, China, India, Spain/Portugal and the USA. Projections of drought magnitude for 2003–2050 were modeled using the Community Integrated Assessment System, for a range of climate and emission scenarios, and future economic costs estimated. Severe and extreme drought events were projected to cause estimated additional losses ranging between 0.04 and 9 percent of national GDP in Australia, the USA and Spain/Portugal under future scenarios of climate change. The combined effect on global GDP from projected long-term drought events in the countries analyzed resulted in additional annual losses of 0.01 to 0.25 percent. This is considered conservative as the analysis is representative of seven countries only; does not incorporate the possibility of successive drought events, or compounding effects on vulnerability from interactions with other extreme events. Furthermore, it excludes indirect economic effects; social and environmental losses; the possibility of increasing vulnerability due to changing socio-economic conditions; and the possibility of irreversible or systemic collapse of economies as the study highlighted that under future climate change drought magnitude may exceed current experience potentially passing thresholds of social and economic resilience. Stringent mitigation had little effect on the increasing impacts of drought in the first half of the 21st century, so in the short-term adaptation in drought "hot spots" will be crucial.
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Fabre, J., D. Ruelland, A. Dezetter, and B. Grouillet. "Sustainability of water uses in managed hydrosystems: human- and climate-induced changes for the mid-21st century." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 9 (September 10, 2015): 9247–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-9247-2015.
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Abstract. This paper assesses the sustainability of planned water uses in mesoscale river basins under multiple climate change scenarios, and contributes to determining the possible causes of unsustainability. We propose an assessment grounded in real-world water management issues, with water management scenarios built in collaboration with local water agencies. Furthermore we present an analysis through indicators that relate to management goals and present the implications of climate uncertainty for our results, furthering the significance of our study for water management. A modeling framework integrating hydro-climatic and human dynamics and accounting for interactions between resource and demand was developed and applied in two basins of different scales and with contrasting water uses: the Herault (2500 km2, France) and the Ebro (85 000 km2, Spain) basins. Natural streamflow was evaluated using a conceptual hydrological model. A demand-driven reservoir management model was designed to account for streamflow regulations from the main dams. Human water demand was estimated from time series of demographic, socio-economic and climatic data. Environmental flows were accounted for by defining streamflow thresholds under which withdrawals were strictly limited. Finally indicators comparing water availability to demand at strategic resource and demand nodes were computed. This framework was applied under different combinations of climatic and water use scenarios for the mid-21st century to differentiate the impacts of climate- and human-induced changes on streamflow and water balance. Results showed that objective monthly environmental flows would be guaranteed in current climate conditions in both basins, yet in several areas this could imply limiting human water uses more than once every five years. The impact of the tested climate projections on both water availability and demand could question the water allocations and environmental requirements currently planned for the coming decades. Water shortages for human use could become more frequent and intense, and the pressure on water resources and aquatic ecosystems could intensify. The causes of unsustainability vary across sub-basins and scenarios, and in most areas results are highly dependent on the climate change scenario.
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A. A., Elaev. "BURYAT ETHNOS IN THE 21st CENTURY." Human research of Inner Asia 3 (2022): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18101/2305-753x-2022-3-6-16.
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The article discusses the prospects for preserving the ethno-cultural identity of the Buryat people in the 21st century. Under the conditions of the transformation of Russian society over the past twenty years and the impact of global integration processes taking place in the world the opportunities for preserving the ethno-cultural identity of the Buryat ethnic group and its language are rapidly declining. Based on the analysis of vari-ous environmental factors, we have considered the possible scenarios for the development of the Buryat ethnos in the conditions of the socio-economic crisis and in the economic stability and growth, and summed up the total prospects for preserving its ethno-cultural identity in the 21st century. The “negative” scenario for the development of the Buryat ethnic group covers the crisis period of the 1990s and early 2000s. Predictive assessments are based on an analysis of the impact of crisis phenomena on the agricultural sector and the social sphere of the village, which led to the outflow of the Buryat population from the village to the city. The economic crisis has a negative impact on the institutions of reproduction and transmission of the Buryat culture: it leads to a reduction in funding and commercialization of their ac-tivities and separation from the needs of the bulk of the ethnic group. Thus, the socio-economic crisis accelerates the process of de-ethnization and acculturation of the ethnos. The “positive” scenario reflects the development of the ethnic group in the context of eco-nomic growth, however, its consequences also negatively affect the preservation of ethnic identity and language, since the needs of the economic development of the ancestral terri-tory of the Buryat ethnic group will entail an influx of labour resources, that is, a popula-tion of other ethnicities, which will reduce the demographic power of the Buryat ethnic group. Thus, the economic growth, as well as the economic crisis will contribute to the ac-culturation and assimilation of the Buryats. In the context of global integration processes taking place in the world and the current policy of Russia, the opportunities of preserving the ethno-cultural identity of the Buryat ethnos and its language due to objective reasons will gradually decrease in the 21st century.
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Erkan, Hakan Sezgin. "Transformation of Migration Rules from Local to Global." BORDER CROSSING 8, no. 2 (December 11, 2018): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/bc.v8i2si.657.
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In the 21st century, the scope and the size of migration are more different than previous centuries. The reason behind this is that there are no more global wars or conflicts between states and the economic developments reached the highest levels for some of the countries. Moreover, states try to increase their industrial level. Hence, the conflicts and the economic development level shape migration routes and the destination country. In this context, I will utilize geopolitics and economic development levels to classify countries. As a result of the end of global conflicts and global war, economic conditions became main determinant for migrations in the globalized world in the 21st century. In the 20th century, the scope of migration was small compared to 21st century because of various reasons. Standardized education and high level industrialization are of two main reasons. In the 21st century, the industrialization hit the top level of the world history and education took standardized structure among particular countries. In this research, all countries will be examined in detail with respect to UN Data. Furthermore, the following questions are targeted to be answered: Does migration flow from less developed countries to developed countries? Do developed countries accommodate more immigrants in their borders?
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SOLODOVNIKOV, S. "PROPERTY AS A POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CATEGORY IN THE 21ST CENTURY." Экономическая наука сегодня, no. 10 (December 11, 2019): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2309-6667-2019-10-5-14.
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The article systematically considers traditional and modern approaches to the definition of property as an economic phenomenon. The general and special in relation to property in the 21st century are shown. In particular, the author notes an increase in the value of ownership of functions and “dispersed” forms of ownership in the network economy, as well as a wide range of objects of property relations, which includes the entire set of economic goods — material means of production, the natural environment, and consumer values, information and social conditions of production, production and social abilities of individuals and the production and socio-economic functions themselves, information and knowledge. The definition of property as a political and economic category is given.
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YAKOVLEV, Petr. "Spain and Portugal in the Power Field of Globalization and Regionalization." Perspectives and prospects. E-journal, no. 2/3 (25/26) (2021): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.32726/2411-3417-2021-2-3-100-114.
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The author traces, from today’s perspective, the course and ways of global and regional (European) influences on social development of the two Iberian countries – Spain and Portugal. Both states have been facing numerous domestic and external challenges at the beginning of the third decade of 21st century. Both have been engaged in strenuous efforts to overcome the grave social and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Both are on the threshold of new major transformations. The two Iberian countries are good case studies of the global and regional trends that would shape the trajectory of global development in the foreseeable future.
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Muñoz, Oscar González, and Milagros Cano Flores. "Basic principles of economic policy and public decision in the 21st century." Journal of Social Sciences (COES&RJ-JSS) 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25255/jss.2020.9.1.21.31.
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In the midst of the new contributions to economic theory and the new challenges that represent globality as a means of integrating markets through the economic policy of the neoliberal order, versus the consolidation of a neo-institutional system through the defense of the Sovereignty as a nationalism of attention to the conditions of political life, it is necessary to conduct a respectful analysis of the new scenario of international life through current economic theory. The objective of this paper is to carry out an analysis of the known economic policy models through the theoretical contribution of classical economists. It is a theoretical exercise and bases its result on the concretion of the complexity of the economic model currently known.
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Khilchevskyi, V. "GLOBAL WATER RESOURCES: CHALLENGES OF THE 21st CENTURY." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 76-77 (2020): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2020.76-77.1.
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The article provides an analytical overview of the state of global water resources and their use in the world. The focus is on the most important component of water resources – freshwater, which on the planet is only 2.5 % of the total. The most accessible renewable water resources are river runoff, which is distributed unevenly on the surface of the planet: Asia (32 %), South America (28 %), North America (18 %), Africa (9 %), Europe (7%), Australia and Oceania (6 %). Along with the characteristics of the known components of freshwater resources (river runoff, groundwater, glaciers), attention is also focused on trends in attracting unconventional sources (recovered wastewater or gray water, desalinated, specially collected rainwater). The total use of fresh water in the world is only 9 % of the total river flow of the planet. At the same time, the problem of water scarcity was included in the list of the World Economic Forum 2015, as one of the global risks in terms of the potential impact on human society in the next decade. Among the causes of global water, scarcity are geographical and socio-economic. Geographical reasons are the spatial and temporal (seasonal) mismatch of the demand for fresh water and its availability. Socio-economic reasons are the growth of the world’s population, urbanization, improving living standards, changes in consumption patterns, and an increase in irrigated land. The latter has become key to the growth of global water demand. Experts forecast that the limited access to fresh water in 2050 can be felt by 3.3 billion more people than in 2000. The article gives examples of a methodology for the hydrological assessment of water scarcity (calculation of the ratio of the volume of annual renewable water resources to the population) and the methodology of economic and geographical assessment. Other approaches to assessing water resources by creating new paradigms (water – blue, green, virtual, water footprint) have been characterized. Throughout the history of mankind, there have been many conflicts related to water. Active water cooperation between countries today reduces the risk of military conflicts. This conclusion was made after studying transboundary water relations in more than 200joint river basins, covering 148 countries. The right to safe water and sanitation is a fundamental right of everyone (UN, 2010). Therefore, among the 17 sustainable development goals adopted by the UN for implementation for the period 2015-2030, Global Goal 6 “Clean Water and Good Sanitary Conditions” is aimed at ensuring sustainable management of water resources and sanitation for all. This will save people from diseases, and society will be given the opportunity to be more productive in economic terms.
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Puślecki, Zdzisław W. "Nowe zjawiska w stosunkach handlowo-ekonomicznych Unii Europejskiej z Chińską Republiką Ludową." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 1 (November 2, 2018): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2012.17.1.3.
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The topic of these considerations concerns the development of trade and economic relations between the European Union and the People’s Republic of China. Their purpose is to indicate new phenomena in these relations. Analysis has shown that mutual economic relations in the first decade of the 21st century expanded considerably on account of common interests. The economic crisis at the turn of the first decade of the 21st century inspired plans to stimulate the economies of both parties, and tighten mutual relations. On both sides there are the conditions and prerequisites to further develop and intensify broad economic cooperation. The Chinese competitive challenge, resulting from its dynamic development, is particularly topical and important for the prospects of the European Union’s global position.
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Terziev, Venelin, and Preslava Dimitrova. "SOCIAL POLICY DEVELOPLMENT AT THE BEGINNING OF 21ST CENTURY." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij2801273t.
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The social policy of a country is a set of specific activities aimed at regulating the social relations between different in their social status subjects. This approach to clarifying social policy is also called functional and essentially addresses social policy as an activity to regulate the relationship of equality or inequality in society. It provides an opportunity to look for inequalities in the economic positions of individuals in relation to ownership, labor and working conditions, distribution of income and consumption, social security and health, to look for the sources of these inequalities and their social justification or undue application.The modern state takes on social functions that seek to regulate imbalances, to protect weak social positions and prevent the disintegration of the social system. It regulates the processes in society by harmonizing interests and opposing marginalization. Every modern country develops social activities that reflect the specifics of a particular society, correspond to its economic, political and cultural status. They are the result of political decisions aimed at directing and regulating the process of adaptation of the national society to the transformations of the market environment. Social policy is at the heart of the development and governance of each country. Despite the fact that too many factors and problems affect it, it largely determines the physical and mental state of the population as well as the relationships and interrelationships between people. On the other hand, social policy allows for a more global study and solving of vital social problems of civil society. On the basis of the programs and actions of political parties and state bodies, the guidelines for the development of society are outlined. Social policy should be seen as an activity to regulate the relationship of equality or inequality between different individuals and social groups in society. Its importance is determined by the possibility of establishing on the basis of the complex approach: the economic positions of the different social groups and individuals, by determining the differences between them in terms of income, consumption, working conditions, health, etc .; to explain the causes of inequality; to look for concrete and specific measures to overcome the emerging social disparities.
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Jacobson, Erik. "Workforce Development Rhetoric and the Realities of 21st Century Capitalism." Literacy and Numeracy Studies 24, no. 1 (March 18, 2016): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/lns.v24i1.4898.
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Increasingly, the provision of adult education (including literacy and training programs) is influenced by a rhetoric of workforce development that tasks education with closing a supposed ‘skills gap’ between the skills that workers have and what employers are looking for. This deficit model of education blames adult learners for their own condition, as well as for larger problems in the economy. In addition to arguing for broader goals for adult education, those in the field also need to question the economic premises of this rhetoric. A review of current economic conditions points to fundamental aspects of capitalism as the source of instability, which means that education and training programs have a limited ability to move large numbers of people out of poverty. For this reason, students and teachers in adult education should focus on developing structural analyses of the situation and push for substantive changes in the economy.
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Qureshi, Sarfraz Khan. "Economic Development: Pakistan's Policy Choices for the 21st Century (Presidential Remarks)." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4I (December 1, 1998): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4ipp.19-23.
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It is an honour for me as President of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists to welcome you to the 14th Annual General Meeting and Conference of th~ Society. As we prepare to enter the new millennium, we find ourselves at a crucial moment in history. It is time to take stock of our past achievements and to assess the new challenges. To deal with the future would require not only thorough knowledge of the evolving nature of development thinking but also a good sense of the policy choices available to a country in its national, international and regional position. What are the main challenges that require our urgent attention? A few words are in order at the very outset about Pakistan's current difficult economic situation. The slow-down in export expansion, capital inflows and foreign direct investment was an expected consequence of the imposition of sanctions. The pessimistic assessment of Pakistan's prospects is based largely on the recent negative trends of these economic parameters. The optimists are of the view that Pakistan has survived the imposition of sanctions rather well. Economic growth has remained positive and inflation has been kept under reasonable control. The optimists further maintain that Pakistan's current economic situation is no worse than that of the East Asian countries when. they started their economic climb and engineered major institutional and policy changes. Lessons from the initial years of the East Asian miracle clearly show that development is decidedly possible no matter what adverse initial conditions obtain in any developing country. Sustained, rapid and equitable growth is possible through the implementation of wide-ranging social and economic reforms. Lessons from'the recentEast Asian Crises are also before us-guiding us on what not to do and how best to protect ourselves in these rapidly changing times.
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Robert, Pierre C. "643 Site-specific Management for the 21st Century." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 558D—558. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.558d.
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The new agricultural system called soil/site specific crop management (SSCM), now more generally named precision agriculture (precision farming) is the start of a revolution in natural resource management based on INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND CONTROL: it is bringing agriculture in the digital and information age. New technologies in the early 80s, particularly the microprocessor, made possible the development in the United States of farm machinery computers and controllers, the electronic acquisition and process of spatial field data to build farm geographic record keeping systems, the production of soil/site specific condition and management maps using GIS, the positioning of machines using GPS, and the development of real-time soil and crop sensors, particularly yield sensors. The concept of precision agriculture originated from a better awareness of soil and crop conditions variability within fields. The variability of soil conditions within parcels in the U.S. has been demonstrated in many ways (soil survey, soil sampling, and remote sensing) for both soil nutrients and soil physical properties (e.g., available water and compaction). It is progressively found that the concept of precision agriculture can be applied to a variety of crops and practices; management technological levels; and farm types and sizes. For example, in addition to grain crops (corn, soybeans, and wheat), applications are now developed for sugar beet and sugar cane, potato, cotton, peanut, vegetables, turf, or- chard, livestock, tree plantation, etc. Precision agriculture is still in infancy but it is the agricultural system of the future because it offers a unique variety of potential benefits in profitability, productivity, sustainability, crop quality, food safety, environmental protection, on-farm quality of life, and rural economic development.
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Pakhar, Lyudmila I. "«Superfluous people» as social and philosophical problem of the 21st century." Вестник Пермского университета. Философия. Психология. Социология, no. 3 (2020): 448–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2020-3-448-458.
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The article deals with the problem of «superfluous people» in the contemporary socio-cultural reality. This term appeared in Russian literature and journalism in the middle of the 19th century to describe people who, with all their external well-being, were dissatisfied with their own life. In contrast to this interpretation, the English economist T. Malthus defined «superfluous people» as the population that consumes resources with minimal profit. The author of the article is in search for the answer to the question why in the contemporary world there is an increase in the number of «superfluous people» in the Malthus’s sense, that is the outcasts, the unemployed, and people who do not fit the standards of consumer society. According to the author, the reason is the distortion of social attitudes in developed countries of the West. The global economic crisis, especially in the context of COVID-19, requires a change in the liberal economic course. The author suggests adjusting the Russian economic policy taking into account the constant sanctions imposed by the West against the Russian Federation. In these conditions, the most appropriate option is the mobilization economic policy. The government should ensure the creation of enterprises for manufacturing import-substituting products, which would protect the country’s economy from the inevitable collapse. Significant attention and support should also be given to the social sphere, which would provide the population with a sufficient number of jobs. These actions of the government would support the country’s economic and social stability, thus making it possible to avoid mass unemployment.
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Lundsteen, Martin. "Conflicts in and around Space: Reflections on ‘Mosque Conflicts’." Journal of Muslims in Europe 9, no. 1 (February 5, 2020): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22117954-12341410.
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Abstract The 21st century has seen increasing attacks directed at Muslim places of worship, a social problem that has resulted in a whole array of investigations. This article suggests that the majority of this research on mosque conflicts fails to address the entrenched class dynamics and shifting geography of capitalist accumulation. Consequently, it complements this research by analysing the first mediatised conflict of its kind in Spain, the protest against the construction of a purpose-built mosque in Catalonia, Premià de Mar. The case demonstrates that the opposition was in fact a racist attack against Muslims answering to the economic interests of the local bourgeoisie. The ones acting it out, a section of the local working class, was convinced that this symbol of migrant presence would be a degrading feature that would jeopardise their recent social upward mobility. Hence it is fundamentally an expression of how racist logic is embedded in the spatial logic of capitalism in the 21st century.
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Seyfried, William. "Examining The Employment Intensity Of Economic Growth Of The PIIGS." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 3 (April 28, 2014): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i3.8596.
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At the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century, several countries in the periphery of Europe began suffering from sovereign debt crises, resulting from and contributing to economic weakness. As of late 2013, each country was struggling with double-digit unemployment rates with rates in Greece and Spain near 27%. Though economic weakness was responsible for falling employment, the linkage between economic growth and employment, known as the employment intensity of economic growth (also called employment elasticity), may differ between nations. Estimation of models developed reveal different dynamics in the respective countries. Regardless of the model employed, the results revealed a very high employment intensity of economic growth in Spain relative to the other nations, indicating that employment was highly sensitive to changes in economic growth. As such, an equivalent decline in GDP had a much larger impact on employment in Spain than the other PIIGS. There is evidence that the structure of the labor market may play some role in explaining different employment elasticities for the countries in question. In particular, the degree of unionization appeared to be negatively correlated with employment intensity (economic growth had a smaller impact on employment in nations that have a larger percentage of unions) while the portion of workers on temporary contracts was positively correlated with employment intensity; countries with a larger percentage of workers on temporary contracts, such as Spain, had a higher employment intensity as employment responded more to changes in economic growth.
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Feng, Lin, Longfang Liu, and He Zhang. "Game Theory-Based Pathway Selection for Fair and Reciprocal Cooperation among Ports along the Maritime Silk Road." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (October 23, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2812418.
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The transport infrastructure connection is the fundamental base for the promotion of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road under the background of the Belt and Road Initiative. Ports, as the core elements in the connection, contribute to the practical infrastructure connections along the maritime road. A multihierarchical cooperation framework in between the ports and based on the fair and mutual benefit concept is the cornerstone of constructing the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road and the engine fuelling the updation of Chinese seaports and growth. This paper first defines the port cooperation along the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road and analyses the opportunity and challenges from the perspectives of the port-industrial and the port-region interaction. Then, it develops research into port cooperation, path selection, cooperation mechanisms, and application conditions in analysing port FDI, BOT, port alliances, multimode transport, and the institutional innovation of China’s ports. In conclusion, we develop a game theory selection analysis to study multiwin cooperation for port FDI in host countries along the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.
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Hanasaki, N., S. Fujimori, T. Yamamoto, S. Yoshikawa, Y. Masaki, Y. Hijioka, M. Kainuma, et al. "A global water scarcity assessment under shared socio-economic pathways – Part 1: Water use." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 12 (December 18, 2012): 13879–932. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-13879-2012.
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Abstract. A novel global water scarcity assessment for the 21st century is presented in a two-part paper. In this first paper, water use scenarios are presented for the latest global hydrological models. The scenarios are compatible with the socio-economic scenarios of the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs), which are a part of the latest set of scenarios on global change developed by the integrated assessment, IAV (climate change impact, adaptation, and vulnerability assessment), and climate modeling community. The SSPs depict five global situations based on substantially different socio-economic conditions during the 21st century. Water use scenarios were developed to reflect the key concepts underpinning each situation. Each scenario consists of five factors: irrigation area, crop intensity, irrigation efficiency, industrial water withdrawal, and municipal water withdrawal. The first three factors are used to estimate agricultural water withdrawal. All factors were developed using simple models based on a literature review and analysis of historical records. The factors are grid-based at a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° and cover the whole 21st century at 5-yr intervals. Each factor displays a wide variation among the different global situations depicted: the irrigation area in 2085 varies between 270 and 450 km2, industrial water between 246 and 1714 km3 yr−1, and domestic water withdrawal between 573 and 1280 km3 yr−1. The water use scenarios can be used for global water scarcity assessments by identifying the regions vulnerable to water scarcity and analyzing the timing and magnitude of scarcity conditions.
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Smuga, Łukasz. "Entre la distopía y la heterotopía: espacios de la crisis en las novelas de Isaac Rosa." Studia Romanica Posnaniensia 49, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strop.2022.491.005.
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This paper analyses urban spaces of crisis in Isaac Rosa’s novels La mano invisible (2011), La habitación oscura (2013), and the graphic novel Aquí vivió. Historia de un desahucio (2016) by Cristina Bueno and Isaac Rosa. It explores the dystopian and realistic elements in Rosa’s fiction and proposes to read his works through the lens of Michel Foucault’s essay on other spaces. The article argues that the unusual, quasi-dystopian spaces are of a double nature, typical for heterotopias, and play a significant role in the manner in which Rosa depicts the consequences of the economic crisis in Spain at the beginning of the 21st century.aper analyses urban spaces of crisis in Isaac Rosa’s novels La mano invisible (2011), La habitación oscura (2013), and the graphic novel Aquí vivió. Historia de un desahucio (2016) by Cristina Bueno and Isaac Rosa. It explores the dystopian and realistic elements in Rosa’s fiction and proposes to read his works through the lens of Michel Foucault’s essay on other spaces. The article argues that the unusual, quasi-dystopian spaces are of a double nature, typical for heterotopias, and play a significant role in the manner in which Rosa depicts the consequences of the economic crisis in Spain at the beginning of the 21st century.
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Sousa, Arturo, Mónica Aguilar-Alba, Mark Vetter, Leoncio García-Barrón, and Julia Morales. "Spatiotemporal Distribution of Malaria in Spain in a Global Change Context." Atmosphere 11, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040346.
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Malaria is one of the most cited vector-borne infectious diseases by climate change expert panels. Malaria vectors often need water sheets or wetlands to complete the disease life cycle. The current context of population mobility and global change requires detailed monitoring and surveillance of malaria in all countries. This study analysed the spatiotemporal distribution of death and illness cases caused by autochthonous and imported malaria in Spain during the 20th and 21st centuries using multidisciplinary sources, Geographic Information System (GIS) and geovisualisation. The results obtained reveal that, in the 20th and 21st centuries, malaria has not had a homogeneous spatial distribution. Between 1916 and 1930, 77% of deaths from autochthonous malaria were concentrated in only 20% of Spanish provinces; in 1932, 88% of patients treated in anti-malarial dispensaries were concentrated in these same provinces. These last data reveal the huge potential that anti-malarial dispensaries could have as a tool to reconstruct historical epidemiology. Spanish autochthonous malaria has presented epidemic upsurge episodes, especially those of 1917–1922 and 1939–1944, influenced by armed conflict, population movement and damaged health and hygiene conditions. Although meteorological variables have not played a key role in these epidemic episodes, they contributed by providing suitable conditions for their intensification. After the eradication of autochthonous malaria in 1961, imported malaria cases began to be detected in 1973, reaching more than 700 cases per year at the end of the second decade of the 21st century. Therefore, consistent and detailed historical studies are necessary to better understand the drivers that have led to the decline and elimination of malaria in Europe and other temperate countries.
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Kutz, William. "Municipalizing geo-economic statecraft: Crisis and transition in Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 6 (February 10, 2017): 1224–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17691969.
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This article investigates how geographical capital switching, precipitated by the 2007–08 economic crisis, has altered the strategic territorial organization of European city-regions. The dislocation of capital accumulation to (emerging) foreign markets has undermined the purported capacity for city-regions to regulate the contradictions of uneven development in the European Union. The argument is that, in southern Spain, city-regions have increasingly responded to the crisis by shifting spatial development away from conventional neoliberal locational initiatives towards an assertion of geo-economic statecraft at the municipal level. Drawing primarily upon the case study of Málaga, Spain the article contributes to theories of new state space in three ways. First, geo-economic statecraft is both embedded within, and is a response to, the historically inherited geographies of neoliberal urbanization. Second, intensified growth imperatives amid recessionary decline belie the importance of gatekeeping activities that municipalize political control over cross-border investment flows that parallel more traditional, selective targeting of state territory. Third, the strategic externalization of economic space has helped to reshape the variegated cartographies of local state territory and sovereignty between the EU and non-member states. Together, these dynamics situate the spatial regulation of urban crises as central to explaining the patterns and processes of European territoriality in the 21st-century.
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Warrich, Haseeb Ur Rehman, Muhammad Rehman, and Sahrish Jamil. "World Domination Games and its Impact on the 21st Century." Global Mass Communication Review II, no. 1 (December 30, 2017): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2017(ii-i).03.
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No other element impacted the historical conditions of the preceding 100 years to such an extent as the war to secure and control the world's reserves of petroleum. Sustainable economic growth after 1873, that discouraged British Empire, arose mechanical economies in Europe. Central Asia remained the object of rivalries and machination by the giant countries of the Europe. World Domination Games started from Pillage Games that lead towards many “Games” such as Great Game, New Great Game, Game Changer and New Game Changer. All prefect countries desire to have a control over the world for the last two centuries. Their efforts turn into numerous clashes and clashes led towards wars. In the twentieth century wars transformed not only their names but also their genetics that has profound impact on the 21st Century. This laid foundation of the emerging new superpowers in every century.
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Valero-Garcés, Carmen. "Research Tendencies in Translation and Interpreting Studies and Intercultural Communication." International Journal of Linguistics 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v10i1.12750.
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The rise of globalization, the strengthening of multicultural societies, the abolishment of borders, technological advances, social networks, and the increasing political power of economic forces are all unmistakable occurrences that are characteristic of the 21st century. Communication within these multilingual societies comes across new developments and challenges that inevitably modify each type of intervention. All these issues are subjects of growing interest within the scope of research and training in Translation and Interpreting Studies and intercultural communication. This article focuses on some of these issues. First, the author will briefly write about some overarching themes in Translation and Interpreting Studies (T&IS). This will be followed by an overview of the influence of some disciplines. After that, some tendencies in research methods used in T&IS will be explore. Finally, an example of crossing domains in research and practice in T&IS in the 21st century will be presented taking as an example the Master Thesis from the MA in Intercultural Communication, Public Service Interpreting and Translation (Chinese- Spanish) offered at the University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
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Hanasaki, N., S. Fujimori, T. Yamamoto, S. Yoshikawa, Y. Masaki, Y. Hijioka, M. Kainuma, et al. "A global water scarcity assessment under Shared Socio-economic Pathways – Part 1: Water use." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 2375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2375-2013.
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Abstract. A novel global water scarcity assessment for the 21st century is presented in a two-part paper. In this first paper, water use scenarios are presented for the latest global hydrological models. The scenarios are compatible with the socio-economic scenarios of the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs), which are a part of the latest set of scenarios on global change developed by the integrated assessment, the IAV (climate change impact, adaptation, and vulnerability assessment), and the climate modeling community. The SSPs depict five global situations based on substantially different socio-economic conditions during the 21st century. Water use scenarios were developed to reflect not only quantitative socio-economic factors, such as population and electricity production, but also key qualitative concepts such as the degree of technological change and overall environmental consciousness. Each scenario consists of five factors: irrigated area, crop intensity, irrigation efficiency, and withdrawal-based potential industrial and municipal water demands. The first three factors are used to estimate the potential irrigation water demand. All factors were developed using simple models based on a literature review and analysis of historical records. The factors are grid-based at a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° and cover the whole 21st century in five-year intervals. Each factor shows wide variation among the different global situations depicted: the irrigated area in 2085 varies between 2.7 × 106 and 4.5 × 106 km2, withdrawal-based potential industrial water demand between 246 and 1714 km3 yr−1, and municipal water between 573 and 1280 km3 yr−1. The water use scenarios can be used for global water scarcity assessments that identify the regions vulnerable to water scarcity and analyze the timing and magnitude of scarcity conditions.
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TIMENKO, M. "21 ST CENTURY SKILLS IN SCHOOL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM." ТHE SOURCES OF PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS, no. 26 (April 7, 2021): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2075-146x.2020.26.227654.
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The author of the article considers and characterizes the main current trends in the development of school education in the UK. The author describes the necessary skills of the XXI century for students of secondary schools in Great Britain and the conditions of their formation. These are skills such as: joint problem solving, responsibility, critical thinking, creativity, emotional intelligence, cooperation, decision making, IT skills, self-regulation, communication, flexibility and adaptability, respect, information and economic literacy, etc. The author also describes the so-called soft skills (flexible) and hard skills (hard). The article notes the role of the 21st century teacher, which today cannot be limited to knowledge transfer, but to focus, discuss and, of course, evaluate students' progress so that they know when more support is needed, as today's innovative schools design classes for knowledge. , not its transportation.
It is argued that modern and relevant and key skills of the 21st century include: problem solving, critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, decision making, IT skills, self-regulation, communication, respect, information and economic literacy, which in turn require appropriate teaching methods of the 21st century. The role of teachers can no longer be limited to knowledge transfer, but should be well-guided, discussed and, of course, evaluated by students' progress so that they know when more support is needed. Today, innovative schools design classrooms for the pursuit of knowledge, not its transportation.
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Bush, Raymond C. "Making the twenty first century its own: Janus faced African (under) development." Afrika Focus 26, no. 1 (February 26, 2013): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02601005.
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This article critiques the idea that Africa under existing conditions of globalisation can take control of its own destiny in the 21st century. It does so by interrogating the empirical economic evidence for recent growth figures on the continent. It argues the optimism that Africa is on the verge of an economic breakthrough is misplaced and needs to be set in the historical context of recurrent optimism that quickly fades under the realities of exploitation and underdevelopment in the continent. Opportunities for sustainable growth and development lie not with greater integration with the world economy but with, among other things, local political and economic struggles in Africa for greater participation in local decision making and control of international capital.
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SOLAMA-COULIBALY, Sophie. "Charles I of Spain and the Defense of Christianity in Europe: Scope and Perception in the 21st Century." World Journal of Social Science Research 10, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v10n1p1.
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By conquering the Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd century, the Romans enriched it with their economic policy and land management. Also, the contribution of religious culture was important because it left traces until today. They entered first with their religious beliefs which they progressively abandoned in favor of Christianity in 313. But, if the peninsulars accepted this religion, it was confronted respectively from the 5th and 8th centuries to the Visigoth and Arab invasions. These situations of invasions have stopped its expansion. In 1492, after the Reconquest of territories by the Catholic Monarchs, they restored and defended it. Charles I of Spain (1500-1558) in turn consolidated this religion and defended it at the universal level to establish its power. But he was confronted with nascent Protestantism and the Turks he had to eradicate so as not to harm Christianity. From a historical perspective, in this analysis, it will be a question of showing the impact of religion; how religion was yesterday an instrument of domination and can still be today.
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Lola, Yu. "Economic Content of the Potential to Overcome the Crisis." Economic Herald of the Donbas, no. 1 (67) (2022): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/1817-3772-2022-1(67)-85-89.
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The global challenges of the 21st century are transforming people's lives, all socio-economic and political processes in the state and regions. Emphasis, composition and interrelationships are changing in the process of formation and use of the economic potential of the region in crisis conditions, which is primarily characterized by the ability of a person to adapt the use of available resources to new adverse factors and quickly rebuild the usual socio-economic systems. In conditions of uncertainty and constant upheavals, human, intellectual, innovative capital acquires leading importance, which largely depends on the level of education in the sciences in the country, which in times of crisis needs special attention and state support.
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Sukhoverkhov, Anton V., and Svetlana A. Kalitko. "The theory of happiness in the 21st century: In search of the socioeconomic foundations." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 478 (2022): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/478/6.
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The article considers the modern revision of the problem of happiness in philosophy, economics, social policy and architecture. It shows that in the 21st century interest has increased in studies of external socioeconomic, environmental and urban planning aspects of happiness. In the article, this view is called externalistic and is contrasted with the earlier internalistic approaches that searched for and developed the internal (mindset-dependent) foundations of happiness. Examples of effective social and economic policies aimed to design external conditions for social well-being and happiness are considered. In the context of modern socioeconomic research, relevant philosophical approaches to happiness and conditions for its achievement are revised. The article juxtaposes theories of happiness as peace of mind and happiness as the pursuit of a dream (self-realization). The second paradigm is actively popularized in the modern society and in business management; however, it gives rise to people's overestimated expectations from and impracticable requirements for themselves. The results of recent research in the field of “happiness economics” demonstrate that happiness has scaled up in recent years from a private task of an individual to a system task that needs to be solved by society and government. Happiness has become a criterion of political and economic efficiency, as well as a significant factor in the company's high productivity and popularity. The article shows that both external (economic, political, environmental) and internal (philosophical, psychological) factors of happiness are broadly used in modern economic “happiness management”. Special attention in the research is paid to new investigations that reveal the dependence of happiness, as well as others human qualities (like altruism or egoism), on reasonably or unreasonably arranged design of the ur-ban/rural environment. The article also stresses that, among Silicon Valley developers, millionaire entrepreneurs and founders of large companies in the United States, the ideas of Stoic philosophy have gained great popularity. This philosophy is used as an effective “operating system” in conditions of constant stress and as a “mental tool” to overcome the fear of death. Stoic ideas of “negative thinking” and “defensive pessimism” are given in the article as examples of such “antistress” methods. Finally, the article cites research that show unique cultures in the world in which happiness is not the highest social value. Such studies allow reconsidering the universality of the category of happiness as a common measure of social well-being.
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Zincenko, A., S. Petrovskii, and V. Volpert. "An economic-demographic dynamical system." Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 13, no. 3 (2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/2018035.
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Human population growth has been called the biggest issue the humanity faces in the 21st century, and although this statement is globally true, locally, many Western economies have been experiencing population decline. Europe is in fact homeland for population decline. By 2050 many large European economies are predicted to lose large parts of their population. In this work, we consider the dynamical system that corresponds to the model introduced by Volpert et al. [Nonlinear Anal. 159 (2017) 408–423]. With the help of this model, we illustrate scenarios that can lead, in the long-run, to sharp population decline and/or deterioration of the economy. We also illustrate that even when under certain conditions the population will go extinct, temporarily it might experience growth.
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Buono, R. A. Dello. "Technology and Development in Latin America: Urgent Challenges for the 21st Century." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 11, no. 3 (2012): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156914912x651523.
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Abstract Capitalist globalization has accelerated technological development but the result has been to intensify global inequalities and reproduce the structures of underdevelopment in entire world regions. In Latin America, the era of Keynesian developmentalism sought to overcome foreign domination that prevailed in modernization-style development regimes. Advances made in that era were halted and later reversed through the imposition of neoliberalism throughout the region. Neoliberal development increased developing country dependency upon foreign technologies and reproduces the structures of underdevelopment. Anti-neoliberal alternatives are possible even under conditions of severe economic crisis as illustrated by the Cuban socialist model. Other countries will likewise need to pursue more endogenously oriented technology policies if they are to overcome the crippling impact of the neoliberal period.
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Guo, Yuhan. "Analysis of Enterprise Management Mode under Market Economy Condition." Journal of Business Theory and Practice 5, no. 3 (June 23, 2017): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jbtp.v5n3p194.
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<em>Economic mode is the basis of the development of enterprise management mode. Ecotype circular </em><em>economic model is the most ideal model of 21st century, which mainly realizes management innovation </em><em>and management planning of modern enterprise under circular economy through evolution process </em><em>analyzing of modern enterprise management mode. Cross and amalgamation management model is the </em><em>objective requirement of circular economy development under enterprise economy conditions. With </em><em>social economic development and change of economic model, enterprise management mode must </em><em>achieve thorough revolution for further development. Therefore, effective management mode of </em><em>enterprise has become the only way to healthy develop 21st economy.</em>
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Mattero, Marina, María Esperanza Calvo Centeno, and María Del Pilar López Portillo. "One Man’s Trash is Another Man’s Treasure: How the Circular Economy Contributes to Achieving SDGs -The Case of Used Tires in Spain." European Journal of Marketing and Economics 1, no. 3 (November 29, 2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejme.v1i3.p32-38.
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During the end of the 20th century and beginning of 21st century, there is a trend to evaluating the actions undertaken to improve the socio-economic environment in which we live, to achieve a greater level of wellbeing for all citizens. In the context of Stakeholder Theory, considering an organization should always operate towards creating positive value for society, the creation of the UN Global Compact and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals created a shift in many regions. The present study evaluates this context and how the implementation of circular economy policies has affected the achievement of SDGs in Spain. Specifically, the role of different private and public agents is evaluated in the tire manufacturing industry and the impact in each of the SDGs. Results show positive results as well as areas of improvement to further improve the roadmap towards achieving the 17 SDGs.
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Ignatskaya, Marina A., and Daniyil R. Malykhin. "Extremely High Environmental Turbulence as a Challenge to 21st Century System Management." RUDN Journal of Public Administration 8, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8313-2021-8-2-115-127.
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The article actualizes the challenges of developing the theoretical and methodological basis for managing environmental turbulence in the 21st century under the unprecedented changes that have taken place both in the interpretation of the category of turbulence itself and the ability to manage it between the end of 2019 and the present in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of the analysis of the category of turbulence of the new type are presented, as well as its nature and content are determined. Conceptual approaches to the criteria for the effectiveness of turbulence management have been developed. The vector of the direction of the evolution of national systems of government in the era of total turbulence at the level of public policy has been defined. The experience of the best management practices at the beginning of 2021 is noted, which, however, shows that without the use of an arsenal of hard technologies it is not yet possible to curb the challenges of extremely high environmental turbulence. Based on the study, the authors made the conclusion about the key role of general civil consent and cooperation in the implementation of manual management regime under the conditions of extremely high environmental turbulence of the early twenties of the 21st century. The peculiarities of forming the international socio-economic context of the period of extremely high turbulence, its problems and contradictions are highlighted. The main features of this context of the newest period include the ongoing systemic crisis of the world economy, permanent structural financial and economic crises, as well as the characteristics of globalization and deglobalization processes as major long-term trends. The trend towards general deglobalization, expressed in the strengthening of national protectionism and manifested in the economic policy of nation-states, has become the most pronounced at the current stage. New international platforms have been sought to implement regulatory management actions in the face of new type of turbulence.
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Molina, Juan Ramón, Armando González-Cabán, and Francisco Rodríguez y Silva. "Potential Effects of Climate Change on Fire Behavior, Economic Susceptibility and Suppression Costs in Mediterranean Ecosystems: Córdoba Province, Spain." Forests 10, no. 8 (August 11, 2019): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080679.
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The potentially large ecological, economic, and societal impacts of climate change makes it a significant problem of the 21st century. These consequences have led to tremendous development in climate change scenarios and new technologies to increase knowledge on the effect and efficiency of mitigation and adaptation measures. Large fires will occur at a higher rate than currently because of lower fuel moisture content resulting in a lower resistance to burning. This is also evidenced by more extreme fire behavior that contributes to higher economic impacts, suppression difficulties and suppression costs. The economic susceptibility concept integrates a set of economic valuation approaches for valuing timber and non-timber resources, considering the fire behavior, and as a consequence, the net value changes for each resource. Flame length increased by 4.6% to 15.69%, according to the different future climate scenarios. Climate change is expected to cause widespread changes to economic susceptibility and suppression costs because of higher flame length and fire intensity. Therefore, our outcomes show an increase in the economic susceptibility of Córdoba Province in the medium and long term (2041–2070) between 6.05% and 25.99%, respectively. In addition, we have found an increase between 65.67% and 86.73% in suppression costs in the last decade. The digital version of the economic susceptibility model using Geographic Information Systems improves its operational capabilities enhancing also its dynamism and simplicity to accept modifications and predictions revisions.
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Rajib Mallik. "Regulated Agricultural Markets in 21st Century: An Outline of their Future Role in Tripura." Restaurant Business 118, no. 11 (November 21, 2019): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/rb.v118i11.11546.
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Agricultural regulated markets are immensely important for economic growth of a state and as well as for a country. In many India states, Government has taken several steps to streamline the regulated market system; however, improper functioning of most of the regulated markets and other handicaps has not changed the conditions noticeably. Yet, a major part of rural markets are working outside the frame of regulated market. As a matter of fact, many Indian states are mostly dominated by private traders causing a hassle in the overall development of the regulated markets. To improve the prevailing conditions of these markets, a study on market regulation becomes very essential. The paper overviewed the present status, growth and development, overall performances, problems and prospects of the regulated markets of Tripura. It provides few guidelines for the primary producers to get the best possible returns from the agricultural regulated markets. An outline of their (regulated markets) future role in 21st Century has also discussed in this paper.
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Mira, J. A., M. Bevià, and J. Giner. "CASTALLA (ALICANTE, SPAIN) VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: USE, LOSS, OBLIVION AND MEMORY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-73-2020.
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Abstract. Vernacular architecture is a reflection of the relationship established by human social structures with their environment and how they take advantage of it for different commercial, economic, productive, pleasure and symbolic-religious purposes. The municipality of Castalla, located in the north of the province of Alicante, is a good example. It is an enclave in which the land use took place from Prehistory thanks to the human communities that mould its landscape. This process was intensified since the eighteenth century with building of pleasure houses, yards, plaster kilns, country houses (in many cases with small chapels) and snow wells, among other constructions. All of them made up a well-preserved landscape until the end of the twentieth century. Its decline took place with the industrialisation of Castalla in the middle of the twentieth century and the emergence of new socio-economic conditions. Consequently, this fact caused the abandonment as well as the oblivion of the material and immaterial characteristics that led to its appearance. This paper will analyse the characteristics of one of these constructions: Casa de la Glorieta (nineteenth century), which is an interesting example of rural buildings in Castalla. In most cases, they are austere country houses aimed basically at the land use. Nevertheless, Casa de la Glorieta (neoclassical style) becomes an ensemble with a double function along with Mas de la Parrotja: to take advantage of the environment and to serve as a pleasure house for the local bourgeoisie.
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Pinto, J. G., E. L. Fröhlich, G. C. Leckebusch, and U. Ulbrich. "Changing European storm loss potentials under modified climate conditions according to ensemble simulations of the ECHAM5/MPI-OM1 GCM." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7, no. 1 (February 8, 2007): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-165-2007.
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Abstract. A simple storm loss model is applied to an ensemble of ECHAM5/MPI-OM1 GCM simulations in order to estimate changes of insured loss potentials over Europe in the 21st century. Losses are computed based on the daily maximum wind speed for each grid point. The calibration of the loss model is performed using wind data from the ERA40-Reanalysis and German loss data. The obtained annual losses for the present climate conditions (20C, three realisations) reproduce the statistical features of the historical insurance loss data for Germany. The climate change experiments correspond to the SRES-Scenarios A1B and A2, and for each of them three realisations are considered. On average, insured loss potentials increase for all analysed European regions at the end of the 21st century. Changes are largest for Germany and France, and lowest for Portugal/Spain. Additionally, the spread between the single realisations is large, ranging e.g. for Germany from −4% to +43% in terms of mean annual loss. Moreover, almost all simulations show an increasing interannual variability of storm damage. This assessment is even more pronounced if no adaptation of building structure to climate change is considered. The increased loss potentials are linked with enhanced values for the high percentiles of surface wind maxima over Western and Central Europe, which in turn are associated with an enhanced number and increased intensity of extreme cyclones over the British Isles and the North Sea.
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Moral, Francisco J., Cristina Aguirado, Virginia Alberdi, Luis L. Paniagua, Abelardo García-Martín, and Francisco J. Rebollo. "Future Scenarios for Aridity under Conditions of Global Climate Change in Extremadura, Southwestern Spain." Land 12, no. 3 (February 22, 2023): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12030536.
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Aridity conditions in semi-arid lands with warm climates are key variables that must be assessed to properly manage water and plan to minimise the threat of desertification. This study analyses the spatial distribution of aridity in Extremadura, southwestern Spain, using the De Martonne aridity index (IDM), considering a historical reference period (1971–2005) and three-time intervals: 2006–2035 (near future), 2036–2065 (mid-century) and 2066–2095 (end of the century). Projections were computed using a set of ten global climate model (GCM) and regional climate model (RCM) combinations under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs), RCP4.5, an intermediate anthropogenic radiative forcing scenario, and RCP8.5, a fossil-intensive emission scenario. Progressive strengthening of aridity conditions over Extremadura was evident until the end of the century, mainly under the RCP8.5 scenario. From the predominance of the Mediterranean aridity class in the south of the region during the reference period, semi-arid conditions will soon spread across this zone, occupying most of it during mid-century and later. In the north of Extremadura, less arid conditions will be reduced to the highest elevations, increasing the Mediterranean and semi-arid categories, particularly under the RCP8.5 scenario. Consequently, the projected increase in aridity conditions in Extremadura will make this region more vulnerable to climate change. Policies devoted to adapting to the expected conditions and controlling aridity in vulnerable areas will be necessary to mitigate the negative impacts, with significant environmental and socio-economic implications in the region.
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Garbuzov, V. N. "Zigzags of the Post-Imperial Syndrome." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S6 (September 2022): S492—S503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s101933162212005x.
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Abstract The death of every empire is always painful and often turns into tragedy. It inevitably entails painful processes: the rupture of habitual economic ties, the loss of vast territories and spheres of influence, the formation of new states and the definition of borders between them, the emergence of national minorities on the territory of neighbors, etc. However, perhaps the most painful result is the sense of loss of self-worth, a complex of lost greatness that develops into the so-called post-imperial syndrome. In the 20th century, it manifested itself in Germany, Great Britain, France, Austria, Spain, Portugal, Turkey, and former metropolises, which, with the loss of their colonies, lost not only established ties but also geopolitical influence, and with it their former imperial power. In the first quarter of the 21st century, Russia also has had to face the post-imperial syndrome. This article is devoted to its manifestations at this time.
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González Agudo, David. "Prices in Toledo (Spain): Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries." Social Science History 43, no. 02 (2019): 269–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2019.2.
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Differences in material conditions are a determinant that explains the little divergence between northwestern and southern Europe. This article approaches the evolution of prices in early modern Toledo (Spain). The price index includes new items such as housing and employs different baskets over time, reflecting changes in consumption patterns. During the city’s golden age, prices grew faster than in London, Paris, or Amsterdam. Wine, urban rent, and food prices experienced a great increase, coinciding with demographic growth and the arrival of the American precious metals. Prices slowed in the first half of the seventeenth century, throughout Castile’s demographic and economic decay.
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Bakay, Mehmet Emin. "21st Century Skills for Higher Education Students in EU Countries: Perception of Academicians and HR Managers." International Education Studies 15, no. 2 (February 25, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v15n2p14.
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The main objective of the study is to analyze the EU labor market needs and expectations in 21st Century skills in five countries from the point of view of academicians and HR managers. The meta-analysis research method was used to analyze the current reports of Turkey, the Czech Republic, Italy, Bulgaria, and Spain. The research results and findings of each country report have been comparatively analyzed. The research sample consists of five national reports. All views obtained from 28 human resources managers and 14 academicians were examined. According to research results, HR managers have more practical and pragmatist expectations from graduates such as business intelligence, knowledge of foreign languages, and continuous learning. Academicians emphasize graduates’ data mining ability, which refers to critical thinking. While academicians give high priority to communication and problem-solving, HR managers prioritize collaboration/team working skills. Agility skills defined as the ability to adapt to the changing conditions, are put in the second place by HR managers. According to academicians and HR managers, the most important 21st Century skills, in five countries, are communication, collaboration, and self-direction. There exists a need for innovative teaching materials to teach aforementioned skills to higher education students.
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Kuznetsov, A. V. "Economic sustainability of Russia under the Conditions of Technological Transformations." Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 9, no. 6 (February 10, 2020): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2019-9-6-45-52.
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Climate change and the development of digital technologies have prompted a rethinking of the dominated model of economic growth. In 2011 American publicist and economist Jeremy Rifkin has published the book “The third industrial revolution”, in which the author describes a new scientific picture of the world, which implies a transition from an “ownership economy” to a “sharing economy”. In 2016 the president of the World Economic Forum in Davos Klaus Schwab put forward the idea of a “fourth industrial revolution”, which, in his opinion, opens up new opportunities for collective innovation and the creation of shared value systems by connecting the physical, digital and biological worlds. The purpose of the article is to generalize the features of modern world technological transformations and determine the degree of Russia’s involvement in the development of the main directions of science and technology of the 21st century. The methods of analysis used include synthesis, abstraction, generalization and an integrated approach to cognition. The author considered the trajectories of modern technological transformations and discussed the role of the USSR in the design of techno-centric foundations of the sustainable development model. Also, the author analyzed the main provisions of state programs of Russia in the medium-term development of information, bio- and nanotechnologies.
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Belausteguigoitia, Jone, Jon Laurenz, and Alberto Gómez. "Modular Ecotechnological Architecture: A Response to The Demands of the 21st Century." Open House International 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2011-b0011.
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Constant change in current market and social conditions has triggered the demand for a more adaptable building stock. The capacity to assume and accommodate change has thus become a new requirement for buildings. At the same time, there is a growing demand for more environmentally conscious buildings. New protocols, building codes, and certification systems are becoming stricter regarding buildings’ CO2 emissions, energy efficiency, and other environmental aspects. The current building industry fails to satisfy these two demands; conventional buildings rarely enable change, unless undergoing complex renovations, and rarely consider environmental features beyond mandatory legislation. In this context, this paper proposes Modular Ecotechnological Architecture as a response to both demands. The basis is an integrated design that looks at energy, water, and materials’ efficiency altogether, combined with a modular industrialized building system. The system allows buildings to grow or reduce in size according to their needs, with little impact for their inhabitants, enabling versatility for a variety of uses within the same space and over time. This paper presents the concept of this new building system together with the technical, building code-related, and economic challenges encountered throughout recent experimental projects.
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Volosyuk, Olga. "Inter Arma Silent Musae: the Role of Public Diplomacy in Relations between Russia and Spain." ISTORIYA 13, no. 10 (120) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023487-4.
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The article deals with the role of public diplomacy in Russian-Spanish relations; puts forward a hypothesis, that public diplomacy plays an independent role, sometimes even replacing traditional diplomacy, in the “political vacuum”, when political ties between the two countries were frozen or even broken off. The author points out that some examples of public diplomacy can be traced in Russian-Spanish relations in the 18—19th centuries, but they transferred into state policy only in the 20th century. It was at that time that the Soviet government started to maintain a purposeful public policy aimed at “creating a positive image of the country” through the development of cultural and scientific contacts. This is demonstrated in the article on a number of examples: The October Revolution, which divided the world into two opposing blocs, in which there was no place for political relations; the period of Francoism, when both states publicly declared their irreconcilable ideological confrontation, but in fact were pragmatically building economic relations and strengthened scientific and cultural contacts. In those years, the personal support of prominent scientists and public figures played a huge role in building official diplomatic relations after the death of Franco. The author pays special attention to the role of the diplomacy of science and education, the importance of which. increased noticeably in the 21st century. From this point of view, the evolution of relations between Russia and Spain in the first quarter of this century is considered, especially during the period of cooling of relations as a result of the Ukrainian crisis.
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Varea, Carlos, Elena Sánchez-García, Barry Bogin, Luis Ríos, Bustar Gómez-Salinas, Alejandro López-Canorea, and José Martínez-Carrión. "Disparities in Height and Urban Social Stratification in the First Half of the 20th Century in Madrid (Spain)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (June 10, 2019): 2048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112048.
Full textAbstract:
Adult height is the most commonly used biological indicator to evaluate material and emotional conditions in which people grew up, allowing the analysis of secular trends associated with socio-economic change as well as of social inequalities among human populations. There is a lack of studies on both aspects regarding urban populations. Our study evaluates the secular trends and the disparities in height of conscripts born between 1915 and 1953 and called-up at the age of 21 between 1936 and 1969, living in districts with low versus middle and high socio-economic conditions, in the city of Madrid, Spain. We test the hypothesis that urban spatial segregation and social stratification was associated with significant differences in height. Results show that height increased significantly during the analysed period, both among conscripts living in the middle- and upper-class districts (5.85 cm) and in the lower-class districts (6.75 cm). The positive secular trend in height among conscripts from middle- and upper-class districts was sustained throughout the period, but the trend in height among the lower class fluctuated according to social, political, and economic events. Our findings support previous research that adult height is influenced strongly by the family living conditions during infancy and by community effects acting during childhood and adolescence.
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Silva, Célia Taborda. "Democracy and Popular Protest in Europe: The Iberian Case (2011)." European Journal of Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/643pea84j.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, Europe has witnessed social movements that break away from the conventional patterns typical of 19th and 20th century movements. The party-or trade union-organised social movements, very much centred on 19th century political and economic issues, or the New Social Movements centred on more universal values such as peace, environment, gender, ethnicity, of the 20th century seem to be changing their 'repertoire'. At the beginning of the 21st century, parties and trade unions have been losing their leading role in the organisation of demonstrations and strikes and collective actions prepared and led by specific actors have given way to new forms of social action, without leaders, without organisation, without headquarters, and which use social networks as a form of mobilisation. These are social movements that contest not to have more rights but to exercise those that exist, a full citizenship that offers the freedom to express one's opinion and the regalia of participation in political, economic, social, educational areas. In Europe, there are various types of such movements, but we will highlight the "Geração à Rasca (Scratch Generation)" movement in Portugal and that of the "Indignados (Outraged)" or 15 M in Spain, both started in 2011, and which had repercussions in the main European capitals. Using a qualitative methodology, through these protest movements we seek to understand how the complexity of today's social movements and their non-institutionalisation represent a challenge to European democracy.
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CİHAN TEMİZER, Nihal. "Comparative efficiency and capacity analysis of Waqf Agricultural Enterprises (19th century Ottoman and the 21st century Turkey: Aegean Example)." Journal of Life Economics 8, no. 3 (July 31, 2021): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.8.3.02.
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In the study, the foundation olive groves as the foundation agricultural enterprises in the 19th century Ottoman Empire Aegean Region and the 21st century Ayvalik Waqf Olive Groves Management Directorate are examined in terms of productivity and capacity. When the Aegean Region waqf agricultural enterprises were examined in the 19th century, generally waqf olive groves were found. In addition, today's Ayvalık agricultural waqf enterprise is examined. When doing research, Ottoman Archive documents and Ayvalık Waqf Olive Groves reports are used. In the waqf olive groves; When we make a comparison on the basis of villages, today's productivity has increased three times at most in some villages, sometimes the same, sometimes less, compared to the 19th century. Although today's socio-economic conditions and technology are in a better state, there has not been a serious difference in productivity. In the Ottoman Empire, foundation agricultural enterprises were operated by the method of tax-farming. Since today’s waqf agricultural enterprises are operated in a similar way to the tax farming method, we can say that olive groves are operated by modern tax-farming method.
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Szilovics, Csaba. "Experience in Tax Changes in Certain Central European Countries in the Past Two Decades." Polgári szemle 16, no. 4-6 (2020): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24307/psz.2020.1010.
Full textAbstract:
This study reviews the tax regimes of four Central European countries. A hundred years ago, these countries were part of a single economic and political unit, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (which included the entire territory of today’s Austria, Hungary, and Slovakia, and a significant part of Romania: Transylvania, Banat and Partium). Already then, different regions had different economic strengths, but their legal and cultural conditions were the same. By the end of the 20th century, despite their different historical development models, these four countries became once again part of a legal, economic and cultural entity, i.e. the system of the European Union, and then during the first decade of the 21st century, they became its full members. The tax changes implemented by these countries in the recent decades and their success in catching up with the level of welfare in the European Union are studied in this context.