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1
Smith, Michael W. "INFLUENCE OF SPACING ON PEACH TREE PERFORMANCE." HortScience 25, no. 8 (August 1990): 853d—853. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.853d.
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Performance of peach trees at seven spacings were evaluated over an 8-year period. Treatments were `Garnet Beauty' on Lovell spaced 3.0 or 4.6 × 6.1 m and 4.6 or 6.1 × 7.6 m, self-rooted `Garnet Beauty' spaced 1.0 × 6.1 or 7.6 m then thinned to 3.0 × 6.1 or 7.6 m 4-years after planting, and self-rooted `Garnet Beauty' spaced 1.0 × 2.0 × 5.5 m managed as a meadow orchard with alternate rows pruned to 30-cm height after harvest. Trees spaced 4.6 × 6.1 m or closer were mechanically hedged beginning 4-years after planting to 9 m tall and 6 m wide. Trees in all treatments, except 1.0 × 2.0 × 5.5 m, were trained to an open-center and hand-pruned annually. Trunk area and canopy area of trees spaced 3.0 × 4.6 m or closer were smaller than trees in other spacings by 5-years after planting. Cumulative yield per ha of trees spaced 1.0 × 2.0 × 5.5 m was greater than yield from other spacings 2- through 4-years after planting, then less 6- and 7-years after planting. There were no significant differences in yield/ha among the other spacing treatments. Fruit size was not affected by treatment. Yield efficiency of trees spaced 3.0 or 4.6 × 6.1 m decreased by 8-years after planting compared to trees spaced 4.6 or 6.1 × 7.6 m, indicating a reduction in fruit bearing growth. Hand pruning time was proportional to tree spacing.
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Bordovsky, James P., and Joseph T. Mustian. "Evaluation of Cotton Establishment Strategies Using Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) in the Southern High Plains of Texas." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, no. 6 (2020): 891–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14098.
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Abstract.HighlightsPlanting date and crop row distance from SDI laterals affect final cotton plant population, lint yield and water use.Cotton rows directly above 2.03-m spaced SDI laterals should only be used late within the cotton planting window.Positioning pairs of rows nearer to 2.03-m spaced SDI laterals increased yield compared to evenly spaced rows.SDI laterals spaced 1.02 m versus 2.03 m apart increased cotton yield by 5% and water use efficiency by 7%. In the Texas High Plains (THP), water table declines in the Ogallala Aquifer and the high evaporative environment have helped motivate the transition from surface and center pivot irrigation to subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). A major challenge to wider adoption of SDI in the region is inconsistent cotton seed germination and plant establishment due to dry overwinter conditions, the difficulty of “pushing” irrigation water upward into the seed germination zone, and the high evaporative environment during the optimum cotton planting period. To evaluate strategies for improving cotton establishment using SDI in the Southern High Plains (SHP) of Texas, a field experiment having five crop row/ SDI lateral configurations, each with two planting dates, was conducted from 2013 to 2018 at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center in Halfway, Texas. Differences in final plant stands, cotton yields, cotton fiber qualities, and water productivities were determined. Averaged over planting dates and years, planting directly over 1.02-m spaced SDI laterals (Every-Row configuration) increased final plant stand by 9.5%, cotton yield by 5.1%, irrigation water use efficiencies (IWUE) by 6.7%, and irrigation value (IValue) by 6.1% over planting pairs of 1.02-m spaced rows equidistant and parallel to 2.03-m spaced laterals (Traditional configuration). Compared to the Traditional configuration, planting pairs of cotton rows 0.76 m apart with both rows closer to 2.03-m spaced SDI laterals (30-50 configuration) increased final plant stand by 9.5% and yield by 3.0%. Considering additional treatments with 2.03-m spaced cotton rows planted directly over 2.03-m spaced SDI laterals (Skip-Row configuration) and 1.02-m spaced cotton rows having one row directly over 2.03-m spaced laterals and one row “not irrigated” (Skip-Row Plus configuration), early plantings resulted in five-year yields of 1400 and 1600 kg ha-1, respectively. However, these yields were less than those from the late planted, Traditional treatment at 1620 kg ha-1. Also, IValues and IWUEs of both Skip-Row treatments were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those of the Traditional treatment. Based on these results, the Skip-Row or Skip-Row Plus configurations should only be used late in the cotton planting period when soil water is not available for plant establishment using the Traditional or 30-50 configurations. Advantages of Every-Row and 30-50 over the Traditional configuration must be weighed against their increased costs. Keywords: Cotton, Germination, Irrigation, Southern High Plains, Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI).
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Ahmed, Anwar, and Cyrus Ostowari. "Longitudinally and transversely spaced cylinders in cross flow." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 36 (January 1990): 1095–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(90)90106-m.
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Moore, James N., Maurus V. Brown, and Bruce P. Bordelon. "Yield and Fruit Size of `Bluecrop' and `Blueray' Highbush Blueberries at Three Plant Spacings." HortScience 28, no. 12 (December 1993): 1162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.12.1162.
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The influence of in-row plant spacing on the yield and fruit size of `Blueray' (erect growing) and `Bluecrop' (spreading) highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) was studied. Plants of both cultivars, spaced at 0.61 m within the row, had significantly higher yields per hectare than plants grown at wider spacings (0.92 and 1.22 m) in each of five harvest years. On a per-plant basis, however, plants spaced at 1.22 m had higher yields in the last two harvest years of the experiment than plants spaced more closely, which indicated that interplant competition reduced per-plant yields of closely spaced plants as plants grew larger. Over the 5-year harvest period, plots with 0.61-m plant spacing produced a cumulative total yield of 17.24 t·ha more than plots with the conventional 1.22-m spacing. Plant spacing did not affect fruit size in this experiment.
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Perrier, Gérard. "Growth of ZnSe on GaAs by close spaced vapor transport." Materials Science and Engineering: B 14, no. 4 (September 1992): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5107(92)90077-m.
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Stump, Brian W., and Robert E. Reinke. "Experimental confirmation of superposition from small-scale explosions." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 78, no. 3 (June 1, 1988): 1059–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0780031059.
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Abstract An in situ experimental program in alluvium is implemented and analyzed to test linear superposition. After separating stochastic and deterministic propagation path effects, direct superposition is experimentally validated at 20 m for two 5-lb charges spaced as close as 2 m in alluvium. The charges are separated by the scaled range of 147 m/kt1/3 and observed at the scaled range of 1470 m/kt1/3. Finite-spatial source effects are observed and simulated in the plane passing through two charges separated by 2 to 10 m. The deterministic single-burst waveforms are used to model the multiple-burst data. The effects observed and simulated include direct superposition below the corner frequency, shift to lower corner frequency with increasing charge separation, and spectral scalloping. For charges closely spaced (up to 4 m, observed at 20 and 24 m), the primary effect on the waveform is replicated by a constant delay time between two identical waveforms. For charges spaced by 10 m (observed at 20 and 30 m), the effects of propagation path differences must be included. These effects result in smoothed spectra.
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DeJong, T. M., W. Tsuji, J. F. Doyle, and Y. L. Grossman. "Comparative Economic Efficiency of Four Peach Production Systems in California." HortScience 34, no. 1 (February 1999): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.1.73.
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A clingstone peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch `Ross' on `Nemaguard' rootstock) orchard was established at the Univ. of California Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier, for evaluating the economic efficiency of three high-density planting systems in comparison with the conventional Open Vase system. The orchard contained four replicate plots (0.80 ha/plot), each containing four different planting systems. The four planting/training systems (in-row spacing given first) were: the “KAC-V” (a perpendicular V system spaced 2.0 × 5.5 m, 919 trees/ha); the “HiD KAC V” (spaced 1.8 × 4.6 m, 1196 trees/ha); the “Cordon” (spaced 2.4 × 4.0 m, with perpendicular harvest drives 4.8 m every 22 m and tree height limited to 2.5 m, 919 trees/ha); and the “Open Vase” (spaced 6.1 × 5.5 m, 299 trees/ha). All system-specific costs and crop yields were recorded annually on each subplot for the first 5 years. Although the Cordon system had the highest yields in the second year, the V systems had the highest returns after 5 years. Cumulative costs were: HiD KAC-V system > KAC-V ≥ Cordon > Open Vase. The system that was designed to maintain tree height <2.5 m (Cordon) tended to be less profitable than the V systems because of modest crop yields and high pruning costs that were not offset by increased harvest efficiency. In the last 3 years of the study, pruning, thinning, and harvesting accounted for the majority of the system-specific costs.
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McEachern, George Ray. "Four Grape Canopy Systems in Texas." HortScience 33, no. 4 (July 1998): 600e—600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.600e.
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I. Chennin Blanc 107-cm bilateral cordon spaced 3.6 × 2.4 m, 1119 vines/ha, 14 spurs with 32 buds/vine. Yields were 8.8 t·ha-1 in the third leaf; 9.7 in the fourth, and 12.8 the 5th year, 1990, at the Jane Terrell Vineyard, Navasota, Tex. II. Cabernet Sauvignon with a two-trunk 122 cm bilateral cordon spaced 3.3 × 1.2 m, 2445 vines/ha with 48 buds/vine. Yields were 9.7 t·ha-1 for 1994 through 1997 at the mechanically harvested Newson Vineyard, Plains, Tex. III. Le Noir with a 91-cm trunk and a two-cane canopy; spaced 3 × 2.1 m, 1536 vines/ha, with 14 buds/vine. Yields were 13.3 t·ha-1 in 1996 and 11.2 in 1997 at Messina Hoff Vineyard, Bryan, Tex. IV. Merlot/110R with a 45° slanting cordon, 30 cm at south to 152 cm at north, spaced 1.5 × 1.5 m, 4308 vines/ha with 10 spurs and 20 buds/vine. Yield of 10.8 t·ha-1 in the third leaf, 1997, at Wolf Vineyard, Valley View, Tex. Four very different canopy systems were successful; the ideal system is yet to be determined.
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HIPPA, HEIKKI. "Diversity of Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in a Malaysian rainforest: description of twenty-seven new sympatric species." Zootaxa 1161, no. 1 (March 30, 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1161.1.1.
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The following 27 strictly sympatric, new species of Manota are described from Malaysia: M. acutangula, M. angustata, M. biloba, M. calcarata, M. cerciflex, M. clausa, M. curvata, M. duplex, M. fera, M. ferrata, M. globigera, M. heptacantha, M. horrida, M. oligochaeta, M. ovata, M. pappi, M. pectinata, M. perpusilla, M. plusiochaeta, M. pollex, M. procera, M. roslii, M. simplex, M. spadix, M. transversa, M. ulu, and M. yongi. A key for the identification of all the Oriental and Palaearctic species of Manota is given.
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Belli, Roberto, Jaime Portugheis, and Cristhof Runge. "On Optimal Non-Equally Spaced M-PAM in Dimmable Visible Light Communication." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 29, no. 19 (October 1, 2017): 1619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2017.2737597.
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Cahoon, G. A., D. M. Scurlock, and J. D. Lehman. "THE EFFECTS OF VINE SPACING, SHOOT DENSITY AND FOLIAR KNO3 ON NUTRIENT CONTENT OF SEYVAL GRAPEVINES." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1147F—1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1147.
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Factorial treatments of vine spacing, shoot density and foliar applications of KNO3 were imposed on 9-year-old Seyval grapevines during 1989. Rows were spaced 3.05 m apart; vines within the row were spaced 1.2, 1.8 or 2.4 m apart and trained to a bilateral cordon. Shoots were thinned to 10, 20 or 30/m of canopy. A solution containing 6 kg of KNO3/379 liters of water was applied as a foliar spray at 2-week intervals between June 1 and August 1, 1989 (5 applications). Each shoot was thinned to one cluster prior to full bloom. Vines spaced at 1.2, 1.8 and 2.4 m produced an average of 4.2, 5.9 and 7.3 kg/vine, respectively (11.3, 10.6 and 9.8 MT/ha). Cluster weight averaged .22 kg; fruit maturity averaged 19.7°Brix for all treatments. Applications of KNO3 increased foliar N, K, Fe, B, Cu and Na, but decreased P, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn. As vine spacing increased the concentration of foliar N, P, K decreased. As shoot density increased N, P, K, B, and Cu decreased, while Ca, Mg, Mn and Na increased. The experiment will be repeated in 1990.
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Cahoon, G. A., D. M. Scurlock, and J. D. Lehman. "THE EFFECTS OF VINE SPACING, SHOOT DENSITY AND FOLIAR KNO3 ON NUTRIENT CONTENT OF SEYVAL GRAPEVINES." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1147f—1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1147f.
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Factorial treatments of vine spacing, shoot density and foliar applications of KNO3 were imposed on 9-year-old Seyval grapevines during 1989. Rows were spaced 3.05 m apart; vines within the row were spaced 1.2, 1.8 or 2.4 m apart and trained to a bilateral cordon. Shoots were thinned to 10, 20 or 30/m of canopy. A solution containing 6 kg of KNO3/379 liters of water was applied as a foliar spray at 2-week intervals between June 1 and August 1, 1989 (5 applications). Each shoot was thinned to one cluster prior to full bloom. Vines spaced at 1.2, 1.8 and 2.4 m produced an average of 4.2, 5.9 and 7.3 kg/vine, respectively (11.3, 10.6 and 9.8 MT/ha). Cluster weight averaged .22 kg; fruit maturity averaged 19.7°Brix for all treatments. Applications of KNO3 increased foliar N, K, Fe, B, Cu and Na, but decreased P, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn. As vine spacing increased the concentration of foliar N, P, K decreased. As shoot density increased N, P, K, B, and Cu decreased, while Ca, Mg, Mn and Na increased. The experiment will be repeated in 1990.
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Kliewer, W. Mark, and Jason Benz. "088 INFLUENCE OF ROOTSTOCK AND VINE SPACING ON THE CONCENTRATION OF MINERALS IN PETIOLES AND FRUITS OF CABERNET SAUVIGNON GRAPEVINES GROWN IN NAPA VALLEY." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 440e—440. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.440e.
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The effects of 7 rootstocks (AxR#1, 110R. 5C, 3309, 420A, 1616 and 039-16) grafted to Cabernet Sauvignon (clone #8) in combination with 3 between row spacings (2, 3, and 4 m) and 2 in-row spacings (1 and 2 m) on the level of minerals in petioles sampled at full bloom and at veraison on the mineral composition of fruits at harvest were evaluated over a 3 year period (1991 to 1993) in a replicated field plot established at Oakville in 1987. 039-16 petioles had the highest level of K, Ca and NO3, whereas 420A had the lowest concentration of these minerals, the other 5 stocks being intermediate. Petiole Mg level was highest in 420A and lowest in 039-16. 039-16 fruits at harvest had the highest level of K, malate, and pH, whereas 420A fruits were lowest in these substances. Between row spacing showed no significant effects on the concentration of minerals in leaves and fruits. However, leaves from vines spaced 1 m apart within rows had lower levels of Ca and Mg than 2 m vine spacing. One m vine spaced fruits were lower in °Brix hut higher in titratable acidity and malate than 2 m vine spaced fruits. Regression analysis showed that the number of roots per unit volume of soil was positively related to the concentration of K in leaves and fruits, regardless of the rootstock used.
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Stauber, Larry G., Roy J. Smith, and Ronald E. Talbert. "Density and Spatial Interference of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) with Rice (Oryza sativa)." Weed Science 39, no. 2 (June 1991): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500071411.
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Density and spatial interference of barnyardgrass with ‘Lemont’ and ‘Newbonnet’ rice cultivars was investigated in 1987 and 1988. Barnyardgrass reduced grain yield of Lemont, a semidwarf cultivar, more than Newbonnet, a short-statured cultivar. Linear regression indicated that season-long interference of barnyardgrass at 1 to 20 plants m–2reduced grain yields of Lemont and Newbonnet by 301 and 257 kg ha–1per barnyardgrass plant, respectively. Grain yields of Lemont and Newbonnet were reduced by barnyardgrass densities to 40 plants m–2but were not affected further at densities ≥40 plants m–2. Barnyardgrass reduced straw yield of Lemont more than of Newbonnet. Although barnyardgrass culms m–2and straw yield increased as weed density increased, the weed produced more culms per plant at 2 and 5 m–2than at 20 to 80 m–2. In a spatial interference experiment, Lemont grain yield reduction averaged 21% when plants were grown within 0 to 25 cm of a barnyardgrass plant group (group = 4 plants per 140 cm2). However, rice yields were not reduced when barnyardgrass plant groups were 25 to 50 or 50 to 100 cm away. Additional treatments included two barnyardgrass groups spaced 20, 40, 80, or 100 cm apart When Lemont grew between barnyardgrass groups spaced 20 or 40 cm apart, grain yields were reduced 40 and 27%, respectively, compared with weed-free rice. However, Lemont yield was not reduced when rice plants grew between weed plant groups spaced 100 cm apart.
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Boampong, Richard, Samuel Kwasi Boateng, Richard Adu Amoah, Bright Adu Gyamfi, Lawrence Misa Aboagye, and Eric Osafo Ansah. "Growth and Yield of Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott.) as Affected by Planting Distance." International Journal of Agronomy 2020 (December 29, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8863099.
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Taro, Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott., is a staple food for many people in Africa. Despite the numerous importance of the crop, it still remains an underutilized crop in Ghana with little information on many aspects of the crop, especially agronomic practices. This experiment was conducted to identify the effect of planting distance on growth and yield of two promising taro accessions. The experiment was laid out using the split-plot design arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in which accessions (BL/SM/80 and BL/SM/16) were used as main plots and three planting distances (1 m × 1 m, 1 m × 0.75 m, and 1 m × 0.5 m) as subplots. Data were recorded on the 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th, 20th, 24th, and 28th week after planting (WAP) for growth parameters while yield data were taken at harvest. The results indicated that plant height (63.4 cm), petiole length (44.0 cm), number of leaves (4.7), leaf length (31.7 cm), and width (20.5 cm) were significantly ( P ≤ 0.05 ) higher in closely spaced plants than widely spaced plants at 4 WAP and 8 WAP for petiole length (70.3 cm) and in the 28th WAP where there was an accession effect on leaf length and number of suckers/plant. The highest corm yield/plant (0.63 kg) and total corm yield/ha (11.7 t/ha) in both accessions were achieved by the medium plant spacing (1 m × 0.75 m) and lower plant spacing (1 m × 0.5 m), respectively. Accession BS/SM/80 recorded the highest total yield/ha of 13.0 t/ha for 1 m × 0.5 m plant spacing. The higher number of suckers (8.1) was recorded by higher spaced plants. From the study, it was seen that growth parameters correlated significantly and positively with yield. It is therefore recommended that farmers in the area and those in similar production areas use a spacing of 1 m × 0.5 m for optimum growth and yield.
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Roche, Rose, and Michael Bange. "Effects of Plant Density, Mepiquat Chloride, Early-Season Nitrogen and Water Applications on Yield and Crop Maturity of Ultra-Narrow Cotton." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040869.
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Research investigating row spacing in high-yielding, high-input cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production systems has found higher lint yields but no maturity benefits using high plant density, 25 cm spaced ultra-narrow rows (UNR). Seven experiments comparing 38 cm UNR and conventionally spaced rows (100 cm) were conducted over three years to determine if changes in plant density or management could optimize yield and maturity in a high-input UNR cotton production system. Two of these experiments compared 25, 38 and 100 cm spaced rows under different intra-row plant density (12 to 36 plants m−2). Three experiments managed 38 cm UNR and 100 cm spaced rows separately and one had extra early application of nitrogen and water. Across the seven experiments there were no differences in lint yield or crop maturity for 38 cm UNR compared to conventionally spaced rows. The only significant response to changes in inter- or intra-row density or agronomic management was an 18% increase in handpicked lint yield in the 12 plants m−2 38 cm UNR treatment compared to the same plant density in 100 cm spaced rows in one of the two experiments. This stability of yield response across row spacings indicates that there is an opportunity to reduce seed rates whilst maintaining yields in high-input UNR systems. UNR cotton did not require any difference in mepiquat chloride or nitrogen management compared with conventionally spaced cotton, nor did extra early inputs of nitrogen or water, and we concluded that is likely that the current recommendations for mepiquat chloride or nitrogen nutrition in conventionally spaced systems are appropriate for managing high-input UNR cotton crops.
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Roslee, Rodeano, Jeffery Anak Pirah, Mohd Fauzi Zikiri, and Ahmad Nazrul Madri. "APPLICABILITY OF THE ROCK MASS RATING (RMR) SYSTEM FOR THE TRUSMADI FORMATION AT SABAH, MALAYSIA." Malaysian Journal of Geosciences 4, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/mjg.02.2020.96.102.
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Rock Mass Classification Systems (RMCS) can be of considerable use in the initial stage of a project when little or no detailed information is available. There is a large number of RMCS developed for general purposes but also for specific applications such as Rock Quality Designation (RQD), Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Geological Strength Index (GSI), Slope Mass Rating (SMR), etc. In this paper, we present the results of the applicability of the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) System for the Trusmadi Formation in Sabah, Malaysia. The RMR system is a RMCS incorporated with five (5) parameters: Strength of intact rock material, Rock Quality Designation (RQD), Spacing of joints, Condition of joints, and Groundwater conditions. A total of ten (10) locations were selected on the basis of exposures of the lithology and slope condition of the Trusmadi Formation. Trusmadi Formation is Paleocene to Eocene in aged. The Trusmadi Formation generally shows two major structural orientations NW-SE and NE-SW. Trusmadi Formation is characterized by the present of dark colour argillaceous rocks, siltstone and thin-bedded turbidite in well-stratified sequence. Some of the Trusmadi Formation rocks have been metamorphosed to low grade of the greenish-schist facies; the sediment has become slate, phyllite and metarenite. Cataclastic rocks are widespread and occur as black phyllonite enclosing arenitic and lutitic boudins with diameter up to a meter or demarcating thin to thicker fault zones or as flaser zones with hardly any finer grain matrix or as zones of closely spaced fractures. Quartz and calcite veins are quite widespread within the crack deformed on sandstone beds. The shale is dark grey when fresh but changes light grey to brownish when weathered. The RMR system for 10 outcrops ranges from 33.0 to 50.0 and its classified as “Fair” (Class III) to “Poor” (Class IV) rocks. The Fair Rock (Class III) recommended that the excavation should be top heading and bench 1.5 m – 3 m advance in the top heading. Support should be commencing after each blast and complete support 10 m from face. Rock bolts should be systematic with 4 m long spaced 1.5 m – 2 m in crown and walls with wire mesh in crown. Shotcrete should be 50 mm – 100 mm in crown and 30 mm in sides. While for the Poor Rock (Class IV), the excavation should be top heading and bench 1.0 m – 1.5 m advance in top heading. Support should be installed concurrently with excavation, 10 m from face. Rock bolt should be systematic with 4 m – 5 m long, spaced 1.5 m – 1.5 m in crown and walls with wire mesh. Shotcrete of 100 m – 150 mm in crown and 100 mm in sides. The steel sets should be light to medium ribs spaced 1.5 m only when required.
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Kellas, JD, PR Bird, KN Cumming, GA Kearney, and AK Ashton. "Pasture production under a series of Pinus radiata-pasture agroforestry systems in South-West Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 6 (1995): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9951285.
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Net pasture production has been monitored over time on an on-going Pinus radiata-pasture agroforestry experiment located at Carngham, Victoria. Established in 1983 by thinning a 2-year-old plantation, the study contains five treatments (systems): open pasture (no trees), 60 trees/ha, 200 trees/ha wide-spaced, 200 trees/ha 5-row belt and 1360 trees/ha. Net pasture production was only weakly affected by the proximity of trees in the 60 trees/ha and 200 trees/ha wide-spaced systems. However, in the 200 trees/ha 5-row belt system, pasture production was often significantly less within the tree zone and at 1.5 m from the tree edge compared with production at 10.5 m from the tree edge. While there was a trend for greater pasture production at 10.5 m and 18 m from the tree line than occurred in the open pasture system, the width of pasture adjacent to the 5-row belts was too narrow (36 m) to demonstrate any shelter benefit on pasture production. From 1990 to 1992, pasture production (kg ha-1) for each system was similar, although production tended to decrease with increasing tree stocking. Following the cessation of pruning (1992), pasture production was significantly reduced by increased tree stocking, such that pasture production in the 200 trees/ha wide-spaced and 200 trees/ha 5-row belt systems was 60% and 69% and 23% and 67% of open pasture in 1993 and 1994 respectively.
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Bryla, David, and Bernadine Strik. "(372) Water Requirements of High bush Blueberry Cultivars Planted at Normal and High Density Spacings." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1058E—1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1058e.
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Many growers in the Pacific Northwest are planting blueberry fields at higher densities to improve yields and increase the number of berries harvested per acre in the first few years after planting. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of high-density planting on blueberry water requirements. Although close spacing reduces individual plant size, we expected that plants spaced closer together would require more irrigation per unit land area than those spaced further apart due to increased canopy coverage within rows. The study utilized a 5-year-old planting of highbush blueberry, consisting of three cultivars, `Duke', `Bluecrop', and `Elliott', planted at 0.5- and 1.2-m in-row spacings. Plant water use was calculated from changes in soil water content measured using TDR probes for shallow depths and a neutron probe and access tubes for deeper depths. Stem water potentials were also measured periodically using a pressure chamber to determine how well irrigation was meeting crop water demands throughout the season. Surprisingly, plants spaced 0.5 m apart required only slightly more water than those spaced 1.2 m apart. They did, however, require more frequent irrigations due to their smaller root systems, especially during fruit filling. Water use by each cultivar increased during fruit filling and then rapidly decreased after harvest. `Duke' required the most water among cultivars, using 5–10 mm/day from mid-May to mid-August, while `Elliott' required the least, using 3–5 mm/day.
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Bird, PR, PR Bird, JD Kellas, JD Kellas, GA Kearney, GA Kearney, KN Cumming, and KN Cumming. "Animal production under a series of Pinus radiata-pasture agroforestry systems in South-West Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 6 (1995): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9951299.
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Liveweight and greasy wool production data from young wethers were collected for the period autumn to early summer for the years 1986 to 1994 from an on-going Pinus radiata-pasture project at Carngham, Victoria. A plantation established in 1981 on a grazing property was thinned in 1983 to give trees spaced at: (i) no trees (a grazing control), (ii) 8 mx 12 m, (iii) 4 mx9 m, (iv) 4 mx3 m in a 5-row belt then a 10-row pasture gap, and (v) 2 mx3 m (original spacing). By 1989 the density of trees in these systems was slightly reduced by windthrow, animal damage and thinning to (ii) 60 trees/ha, (iii) 200 trees/ha wide-spaced, (iv) 200 trees/ha 5-row belt and (v) 1360 trees/ha. All trees in systems (ii), (iii) and (iv) had been pruned to 6 m by late 1992. The sheep stocking policy was initially based on a set 10 sheep ha-1. Since 1991 the stocking rate has been varied yearly in an attempt to maintain similar production per sheep. The pastures were re-sown in 1989 with perennial rye-grass and subterranean clover cultivars. Since 1991, wool production per ha from the 200 trees/ha wide-spaced system has been consistently less than in systems (i), (ii) and (iv). Wool production among systems differed significantly since 1992. Expressed as a percentage of wool production achieved on open pasture, the relative values for the agroforestry systems from 1990 to 1994 as follows.
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Shamiyeh, N. B. "Control of E. Hirtipennis and M. Persicae on Burley Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.307a.
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Abstract Eight foliar-applied insecticide treatments were evaluated at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville. Burley tobacco was transplanted on 6 Jun. Plots were 30 ft × 3 rows spaced 42 inches apart. Plants were spaced 18 inches apart. Four randomized complete blocks were separated by 5 ft alleys. Soil classification was Huntington with 2-5% slope, pH 6.6. Insecticide treatments were applied 3 times during the season (8 Jul, 24 Jul, 7 Aug). Sprays were applied with 2.5 gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 30 gal/acre and tank pressure of 30 psi. Flea beetle damage was evaluated as number of feeding holes/10 leaves; counts were made on the fifth leaf (of width greater than 2 inches) from top of plant. Aphid ratings ranged from 0 (no evident infestation) to 5 (heavy infestation with necrosis of lower leaf basis). Rainfall for the growing season was 9.93 inches with an additional 2 inches of irrigation on 18 Jun. Tobacco was harvested on 19 Sep.
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Janas, P. S., and D. G. Brand. "Comparative Growth and Development of Planted and Natural Stands of Jack Pine." Forestry Chronicle 64, no. 4 (August 1, 1988): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc64320-4.
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This study compares growth yield, and stem quality differences at age 21 between plantations spaced at 2.13 × 2.13 m (2204 stems/ha) and 4.27 × 4.27 m (548 stems/ha), and a nearby natural jack pine stand of identical age (initial density of 29 800 stems/ha). Merchantable volume/ha was greatest at the 2.13 m spacing, followed by the less dense plantation and natural stand. Total volume/ha (trees > 1.3 m height) was also greatest in the 2.13 m plantation, followed by the natural stand and the 4.27 m plantation. Individual tree mean merchantable volumes decreased with increasing density. Height growth decreased with increasing density. Height 4.27 m plantation relative to the 2.13 m plantation. Stem quality of the natural stand was markedly better than in both plantations. A comparison of an older natural stand and a plantation in the same area suggests that superiority of tree form of denser natural stands will continue through to rotation. High mortality in the natural stand was largely the result of snow and ice damage which caused patchy and irregular stocking. These results imply that widely spaced plantations of unimproved jack pine will produce large individual tree sizes, but at the expense of quality. Key words: Pinus banksiana, plantations, natural stands, stem quality growth and yield, stand density, mortality, spacing, silviculture.
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Norvidas, Saulius. "On a sampling expansion with partial derivatives for functions of several variables." Filomat 34, no. 10 (2020): 3339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil2010339n.
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Let Bp?, 1 ? p < ?,? > 0, denote the space of all f ?Lp(R) such that the Fourier transform of f (in the sense of distributions) vanishes outside [-?,?]. The classical sampling theorem states that each f ? Bp? may be reconstructed exactly from its sample values at equispaced sampling points {?m=?}m?Z spaced by ?/?. Reconstruction is also possible from sample values at sampling points {??m/?}m with certain 1 < ? ? 2 if we know f(??m/?) and f?(??m/?), m ? Z. In this paper we present sampling series for functions of several variables. These series involves samples of functions and their partial derivatives.
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Amoah, F. M., K. Osei-Bonsu, and F. K. Oppong. "Response of improved robusta coffee to location and management practices in Ghana." Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 01 (January 1997): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479797000215.
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Studies were carried out at three locations in Ghana to investigate the effects of Glyricidia maculata shade intensity and of the spacing of coffee on the growth and yield of improved robusta coffee. The three locations selected fall within ecological zones which could be described as suitable, moderately and marginally suitable in terms of rainfall availability and soil conditions.The experimental design was a split plot with shade as the main plot and coffee spacing as the sub-plot. The four levels of shade were: no shade, and Glyricidia maculata at densities of 70, 90 and 185 per ha corresponding to sparse, moderate and heavy shade conditions. The coffee spacings were 3 m×2 m, 3 m×2.2 m, 3.5 m×2 m and 3.5 m×2.5 m giving plant populations of 1670, 1520, 1430 and 1140 per hectare, respectively.There were no effects of shade or spacing on coffee seedling growth at all locations during establishment. Sparse shade gave higher yields in the suitable areas. Moderate shade was required for the moderately and marginally suitable areas. In general, closely spaced coffee gave higher yields than the widely spaced coffee at the suitable and moderately suitable areas whilst there was virtually no response to coffee spacing in the marginally suitable area. There were no interaction effects of shade and spacing on coffee growth or yield. Biennial alternation of coffee-bearing associated with seedling materials was observed in this study.
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Hussain, Ala' a. A. "Corrosion Inhibition of Mild-Steel in (1M) HCl using Spands Reagent." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 13, no. 1 (January 10, 2017): 5915–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v13i1.983.
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The effect of Spands Reagent on the dissolution of Mild-steel in 1M HCl solution was studied using weight loss and galvanostatic polarization techniques. The inhibition efficiency of inhibitor increases with concentration to attain (75.26%) at concentration 1×10-2 M ,and standing time for 180 min at 25°C. Temperature effect on the corrosion behavior was studied at temperature range from 25-45°C, the results showed that inhibition efficiency decreased with increasing temperature to attain (64.53%) at concentration 1×10-2 M at 45°C and with standing time equal to 180 min. The effect of temperature on the rate of corrosion in the absence and presence of Spands Reagent was also studied. The Kinetic Parameters were calculated and discussed. The polarization curves revealed that the studied inhibitor represent a mixed–type inhibitors. Adsorption of inhibitor was isotherm physisorption type.
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Kaps, Martin L., and Marilyn B. Odneal. "IN-ROW SPACING AFFECTS GRAPEVINE PRODUCTIVITY AND TRELLIS FILL FOLLOWING A SEVERE WINTER." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 600c—600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.600c.
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`Seyval blanc' and `Vidal blanc' grapevines were planted in 1983 at in-row spacings of 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 3.6 and 4.8 m. Vineyard location is in the southcentral Missouri Ozark region, an area characterized by shallow soil and fluctuating winter temperature. A temperature of -28°C in January 1985 severely damaged the vines, which required retraining from the roots. Less time was needed to retrain close spaced vines to a single curtain cordon. Close spaced vines also yielded more in their first production year (1987). Wide spaced vines had increasingly higher pruning weight, yield, and cluster number per vine in later years. Juice soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity showed few differences among the spacing treatments. Close spaced vines were the most productive on a per meter of cordon basis. Competition between these vines has not yet reduced their productivity.
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Sams, Mark. "High‐resolution velocity and attenuation logs from long‐spaced sonic data." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 7 (July 1991): 1071–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443118.
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A long‐spaced sonic survey may be thought of as a special case of ray theoretical tomographic imaging. With such an approach estimates of borehole properties at a resolution of 6 inches (0.15 m) have been obtained by inversion compared with a resolution of 2 ft (0.6 m) from standard borehole‐compensated techniques (BHC). The inversion scheme employs the conjugate gradient technique which is fast and efficient. Unlike BHC, the method compensates for variable refraction angles and provides estimates of errors in the measurements. Results from synthetic data show that these factors greatly improve the imaging of the properties of a finely layered medium, though amplitude decay and coupling are less well defined than velocity and mud traveltime. Results from real data confirm the superior quality of logs from inversion. Furthermore, they indicate that measured amplitudes can be dominated by errors that cause deterioration of BHC estimates of amplitude decay and coupling.
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Kumar, Rakesh, Mahendra Dia, and Todd C. Wehner. "Implications of Mating Behavior in Watermelon Breeding." HortScience 48, no. 8 (August 2013): 960–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.8.960.
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Understanding the natural mating behavior (self- or cross-pollination) in watermelon is important to the design of a suitable breeding strategy. The objective of this study was to measure the rate of self- and cross-pollination in watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] using the dominant gene Sp (Spotted leaves and fruit) as a marker. The experiment consisted of two studies and was a split plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 years (2009 to 2011) and four locations (Clinton, Kinston, Oxford, Lewiston, NC). For the intercrossing study, whole plots were the two spacings (1.2 × 0.3 m and 1.2 × 0.6 m) with four replications in 2010. For the inbreeding study, whole plots were two equidistant spacings (3 × 3 m and 6 × 6 m) with four replications in 2009 to 2011. Cultivars Allsweet and Mickylee were subplots within each whole plot. In the inbreeding study, spacing and year had a significant effect on the rate of self-pollination, which was moderate (47% and 54%, respectively) when watermelon plants were trained in a spiral and spaced 3 × 3 m or 6 × 6 m apart. Spacing and cultivar did not have a significant effect on cross-pollination in the intercrossing study. Closely spaced watermelon plants (1.2 × 0.3 m and 1.2 × 0.6 m) had low natural outcrossing rate (31% and 35%, respectively) and was not adequate to intercross families. However, breeders should consider the amount of self-pollination in watermelon to calculate the estimates of component of genetic variances.
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Ajayi, Emmanuel, Iyabo Adeoye, and Olanrewaju Shittu. "Economic analysis of intercropping okra with legumes." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 62, no. 2 (2017): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1702193a.
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A field study was carried out in a vegetable research field of the National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, Nigeria during the late raining season of 2015 to determine the appropriate okra/legume-based cropping system that will increase crop yield and farmer?s income. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three (3) replicates. The treatments comprised intercropping okra with groundnut or cowpea planted at varying spacings (60 cm x 30 cm, 60 cm x 40 cm, 60 cm x 50 cm and 60 cm x 60cm). Okra was planted at a spacing of 60 cm x 40 cm, the plot size was 3 m x 2.4 m (7.4 m2). Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant means were separated using the least significant difference (LSD) test at the 5% probability level. Economic analysis of the cropping mixture was carried out using gross margin analysis, monetary advantage index and benefit to cost ratio analysis. Results revealed that the land equivalent ratio (LER) of 1.62 was recorded in okra/groundnut at 60 cm x 40 cm and LER of 1.74 was observed in okra/cowpea at 60 cm x 30 cm. Okra/cowpea intercropping system spaced at 60 cm x 30 cm was the most remunerative (N859,192/ha), followed by okra/cowpea spaced at 60 cm x 50 cm (N744,212/ha) while okra/cowpea spaced at 60 cm x 60 cm was the least remunerative. The highest gross margin of N2,188,961/ha was obtained in okra/groundnut spaced at 60 cm x 40 cm. The least return was obtained in okra/groundnut spaced at 60 cm x 60 cm (N700,103/ha). The economic analysis revealed that okra/cowpea spaced at 60 cm x 30 cm produced the highest gross margin of N859,192/ha and monetary advantage index of N450,447/ha while okra/groundnut spaced at 60 cm x 40 cm gave the highest gross margin of N2,188,961/ha and monetary advantage index of N924,642/ha.
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Piguet, C. A., D. F. Wang, and C. Gruber. "SU(m|n) Supersymmetric Calogero–Sutherland Model Confined in Harmonic Potential." International Journal of Modern Physics B 11, no. 15 (June 20, 1997): 1839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979297000952.
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In this work, we study a continuous quantum system of a mixture of bosons and fermions with the supersymmetry SU (m|n). The particles are confined in a harmonic well and interact with each other through the 1/r2 interaction. An eigenstate of the Hamiltonian is constructed explicitly for the most general SU (m|n) case and its energy is given explicitly. It is argued that this eigenstate is the ground state of the system. Moreover, we construct some excited states giving an equally spaced spectrum. In the limiting case where there are no bosons in the system, our results reduce to those obtained previously.
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Cocks, PS. "Dynamics of flower and pod production in annual medics (Medicago spp.). I. spaced plants." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 5 (1990): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900911.
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Two experiments were conducted in Syria to examine flower production in annual medics. Flowers and pods of seven species were monitored throughout the flowering period in Experiment 1 and the relationships among 13 flowering attributes were investigated for 16 species in Experiment 2. Between 34% (M. rigidula) and 8 1% (M. minima) of flowers survived to maturity in Experiment 1 and between 27% (M. blancheana) and 93% (M. radiata) survived in Experiment 2. Flower and pod production and flower survival in most species increased until about node 7 and decreased thereafter. Seed size was greatest in pods produced before nodes 2-7; the seed in late-produced pods was only 50% as heavy as early-produced seeds. Seed number per pod was almost constant, indicating that ovule abortion was rare. Cluster and regression analysis suggested that greater flower retention was associated with low number of seeds per plants, small seeds, and small pods, and the data support the hypothesis that flower survival is determined by the potential mass of pods (pod mass by flower number) at each raceme. The ecological and agronomic significance of flower shedding and seed size is discussed, and it is suggested that more attention should be paid to the characteristics of successful ecotypes in a given area, when selecting cultivars for that area.
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Araújo, Cristina Paixão, and João Felipe Coimbra Leite Costa. "Integration of different-quality data in short-term mining planning." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 68, no. 2 (June 2015): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672015680212.
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AbstractDecisions, from mineral exploration to mining operations, are based on grade block models obtained from samples. This study evaluates the impact of using imprecise data in short-term planning. The exhaustive Walker Lake dataset is used and is considered as the source for obtaining the true grades. Initially, samples are obtained from the exhaustive dataset at regularly spaced grids of 20 × 20 m and 5 × 5 m. A relative error (imprecision) of ±25% and a 10% bias are added to the data spaced at 5 × 5 m (short-term geological data) in different scenarios. To combine these different types of data, two methodologies are investigated: cokriging and ordinary kriging. Both types of data are used to estimate blocks with the two methodologies. The grade tonnage curves and swath plots are used to compare the results against the true block grade distribution. In addition, the block misclassification is evaluated. The results show that standardized ordinary cokriging is a better methodology for imprecise and biased data and produces estimates closer to the true grade block distribution, reducing block misclassification.
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Rowland, S., and B. Cartwright. "Harlequin Bug Control on Cabbage, Spring, 1992." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.109.
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Abstract ‘Golden Acres’ cv. cabbage was transplanted into a Bemow series fine sandy loam soil covered with black plastic mulch on 6 May at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, OK. Planting beds were formed on 1.8 m centers with two rows of plants per bed. Plots were one bed wide by 4.6 m long and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plants were spaced 30 cm apart within rows. An unplanted buffer 3 m long within rows and one unplanted row between plots was used to minimize spray drift. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 2 and 9 Jul with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with two TX-18 spray nozzles spaced 46 cm apart and directed inward towards the plants. The sprayer was calibrated on 28 Jun at 99.6 liters per acre. Eight randomly selected plants per plot were sampled for HB nymphs and adults on 9, 13 and 16 Jul. No pretreatment means for HB were available.
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Wolff, Eric W., Eliza Cook, Piers R. F. Barnes, and Robert Mulvaney. "Signal variability in replicate ice cores." Journal of Glaciology 51, no. 174 (2005): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756505781829197.
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AbstractReplicate ice cores have been drilled about 10 m apart for the top 790 m of the ice sheet at Dome C, Antarctica. This provides an opportunity to examine inter-core variation of the signal for identical events, based on dielectric profile (DEP) comparisons. Comparison of the signal from the same core (a section 48 m long), measured 1 year apart, showed good reproducibility, with peak heights varying by around 10% between the two measurements. For the two replicate cores, identical peaks were matched and showed variability between cores of typically a factor 1.5. This can be explained based on the likelihood of significant time periods of missing accumulation in any single core at sites with such low snow accumulation rate. To synchronize core depths by matching peaks, it is essential to use the pattern of peaks, rather than just widely spaced individual strong peaks. To derive a quantitative volcanic index from these low-accumulation rate sites, it will be necessary to combine or average the results from several closely spaced parallel cores.
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Petchey, A. M. "Nest site choice by farrowing sows offered cubicles or parallel walls." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600025423.
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Freedom of movement and the opportunity to express normal behaviours are important requirements for any housing system which satisfies the welfare codes (MAFF, 1983). Intensive pig production systems generally house farrowing sows in crates to minimise the probability that piglets will be crushed. To satisfy the welfare codes there is, therefore, a need to develop a loose housing system which satisfies a multiplicity of conditions. It must give the sow unrestrained movement, allow nest building activities, provide physical protection and warm environmental conditions for the young piglets. In a previous choice trial sows sited their nests within cubicles rather than a corner or beside a straight wall (Hunt and Petchey, 1989). In another trial they were offered an arrangement of parallel walls spaced 0.55,0.95 or 1.35 m apart, most sows (0.44) chose to farrow between the 0.55 m spaced walls (Petchey, 1991). Sows making this choice (ie 0.55 m spacing) also exhibited more nest building behaviours and built significantly bigger nests (P<0.05). The trial reported here offers sows the preferred sites of the two previous trials.
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Cocks, PS. "Dynamics of flower and pod production in annual medics. (Medicago spp.). II. In swards at low and high density." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 5 (1990): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900923.
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Seven accessions of five annual medic species were grown in swards at low and high densities at Tel Hadya in north Syria. Flower shedding, seed size, and other components of seed yield were compared with data collected from spaced plants. Seed yield of the seven accessions, ranging from zero to 800 kg ha-1, was correlated with flowering time at high density but not at low density. Early flowering accessions of Medicago polymorpha and M. truncatula produced more seed at high density than at low density, but a late-flowering accession of M noeana failed to produce seed at high density. Flower shedding was greatest in dense swards and least in spaced plants. Shedding of the various accessions ranged from 70% to M. polymorpha at low density to 96% in M. rigidula and 100% in M. noeana at high density. Some accessions shed flowers uniformly from all nodes, but in other accessions late-produced flowers were more likely to be shed. The flower shedding observed here was less than found in many other legumes, but more than has been observed in subterranean clover. It seems unlikely that seed yield can be increased by selecting for increased flower retention, but it may be possible to increase seed numbers at the expense of seed size; this may be useful in pasturebased farming systems.
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Croat, Thomas B., Joep Moonen, and Odile Poncy. "NEW SPECIES OF MONSTERA (ARACEAE) FROM FRENCH GUIANA." Rodriguésia 56, no. 88 (September 2005): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602005568807.
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ABSTRACT A new species of Monstera, M. barrieri Croat, Moonen & Poncy, is described from French Guiana. The species is characterized by its deeply pinnately lobed, black-drying blades and the wine-red to orange spadix axis.
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Rodrigues, Marcos Sales, José Eduardo Corá, and Carolina Fernandes. "Spatial relationships between soil attributes and corn yield in no-tillage system." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 36, no. 2 (April 2012): 599–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832012000200029.
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Soil properties play an important role in spatial variability of crop yield. However, a low spatial correlation has generally been observed between maps of crop yield and of soil properties. The objectives of the present investigation were to assess the spatial pattern variability of soil properties and of corn yield at the same sampling intensity, and evaluate its cause-and-effect relationships. The experimental site was structured in a grid of 100 referenced points, spaced at 10 m intervals along four parallel 250 m long rows spaced 4.5 m apart. Thus, points formed a rectangle containing four columns and 25 rows. Therefore, each sampling cell encompassed an area of 45 m² and consisted of five 10 m long crop rows, in which the referenced points represented the center. Samples were taken from the layers 0-0.1 m and 0.1-0.2 m. Soil physical and chemical properties were evaluated. Statistical analyses consisted of data description and geostatistics. The spatial dependence of corn yield and soil properties was confirmed. The hypothesis of this study was confirmed, i.e., when sampling the soil to determine the values of soil characteristics at similar to sampling intensity as for crop yield assessments, correlations between the spatial distribution of soil characteristics and crop yield were observed. The spatial distribution pattern of soil properties explained 65 % of the spatial distribution pattern of corn yield. The spatial distribution pattern of clay content and percentage of soil base saturation explained most of the spatial distribution pattern of corn yield.
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Wagner, Helene H., and Stéphane Dray. "Generating spatially constrained null models for irregularly spaced data using M oran spectral randomization methods." Methods in Ecology and Evolution 6, no. 10 (August 20, 2015): 1169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12407.
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Zengjun Xiang and Guangguo Bi. "New fractionally spaced recursive polynomial perceptron model for adaptive M-QAM digital mobile radio reception." Electronics Letters 28, no. 22 (1992): 2049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19921313.
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Silva, Fernanda dos Santos, and Luiz Ricardo Lopes de Simone. "Anatomy of two species of Megalobulimus (Strophocheilidae, Megalobuliminae) from South-Central Bahia, Brazil." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 62 (November 1, 2022): e202262066. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.066.
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An anatomical and taxonomic study of Megalobulimus oblongus (Müller, 1774) and M. conicus (Bequaert, 1948) (Strophocheilidae, Megalobuliminae) is carried out, based mainly on samples from the south-central region of Bahia, Brazil. It revealed interesting anatomical differences in several structures, mainly in the pallial cavity, with greater ramification of vessels in the respiratory region of M. oblongus when compared to M. conicus; and in the genital system of M. conicus, which has a more elongated prostate, and the folds of the penis are more spaced. A taxonomical discussion is presented, including several characters confirmed as typical of the genus and subfamily, such as buccal flange, prerectal valve and pulmonary septum.
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Vanden Heuvel, Justine E., Steven D. Lerch, Celine Coquard Lenerz, James M. Meyers, and Anna Katharine Mansfield. "Training System and Vine Spacing Impact Vine Growth, Yield, and Fruit Composition in a Vigorous Young ‘Noiret’ Vineyard." HortTechnology 23, no. 4 (August 2013): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.4.505.
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An experimental vineyard was planted in Geneva, NY, in 2007 to determine the impact of training system [low bilateral cordon with vertical shoot positioning (LVSP), high wire bilateral cordon (HWC)], vine spacing (1.8 and 2.4 m), and root system [own-rooted, grafted onto ‘101–14 Mgt’ (Vitis riparia × Vitis rupestris)] on vine growth, yield, fruit composition, and wine quality of the recently-released winegrape ‘Noiret’ (Vitis hybrid). Yield components were generally unaffected by training system in 2009, but vines spaced at 2.4 m had about six fewer clusters per meter of canopy, lower pruning weights by 0.24 kg·m−1, and clusters that were 0.01 kg greater in mass compared with vines spaced at 1.8 m. In 2010, HWC yielded 0.98 kg·m−1 more than LVSP, and had a higher crop load ratio by 0.8. Larger vine spacing increased yield by 0.32 kg·m−1 and increased crop load ratio by 0.3. Grafted vines increased yield by 0.36 kg·m−1 and crop load ratio by 0.3. Training system and vine spacing had minimal impact on fruit composition in both years. Rank sum analysis indicated a consumer preference for the aroma of wines from the HWC/2.4-m treatment compared with wines from the LVSP/1.8-m treatment in 2009, and a consumer preference for the aroma of wines from the HWC/1.8-m treatment compared with wines from the LVSP/1.8-m treatment in 2010. Results suggest that the LVSP system is not a suitable choice for vigorous ‘Noiret’ vines because of low yields, low crop load ratios, and low preference rankings of LVSP wines by the consumer sensory panel.
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Neves, Luciano Peyrer das, Pedro de Sá Rodrigues da Silva, and Carlos Emílio Bemvenuti. "Zonation of benthic macrofauna on Cassino Beach, southernmost Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 55, no. 4 (December 2007): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592007000400006.
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Benthic macrofauna zonation was studied for one year (June 2004 to May 2005) with monthly sampling on Cassino Beach, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Three sites (spaced 50 m apart) were selected. Three transects were anchored at each site, spaced equidistantly 2 m apart. Each transect extended from the base of the primary dunes to the inner surf zone at approximately 1m in depth, with between 7 and 8 sampling levels. Monthly, with a 20 cm diameter core, one biological sample was collected per transect at each level, a total of nine samples per level. Within transects, the distance between the levels was 20 m until the upper swash zone, from which the distance was 10 m until the 1-meter isobath. Zonation proved to be variable throughout the year. Variability was mainly a reflection of the greater instability of the lower part of the beach, which comprised the lower mesolittoral zone and the inner surf zone. This was evidenced seasonally with the formation of distinct groups of fauna in accordance with the peculiarity of each season of the year. The formation of these groups was strongly influenced by fluctuations in densities stemming from recruitments and the migration of juvenile and adult infauna, as well as superimposing of the distribution of organisms as a result of rises in sea level due to storms.
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Lohrey, Eric C., John F. Carney, D. Lance Bullard, Dean C. Alberson, and Wanda L. Menges. "Testing and Evaluation of Merritt Parkway Guiderail." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1599, no. 1 (January 1997): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1599-05.
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A blocked-out steel-backed timber guiderail and transition on steel posts were successfully developed and crash-tested in accordance with requirements set forth in NCHRP Report 350 for Test Level 3. The timber guiderail system was developed for placement along the scenic Merritt Parkway in Connecticut. The timber guiderail and transition were constructed from rough-sawn commercial Grade 1 southern pine backed with a 10- x 152-mm ASTM A588 Grade 50 structural steel plate. The guiderail was supported by W150 x 22.5 steel posts 2 m long, spaced 3.05 m through the length-of-need section. Reduced post spacings of 0.8 m and 1.5 m were used in the transition section.
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Santos, Thais E. M. dos, Edivan R. de Souza, and Abelardo A. A. Montenegro. "Modeling of soil water infiltration with rainfall simulator in different agricultural systems." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, no. 6 (June 2016): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n6p513-518.
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ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare models for predicting soil water infiltration rate and erosive rates using a rainfall simulator in different systems of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivation. The evaluated mathematical models were: Kostiakov, Kostiakov-Lewis, Green-Ampt and Horton. Infiltration tests were carried out considering six treatments: bean cultivated on contour with rock barriers spaced at 0.5 m between crop rows (BC1); bean cultivated on contour with rock barriers spaced at 1.0 m between crop rows (BC2); bean cultivated downslope (BDS); bean cultivated on contour with mulch (BCM); bare soil (BS) and soil under natural cover (NC). Four replicates were considered, totaling 24 field tests. Kostiakov-Lewis's equation showed the lowest values of standard error. Soil water infiltration rate was equal to 53.3 mm h-1 in the natural vegetation treatment and to 9.49 mm h-1 in the downslope treatment. Surface roughness and the time of beginning of surface runoff were significantly higher for the conditions with mulch cover.
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Beath, Daniel D. N. "Pollination of Amorphophallus johnsonii (Araceae) by carrion beetles (Phaeochrous amplus) in a Ghanaian rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 12, no. 3 (May 1996): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400009603.
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ABSTRACTAmorphophallus johnsonii (N. E. Brown) flowers during April in the main rainy season in Ghana. Anthesis starts at dusk with fluid oozing from the upper spadix accompanied by a strong aminoid odour. Just after dark large numbers of carrion beetles (Phaeochrous amplus) and occasional dung fly species (Hemigymnochaeta unicolor and Paryphodes tigrinus) visit the inflorescences. The beetles become trapped in the lower spathe overnight and remain in the spadix until the following evening. Between 1630 and 1645 h the following day, the anthers produce long threads of sticky pollen. The trapped beetles escape just after dark by crawling up the spadix, past the dehisced anthers and fly away from the spadix tip. Marked beetles were seen to transfer pollen from male phase to female phase inflorescences. Successful fertilisation was only effected if pollen was transferred on the same night from a male inflorescence 30 m or less away. Pollen is psilate and typical of beetle pollinated Araceae. Berries ripen approximately 70 d after fertilization and ripen basisetally in the infructescence.
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Ables, J. G., and D. McConnell. "Microstructure and patterns of coherent radiation." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 160 (1996): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100041348.
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AbstractWe present data which indicates that micropulses from the bright millisecond pulsar PSR J0437–4715 are observed at equally-spaced preferred phases within the pulse window. We find the pattern similar to that expected if each micropulse is radiated from a source with a coherence scale of ~ 100 m.
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Rowland, S., and B. Cartwright. "Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, Fall, 1992." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.108.
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Abstract ‘Blue Vantage’ cv. cabbage was transplanted into a Bernow series sandy loam soil on 25 Aug at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, OK. Plots one row wide by 4.6 m long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. One unplanted row between rows and 4.6 m within rows served as spray buffers. Rows were spaced on 91 cm centers and plants were spaced 30 cm apart within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. All treatments were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated on 3 Sep at 176.2 liters per acre. The sprayer was equipped with two TX-18 spray nozzles spaced 46 cm apart and directed inward toward the plants. Treatments were applied on 18, 26 Sep, 1, 9, and 21 Oct. A spreader-sticker, Agri-Dex @ 2 pt/acre, was added to each of the Bacillus thuringiensis products. On each sample date, eight randomly selected plants were sampled from each plot for CL, DBM and other lepidopterous larvae. Insect feeding damage was evaluated on 2 Nov. Each plant was rated according to the following scale: 1 = no wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 2 = wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 3 = light head damage, 4 = moderate/severe head damage. Heads rated 1 or 2 were considered marketable according to USDA standards.
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Scarano, Gaetano, Andrea Petroni, Mauro Biagi, and Roberto Cusani. "Blind Fractionally Spaced Channel Equalization for Shallow Water PPM Digital Communications Links." Sensors 19, no. 21 (October 23, 2019): 4604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214604.
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Underwater acoustic digital communications suffer from inter-symbol interference deriving from signal distortions caused by the channel propagation. Facing such kind of impairment becomes particularly challenging when dealing with shallow water scenarios characterized by short channel coherence time and large delay spread caused by time-varying multipath effects. Channel equalization operated on the received signal represents a crucial issue in order to mitigate the effect of inter-symbol interference and improve the link reliability. In this direction, this contribution presents a preliminary performance analysis of acoustic digital links adopting pulse position modulation in severe multipath scenarios. First, we show how the spectral redundancy offered by pulse position modulated signals can be fruitfully exploited when using fractional sampling at the receiver side, which is an interesting approach rarely addressed by the current literature. In this context, a novel blind equalization scheme is devised. Specifically, the equalizer is blindly designed according to a suitably modified Bussgang scheme in which the zero-memory nonlinearity is replaced by a M-memory nonlinearity, M being the pulse position modulation order. Numerical results not only confirm the feasibility of the technique described here, but also assess the quality of its performance. An extension to a very interesting complex case is also provided.
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Ayaz, Hassam, Mohammed Faizal, and Abdelmalek Bouazza. "Thermo-energy performance of neighbouring energy piles." Soils and Rocks 45, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.2022.076521.
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Energy piles are often closely spaced such that the thermal response of one pile might affect the response of neighbouring piles through heat transfer in the soil. This paper examines the changes in extracted energy and ground temperature of two cast-in-place bored energy piles installed below a six-storey building, with a diameter of 0.6 m, length of 10 m and 3.5 m centre-to-centre distance. Field experiments were conducted on singular and dual piles for cooling and cyclic temperatures, continuous daily operation of the ground source heat pump (GSHP) and intermittent cyclic operations with stoppage-to-operating ratios of 2:1 and 1:2. Compared to single pile operations, greater energy was extracted from dual piles for all operating modes despite thermal interaction through the soil volume between the dual piles. The larger stoppage-to-operating ratio of the GSHP induced lower pile and ground temperature changes and higher energy extraction than continuous operation for single and dual pile operations. The larger stoppage-to-operating ratio of the GSHP reduced the thermal interaction between the dual piles by imposing lower ground temperature changes compared to continuous operation. The results demonstrate the practical significance of managing the GSPHs operating modes for optimal thermal performance of multiple closely spaced energy piles.