Academic literature on the topic 'Spain – Economic conditions – 2008-'
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Journal articles on the topic "Spain – Economic conditions – 2008-"
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Barrio, Astrid. "The Weakness of Populism in Spain." Debats. Revista de cultura, poder i societat 5 (December 30, 2020): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.28939/iam.debats-en.2020-11.
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This paper analyses why Populism has failed to take root in Spain despite a ‘soil’ that has favoured its seeding and growth elsewhere. At first sight, Spain seems to provide the conditions in which Populism can thrive: a deep economic crisis (which began with the financial meltdown in 2008) and a succession of corruption scandals affecting all the main political parties. Even so, Populism has failed to gain a hold in Spain. The traditional Far Right is very weak, and new parties such as Podemos and Ciudadanos cannot be considered Populist. While Vox displays all the features of a radical right-wing party, it is one from which Populism is absent. We argue that the lack of Populism in Spain can mainly be explained by the highly fractured nature of the country’s politics, with left-right and national fault lines shaping how political competition plays out in the nation.
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Pérez-Morente, María, María Sánchez-Ocón, Encarnación Martínez-García, Adelina Martín-Salvador, César Hueso-Montoro, and Inmaculada García-García. "Differences in Sexually Transmitted Infections between the Precrisis Period (2000–2007) and the Crisis Period (2008–2014) in Granada, Spain." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 2 (2019): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020277.
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Objective: To analyze the difference in the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) between two time periods (2000–2007 and 2008–2014, with the latter period characterized by the economic crisis), as well as determine differences in sociodemographic factors, clinical care, and risk indicators. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational, and analytical study, reviewing 1437 medical records of subjects attending a specialized center in the province of Granada (Spain) for consultation associated with the presence or suspicion of an STI between 2000–2014. Data were collected on variables relating to the research objective. A descriptive and bivariate statistical analysis was performed by multiple logistic regression. Results: In the analysis comparing the presence of STIs between the crisis and non-crisis periods, the percentage of positive diagnoses reached 56.6% compared to 43.4% negative diagnoses during the non-crisis period, while the percentages were 75.2% and 24.8%, respectively, during the crisis period. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001) with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.21 after adjusting for age, sex, days since last unprotected sexual intercourse, and partners in the last year. Conclusions: There are significant differences in the prevalence of STIs between the study periods, which is consistent with the reports of some authors regarding the effect of the financial crisis on these conditions; however, it is worth considering other aspects that might explain the differences.
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Oliveira, Jonas da Silva, Graça Maria do Carmo Azevedo, and Maria José Pires Carvalho Silva. "Institutional and economic determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure by banks." Meditari Accountancy Research 27, no. 2 (2019): 196–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-01-2018-0259.
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PurposeThis study aims to explore the firm’s and country-level institutional forces that determine banks’ CSR reporting diversity, during the recent global financial crisis.Design/methodology/approachSpecifically, this study assesses whether economic and institutional conditions explain CSR disclosure strategies used by 30 listed and unlisted banks from six countries in the context of the recent 2007/2008 global financial crisis. The annual reports and social responsibility reports of the largest banks in Canada, the UK, France, Italy, Spain and Portugal were content analyzed.FindingsThe findings suggest that economic factors do not influence CSR disclosure. Institutional factors associated with the legal environment, industry self-regulation and the organization’s commitments in maintaining a dialogue with relevant stakeholders are crucial elements in explaining CSR reporting. Consistent with the Dillard etal.’s (2004) model, CSR disclosure by banks not only stems from institutional legitimacy processes, but also from strategic ones.Practical implicationsThe findings highlight the importance of CSR regulation to properly monitor manager’s’ opportunistic use of CSR information and regulate the assurance activities (regarding standards, their profession or even the scope of assurance) to guarantee the proper credibility reliability of CSR information.Originality/valueThe study makes two major contributions. First, it extends and modifies the model used by Chihet al.(2010). Second, drawn on the new institutional sociology, this study develops a theoretical framework that combines the multilevel model of the dynamic process of institutionalization, transposition and deinstitutionalization of organizational practices developed by Dillardet al.(2004) with Campbell’s (2007) theoretical framework of socially responsible behavior. This theoretical framework incorporates a more inclusive social context, aligned with a more comprehensive sociology-based institutional theory (Dillardet al., 2004; Campbell, 2007), which has never been used in the CSR reporting literature hitherto.
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Malashenko, T. "Banking sector of Spain: innovation." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 4 (December 28, 2019): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2019-4-49-57.
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In a turbulent global economy, the introduction of innovations in the banking sector is a key factor in improving efficiency and stabilizing the global financial system. World financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009 became a serious test for the economy of Spain. The recognition of the importance of adapting the banking sector to new economic conditions is becoming increasingly relevant for considering modern processes taking place in the European Union and in the global economy as a whole. Spain is at the forefront in introducing digital technology into the banking sector, but its experience has been little studied. This is the first work analyzing the Spanish experience in introducing, developing and operating new technologies: Blockchain, mobile banking applications, alternative finance, sharing platforms, crowdsourcing. The author concludes that the introduction of innovation has transformed the banking sector in Spain and has led to a decrease in bank employees and a reduction in offices. The freed up resources were directed to the activation of the digital segment, which led to the leading position of Spain in digital banking. In the future, an even greater spread and development of these technologies is expected. It will grow more slowly than income, as deferred demand is absorbed and households increase their savings rates.
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Lvova, Alla Olegovna, and Sussanna Vachagonovna Vantsyan. "ECONOMIC PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CATALONIA AS SOVEREIGN STATE." Chronos 7, no. 4(66) (2022): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-7556-66-4-45.
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This article is devoted to the study of the economic performance of Spain and its separate region of Catalonia from 2000 to 2019. It attempts to determine the contribution of the autonomous region to Spain’s GDP, to show the main industries that play a key role in the economy of Catalonia, to list the risks that Spain and Catalonia might face if the latter could gain independence, to determine whether Catalonia has an opportunity of becoming a sovereign state. The purpose of the study is to determine the conditions for the economic independence of Catalonia from Spain on the basis of statistical data of the analysis.
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Klotz, Philipp, Tsoyu Calvin Lin, and Shih-Hsun Hsu. "Modeling property bubble dynamics in Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain." Journal of European Real Estate Research 9, no. 1 (2016): 52–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-11-2014-0038.
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Purpose Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain have been in the spotlight of the recent economic crisis in Europe. With their economy strongly reliant on the construction industry, these countries have become widely exposed to the downturn in the property sector. This paper aims to examine residential property bubble dynamics in the period from 2003 to 2014 and investigate the role of financing conditions in the formation of these bubbles. Design/methodology/approach Building on the present value model in conjunction with the rational bubble assumption, the study applies the discounted cash flow (DCF) approach and applies weighted average cost of capital (WACC) to capture real estate bubble dynamics in the four countries. Reduced form vector autoregression models are used to examine the relationship between financing conditions and the bubble indicator. Findings The bubble indicator suggests that Spain and Ireland experienced a large rise in the bubble relative to moderate increases in Portugal and Greece in the period from 2003 up to the collapse in 2008. Our findings from the empirical analysis indicate that central bank policy shifts that impact interest rates and lending volumes on the domestic level have a significant and leading effect on the formation of residential property bubbles. Originality/value Only little research on real estate bubbles takes financial leverage into account. This paper bridges this gap by applying the WACC in the DCF model to identify real estate bubbles. While using a distinct bubble indicator, this analysis provides new insights into the linkage between financing conditions and real estate bubbles.
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Orlov, A. "KEY PROBLEMS OF MODERN SPAIN." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 1 (March 28, 2016): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2016-1-9-14.
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Adoption in 1978 of the new Constitution became a watershed between two Spains - old, dictatorial and modern, socially oriented, democratic. As a result of shown by leaders of the main political parties, labor unions and pragmatic part of the armed forces responsibility for the future of the country, the compromise solutions of a number of burning issues have been found that created necessary conditions for stable development of Spain for three next decades. Nevertheless over the years there were new problem knots which were distinctly shown during the financial and economic crisis 2008 which painfully struck across Spain, and the long-term depression which followed it. After the national elections to General Courts which took place on December 20, 2015 it became obvious that actually two-party system existing throughout the most part of the post-Franco period in Spain consigned to the past. It was succeeded by four-party system that excessively complicates process of formation of the stable government. In the practical plane there is a question of need to make changes into the existing Constitution of Spain (country federalization, fixing in the Fundamental law of the new civil and political rights and freedoms, revision of bases of an electoral system, reform of the Senate, etc.). The Catalan nationalism / separatism and corruption in the top echelons of power are distinguished from the burning issues of modern Spain. In article the conclusion is drawn that Spain faces a responsible choice today, on what way to go: or to continue the inertial movement on the route offered by the Spanish conservatives or to decide on changes, to initiate something similar to «the second transit» for what can call the left forces.
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Halvorsen, Knut. "Economic, Financial, and Political Crisis and Well-Being in the PIGS-Countries." SAGE Open 6, no. 4 (2016): 215824401667519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016675198.
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The research question in this article is threefold: To which degree is the financial crisis of 2008 and the subsequent recession associated with reduced well-being among people in the four hardest affected EURO countries? Are individual factors associated with reduced well-being the same in these countries? and Are lower socioeconomic groups more severely hit than the better off?. Data before the crisis are compared with data in 2013/2014 (EU-SILC [European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions] survey 2013) for Greece, Portugal, Ireland, and Spain. Finland is used as a reference category. Before control of individual characteristics, regressions demonstrate a small and mostly significant fall in average satisfaction with life in these countries, Portugal being an exception. According to the theory of capability and actual economic and political development, it was hypothesized that Greece—being the worst case in terms of economic development—may experience the greatest fall in life satisfaction. This hypothesis is not supported by the data. In fact, the strongest decline was found in Ireland. In particular, lack of political trust stands in Greece out as having an impact, while poor health is related to Ireland and unemployment to Portugal and Spain. Greatest socioeconomic inequality in life satisfaction was found in Portugal.
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Mekhonoshina, Yu A. "THE EU ECONOMY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC CRISIS. IRELAND’s CASE." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 4, no. 4 (2020): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2020-4-4-462-466.
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In 2008 the world faced a powerful economic crisis, which led to significant problems in the EU. Some states, such us Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain, were on the verge of default. In such conditions the EU had to take appropriate measures to save European countries. The author reviewed the measures which concerned Ireland. At the beginning of the century Irish economy showed rapid growth. But in 2010 the default threatened “The Celtic tiger”. It was conditioned by the collapse of mortgage landing system and the rapid outflow of foreign capital. As far as Ireland participates in the euro zone the other European countries are interested in the stabilization of Ireland’s economy. All measures of saving Ireland’s economy could be divided to two groups. The first group includes the measures taken by the government of Ireland. This is state financing of bank sphere, which was done without being agreed with the EU (moreover, the European council reacted negatively), and changing of tax rate approved by the EU. The second group is represented by the measures of European institutes. It includes preferential credits and suppression of sanctions for violation of Maastricht criterion in exchange for austerity budget. In Ireland’s case such policy doesn’t seem really effective. The level of Ireland’s budget deficit is more than 3 % of GDP and its current economic growth does not permit to redeem the loans. Economic problems provide political instability, that’s why Ireland’s government cannot elaborate long-term financial policy. Though European institutes managed to find consensus between different national interests, the EU needs no less than 15 years to return to pre-depression economic level.
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Golemo, Karolina. "Imigranci w Hiszpanii w dobie kryzysu. Reakcje hiszpańskiej opinii publicznej i prasy w okresie 2008-2011." Sprawy Narodowościowe, no. 44 (December 15, 2014): 46–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2014.005.
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Immigration in Spain in times of crisis. Spanish public opinion and press reactions in the period from 2008 to 2011In recent decades immigrants considerably influence the social and cultural landscape of Spain. The immigration brings a new dimension of multiculturalism phenomenon and enriches the hybrid (ethnic, regional, linguistic) Spanish identity. All immigrant communities are factors of cultural change in different levels of social life. Their impact on the receiving society can be both measured through the “hard” statistical data and described from the subjective perspective focusing on the social representations, expectations, fears, lifestyle and mentality changes, cultural closeness and remoteness, etc. Over the last years the global crisis has been a idée fixe of the socio-economic (but also cultural) discourse in many parts of the world. Spain was placed among countries most affected by the recession. Its economic downturn and social impasse led to internal political crisis (the accelerated general elections in 2011) and to appearance of the protest movement Indignados fighting for better conditions for life. Immigrants have become one the most relevant participant of the social changes in times of recession and conflicts. The intent of this article is to present the situation of the immigrant community in Spain in the period from 2008 to 2011, in reference to statistical reports, public opinion surveys and selected comments of Spanish press. Imigranci w Hiszpanii w dobie kryzysu. Reakcje hiszpańskiej opinii publicznej i prasy w okresie 2008-2011Imigranci są od kilku dekad bardzo istotnym elementem hiszpańskiego społeczeństwa. Ich obecność w Hiszpanii to stosunkowo nowe oblicze wielokulturowości, współistniejące (nie zawsze zgodnie) z innymi składnikami złożonej hiszpańskiej tożsamości: etnicznej czy regionalnej. Społeczności imigranckie są często nośnikiem zmiany kulturowej na różnych poziomach życia społecznego. Bywają motorem przemian zarówno w sensie obiektywnym, co pokazuję „twarde” dane (wpływ na rynek prac i strukturę zatrudnienia, system edukacji, czy kierunek polityki społecznej), jak i w wymiarze bardziej subiektywnym, dotyczącym społecznych wyobrażeń, oczekiwań, niepokojów (przemiany stylu życia, mentalności, dynamika tolerancji vs. zamknięcia kulturowego, poczucie nowych zagrożeń w społeczeństwie przyjmującym etc.).W ostatnich latach tematem przewodnim debaty społeczno-ekonomicznej, ale także kulturowej, stał się postępujący kryzys dotykający zachodnie społeczeństwa. Hiszpania to jeden z tych krajów, w których ten impas przyjął szczególnie wyrazistą formę. Świadczyły o tym m.in. zawirowania na wewnętrznej scenie politycznej (przyspieszone wybory parlamentarne w 2011 r.), czy powstające ruchy społeczne walczące o poprawę warunków życia: Indignados. Imigranci stali się ważnymi uczestnikami wydarzeń i przemian społecznych zachodzących w dobie recesji i konfliktów. Celem artykułu będzie próba przedstawienia sytuacji społeczności imigranckich w Hiszpanii w latach 2008-2011, w odwołaniu do raportów statystycznych i sondaży opinii publicznej w Hiszpanii oraz wybranych komentarzy hiszpańskiej prasy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spain – Economic conditions – 2008-"
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VIDAL, Guillem. "The political consequences of the Great Recession in Southern Europe crisis and representation in Spain." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/63265.
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Defence date: 13 June 2019<br>Examining Board:
Prof. Hanspeter Kriesi, European University Institute (Supervisor);
Prof. Elias Dinas, European University Institute;
Prof. Eva Anduiza, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona;
Prof. Kenneth M. Roberts, Duke University<br>The Great Recession constituted a breaking point in several aspects of the cultural, economic and political life of southern European countries (i.e. Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain). This dissertation aims to shed light on the political consequences of the economic crisis in this region —with a specific focus on Spain as a paradigmatic case— by analysing different aspects of the political transformations that took place during the period of crisis. The underlying argument is that, albeit some relevant differences, the four countries experienced a common pattern: the incapacity of national politics to offer differentiated recipes to the deteriorating economic situation triggered a widespread crisis of representation that introduced new issues in the political agenda and drove the political transformations in these countries. The combination of a political and economic crisis at the national and European levels opened new political spaces that new parties capitalised by appealing to the need for democratic renewal and opposition to austerity politics. Furthermore, as illustrated by the Spanish case, and in particular the Catalan experience, the political crisis had far-reaching consequences beyond economic grievances, leading to the activation of different types of conflicts. Overall, the findings suggest that the transformations in the structure of political conflict in southern Europe in the aftermath of the Great Recession are not the by-product of a growing cultural divide —as is the case in several other continental and north-European countries—, but instead respond to the loss of credibility in the political system. Methodologically, the dissertation relies on an original dataset of media content as well as on several sources of survey data to test the empirical validity of the claims.<br>Chapter 2 'From Boom to Bust : A Comparative Analysis of Greece and Spain under Austerity' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as chapter 'From boom to bust : a comparative analysis of Greece and Spain under austerity' (2018) in the book Living under austerity : Greek society in crisis.<br>Chapter 3 'Old versus new politics: The political spaces in Southern Europe in times of crisis' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'Old versus new politics : the political spaces in Southern Europe in times of crises' (2018) in the journal 'Party politics'<br>Chapter 4 'Out with the Old: Restructuring Spanish Politics' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'Challenging business as usual? : the rise of new parties in Spain in times of crisis' (2017) in the journal 'West European politics'
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Lobato, Rodríguez Marta M. "The subjective revolution: society and culture in post 2008 Spain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664206.
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La investigación que sustenta esta tesis se sitúa en el contexto de la crisis económica del 2008, la cual tuvo un gran impacto en los países del sur de Europa, así como en otras regiones del mundo. Considerando sus principales consecuencias, como son la desregulación del mercado laboral, la retirada de fondos de inversión pública y el aumento de las desigualdades, esta tesis se propuso encontrar respuestas a preguntas tales como: ¿de qué manera han afectado los cambios socioeconómicos a aquellos segmentos de la sociedad que podríamos llamar de medianos y bajos ingresos en España y Chipre? y ¿cuáles son las bases estructurales y culturales (ideas, narrativas, creencias) sobre las que se están construyendo estas desigualdades? Con el propósito de encontrar respuestas a estas preguntas, llevé a cabo trabajo de campo en diferentes localidades de España y, en menor medida, en Chipre.
Esta tesis sugiere que las experiencias de trabajo precario y las crecientes dificultades para manejar las esferas productivas y reproductivas de la vida han creado un décalage con respecto al proyecto de clase media que caracterizaba el Estado de Bienestar de los Estados Europeos de los 70 tras el auge de la financialización y de los mercados globales. De este modo, a pesar de darse ciertas continuidades con dicho proyecto, ha habido un aumento de las desigualdades entre las capas medias y bajas.
Para sostener estas expectativas, la llamada ‘clase media’ emerge como una clase “simbólica” que se acerca mucho más al idealismo neoliberal promovido por las élites que a los que realmente han sido desplazados. En el paradigma flexible contemporáneo observamos, así, una re-estructuración de lo que llamo ‘la política económica de los valores’ y de las expectativas que motivan a los trabajadores a vender su fuerza de trabajo. El título de la tesis, “La revolución subjetiva”, engloba ese universo cultural a través del cual los símbolos son movilizados y re-inventados, y en el cual se han desplegado un gran número de recursos para hacerle frente a la crisis. Ahora bien, ¿cuál es el mecanismo a través del cual esta re-estructuración de ‘la economía política de los valores’ se materializa? Entendiendo que esta última ola de precariedad en las condiciones de trabajo ha supuesto una abstracción del valor del trabajo a través de elementos culturales y simbólicos, concluyo que la alienación derivada de este proceso dificulta identificar la precariedad con un retroceso político de las libertades.
Por esto, sugiero que el trabajador flexible de la post-crisis mantiene las aspiraciones culturales de esta clase simbólica despiertas, y sus reivindicaciones políticas adormecidas.<br>The research upon which this thesis is based took place in the context of the economic crisis that hit Southern Europe and other regions of the world in 2008. Considering the changes that scholars were pointing at, such as the further de-regulation of the labour market, the cuts in public spending, and the rising levels of inequality, I sought to find specific answers to the questions: In what ways have socio-economic transformations following the crisis changed the lives of ‘middle’ and ‘lower-middle’ segments of the Spanish and Cypriot societies? And, what are the structural and qualitative foundations (ideas, narratives, beliefs) informing these new inequalities? For this purpose, fieldwork was carried out in different settings and locations in Spain, and to a lesser extent, in Cyprus. This thesis proposes that experiences of precarious work, and the increasing difficulties with managing the productive and reproductive life spheres, have created a disjuncture with the middle-class project that European welfare states pursued after the 70s with the rise of financialization and global capitalism. Despite the continuities of this project, recent processes have led to rising inequalities between the middle and lower-income groups. As a way of sustaining class expectations, the so called ‘middle classes’ emerge once again as a symbolic class that stands much closer to the neoliberal ideals of the elites than to the truly dispossessed. In today’s flexibility paradigm, we see a restructuring of what I term ‘the political economy of values’ and the expectations that prompt workers to sell their labour. The thesis title “The subjective revolution” encapsulates the cultural world through which symbols are mobilized and re-invented, alluding to the incredible resourcefulness with which the dispossessed middle-income groups have reacted to the crisis and its aftermath. What is the mechanism by which such a restructuring of the political economy of values is taking place? By understanding that this recent wave of worsening labour conditions has required a new ‘abstraction’ of labour value through cultural and symbolic means, I conclude that further alienation prevents people from identifying current political practices with ‘unfreedom’. Thus, I conclude that the idea of the flexible worker was brought into play again after the 2008 financial crash as a symbol whose purpose is to keep the cultural aspirations of this symbolic class awake and its politics asleep.
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Matos, Pedro Miguel Neves da Costa Pires de. "On the predictive ability of economic geography models : an analysis of labour productivity in Spain." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609296.
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Golson, Eric. "The economics of neutrality : Spain, Sweden and Switzerland in the Second World War." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/178/.
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Neutrality has long been seen as impartiality in war (Grotius, 1925), and is codified as such in The Hague and Geneva Conventions. This dissertation empirically investigates the activities of three neutral states in the Second World War and determines, on a purely economic basis, these countries actually employed realist principles to ensure their survival. Neutrals maintain their independence by offering economic concessions to the belligerents to make up for their relative military weakness. Depending on their position, neutral countries can also extract concessions from the belligerents if their situation permits it. Despite their different starting places, governments and threats against them, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland provided similar types of political and economic concessions to the belligerents. This thesis comparatively investigates neutral trade, labour and capital. Using standardized trade statistics, this study shows that while all three neutrals were dependent on the Germans for most basic goods, they were generally able to benefit from relative gains in prices and excess imports of goods in periods of German weakness. In trade with the Allies, at least two of the three countries permitted the illicit export of items necessary for the Allied war effort, and did so at reduced relative prices. All three neutrals benefitted from substantial services revenue and positive balance of payments in all of their belligerent relationships. In several cases the neutrals were able to force the belligerents to cover their balance of payments deficits in gold because they needed to maintain access to the neutral markets. The final chapters demonstrate that despite political promises, the Spanish and Swiss governments constructed labour transfer systems to limit the number of workers for Germany.
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Kapar, B. "The effects of 2007-2008 crisis on the CDS and the interbank markets : empirical investigations." Thesis, City University London, 2013. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/2958/.
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The global crisis of 2007-2008 is the most severe crisis since the Great Depression in the financial markets. Starting with the subprime defaults in the United States, it quickly spills over into other markets leading to the collapses of many financial institutions, bail-outs of banks worldwide and downturns in asset prices. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the repercussions of this crisis on CDS and interbank market and provide empirical evidence on the changes in the pricing of CDS contracts and interbank deposits. Chapter 2 discusses the determinants of CDS spread changes on European contracts. The most remarkable finding of the study is that the relation between credit spreads and their determinants is regime dependant and depends on the sector of economic activity. Before the crisis the underlying credit risk in the overall CDS market is sufficient to explain credit risk. During the crisis investors have a differing view on the risk of financial and non--financial contracts Interestingly, non-financial CDS contracts reflect the credit risk of the counterparty, but financial contracts do not. This implies that governments are expected to bail out dealers to prevent systemic risk. Chapter 3 provides further insight into the European corporate CDS spreads and proposes an equilibrium model accommodating the occurrence of structural breaks in the long-run relationship between the variables. These breaks are endogenously determined within unit root specifications used to describe the dynamics of the explanatory factors. The findings highlight that crisis shocks are persistent and have the potential to change long-run equilibrium dynamics. The systematic credit risk factor is proxied by the European iTraxx index and the idiosyncratic factor by the stock price of reference entity. The model indicates that stock market leads price discovery process. Vector error correction model confirms the strong predictive ability of the iTraxx index and the error correcting vector for changes in the CDS spreads. Chapter 4 focuses on European interbank market and has two main contributions. First, it estimates the cross-sectional density of interbank funding rates using nonparametric kernel methods. Second, it analyzes the effect of banks size, the operating currency and banks' nationality on the cross-sectional distribution of these rates. The findings strongly support the statistical significance of these effects and highlight the importance of these factors as early warning indicators of financial distress. Prior to the crisis, the borrowing segment of the market exhibits distinctive features such as highly volatile and multimodal distributions suggesting the occurrence of distortions in the cross-section of funding rates. During crisis, large domestic banks operating in Euros enjoy the most favourable rates. Banks' nationality analysis further confirms that interbank market provided early warning signals of incoming sovereign crisis.
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Przywara, Rainer. "Versions of de-industrialization : a model-based analysis of structural change (1973-2008)." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2016. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/4403/.
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The term ‘de-industrialization’ stands for an element of structural change, indicating some form of decline within the secondary sector of a national economy. Sociologists use relative decline of manufacturing as their standard definition while economists often consider re-ductions in sectoral output as equally or even more important. There is a variety of other current descriptions. As a key element of this thesis, rigid definitions were constituted and utilized in two complementary models of de-industrialization. These were tested by macro-economic data for 12 mature and 25 emerging countries, covering the years 1973-2008 with successive 15 + 5 +15-year sub-periods. Productivity was identified as the key driver and indicator for success of the manufac-turing sector. It was found that the country-specific maximum in relative employment in manufacturing is reached at a threshold productivity that can be calculated by two linear functions of productivity over time, related to mature and emerging economies, respec-tively. On the basis of the model-based findings and additional socio-economic analyses, differ-ent paths of industrial development were distinguished for mature economies (i.e. fully industrialized states beyond their maximum relative employment in manufacturing) and emerging economies (i.e. states that have not yet industrialized to their full potential) with regard to their final outcome, i.e. the sectoral parameters and the resulting GDP per capita, employment and trade. From these findings, lessons to be learnt for policy makers were derived.
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Reid, John. "Warrior aristocrats in crisis : the political effects of the transition from the slave trade to palm oil commerce in the nineteenth century Kingdom of Dahomey." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2008.
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Few exploratory ventures would ever be undertaken if the explorer appreciated his own limitations at the outset. Although his ultimate destination is unclear, the route uncertain, the terrain unfamiliar and the tools inadequate he is spurred initially by a self-assurance born of his own limited knowledge. Unfortunately, that same self-assurance ill-equips him for the difficulties which he inevitably has to face en route. This thesis has been no exception to this pattern. It has involved more than its fair share of blind alleys, false trails, disorientation, retracing of footsteps and re-establishment of bearings. It has occasionally been marked by that feeling of despairing bewilderment which confronts the uncertain traveller lost in unfamiliar territory or overwhelmed by the novelty and complexity of his surroundings. Like most exploratory journeys, it has been difficult to decide when the ultimate destination has been reached and almost impossible in restrospect to recall the exact route by which that particular point was achieved. However, the historian of Dahomey is fortunate in comparison with the explorer venturing into virgin territory. For he is well served by the pioneers who have blazed the trail before him and by the signposts which are available to him. The Kingdom of Dahomey has been well covered by primary source material and contemporary documentation and publications.
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ENA, SANJUÁN Íñigo. "The vertebrae of the Leviathan : municipal debt and state formation in the eighteenth-century Crown of Aragon." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/74919.
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Defence date: 28 September 2022<br>Examining Board: Prof. Pieter Judson (European University Institute); Prof. Tamar Herzog (Harvard University); Prof. Christopher Storrs (University of Dundee); Prof. Regina Grafe (European University Institute)<br>Why and how did modern states emerge in Southwestern Europe? These are the main questions that this thesis answers by examining the debt of six municipalities of the Crown of Aragon during the 18th century through a multiscale, transversal, and comparative approach. The ancient practices which constituted the Aragonese polity appeared in the mid-fourteenth century and survived at least until the mid-eighteenth century partially thanks to the debt of the municipalities. Towns and kingdoms were in many cases ruled by assemblies of creditors by virtue of debt restructuring agreements. Debt accounts for the long survival of the Aragonese polity, but also for its sclerosis. The financial situation of the debtholders, mostly ecclesiastical institutions, prevented rulers from defaulting on municipal debt and adopting drastic measures against the Church, as they feared a financial meltdown. The emergence of the modern state was an intricate process which started by 1750, mainly due to the collapse of the ancient mechanisms. The modern state appeared as a set of practices devised and implemented by a myriad of actors who tried to recompose social and political life. State formation was first and foremost a local process in which municipal debt proved crucial too. The examination of local dynamics reveals that modern states in Southwestern Europe followed similar paths during the early phases of their formation.
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Murorua, Martha. "SADC macro-economic convergence targets beyond 2008 : challenges, gains and opportunities for Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6413.
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Calvo-Gonzalez, Oscar. "The political economy of conditional foreign aid to Spain, 1950-1963 : relief of input bottlenecks, economic policy change and political credibility." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2002. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/106/.
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This thesis advances our understanding of the effects of foreign aid programmes in the Spanish economy during the 1950s. It does so by concentrating on three aspects. First, it considers the contribution to economic growth of aid-financed goods by relieving input bottlenecks. Results from an input-output analysis downplay the alleged importance of aid in increasing Spanish output by providing raw materials and other inputs. Second, it discusses the extent to which foreign donors influenced Spanish economic policy-making. Based on original archival sources from both recipient and donors, it is argued here that the United States was particularly ineffective at imposing its economic policy agenda. Surprisingly, the best way to increase the likelihood of the adoption of economic policy reform was not to exercise outright leverage but to provide further unconditional aid disbursements. The analysis of the involvement of the International Monetary Fund and Organisation for European Economic Co-operation to underwrite the 1959 Spanish Stabilisation Plan suggests that the multilateral organisations were acutely aware of the overriding importance of a true commitment to the reforms by the local policy-makers. Rather than relying on formal conditionality, they ascertained such commitment by monitoring the internal support for the reform programme whilst carefully avoiding any instance that may jeopardise the cohesion of the domestic pro-reform coalition. Third, the dissertation motivates a 'credibility hypothesis' under which the American aid-for-bases programme improved the political credibility of the regime and with it private businesses' expectations. A range of both qualitative and quantitative evidence, of which the use of financial market data is paramount, supports the hypothesis. This result contributes to solving the puzzle of Spanish economic history during a period that sees the resumption of economic growth after a stagnant first decade under Franco's rule despite very limited policy change.
Books on the topic "Spain – Economic conditions – 2008-"
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Los días que vivimos peligrosamente: La trastienda de la peor crisis económica que ha vivido España. Planeta, 2012.
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Allard, Gayle. Spain to 2000: A question of convergence. Economist Intelligence Unit, 1992.
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Nada es gratis: Cómo evitar la década perdida tras la década prodigiosa. Ediciones Destino, 2011.
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Xavier, Tafunell, ed. Historia económica de la España contemporánea (1789-2009). Crítica editorial, 2010.
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Allard, Gayle. Spain to 2005: Making room for the private sector. Economist Intelligence Unit, 1996.
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Ángel, Pascual-Ramsay, ed. Qué nos ha pasado?: El fallo de un país. Galaxia Gutenberg, 2012.
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coordinator, García Norberto E., and Ruesga Benito, Santos, 1953- coordinator, eds. ¿Qué ha pasado con la economía española?: La Gran Recesión 2.0 (2008 a 2013). Ediciones Pirámide, 2014.
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Congress of Comparative Studies on Galicia and Newfoundland (2002 Santiago de Compostela, Spain). Galicia & Terranova & Labrador: Comparative studies on economic, political and socio-cultural processes : proceedings of the international congress, Santiago de Compostela, October 28-31, 2002 = estudos comparativos das dinámicas económicas, políticas e socio-culturais : actas do congreso internacional, Santiago de Compostela, 28-31 de outubro de 2002. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 2006.
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Spain, 2002 Article IV consultation: Staff report, public information notice on the Executive Board discussion, and statement by the Executive Director for Spain. International Monetary Fund, 2003.
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Moreno-Fuentes, Francisco Javier. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Spain." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_27.
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Abstract From traditional country of emigration, Spain became a country of immigration in a relatively short period, practically catching up with the rest of Western European countries in terms of percentage of population of foreign origin by 2010. The hybrid nature of its welfare regime, a combination of social insurance schemes and universalistic programs, determined the eligibility of foreign populations to each specific social protection scheme. In basic terms, foreigners can access Spanish social protection schemes through their participation in the labour market (for social insurance programs), and their residence in Spanish territory (for schemes based on a universalistic logic). The international agreements signed by Spain are a key aspect as well in determining welfare entitlements for foreigners, particularly in the case of nationals from other EU member states and Latin America. The strong reliance on contributory schemes, and the significant role played by the underground economy, leave economic migrants (particularly undocumented ones) without much social protection. The economic crisis initiated in 2008 implied an increase in immigrants’ vulnerability, but their actual welfare take-up decreased due to their more limited access to the formal labour market, and the restrictive conditions of targeted social assistance schemes.
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Conde-Ruiz, Jose Ignacio, and Elena Martínez-Ruiz. "2008: Spain in the Eye of the Perfect Storm." In Palgrave Studies in Economic History. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40910-4_7.
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Royo, Sebastián. "From Boom to Bust: The Economic Crisis in Spain 2008–2013." In Why Banks Fail. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53228-2_4.
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Lopez-Fando, C., G. Almendros, and A. Bello. "Effects of No-Tillage on Yield and Soil Properties Under Semi-Arid Conditions in Central Spain." In Soil & Environment. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2008-1_37.
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Rosales-Asensio, Enrique, Francisco José García-Moya, David Borge-Diez, and Antonio Colmenar-Santos. "Review of Wind Energy Technology and Associated Market and Economic Conditions in Spain." In Green Energy and Technology. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96678-2_4.
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Cavallaro, Maria Elena. "The Persistence of the Myth: Europeanism in Spain from the Late Francoism to the Outbreak of the 2008 Economic Crisis." In Rethinking Democratisation in Spain, Greece and Portugal. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11108-3_6.
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Palop-García, Pau. "Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Spanish Citizens Abroad." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51245-3_27.
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Abstract This chapter outlines the social protection policies that Spain has adopted to target Spanish nationals abroad. First, it describes the diaspora infrastructure and the key engagement policies developed in the last years by Spain. Subsequently, the chapter focuses on five social protection policies: unemployment, health care, pensions, family-related benefits, and economic hardship. The findings reveal that Spain has adopted a diaspora strategy that targets different emigrant groups such as exiles of the Civil War and early Francoism and their descendants, Spaniards that emigrated to other European countries during the 1950s and 1960s, and new emigrants that left the country due to the consequences of the financial crisis of 2008. Findings also show that, although Spain has developed a wide array of services to target its diverse diaspora, it still lacks a comprehensive scheme of social protection abroad. Moreover, the results suggest that Spain has adopted a subsidiary social policy strategy abroad that is triggered when the social protection offered by states of reception is lacking.
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Górriz-Mifsud, Elena, Aitor Ameztegui, Jose Ramón González, and Antoni Trasobares. "Climate-Smart Forestry Case Study: Spain." In Forest Bioeconomy and Climate Change. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_13.
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AbstractIn Spain, 55% of land area is covered by forests and other woodlands. Broadleaves occupy a predominant position (56%), followed by conifers (37%) and mixed stands (7%). Forest are distributed among the Atlantic (north-western Iberian rim), Mediterranean (rest of the peninsula including the Balearic Islands) and Macaronesian (Canary Islands) climate zones. Spanish woodlands provide a multiplicity of provisioning ecosystem services, such as, wood, cork, pine nuts, mushrooms and truffles. In terms of habitat services, biodiversity is highly relevant. Cultural services are mainly recreational and tourism, the latter being a crucial economic sector in Spain (including rural and ecotourism). Regulatory services, such as erosion control, water availability, flood and wildfire risk reduction, are of such great importance that related forest zoning and consequent legislation were established already in the eighteenth century. Climate change in Southern Europe is forecast to involve an increase in temperature, reduction in precipitation and increase in aridity. As a result, the risks for natural disturbances are expected to increase. Of these, forest fires usually have the greatest impact on ecosystems in Spain. In 2010–2019, the average annual forest surface area affected by fire was 95,065 ha. The combination of extreme climatic conditions (drought, wind) and the large proportion of unmanaged forests presents a big challenge for the future. Erosion is another relevant risk. In the case of fire, mitigation strategies should combine modification of the land use at the landscape level, in order to generate mosaics that will create barriers to the spread of large fires, along with stand-level prevention measures to either slow the spread of surface fires or, more importantly, impede the possibility of fire crowning or disrupt its spread. Similarly, forest management can play a major role in mitigating the impact of drought on a forest. According to the land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) accounting, Spanish forests absorbed 11% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in 2019. Investments in climate-smart forestry provide opportunities for using all the different parts of the Spanish forest-based sector for climate mitigation––forest sinks, the substitution of wood raw materials and products for fossil materials, and the storage of carbon in wood products. Moreover, this approach simultaneously helps to advance the adaptation of the forest to changing climate and to build forest resilience.
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Verney, Susannah, and Dimitris Katsikas. "Eurozone Crisis Management and the Growth of Opposition to European Integration." In Financial Crisis Management and Democracy. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54895-7_16.
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AbstractThe crisis that started in Greece in 2010 gradually spread to other Eurozone member states. Things were worse for the crisis-hit countries of the Eurozone periphery, some of which implemented harsh adjustment programmes in the context of financial assistance agreements, while others adopted similar policies even though they had not officially entered a bailout agreement (e.g. Spain and to a lesser degree Italy). In this environment of deteriorating material conditions, Euroscepticism reached new heights. This chapter examines the impact of the crisis, and the way it was handled, on regionalism in Europe, through its effects on Euroscepticism. The authors compare Eurobarometer data from European Union (EU) member states, in order to develop a comparative outlook on attitudes towards European integration during the crisis. The analysis employs data at discreet time intervals, in order to capture the evolution of attitudes from the pre-crisis environment in 2008, to the peak of the crisis in 2012, its gradual resolution in 2016 and its official ending (with the exit of Greece from its third bailout programme) in 2018. This analysis is complemented by an overview of the political developments in crisis-hit countries with the objective of documenting and analysing the emergence and, in some cases, dominance of Eurosceptic parties. The objective is to present a comprehensive overview of political developments and the public attitudes that shaped them, vis a vis the EU, during the crisis and offer a tentative conclusion on their impact on the European integration process.
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Zarifis, George K. "Active Citizenship Programmes for Unemployed Young Adults with Low Skills in Southern Europe: Participation, Outreach, and Barriers." In Young Adults and Active Citizenship. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65002-5_2.
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AbstractThe development of policies and targeted initiatives that promote or support active participatory citizenship for vulnerable young adults with low skills has largely passed unnoticed in Southern Europe in the last decade. Despite the existing lifelong learning (LLL) strategies, most countries in the area do not place active citizenship for low-skilled young adults as a priority. This chapter is based on the results of the European research project EduMAP (Horizon 2020), and focuses on participation of unemployed young adults with low skills (hence early school-leavers) in educational activities that either focus or promote active citizenship in Southern Europe (Greece, Cyprus, Malta, Italy, Spain and Portugal). More specifically the chapter explains the reasons behind low participation rates among vulnerable young adults in the region. South European countries are not yet showing any favourable conditions for increasing participation of the low-skilled unemployed young adults in such programmes. Some of the countries that were hit by economic depression in particular, face –not necessarily for the same reasons– major barriers for implementing policies to increase the number of low-skilled young adults in active citizenship oriented courses. The chapter concludes that one of the problems in promoting active citizenship through adult education activities is that the programmes delivered in the region are still not competence-based. Adult education is not high in the value system, and therefore low skilled young adults do not appear motivated to obtain such skills and competences. A key challenge therefore is to deliver a service that simultaneously meets the needs of the learners, provides sufficient responses to the needs of the local societies, and stimulates further demand.
Conference papers on the topic "Spain – Economic conditions – 2008-"
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Moreno, J. M., and L. D. Chabalina. "Economic analysis of water reuse in Spain." In SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION 2008. WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/si080321.
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Sevilla, M., and T. Torregrosa. "Problems in the economic management of the water treatment process in Spain." In WATER POLLUTION 2008. WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp080401.
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Lafuente, Anna Maria Gil, Anna Klimova, and Korkmaz Imanov. "Forgotten effects in the comparative economic analysis for Spain and Russia in conditions of globalization." In 2012 IV International Conference "Problems of Cybernetics and Informatics" (PCI). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpci.2012.6486476.
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Castell, Albert, Pere Margalef, Marc Medrano, Luisa F. Cabeza, and Scott G. Samuelsen. "Economic Viability of a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Working With Biogas." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2008-65259.
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Catalonia (Spain) has a significant potential of biogas production from agricultural activities and municipal waste. In addition, there are plenty of industrial cogeneration plants, but most of them use conventional fuels such as natural gas, and conventional energy conversion devices, such as internal combustion engines. Molten carbonate fuel cells are ultra-clean and highly efficient power generator devices capable of converting biogas into electricity and heat. Located in Lleida (Catalonia), Nufri is a fruit processing company with a long tradition on biogas production and cogeneration, with an installed capacity bigger than 4.5 MW. This study analyzes the economic viability of a fuel cell operating on biogas in Spain, on a real case basis (Nufri). Different fuel cell capacities are analyzed (from 300 kW to 1200 kW). A parametric study of different fuel cell prices ($/kW installed) is performed. Additional biogas cleanup requirements are taken into account. The results are based on the Spanish legislation, which establishes a special legal framework that grants favorable, technology-dependent feed-in premiums for renewable energy and cogeneration. Results show that the payback period ranges from 5 to 8 years depending on the fuel cell capacity and installation price.
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Miyano, Hiroshi, Katsuji Maeda, Masayuki Takizawa, and Naoto Sekimura. "Review of Pipe Wall Thinning and Seismic Evaluation in Japan." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-78037.
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For nuclear power plants, the four major requirements are 1) high safety, 2) high reliability, 3) good economical acceptability, and 4) as few as possible environmental impact. However, it is still difficult to completely avoid problems for structural materials as structural stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and for piping systems as flow accelerated corrosion (FAC), liquid drop impulsion erosion (LDI). Especially FAC and LDI are uncertainty phenomenon as pipe wall thinning, so there is the piping rupture accident risk on all of piping systems under the specific conditions. In Japan, after in August 2004, the accident of the secondary pipe rupture in Mihama Power Plant Unit 3, The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. (KEPCO), R&D projects about pipe wall thinning phenomenon and mechanism had been promoted in many organizations. The other hand it is requested to evaluate the safety and reliability of piping systems of long term operating plant and with on special case of seismic condition. It was requested to be able to evaluate pipe wall thinning and its reliability with more accurate. This project had programmed under the government budget from 2006 planed until 2010 fiscal year [1]. At the mile stone of half span, the project had these fruits, 1) Computer program for FAC simulation, 2) Droplet phenomena for LDI simulation, 3) Simplified calculation model of pipe wall thinning for seismic evaluation.
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Cui, Hongsheng, Changchun Wu, and Xiaokai Xing. "Engineering: Economic Characteristics of Hot Crude Oil Pipelines." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64590.
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As a well-known means for pumping crude oil with high pour point, the economic effect of a hot oil pipeline to be built will depend on such factors as pipeline capacity, pipeline length, properties of the oil to be pumped, environmental conditions along the right of way, design scheme and operation scenarios. Generally speaking, engineering-economic characteristics of oil and gas pipelines are a complete set of the economic relationships relevant to engineering factors of the pipelines, each relationship involving at least an economic index or parameter. The engineering-economic characteristics of hot oil pipelines reflect basic regularities governing the general economic effect and each economic index of the pipelines, so it is helpful understanding these characteristics for the decision-making about whether and how to build a hot oil pipeline. In some cases, for a specific hot oil pipeline project, a decision or judgment on macro level may be made only from some common engineering-economic characteristics of hot oil pipelines, without the need for the engineering design and the economic analysis of the project in detail. The frame of engineering-economic characteristics of oil and gas pipelines is outlined in this paper, and some key elements are discussed on the basis of a large amount of engineering calculation and economic analysis of virtual hot oil pipeline projects, including the optimal pipe diameter and the optimal flow velocity for a given pipeline capacity, the economic capacity limits and the economic flow velocity limits for a given pipe diameter, the economically feasible maximum pipeline length for a given pipeline capacity, and the economically feasible minimum pipeline capacity for a given pipeline length. Though the basic economic data used in our research come from China, its research results and conclusions on engineering-economic characteristics of hot oil pipelines also would be helpful for hot oil pipeline projects in other countries all over the world.
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Corchuelo, Beatriz, Pedro E. López-Salazar, and Celia Sama-Berrocal. "THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 IN THE AGRI-FOOD COMPANIES IN EXTREMADURA (SPAIN)." In 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2021.263.
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The coronavirus pandemic is having an economic impact, previously non-existent, on the world economy. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on agri-food companies in the Autonomous Community of Extremadura (Spain). A qualitative methodology is used through interviews with 15 managers of agri-food companies and a technology center for the period February 2020 - January 2021. The results reveal the existence of differentiated impacts, both financial and operational, depending, principally, on the nature of the products, the changes generated in consumer behavior, and mobility problems. Likewise, changes were observed in the processes and procedures in the companies to overcome the obstacles imposed by the new situation. In conclusion, the change in environmental conditions, as well as the characteristics of the spread of the pandemic, has impacted the strategies, behavior, processes, dynamics and results of organizations regardless of their size and the nature of their work product or service.
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Orlova, Valentina. "Banking System of Ukraine under Conditions of Overcoming the Consequences of 2008 Global Crisis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00132.
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In the modern market models state banking system plays the most significant role in the functioning of economic mechanism. It ensures control of total money supply, regulates movement of cash flows, and realizes accumulation and investment of financial resources, crediting different trades and people.
 In transition from socialist model of economics to market economy a precondition for the start of reformation of economic relations is multi-branch state banking system.
 In the beginning of 1990-s creation of such banking system began in Ukraine. However, crisis situation in economics that developed in 2008 has shown how imperfect and unadapted to the regularities of market economy was banking system in Ukraine.
 Now Ukrainian economics like world economy is recovering. However, the problem of growing treasury deficit and national debt becomes issue of the day for the Government as drastic, not predicted variations of foreign currency are able to make an impact on loan market.
 The article describes history of building Ukrainian banking system starting from market reforms. It gives analysis of the reasons that have caused collapse of the banking system under conditions of the global economic crisis of 2008. It also evaluates prospects for further development of banking sector in Ukraine.
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Nolan, Steven J., Thomas Cadenazzi, Marco Rossini, Antonio Nanni, Chase Knight, and Ivan Lasa. "The 200-year Bridge Substructure – Foundations for Resilience and Sustainability." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1207.
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<p>For coastal water crossings, the most susceptible elements to deterioration are the foundations, especially in the tidal and splash zones. The bridge substructure is usually the most time-consuming, environmentally- sensitive, and construction-risky element to build. Multiple technologies are now available for the rapid and economical replacement of bridge superstructures, that can reuse existing foundations efficiently. Widening of existing structures can equally benefit from the reuse of existing foundations in good condition, if the span lengths are set appropriately with consideration for future needs. History shows us that surface transportation design criteria, public needs, and travel modes are transient. With autonomous vehicles and increasing light-rail demand, predicting future lane widths, loadings or bridge widening requirements even in the next 50 years is challenging. Therefore, durable, adaptable, and reusable-resilient foundations represent a low risk, sustainable investment for a 200-year bridge, especially when compared to bridge superstructures. The successful design for such an ambitious goal is also dependent on selecting the appropriate geometric and hydraulic parameters for anticipated needs of such as: flow capacity; navigational clearance; and potential changes in design elevations either due to sea-level rise and/or increasing storm surge and wave crest heights. This paper explores some of the latest reinforced/prestressed concrete solutions that are emerging to meet these ambitious but worthy goals.</p>
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M. L. Pataro, Igor, Marcus V. Americano da Costa, Lídia Roca, José L. Guzmán Sanches, and Manuel Berenguel. "An economic D-RTO for thermal solar plant: analysis and simulations based on a feedback linearization control case." In Congresso Brasileiro de Automática - 2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/asba.v2i1.1294.
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This work proposes an economic dynamic real-time optimization (D-RTO) strategy to control a solar collector eld in order to maximize the amount of thermal power energy delivered to multi-eect seawater distillation plant. A validated model of the compound parabolic concentrator collector eld of the AQUASOL plant, available at the Plataforma Solar deAlmera (Spain), is used as case study. The optimization algorithm is based on receding horizon optimization problem, in which an economic function takes into account the energy produced by the solar plant and the electricity consumption costs by the water pump. The D-RTO strategy is compared to a feedback linearization controlling in dierent temperature setpoints, intending to analyze economic benets and viability of the proposed algorithm. Simulation results showthe D-RTO algorithm is capable of handling process disturbances and operating in economic benet conditions, bringing good perspectives for implementation in real applications.
Reports on the topic "Spain – Economic conditions – 2008-"
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Chandrasekhar, C. P. The Long Search for Stability: Financial Cooperation to Address Global Risks in the East Asian Region. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp153.
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Forced by the 1997 Southeast Asian crisis to recognize the external vulnerabilities that openness to volatile capital flows result in and upset over the post-crisis policy responses imposed by the IMF, countries in the sub-region saw the need for a regional financial safety net that can pre-empt or mitigate future crises. At the outset, the aim of the initiative, then led by Japan, was to create a facility or design a mechanism that was independent of the United States and the IMF, since the former was less concerned with vulnerabilities in Asia than it was in Latin America and that the latter’s recommendations proved damaging for countries in the region. But US opposition and inherited geopolitical tensions in the region blocked Japan’s initial proposal to establish an Asian Monetary Fund, a kind of regional IMF. As an alternative, the ASEAN+3 grouping (ASEAN members plus China, Japan and South Korea) opted for more flexible arrangements, at the core of which was a network of multilateral and bilateral central bank swap agreements. While central bank swap agreements have played a role in crisis management, the effort to make them the central instruments of a cooperatively established regional safety net, the Chiang Mai Initiative, failed. During the crises of 2008 and 2020 countries covered by the Initiative chose not to rely on the facility, preferring to turn to multilateral institutions such as the ADB, World Bank and IMF or enter into bilateral agreements within and outside the region for assistance. The fundamental problem was that because of an effort to appease the US and the IMF and the use of the IMF as a foil against the dominance of a regional power like Japan, the regional arrangement was not a real alternative to traditional sources of balance of payments support. In particular, access to significant financial assistance under the arrangement required a country to be supported first by an IMF program and be subject to the IMF’s conditions and surveillance. The failure of the multilateral effort meant that a specifically Asian safety net independent of the US and the IMF had to be one constructed by a regional power involving support for a network of bilateral agreements. Japan was the first regional power to seek to build such a network through it post-1997 Miyazawa Initiative. But its own complex relationship with the US meant that its intervention could not be sustained, more so because of the crisis that engulfed Japan in 1990. But the prospect of regional independence in crisis resolution has revived with the rise of China as a regional and global power. This time both economics and China’s independence from the US seem to improve prospects of successful regional cooperation to address financial vulnerability. A history of tensions between China and its neighbours and the fear of Chinese dominance may yet lead to one more failure. But, as of now, the Belt and Road Initiative, China’s support for a large number of bilateral swap arrangements and its participation in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership seem to suggest that Asian countries may finally come into their own.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Spain. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nres.2020.12.
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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Spain. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: youth population; youth employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central criterion, enabling propor-tional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail.The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets.In the last ten years (2009 - 2019) a significant portion of the Spanish youth population has migrated from rural areas to cities and towns. This migration trend could be explained by the economic crisis which impacted upon Spain from 2008 onwards. Data shown in this report makes visible the vulnerability of rural NEET youth to these downturns from 2009 to 2013. In line with this, Early-school leaving (ESLET) and unemployment rates in rural areas were more pronounced in 2013 and the following years for rural youth in comparison with youth living in urban areas and towns. However, in the last two years (2017-2019) there has been a sharp decrease in these indicators placing youth living rural areas, on average, in line with the rest (i.e., an average NEET youth rate in Spain 15% versus 16% for rural areas).