Academic literature on the topic 'Spain – Colonies – Morocco'
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Journal articles on the topic "Spain – Colonies – Morocco"
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Clarence-Smith, W. G. "The Economic Dynamics of Spanish Colonialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries." Itinerario 15, no. 1 (March 1991): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300005787.
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The survival of the Spanish empire after the loss of the mainland American colonies is a neglected subject, and no part of it is more neglected than its economic features. General histories of Spain in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries rarely touch on overseas matters, although the colonies do occasionally appear centre stage, as in 1868, when the Cuban Creoles rose in rebellion; in 1898, when Spain lost most of her colonies as a result of war with America; in 1921, when the Berber tribes of Northern Morocco defeated the Spanish army; and in 1936, when General Franco and his coconspirators raised the standard of rebellion against the Republic in North Western Africa. But these references are episodic and essentially political, indeed military in nature. There is little structural analysis of what the colonies meant to Spain, least of all in the economic field.
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Zholudeva, Natal’ya R., and Sergey A. Vasyutin. "Employment Problems of Muslim Migrants in France (Exemplified by Paris). Part 1." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 6 (December 20, 2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v137.
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The first part of the article briefly covers the history of immigration to France, social conflicts associated with migrants, and the results of French research on discrimination of immigrants in employment. In spite of the high unemployment rate, compared with other European Union countries, France remains one of the centres of migration and receives a significant number of migrants and refugees every year. The origins of immigration to France go back to the mid-19th century. Initially, it was mainly for political reasons, in order to find a job or receive an education. Between the First and the Second World Wars, France accepted both political (e.g. from Russia, Germany and Spain) and labour migrants (from Africa and Indo-China). After World War II, the French government actively invited labour migrants from the French colonies, primarily, from North Africa (Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco). When the Algerian War ended, the Harkis – Algerians who served in the French Army – found refuge in France. By the late 1960s, the Moroccan and Tunisian communities were formed. Up to the 1980s, labour migration was predominant. However, with time, the share of refugees and those who wanted to move to France with their families started to increase. This caused a growing social and political tension in French society resulting in conflicts (e.g. the 2005 riots in Paris). Moreover, the numerous terrorist attacks and the migration crisis of 2014–2016 had a particularly negative impact on the attitude towards migrants. All these issues have to a certain extent affected the employment of the Muslim population in France.
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Tykhonenko, Iryna. "Evolution of the multilateral cooperation between the Kingdom of Morocco and the European Union: from political to values dimension." European Historical Studies, no. 14 (2019): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2019.14.31-42.
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The article focuses on one of the current areas of European Union cooperation within the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, namely with the Kingdom of Morocco. The official Rabat has both a historical basis for cooperation with the EU (colonial past) and an established dialogue with the European Union from associate membership to the acquisition of a special partnership status in 2008. The purpose of Morocco’s special status in the EU is to: strengthen dialogue and cooperation in the field of politics and security; gradual integration of Morocco into the EU internal market through approximation of legislation and regulations. The main directions and areas of multilateral cooperation between Morocco and the EU are highlighted especially Rabat ties with leading European powers (notably France and Spain) as implementation of bilateral level and at the level of integration with EU as political body. It is revealed that the acquisition of a special status in cooperation with the EU aims to deepen cooperation not only in the economic, security and energy spheres, but also the human dimension of bilateral relations, which affects human rights and cultural and humanitarian level of relations. In particular, the topical agenda for bilateral Moroccan-European relations is migration issues, the problem of Western Sahara, which complicate dialogue somewhat. The leading role in Morocco’s relations with EU Member States is played by dialogue within the Francophonie, as well as interpersonal contacts in the fields of culture, education and science. These contacts are closely maintained between Morocco, France and Spain, and implemented the EU’s values policy mentioned in the Association Agreement. It is revealed that cultural cooperation plays a positive role in the fight against religious extremism and civil society building.
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HARFOUF, SOULAIMAN. "The school and the military: two precursors of physical education and sport in northern Morocco during the protectorate." International Journal of Information Technology and Applied Sciences (IJITAS) 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52502/ijitas.v3i2.86.
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Considered rather as a protectorate, the Spanish colonization of northern Morocco allowed the establishment of a new culture among the natives: the sports culture. The socio-political context of the emergence and the social and geographical dissemination of sports activities and physical education (PE) in schools explain why they were put at the service of the patriotic and militaristic national colonial conception.
This conception was implemented by two ideological apparatuses: the school and the army. The action of these two agents in charge of disseminating sport and PE among the Moroccan population aimed at highlighting the possibility that colonial Spain would have to prepare future men-soldiers capable of responding to the aspirations of the conquering state. Sport was instrumentalized and became an effective channel of political communication.
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Bouyahya, Driss. "Colonial vs Colonized Counter-Hegemonies: Two Vistas of Moroccan Educational Models." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 2, no. 4 (December 26, 2020): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v2i4.423.
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Both France and Spain used schooling as a vehicle in service of colonization during the Protectorate era in Morocco, whereas Moroccans retaliated with counter-hegemonic tools to resist and interrogate imposed educational models in order to implement their oppositional agendas. Thus, the paper is threefold: it attempts to revisit and sketch out both colonial policies in education with their ramifications, while outlining and analyzing their strengths and limitations. The study also seeks to investigate how Moroccans establish resistance movements to react to the newly-imposed colonial hegemonies, such as free schools and reformed traditional Qur’anic schools (Msids), discussing their goals, structures, success and failure. Finally, the paper explores colonial education as a site of interaction or “contact zones” between French and Spanish colonizers and elite Moroccan Muslims and Nationalists who sought to counter the processes of acculturation, marginalization and subalternization. The study covers the Moroccan schooling system from 1912 to 1956. The study dwelled on the congruity of education as an ideological apparatus to shape identity and/or dominate in a battlefield over power between the Protectorate powers and the Moroccan nationalists, who made use of different discourses as an instrument of power. This essay unravels some conclusions that both French and Spanish Protectorates utilized different vistas to establish and sustain their hegemonies through education and instruction, such as Franco-Berber schools and Spanish-Arab/Spanish-Jewish schools respectively. While, Moroccan Muslims and nationalists countered the former hegemonies through creating a free-school system and reforming traditional Qur´anic schools.
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Zakhir, Marouane, and Jason L. O’Brien. "Moroccan Arabic: The Battlefield of Language Ideologies." JURNAL ARBITRER 6, no. 1 (May 25, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ar.6.1.59-76.2019.
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The debate on the use of Moroccan Arabic (also known as Moroccan darija) dates back to the medieval period when literary critics have discussed the effectiveness of writing in Moroccan Arabic lyrics of Muslim Spain, muwashshahat and zajal. This debate was later sharpened in the protectorate era (1912-1955) by the French colonial administration in its attempt to use MA in education as a tool to divide Morocco into Arabs and Amazigh, separate the country from the Arab world and pave the way for French to flourish in society. Nowadays, the use of MA in education came to the fore front of the interests of Moroccan intelligentsia. A new current of Francophone academics called for the legitimacy of using MA in education and media to fight illiteracy and maximize access to education in the country. They held many conferences for the sake of discussing the utility of MA as an alternative for SA in education and designed dictionaries and books to ease its instruction. Such attempts raised the hostility of Arabists and Amazigh activists. They regarded the defense of MA use in education as an ideology of language to eradicate Moroccan official languages in favor of French and the Francophone culture. The present empirical research examines the status of MA in education and the different ideologies backing its use by Moroccan teachers and students.
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Moreras, Jordi. "The Way to Mecca. Spanish State Sponsorship of Muslim Pilgrimage (1925-1972)." Culture & History Digital Journal 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): e013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2020.013.
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The sponsorship of pilgrimage to Mecca by European colonial powers in the 19th and 20th centuries contributed to transforming the hajj into the global phenomenon it is today. Spain also promoted Muslim pilgrimage from its zone of the Moroccan Protectorate, tentatively at first, and then more purposefully from 1937 onwards, continuing its sponsorship into the early 1970s, years after Morocco’s independence. Intensive study of administrative documentation from the Spanish Protectorate allows the reformulation of the sponsorship’s established chronology (from 1937 to 1956). It also shows the dual intent concealed behind its promotion: first, as propaganda aimed at the interior of the Moroccan territory being administered; and second, as a tool for the external promotion of a political regime in need of support to escape its international isolation. The pilgrimage’s sponsorship is seen as part of the general framework of managing Muslim rituals enacted by the Spanish government to deactivate their potential mobilising capacity.
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Martin, Juan carlos gimeno. "Western Sahara." Tensões Mundiais 13, no. 25 (September 24, 2018): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33956/tensoesmundiais.v13i25.350.
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This article aims to reveal the complicity of the international community with Moroccan colonialism in Western Sahara. Since 1987, the Moroccan wall separates the Saharawi people into two groups: one group lives under Moroccan occupation, the other lives in exile camps in Southern Algeria. It is a Bedouin village, nomadic, colonized by Spain, but has maintained a persistent anti-colonial resistance and struggle for self-determination.
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Marín-Aguilera, Beatriz. "Distorted Narratives: Morocco, Spain, and the Colonial Stratigraphy of Cultural Heritage." Archaeologies 14, no. 3 (April 19, 2018): 472–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11759-018-9341-2.
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Zherlitsina, N. A. "Radicalization of French and Spanish Colonial Methods during War with Rif Republic (1921—1926)." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 2 (March 19, 2022): 419–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-2-419-436.
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The question of the transformation of the colonial strategies of France and Spain in relation to Morocco with the beginning of the war in the Rif Republic is considered. A comparative analysis of the colonial policy of the two European metropolises before the start of the revolt of the Rif tribes and during the Rif War is carried out. It is argued that this war, in its duration, scale and international resonance, called into question the entire colonial system and created a dangerous precedent. Disagreements within the power elites of the metropolises between supporters of flexible diplomatic methods of colonization and advocates of a direct military solution are analyzed. The novelty of this study is seen in the fact that the victory of the military lobby in France and Spain meant the radicalization of the methods of “conciliation” applied to the local population. The use of modern weapons and aircraft, which meant the mass extermination of the local population, anticipated the methods of the Second World War. The author comes to the conclusion that the war in the Rif had the most profound impact on the political development of Spain, largely predetermining the establishment of a military-nationalist dictatorship ten years later.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spain – Colonies – Morocco"
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Villanova, José Luis. "La organización política, administrativa y territorial del Protectorado de España en Marruecos (1912-1956). El papel de las Intervenciones." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/108616.
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This doctoral thesis analyses the political and administrative organization that was introduced by Spanish administrators in Morocco for the establishment of the Protectorate. The first part provides an overview of the research on the relationship between geography and colonialism. The second part is devoted to contextualize historically and geographically the Spanish Protectorate in Morocco. The third part analyses the protectorate system characteristics among existing models of colonial administration in the early twentieth century and its realization in the Moroccan case. The fourth part discusses the metropolitan administrative organization that managed the Spanish colonial policy in Morocco and the administrative structures that Spain created in the area for its development. It also delves into the evolution of Interventions and Land Organization and the structure of the Sherifian Empire. The last part of the thesis deals with the analysis of the InterventionsEn esta tesis se analiza la organización política-administrativa que implantaron los administradores españoles en el territorio de Marruecos con la intención de desarrollar el Protectorado. En la primera parte se ofrece una visión de las líneas de investigación sobre las relaciones entre la geografía y el colonialismo. La segunda parte se dedica a contextualizar histórica y geográficamente el Protectorado español en Marruecos. En la tercera parte se analizan las características del sistema de protectorado entre los modelos de administración colonial existentes a principios de siglo XX y su concreción en el caso marroquí. En la cuarta parte se analiza la organización administrativa metropolitana encargada de dirigir la política colonial española en Marruecos y las estructuras administrativas que España creó en la Zona para desarrollarla. También se profundiza en la evolución de la organización de las Intervenciones y del ordenamiento territorial, y se presenta la estructura del Imperio jerifiano en vísperas del establecimiento del Protectorado y la organización majzeniana que levantaron las autoridades españolas en la Zona. En la última parte se aborda el análisis de las Intervenciones
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Allard, Elisabeth Bolorinos. "My enemy or my brother? : Spanish representations of Muslim and Jewish culture during the colonial campaigns in Morocco, 1909-1927." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6e0bcfff-12a2-4b59-92d4-57f9fff5adec.
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This thesis examines Spanish representations of Muslim and Jewish cultures in Morocco during the colonial campaigns in the Rif (1909-1927) in relation to constructions of Spanish identity during this period. It focuses on visual and textual narratives in the press (colonial photojournalism) and on three literary texts: Carmen de Burgos' En la guerra (1909), Ernesto Giménez Caballero's Notas marruecas de un soldado (1923) and Arturo Barea's La ruta (1943). The analysis undertaken centres on the use of the motifs of the body and the city and references to the medieval Castilian ballad tradition, the Romancero, by writers and photographers to explore the cultural relationship between Spain and North Africa. The chapters explore the delineation of boundaries between Spanish and Moroccan cultures by contemporary commentators and the power structures that underpin those boundaries, considering the different hierarchies that are established in Spain's relationship with Moroccan Muslims and Jews. Chapter 1 concerns the socio-historical context of the colonial campaigns and highlights the significance of the question of Spain's identity in relation to Morocco during this period. Chapter 2 compares representations of cultural and ethnic affinity between Spain and Morocco, arguing that beyond merely serving as a tool of colonial domination, they are harnessed in some cases to support the colonial venture, in others to challenge it, and yet in others to explore the pre-modern origins of the Spanish nation. In many of the examples examined, a process of self-Orientalisation is observed, where the 'Orientalist' and colonialist gaze is turned back on Spain as well as on Morocco. Chapter 3 examines representations of Muslim and Jewish alterity, arguing that these assertions of difference reveal Spanish anxieties about non-difference from North Africa, cultural regression, national fragmentation, and Spain's ability to dominate the protectorate. I conclude that these anxieties provide the fundamental underpinning to Spanish constructions of Morocco during the Rif War, and that this self-awareness about non-difference and failures of domination unsettles the predominant paradigm of discourse analysis within colonial studies.
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GOIKOLEA-AMIANO, Itzea. "The Hispano-Moroccan re-encounter : colonialism, mimesis, and power in the Spanish war on Tetouan and its occupation (1859-62)." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/49284.
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Defence date: 4 December 2017Examining Board: Regina Grafe, European University Institute (Supervisor); Lucy Riall, European University Institute (Second Reader); Miren Llona, University of the Basque Country (External Advisor); Yolanda Aixelà-Cabré, IMF-CSIC Barcelona
The Hispano-Moroccan Re-Encounter: Colonialism, Mimesis, and Power in the Spanish War on Tetouan and its Occupation (1859-62) is a micro-history of the events that inaugurated modern Spanish colonialism in Morocco. The dissertation analyzes the interrelated imperial and local discourses and practices in the mid nineteenth-century military conflict enhanced by Spain and the understudied twenty-seven-month occupation of Tetouan. The complex contours of the incipient Hispano-Moroccan modern imperial formation are scrutinized by recourse to a constellation of multilingual sources – in Arabic, Spanish, and Basque, including manuscript and printed chronicles, press articles, literary accounts and diverse archival materials. The topical chapters discuss nineteenth-century Spanish colonial discourses, the Tetouani and Moroccan reaction to the war and defeat, the colonial (re)encounter and the policies based on the construction of racial difference, the politics of gender, status, and religion, the urban history of occupied Tetouan, the subaltern populations’ political action, and finally the view of the events of the Moroccan elites who abandoned the city on the eve of its occupation. The dissertation includes a Prologue that offers a general description of the studied events, and an Epilogue that discusses some of the processes that developed after the Spanish evacuation of Tetouan. The dissertation is intended as a contribution to four interrelated scholarly realms. Firstly, to the study of Spanish colonialism, in which Spanish Africa has received little attention in comparison to the Americas and the Philippines. Secondly, to postcolonial studies of the Middle East and North Africa, in which prevalence has been given to British and French colonialisms, and in which the Maghrib has received less attention than the Mashriq. Thirdly, to Moroccan historiography, which has until recently disregarded colonial Morocco as if it were a ‘historical parenthesis.’ And fourthly, to Hispano-Moroccan studies, which have focused more on al-Andalus than on the post-1492 interactions.
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MATEO, DIESTE Josep Lluis. "La "hermandad" hispano-marroquí : política y religión bajo el protectorado español en Marruecos (1912-1956)." Doctoral thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5900.
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Defence date: 5 April 2002Examining board: Prof. Gérard Delille (director), Instituto Universitario Europeo, Florencia ; Prof. Dale F. Eickelman, Dartmouth College, Hanover ; Prof. Eloy Martín Corrales, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona ; Profra. Verena Stolcke (directora externa), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
Books on the topic "Spain – Colonies – Morocco"
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Balfour, Sebastian. Abrazo mortal: De la guerra colonial a la Guerra Civil en España y Marruecos (1909-1939). Barcelona: Península, 2002.
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Los moros que trajo Franco--: La intervención de tropas coloniales en la Guerra Civil española. [Barcelona]: Ediciones Martínez Roca, 2002.
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Parrilla, Gonzalo Fernández, and Laura Casielles. Spain. Edited by Waïl S. Hassan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199349791.013.43.
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This chapter traces the origins of Moroccan literature written in Spanish. Two parallel phenomena have nourished the writing of Arab authors in Spanish during the last two decades: the revival of the Spanish language in the old colonies of Morocco and the Western Sahara, and emigration (mainly Moroccan) to Spain. The use of Spanish as a literary language did not appear until the colonial era, culminating with the French-Spanish Protectorate in 1912. This chapter first considers the beginnings of Spanish-language Moroccan literature during the colonial period before discussing the rebirth of Spanish in Morocco. It then examines the early Moroccan novels published in Spanish, along with the rise of a migrant Spanish and Catalan literature written by Moroccan immigrants who arrived as children in the 1990s and by exiled Sahrawis and other Arab authors in Spain.
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Calderwood, Eric. Colonial Al-Andalus: Spain and the Making of Modern Moroccan Culture. Harvard University Press, 2018.
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Colonial al-Andalus: Spain and the Making of Modern Moroccan Culture. Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press, 2018.
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González, Irene González. Spanish Education in Morocco, 1912-1956: Cultural Interactions in a Colonial Context. Sussex Academic Press, 2015.
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Gonzalez, Irene. Spanish Education in Morocco, 1912-1956: Cultural Interactions in a Colonial Context. Sussex Academic Press, 2015.
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Gonzalez, Irene. Spanish Education in Morocco, 1912-1956: Cultural Interactions in a Colonial Context. Sussex Academic Press, 2015.
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González, Irene González. Spanish Education in Morocco, 1912-1956: Cultural Interactions in a Colonial Context. Sussex Academic Press, 2015.
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Alvarez, Jose E. The Betrothed of Death: The Spanish Foreign Legion During the Rif Rebellion, 1920-1927 (Contributions in Comparative Colonial Studies). Greenwood Press, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Spain – Colonies – Morocco"
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Jordan, Daniel David. "Mementos of al-Andalus in Colonial Morocco." In Coros y Danzas, 64—C3F4. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197586518.003.0004.
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Abstract After a summary of the Sección Femenina’s activities abroad, Chapter 3 turns its focus to the organization’s tours and educational programs within European-controlled Morocco. Between 1951 and 1953, the Sección Femenina’s troupes of Coros y Danzas (Choruses and Dances) performed for Muslim civilians and politicians throughout the Spanish Protectorate, French Protectorate, and the Tangier International Zone. Meanwhile, the Sección Femenina organized choirs of Muslims and Catholics in Tétouan, Tangier, Ceuta, and Melilla that juxtaposed Arabic folk songs with villancicos (religious carols). Throughout their work in Morocco, instructoras remodeled their repertoire and traditional costumes to emphasize Southern Spain’s allegedly lingering cultural ties to North Africa and the Middle East. This change in the Sección Femenina’s representation of Spanish music was accompanied by a change in the organization’s representation of Spanish history. Within Spain, the Sección Femenina associated itself with Queen Isabella “the Catholic” and the “heroes” of the Reconquista who purged the peninsula of the “impurities” of Moorish civilization; however, in the Spanish Protectorate, the ancient Moors were celebrated as a cultural bridge between Spain and Morocco, and Spaniards were portrayed as the cultural heirs of medieval al-Andalus. During a time of political unrest and movements for Moroccan independence, these activities were intended to promote narratives of a Moroccan-Spanish brotherhood based on myths of medieval Muslim Iberia.
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Pack, Sasha D. "A New Convivencia." In The Deepest Border, 177–94. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503606678.003.0009.
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This chapter looks at Spanish administration of northern Morocco after the Rif War. As the physical border between Spain and Morocco disintegrated, Spanish colonial administrators looked for ways to promote “Hispano-Moroccan brotherhood” while preserving religious, social, and sexual boundaries between Moroccan Muslims, Jews, and Spanish settlers. While much scholarship in this area has been dedicated to exposing the Spanish colonial rhetoric of brotherhood to be a ruse, this chapter takes seriously the notion that the Spanish colonial administration attempted to distinguish itself from its French counterpart—even to the point of weakening the positions of the sovereign Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla. It aimed to demonstrate greater respect for local customs and traditions and to elevate the zone’s Muslim “caliph” to the status of sovereign, although in other ways its practices resembled the French model.
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Yarza, Alejandro. "Romancero Marroquí and the Francoist Kitsch Politics of Time." In The Making and Unmaking of Francoist Kitsch Cinema. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748699247.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the colonial politics of Franco’s Spain through an analysis of Romancero marroquí (Morrocan Romance, Carlos Velo 1938), a documentary about Spanish Morocco produced during the Spanish Civil War by Franco’s provisional government. While in traditional colonial representations the colony becomes an alluring, albeit inferior, other to the colonizing Metropolis in need of progress and civilization, in its Francoist representation Spanish-Moroccan society becomes a model to be imitated, a kitsch paradise opposing—like Francoism itself—modern materialism and parliamentary democracy.
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Pack, Sasha D. "Illusory Neutrality, 1914–1918." In The Deepest Border, 139–54. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503606678.003.0007.
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This chapter looks at the contradictory set of international legal and political requirements prevailing on Spain and Morocco during World War I. There was little will on the part of Spain to enter the conflict, yet it was unclear how to adhere to the requirements of wartime neutrality while also meeting the obligation to administer a portion of the Moroccan Sultanate, a belligerent state by virtue of association with France. German agents, such as the Mannesmann mining firm, exploited this legal and political grey zone to infiltrate the pro-Entente sultanate via the many maritime smuggling networks, brigands, and safe havens of Spanish Morocco. Although this had little bearing on the war’s outcome, it convinced the leader of the French colonial army, Hubert Lyautey, that the Spanish officer corps was an unreliable partner.
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Pack, Sasha D. "A Changing Matrix, 1942–1963." In The Deepest Border, 243–64. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503606678.003.0012.
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This chapter analyzes the regional consequences of the advent of American hegemony over the course of two decades. The smuggling and banditry that long characterized the region continued, ultimately undermining the Franco regime’s efforts to manipulate its currency and build an autarkic economy. Spanish attention to the southern border did not flag, however, as the Franco regime believed a strong authoritarian government in Morocco was necessary to prevent the spread of communism into northwest Africa and eventually Europe. This consideration, rather than the maintenance of a formal colonial position, guided Spanish action in Morocco from the middle of the World War II and throughout the decolonization era. Despite border conflicts further to the south, authoritarian Spain worked to support a strong independent Moroccan monarchy under Muhammad V and Hassan II, even when a revived Riffian movement presented Spain with the opportunity to restore a neocolonial foothold there.
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Pack, Sasha D. "War on the Colonial Borderland, 1919–1926." In The Deepest Border, 155–76. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503606678.003.0008.
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The Rif War (1921–1926) is typically understood as an anticolonial struggle against Spanish imperialism, but this chapter places the conflict in the broader regional context of the aftermath of World War I. Angered by Spain’s pro-German activities during the war, the French Foreign Ministry began a campaign to expel the Spanish from Morocco. Sensing danger, Madrid ordered hasty military action into the Rif Mountains, a provocation that enabled the enterprising nobleman Abd el-Krim to build a Riffian independence army. Abetted by support from contraband networks and benign neglect of French and British patrols, Abd el-Krim built a republic while the Spanish experienced political turmoil culminating in a military coup d’état by Miguel Primo de Rivera. The situation changed only after the French began to see their own positions threatened, at which point Spain and France gradually came together to defeat the Riffian uprising by 1926.
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Smith, Paul Julian. "Postcolonial TV: El tiempo entre costuras [The Time In Between] (Antena 3, 2013–14); El Príncipe (Telecinco, 2014)." In Dramatized Societies: Quality Television in Spain and Mexico. Liverpool University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781383247.003.0005.
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Chapter 4, the last on Spain, deals with post-colonial TV, a subject as yet little studied. Having explored the halting media relationship between the Spanish metropolis and its one time Moroccan protectorate, the chapter gives a close account of two exceptional series. The first is a lush historical romance set in the 1930s, which takes the woman’s work of sewing as a metaphor for international relations. The second is a gritty police drama exploring the drug and terror gangs in the contemporary Spanish enclave of Ceuta. Both series are shot and set in North Africa, a region that embodies a bloody heritage for Spain and which recent cinema has failed to investigate.