Relevant bibliographies by topics / Spacer

Academic literature on the topic 'Spacer'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Spacer"

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Liu, Mu-Yi, Tsung-Ting Tsai, Lih-Huei Chen, Wen-Huang Liang, Po-Liang Lai, and Ching-Lung Tai. "Biomechanical Comparison of Lumbar Motion Unit Stability Following Posterior Instrumentation with Facet Spacers and Facet Screws." Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering 40, no. 2 (November 27, 2019): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40846-019-00501-x.

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Abstract Purpose Lumbar posterior instrumentation for facet stabilization has become popular for the treatment of lumbar instability. The present study investigated and compared facet stabilization following lumbar posterior instrumentation with facet spacers and facet screws using porcine lumbar spines. Methods Eighteen L5–L6 lumbar motion units (LMUs) of the porcine spines were randomly divided into three groups (un-instrumented, facet-spacer and facet-screw). In the un-instrumented group (control), all ligamentous structures were preserved. In the facet-spacer group, two facet spacers were inserted into the joint spaces of the bilateral upper and lower facets. In the facet-screw group, two cannulated screws were used to transfix the bilateral upper and lower facets. With the use of a material testing machine, a gradually increasing moment of up to 6000 N-mm was generated in flexion, extension, lateral bending and torsion motions to compare facet stabilization among the groups. Results The facet-spacer group was significantly stiffer than the facet-screw group in extension (p = 0.013), whereas the facet-screw group was significantly stiffer than the facet-spacer group in axial rotation (p = 0.004). No statistically significant differences were observed between the two fixation techniques in flexion (p = 0.284) and lateral bending (p = 0.085). Conclusion Both facet-spacer and facet-screw fixation techniques significantly improve stability in a single LMU. Facet-spacer fixation provided better stabilization in extension, while facet-screw fixation provided better stabilization in axial rotation.
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Moerenhout, K., S. Steinmetz, M. Vautrin, S. Picarra, G. Udin, and O. Borens. "Economic advantage of ‘self-made’ antibiotic-loaded spacer compared to prefabricated antibiotic-loaded spacer and spacer molds in two-staged revision arthroplasty." Acta Orthopaedica Belgica 87, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52628/87.3.24.

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Infection after total hip or total knee arthroplasty is a serious complication implying great costs for the health care system. Amongst the different treatment options, the two-step exchange using a spacer in the interval is a valid option. We evaluate the economic impact of our self-made antibiotic-loaded hip and knee cement spacers compared with prefabricated spacers and spacer molds. Costs to prepare self-made cement spacers are detailed for each spacer type. We also assess the intraoperative time spent for fabricating our self-made hip and knee spacers. The price of these self-made knee spacer is 514 CHF (450 EUR / 505 USD) if non-articulated and 535 CHF (470 EUR / 525 USD) if articulated ; the price for the self-made hip spacer is 749 CHF (760 EUR / 735 USD). Our average preparation time is 14 minutes for our self-made knee spacers and 16 minutes for our self-made hip spacers. While the senior surgeon is fabricating the self-spacers, another surgeon of the team continues intensive irrigation and debridement. Thus, no time is lost waiting for the self-spacer to be fabricated. In our hands, self-made hip and knee spacers are at least 40-50% cheaper than prefabricated spacers and spacer-molds. This is a serious economic advantage in this already expensive surgery. When done in teamwork, self-spacer fabrication does not increase the surgery time. The economic advantage is added to the main and most important advantage of self- made spacers, which remains the possibility of patient adapted anatomical reconstruction of the joint.
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Citak, Mustafa, Bassam A. Masri, Bryan Springer, Jean-Noel Argenson, and Daniel O. Kendoff. "Are Preformed Articulating Spacers Superior To Surgeon-Made Articulating Spacers in the Treatment Of PJI in THA? A Literature Review." Open Orthopaedics Journal 9, no. 1 (July 31, 2015): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001509010255.

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Background and Purpose: Antibiotic-loaded cement spacers are typically manufactured by surgeons in the operating room. However, if the infecting organism is known preoperatively, the cement spacer can be fabricated (Spacer-G® or the InterSpace® Hip) in advance. It is unclear if preformed hip spacers are superior to surgeon-made hip spacers in the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection following primary THA. Methods: A literature review of the peer-reviewed literature indexed by MEDLINE and Embase was performed to identify studies reporting the outcomes of preformed and surgeon-made hip spacers in the treatment of infection following primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). A total of 43 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis to compare the reinfection rate, Harris Hip Score (HHS) and spacer complication rates between surgeon-made and preformed hip spacers. Results and Interpretation: The analyzed studies included a total number of 1631 infected THA cases (n=1027 surgeonmade; n=604 preformed spacers). We found similar reinfection rates (6.0% surgeon-made, and 5.5% preformed spacers) and similar mean HHS at latest follow-up after reimplantation (HHS=84.3 surgeon-made, and HHS=81.8 preformed spacers) between both groups. However, patients treated with a surgeon-made articulating spacer had a higher spacer fracture rate compared to preformed articulating spacer. The use of preformed articulating spacers in the treatment of infected THA is not superior to surgeon-made articulating spacers regarding infection control and functional outcomes. However, the use of surgeon-made antibiotic spacers increased the risk of spacer fracture.
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Anagnostakos, Konstantinos, and Christof Meyer. "Antibiotic Elution from Hip and Knee Acrylic Bone Cement Spacers: A Systematic Review." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4657874.

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Knowledge about the elution from antibiotic-loaded cement spacers is an indispensable premise for guarantee of clinical success. A systematic literature search was performed through PubMed. Search terms were “antibiotic elution” and “antibiotic release” in combination with “spacer,” “hip spacer,” and “knee spacer,” respectively. A total of 11 studies could be identified. Seven studies reported on the release of antibiotics after spacer implantation, three studies at spacer removal, and one study on both time points. Seven studies reported on hip spacers, one study on knee spacers, and three studies on both. In eight studies, custom-made spacers have been implanted and in three prefabricated ones. In the majority of the studies, the cement has been loaded with an antibiotic combination, mostly consisting of aminoglycoside (either gentamicin or tobramycin) and vancomycin. Measured concentrations exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration of the particular pathogen organisms in each case. However, large discrepancies were observed with regard to the height of the antibiotic concentration depending on the antibiotic combination and the antibiotic ratio used. Current literature data indicate a sufficient elution of antibiotics after spacer implantation and at spacer removal, respectively. Future studies are required to optimize the local antibiotic therapy at the site of spacer implantation.
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Iguchi, Tetsuhiro, Aritetsu Kanemura, Akira Kurihara, Koichi Kasahara, Shinichi Yoshiya, Minoru Doita, and Kotaro Nishida. "Cervical laminoplasty: evaluation of bone bonding of a high porosity hydroxyapatite spacer." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 98, no. 2 (March 2003): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2003.98.2.0137.

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Object. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a high-porosity hydroxyapatite (HA) spacer in cervical laminoplasty. Bone—spacer bonding rates, complications associated with the implant, and factors related to bone bonding were examined. Methods. The authors evaluated 33 consecutive patients with cervical myelopathy who underwent high-porosity HA spacer—assisted laminoplasty and were followed for at least 1 year (mean 30 months). The results of bone—spacer bonding of the 147 implants were evaluated using computerized tomography (CT) scanning. The symptoms significantly improved in 30 patients. No difference in results was detected between patients with cervical spondylosis and those with ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament. Breakage of seven spacers occurred in four patients without causing neck pain or neurological deficits. There were no other HA spacer—related complications. The spacers became rigidly bound to bone in 61% of the cases, and bone regrowth developed around the spacer in 91%. The rate of bone—spacer bonding increased over time, and the CT-documented attenuation value (Hounsfield unit) of the spacer adjacent to the bone—spacer junction in the group in which union occurred was significantly higher than in the nonunion group. Conclusions. High-porosity HA spacer—augmented laminoplasty produced good bonding-related results. Bone bonding continued to progress 1 year after surgery, indicating the good osteoconductive capability of high-porosity HA. To avoid breakage of a spacer, a minimum 7-mm distance between spacers is necessary.
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Lesmana, Andrean, Amira Permatasari Tarigan, and Fajrinur Syarani. "Effectiveness of administration of bronchodilator by spacers, home-made spacers and nebulizers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 6 (May 29, 2019): 2417. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20192540.

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Background: In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchodilator therapy using dry powder inhaler (DPI) or a measured dose inhaler (MDI) is more convenient at a lower cost than nebulizer therapy. Mistakes in the use of MDI often occur due to lack of coordination but with the addition of spacers, drawbacks in the use of this MDI can be overcome so that it does not require coordination. Commercial spacers are relatively expensive and not available anywhere while home-made spacers made from bottles of mineral water are very cheap and can be made alone. Study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of each device, namely a spacer, a home-made spacer and nebulizer.Methods: This study is an experimental study of 62 COPD patients who received bronchodilators using spacers, home-made spacers, and nebulizers. Spirometry is performed for each sample before and after bronchodilator administration to assess FEV1, KVP and changes in VAS dyspnea. The difference in the effectiveness of bronchodilators for various devices in COPD patients was statistically analyzed using the ANOVA test.Results: There were significant differences in the values of VEP1, KVP and VAS dyspnoea after bronchodilator administration through the spacer, home-made spacer and nebulizer (p<0.001), (p=0.002), (p<0.001). The increase in% VEP1 with a nebulizer device was higher than that of a spacer (p=0.001) and the increase in% VEP1 with the nebulizer device was also significantly significant compared to home-made spacer (p<0.001). The increase in% KVP with the nebulizer device was higher than that of home-made spacer (p<0.001), as well as between spacers and home-made spacers and this was significant (p=0.038). The decrease in VAS dyspnoea in patients using nebulizer device than the spacer (p<0.001). Decreasing VAS dyspnoea with nebulizer devices is higher compared to home-made spacers, also gives significant results (p<0.001). There were no differences in the decrease in VAS dyspnoea between spacers and home-made spacers.Conclusions: The administration of bronchodilators by use of three devices (spacers, home-made spacers and nebulizers) can significantly increase the values of FEV1, KVP and VAS dyspnoea. On the use of spacers and home-made spacers, the increase of pulmonary physiological values is not significantly different.
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Yang, Yibo, Chen Huang, Wenying Guo, Hui Zhao, Zhenjie Li, Jiankuan Li, Jianyong Bao, and Hengchang Wang. "Study of the Effect of Surface Treatment on the Chloride Ion Transport at the Cementitious Spacer–Concrete Interface." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 28, 2020): 5196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155196.

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Spacers are important components in reinforced concrete structures to provide cover between the steel reinforcement and the formwork. Cementitious spacers are of particular interest for coastal engineering structures, as they are compatible with cement-based chloride-resistant high-performance concrete compared to plastic and steel spacers. However, the cementitious spacer–concrete interface was found to be highly porous and microcracked. This study investigated the effect of surface treatment on the chloride ion transport at the cementitious spacer–concrete interface. A surface treatment technique for potential mass production was introduced and the state-of-practice tests of the hardened concrete were modified to evaluate the performance of the spacer–concrete composite specimens. The results showed that the surface treatment on a cementitious spacer improved the bonding between the spacer and concrete at the interface. The surface treatment of the spacer improved the compressive strength and the chloride resistance of the composite specimen locally compared to those without surface treatment. The advantage of surface treatment on the chloride resistance was partially represented in either the diffusion coefficient or the column electric flux. The maximum chloride ion penetration depth at the spacer–concrete interface was recommended as an additional proxy for the evaluation of the chloride resistance performance of composite specimens.
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Pisárčik, Martin, and Ferdinand Devínsky. "Surface tension study of cationic gemini surfactants binding to DNA." Open Chemistry 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-014-0513-7.

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AbstractBinding of cationic gemini surfactants alkanediyl-a-ω-bis(dimethyldodecylammonium bromides) with variable polymethylene spacer length ranging from 2 to 12 methylene groups to DNA in NaBr solution is investigated utilizing the tensiometry method. A simple method is presented for calculating the number of surfactant molecules bound to DNA. The results are evaluated in terms of the gemini surfactant spacer length, showing that gemini molecules with either short spacers (2 methylene groups) or long spacers are most efficiently adsorbed to DNA. A weak adsorption to DNA was found for gemini molecules with a medium spacer length (6 methylene groups in the spacer). The binding properties of cationic gemini surfactants as a function of spacer length are consistent with the results obtained by other experimental methods (dynamic light scattering measurements, fluorescence spectroscopy), indicating identical adsorption behaviour of gemini molecules as a function of the spacer length.
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WIATER, Jaroslaw. "Failures of Lightning Air-Termination Rods Fixed by Spacers." AUTOMATYKA, ELEKTRYKA, ZAKLOCENIA 12, no. 2(44)2021 (June 30, 2021): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17274/aez.2021.44.02.

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Air-termination rods with height above 2,5 m must be fixed to objects by for example spacer bars to ensure proper separation distance. Commercially available spacer bars are suitable in laboratory conditions only. Real-life scenarios show weak points of this solution. Dirty or wet spacers do not fulfil proper isolation strength to ensure proper separation distance. This changes the km factor used to calculate the separation distance. The paper presents laboratory tests for clean spacers, wet spacers and a few real photos of damage caused by spacer bars.
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Kenyon, CJ, L. Thorsson, L. Borgstrom, and SP Newman. "The effects of static charge in spacer devices on glucocorticosteroid aerosol deposition in asthmatic patients." European Respiratory Journal 11, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 606–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.98.11030606.

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Electrostatic charge in plastic spacer devices has been shown in vitro to reduce delivery of asthma medications intended for inhalation, but the effect of static charge on in vivo drug deposition is unknown. A six-way randomized crossover study was conducted in 10 mild asthmatic patients. Two plastic spacers (Nebuhaler and Volumatic) and one metal spacer (Nebuchamber) were tested. The spacers were used either "primed" or "unprimed". Priming was performed by firing 20 doses of placebo aerosol into a new spacer, hence coating the inner surface with surfactant and minimizing static charge. Unprimed spacers were new and were not treated. Pressurized aerosol canisters delivering budesonide (200 microg Pulmicort) were radiolabelled with the radionuclide 99mTc and lung deposition was measured by gamma scintigraphy. The radiolabel was shown to be a valid marker for the drug substance prior to the clinical phase of the study. Priming significantly increased mean whole lung deposition following inhalation from plastic spacers (Nebuhaler primed 37.7% and unprimed 26.7%, p=0.01; Volumatic primed 32.0% and unprimed 22.1%, p=0.02). Priming had no effect on the mean whole lung deposition following inhalation from the Nebuchamber (primed 33.5% and unprimed 32.9%). Lung deposition in vivo from plastic spacer devices will vary according to the electrostatic charge on the spacer walls. Priming reduces retention of drug on plastic spacer devices and increases lung deposition. Metal spacers are not susceptible to static charge, which should result in more predictable lung deposition.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spacer"

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Laschewsky, André. "Oligoethyleneoxide spacer groups in polymerizable surfactants." Universität Potsdam, 1991. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1722/.

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Cationic and zwitterionic polymerizable surfactants bearing tri- and tetraethyleneglycol spacer groups between the polymerizable moiety and the surfactant structure were prepared and polymerized. Monomers and polymers were investigated with respect to their aggregation behavior in aqueous systems and compared to analogous monomers and polymers lacking spacer groups. In the case of the monomeric surfactants, the spacer groups depress both the Kraffttemperature and the critical micelle concentration. the area occupied per molecule at the air-water interface is substantially enlarged by the spacers, whereas the depression of surface tension is nearly constant. Although the monomers with and without spacers are true surfactants, all the polymers are water-insoluble, but form monomolecular layers at the air-water interface. In analogy to the monomer behavior, the incorporation of the spacer groups increases the area occupied per repeat unit at the air-water interface substantially, but hardly affects the surface activity.
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Rowehl, Jill A. (Jill Annette). "Organic multilayer photoconductor utilizing a spacer layer." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/57977.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2008.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-62).
Chemosensors hold many vital applications in today's world, particularly as detectors for explosives. There is still vast room for improvement as other technologies-particularly those of explosives-continue to evolve and expand. Herein, we develop a novel device structure with the potential for much higher sensitivity. The lateral bilayer photoconductor is comprised of an exciton generation layer (EGL) and a charge transport layer (CTL). This separates the functionality of chemical sensing from the charge transport, allowing each film to be independently optimized. As a further improvement on this structure, we introduce a spacer layer to separate charge carriers in the EGL and the CTL, reducing bimolecular recombination at the interface. As a proof of concept, we fabricate and characterize lateral multilayer photoconductors composed of small molecule organic films. It is experimentally demonstrated that the utilization of a spacer layer can produce an order of magnitude enhancement in quantum efficiency over the of a spacer layer can produce an order of magnitude enhancement in quantum efficiency over the The work reported here provides encouraging results in the fields of chemosensors and organic optoelectronics.
by Jill A. Rowehl.
S.B.
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Chikka, Avanthi. "Biomechanical Evaluation of a Lumbar Interspinous Spacer." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1302258049.

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Verkooijen, Katharine Mary. "Tears of the sun : Bronze Age amber spacers from Britain and Europe." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15028.

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The amber spacers from Bronze Age Britain and Europe are one of the most well known artefact groups from this time period. Yet despite the frequency with which these artefacts are cited, the details of these finds both individually and within their original excavation contexts appear to be poorly understood. Recent new finds of ‘sets’ of spacers prompted this review and updating of the amber spacer corpus, which now extends to 375 individual spacers from 141 findspots. Once thought to constitute an artefact horizon which could provide a chronological bridge between the regions of Northwest Europe and Britain / the Central European Únĕtice/Tumulus Cultures and Late Helladic I and II Mycenaean Greece, new radiocarbon dating programs have extended their date range from (potentially) c. 2000 cal B.C. to c.1360 cal. B.C., although the regional chronologies remain essentially unresolved. To give a clear survey of how the spacers have been viewed historically, the catalogue entry for each findspot/spacer includes, as well as information about the findspots themselves, x-rays, photographs and drawings produced for this research, alongside all the previously published quotes and illustrations. Microscopic analyses provide evidence for some spacer-sets having been fragmented and deposited separately. Maps showing illustrations of the spacers where they were recovered allow comparison of regional similarities and differences. Loose colour plates show the x-rays of groups of spacers which have been correlated in past interpretations at 1:1 scale for easy comparison. Some earlier interpretations, including the Crescentic/Pendant regional division, the jet spacer/amber spacer/lunulae discrete distribution pattern and the close relationship of the Basic Pattern spacers, are challenged and found to no longer be sustainable. The craft and production aspects of spacer manufacture, particularly the procurement of suitable raw material, are addressed and a new narrative is presented, which is partly informed by the experimental replica research.
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Medvedeva, Sofia. "Natural Diversity of CRISPR Spacers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS538.

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Le système CRISPR-Cas est un système immunitaire procaryote de type interférence ARN dirigé contre des éléments génétiques mobiles, tels que les virus et les plasmides. Le système consiste en un ou plusieurs loci CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats ; courtes répétitions palindromiques groupées et régulièrement espacées) associés à des protéines Cas (CRISPR-associated proteins) dont ils sont séparés par une séquence dite leader. Toutes les protéines Cas peuvent être fonctionnellement attribuées à des modules d'adaptation, d'expression et d'interférence. L’analyse des spacers CRISPR est une précieuse source d’informations sur les interactions virus-hôte, puisqu’ils correspondent à de courts fragments d’ADN de virus précédemment rencontrés et « enregistrés » dans les loci CRISPR. La comparaison des spacers environnementaux les uns avec les autres et avec des spacers de bases de données ainsi que des séquences de virus nous a permis de tirer plusieurs conclusions : 1) Une dynamique à long terme des spacers CRISPR I-E de E. coli a été étudiée en comparant la diversité des spacers dans les génomes publiés d'E. coli avec des spacers amplifiés à partir du contenu intestinal de mammouth. 2) Les spacers du CRISPRome des communautés naturelles de Thermus, Sulfolobus et Flavobacteries ciblent de préférence des virus isolés de la même source, avec différents systèmes CRISPR-Cas ciblant différents virus. 3) Les données CRISPRome de Flavobacterium et Sulfolobus (Chapitres II et IV) montrent un schéma phylogéographique
CRISPR-Cas is a prokaryotic immunity system against mobile genetic elements, such as viruses and plasmids. The system consists of two components: the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas). In the CRISPR array, short fragments of foreign DNA, called spacers, are interleaved with palindromic repeats. During the adaptation stage of the CRISPR-Cas immunity, new spacers are inserted into the CRISPR array, whereas during the expression and interference stages, spacers are transcribed, processed and complexed with Cas proteins to target the complementary foreign DNA or RNA molecules for degradation. Analysis of CRISPR spacers is a valuable source of information about virus-host interactions, particularly powerful when applied to metagenomic data. In this work, we explored the diversity of CRISPR spacers in different natural prokaryotic communities, including extinct Escherichia coli community from a mammoth intestine, Flavobacterium communities from Antarctic surface snow, Thermus communities from four distant hot springs in Italy and Chile, and Sulfolobales community from a Japanese thermal field. The comparison of obtained environmental spacer sets with each other and with spacers from public databases as well as with sequences of viruses allowed us to reach several non-trivial conclusions and to gain insights into virus-host and virus-virus interactions in natural microbial communities
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Sarrazin, Aurélien. "Développement de techniques de patterning avancées pour les filières CMOS-sub 10nm." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4017/document.

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Pour les technologies CMOS sub-10 nm, l’industrie du semi-conducteur est confrontée aux limites de résolution de la lithographie conventionnelle. Différentes techniques alternatives ont été proposées afin de permettre l’obtention de motifs avec des dimensions de l’ordre de 20 nm. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés au « spacer patterning » et à l’autoassemblage dirigé des copolymères à blocs. Nous avons développé une intégration de « spacer patterning » permettant l’obtention de lignes de 20 nm de largeur. Une étude a été menée à partir des matériaux disponibles au CEA-LETI. Ainsi, nous avons étudié les différents enjeux de cette intégration pour les prochains nœuds technologiques. Pour l’auto-assemblage dirigé des copolymères à blocs (DSA), un des enjeux concerne la création d’un masque avec le retrait d’un polymère sélectivement à l’autre. Dans le cadre de notre étude sur le PS-b-PMMA, nous nous sommes intéressés au retrait du PMMA sélectivement au PS par gravure plasma. Des chimies par plasma permettant le retrait du PMMA sélectivement au PS pour des motifs cylindriques et lamellaires ont été développées
For sub-10 nm CMOS technologies, the semiconductor industry is facing the limits of conventionnal lithography. Several alternative techniques have been proposed to allow 20 nm patterns. In this thesis, we have proposed to focus on spacer patterning technique and Directed Self-Assembly of block copolymers (DSA). We have developped a spacer patterning integration which allows to pattern 20 nm-wide lines. A study has been carried out with materials available at CEA-LETI. Thus, we have studied the different challenges induced by this integration for the following technologic nodes. Concerning Directed Self-Assembly of block copolymers (DSA) technique, one of the main challenge concerns the mask creation by removing a polymer selectively to another. For our study on PS-b-PMMA, we have studied PMMA removal selectively to PS by plasma etching. Plasma chemistries have been developed for removing PMMA selectively to PS on cylidrical and lamellar patterns
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Mian, Alec. "Molecular evolution in the rDNA multigene family." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282909.

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Cheung, Mei, and 張微. "Internal transcribed spacer as the DNA barcode for pathogenic fungi." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206495.

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Identification of pathogenic fungi isolated from clinical specimens in clinical microbiology laboratories is primarily based on observing fungal phenotypic structures under the microscope and performing biochemical tests for fungal cultures. This conventional method is very time-consuming and labor-dependent. It usually requires several weeks for the fungi to grow sufficiently on culture media, and the identification processes on fungal phenotypic structure rely very much on experienced staff. Therefore, a more accurate and rapid method for pathogenic fungal identification is necessary for clinical laboratories to get abreast of modern development. Gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region in the fungal genomes are the most commonly used molecular methods for fungal identification. Because of the optimal inter and intra-species variation property of the ITS region, it can act as the DNA barcode to identify fungi to the species level. In this study, 33 clinical fungal isolates were identified by both phenotypic method and ITS sequencing. The results showed that 23 isolates were successfully identified to thespecies level by both phenotypic and molecular methods. Moreover, five isolates were only identified to the genus level by phenotypic method, but they could be successfully identified to the species level by ITS sequencing. However, five isolates have not been differentiated because there were mismatched results from phenotypic and sequencing methods. It may be due to the limitation of sequencing method on some fungal species. Building up a more comprehensive database or setting up a standard platform to guide the molecular process may help improve the performance of molecular method. To conclude, molecular method is a rapid and reliable way for fungal identification because ITS region acts as the DNA barcode for pathogenic fungi.
published_or_final_version
Medical Sciences
Master
Master of Medical Sciences
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Sobottke, Rolf [Verfasser]. "Der interspinöse Spacer als Therapieoption bei lumbaler Spinalkanalstenose / Rolf Sobottke." Köln : Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Medizin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1010971697/34.

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Mateos, Mariana, and Therese Markow. "Ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS) length variation across the Drosophilinae (Diptera: Drosophilidae)." BioMed Central, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610372.

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BACKGROUND:The intergenic spacer of the ribosomal genes in eukaryotes (IGS) contains duplications of the core transcription promoter. The number of these duplicated promoters, as measured by the IGS length, appears to be correlated with growth rate and development time in several distantly related taxa. In the present study, we examined IGS length variation across a number of species of Drosophila to determine the amount of variation in this trait across different evolutionary time scales. Furthermore, we compared the usefulness of two methods commonly used to determine IGS length: Southern Blot Hybridization (SB) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).RESULTS:Our results show broad variation in IGS length across the genus Drosophila, but closely related species had similar IGS lengths. Our results also suggest that PCR tends to underestimate the true IGS size when the size is greater than 5 kb, and that this degree of underestimation is greater as the IGS size increases.CONCLUSION:Broad variation in IGS length occurs across large evolutionary divergences in the subfamily Drosophilinae. Although average IGS length has been shown to evolve rapidly under artificial selection, closely related taxa generally have similar average IGS lengths. Our comparison of methods suggests that without previous knowledge of the DNA sequence of the IGS and flanking regions, both methods be used to accurately measure IGS length.
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Books on the topic "Spacer"

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Kryszak, Janusz. Spacer zimowy. Toronto: Polski Fundusz Wydawniczy w Kanadzie, 2004.

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Zimowy spacer. Warszawa: Czytelnik, 1989.

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editor, Zalewska Kalina, and Kocur, Mirosław, 1955- writer of introduction, eds. Spacer po barykadach. Kraków: Instytut Książki. Dział Wydawnictw, 2015.

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Spacer and Rat. New Milford, Conn: Roaring Brook Press, 2005.

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Piątkowski, Józef. Spacer po Starym Kostrzynie. Kostrzyn nad Odrą: Miasto Kostrzyn nad Odrą, 2007.

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Whitley, David. Aaron Maxwell: Free spacer. Hampton, New Hampshire: Mindstir Media, 2012.

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Piątkowski, Józef. Spacer po Starym Kostrzynie. Kostrzyn nad Odrą: Miasto Kostrzyn nad Odrą, 2007.

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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Spacer: Window of the mind. New York: Ace Books, 1988.

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Staples, Tim. ... to act as a spacer. [U.K.]: [Tim Staples], 2001.

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Lisowski, Krzysztof. Wieczorny spacer i inne wiersze. Kraków: Znak, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Spacer"

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Kovačič, Ladislav, and Vladimir Senekovič. "Subacromial Spacer." In Massive and Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears, 251–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61162-3_28.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Quench Spacer." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 603. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9693.

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Salas, Enrique, Guillermo Arce, and Gustavo Matheus. "Subacromial Spacer." In Rotator Cuff Across the Life Span, 317–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58729-4_38.

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Suwarno, Stanislaus Raditya. "Spacer-Filled Channels." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1807–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44324-8_1015.

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Shao, Jiahui. "Spacer Arm Length." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1805–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44324-8_1244.

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Suwarno, Stanislaus Raditya. "Spacer-Filled Channels." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1–3. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_1015-5.

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Shao, Jiahui. "Spacer Arm Length." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_1244-2.

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Barouk, Louis Samuel. "The Button Temporary Spacer." In Forefoot Reconstruction, 174–78. Paris: Springer Paris, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/2-287-28937-2_7.

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Mak, Damian Chong Yin, and Tun Hing Lui. "Arthroscopic Subacromial Spacer Implantation." In Arthroscopy and Endoscopy of the Shoulder, 189–92. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7884-5_23.

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Kaushik, Brajesh Kumar, Sudeb Dasgupta, and Pankaj Kumar Pal. "Introduction to Nanoelectronics." In Spacer Engineered FinFET Architectures, 1–10. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315191089-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Spacer"

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Li, Bing, Dan Neill, and D. K. Vijay. "Multi-Feeder Stress Analysis With Interlinked Spacers for a CANDU Reactor." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28985.

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In one Ontario CANDU reactor unit, the horizontal feeders are interlinked with feeder spacer rods, which are installed to prevent the contact between adjacent feeders. In the normal operating conditions, spaces do not carry any loads. Therefore, the individual feeder model is used without spacers for the horizontal feeders. This reactor unit is under extensive fuel channel shifting in order to extend the life time. The axial shifting of channels is expected to put additional loads on spacers and may constrain feeder movement. In order to determine how the spacer affects the feeder stress and feeder movement due to the extensive fuel channel shifting, multifeeder models that include spacers are created for stress analysis. Multi-feeder modelling capability is not readily available in AUTOPIPE. A novel approach of inter connecting feeders with structural elements is developed for AUTOPIPE. A significant increase in feeder stress under the extensive fuel channel shift loading condition is found when the feeder spacers are included in the model. However, the feeder stresses for Design, Level A&B loading under fuel channel shift configuration meet the ASME B&PV Code NB-3600 stress limit requirements. The feeder spacer assessment results also show that the structural integrity of feeder spacers is not affected by the fuel channel shifting. In addition, this study confirmed that it is unnecessary to release the feeder spacers to prevent spacer break or feeder overstress during the post fuel channel sifting operation, thus saving significant outage time to achieve shifting configuration.
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Pan, Jinsong, Yao Xiao, and Hanyang Gu. "Numerical Investigation of Spacer Effects on Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Vertical Annular Channel at Supercritical Pressure." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66911.

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Supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR) is one of the Gen-IV reactors, which shows higher economy and safety. Reactor core of a SCWR employs a tight lattice in order to efficiently remove heat from nuclear fuels. In the narrow sub-channels of a tight lattice reactor core, a spacer has been used as a turbulence generator and a space-keeper between the fuel rods. Meanwhile, the spacer has significant influences on the heat transfer of the fuel rods. In order to investigate the effects of simple spacers on heat transfer to upwardly flowing supercritical fluid in a vertical annular channel, an experiment is underway at the supercritical model fluid thermal hydraulics test facility (SMOTH) with supercritical R134A. The equivalent diameter of the annular channel is 6 mm. The outer metal circular tube of the annular channel test section is electrically-heated. The blockage ratio of the simple spacers ranges from 0.2 to 0.4. Based on the geometry parameters of the test section, preliminary numerical investigations were carried out for the effects of simple spacer on the local heat transfer performance of supercritical R134A using commercial CFD code FLUENT. Heat transfer characteristics in the spacer downstream were analyzed with respect to the variations of heat flux, mass flux, pressure, blockage ratio and local enthalpy. And the reason for the different heat transfer enhancement under different conditions is given preliminarily. Finally, existing empirical correlations were selected to be compared with the results of CFD numerical simulation. The applicability of conventional subcritical heat transfer enhancement correlations for spacer grids to supercritical fluid was discussed.
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Lau, Winnie, Douglas Scarth, and Preeti Doddihal. "Inconel X-750 Spacer Fitness-for-Service." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93943.

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Abstract The CANDU1 (CANada Deuterium Uranium) reactor core consists of 380–480 horizontal Zr-Nb pressure tubes, which support fuel bundles and provide pressurized heavy water cooling. The pressure tubes are supported by fuel channel annulus spacers, which maintain the gap between the hot pressure tube and colder calandria tube while providing a means of leak detection through the annulus gas system. Research and testing in this area have shown that spacer material degradation in later life operation could impact the ability of the component to meet its design requirements. This paper presents a fitness-for-service strategy that could be utilized in demonstrating continued safe operation of these components. Fitness-for-service is based on analysis of crush tests on ex-service spacers to determine the load carrying capacity projected into the future and endurance tests to determine fatigue life. This paper describes these technical approaches and their application in fitness-for-service evaluation of spacers in CANDU operating plants to satisfy requirements for an annulus spacer surveillance program under Clause 12.5 of the CSA Standard N285.4-14.
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Hyatt, Michael, Karen Huang, Anton DeVilliers, Mark Slezak, and Zhi Liu. "Anti-spacer double patterning." In SPIE Advanced Lithography, edited by Thomas I. Wallow and Christoph K. Hohle. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2045617.

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Shabestari, Behrouz N., John W. V. Miller, Henry Pawlecki, and Weiguo Wang. "Automatic spacer evaluation system." In IS&T/SPIE 1994 International Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology, edited by Peter S. Friedman. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.172152.

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Thibaut, Sophie, Angélique Raley, Nihar Mohanty, Subhadeep Kal, Eric Liu, Akiteru Ko, David O'Meara, Kandabara Tapily, and Peter Biolsi. "Self-aligned quadruple patterning using spacer on spacer integration optimization for N5." In SPIE Advanced Lithography, edited by Sebastian U. Engelmann and Rich S. Wise. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2258173.

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Alkhalaf, Sara, Abdullah Al-Yami, Vikrant Wagle, and Ali Al-Safran. "Development of New Inhibited Spacer for Cementing Operation." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-80939.

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Abstract Spacers are a very important element to have good cement bonding and to ensure well integrity. Spacers are used to prevent the contamination of the cement slurry by removing such materials and pushing them ahead toward the surface to separate the drilling fluid from the cement slurry. During the cement displacement process, and once the clay formation is in contact with the water present in the cement slurry, shales will be swelled or cracked due to the hydration reaction or water adsorption. Therefore, it is very helpful to make a spacer with efficient properties that help in protecting the clay formation from the water and prevent or minimize the hydration process by adding shale inhibiter to the spacer mixture formula. In this study, we will investigate the impact of KCL and a novel amine-based shale inhibitor on clay formation and investigate how these chemicals work to enhance spacer functions. The spacer has to be compatible with the drilling fluid and the cement slurry at the same time. Our study includes the compatibility test, rheology, thickening time test, as well as dispersion test for both KCl and novel amine based shale inhibitors.
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Pineda, Andrew C., Jesse K. Mee, Phillip M. Cunio, and Reed A. Weber. "Benchmarking image processing for space: Introducing the SPACER architecture laboratory." In 2016 IEEE Aerospace Conference. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aero.2016.7500866.

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Maskal, Alan B., and Fatih Aydogan. "Mathematical Models of Spacer Grids." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60098.

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The fuel rods in Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) and Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) cores are supported by spacer grids. Even though spacer grids add to the pressure loss in the reactor core, spacer grids have several benefits in Light Water Reactors (LWRs). Some of these benefits are: (i) increasing the turbulence at the bottom of the reactor core for better heat transfer in single phase region of the LWRs, (ii) improving the departure nucleate boiling ratio results for PWRs, and (iii) improving critical power ratio (CPR) values by increasing the thickness of film in annular flow regime in the top section of the reactor core of BWRs. Several mathematical models have been developed for single and two phase pressure loss across the grid spacer. Almost all of them significantly depend on Reynolds Number. Spacer designs have evolved (incorporating mixing vanes, springs, dimples, etc), resulting in the complexity of the analysis across the grid, all the models have been compared not only theoretically but also quantitatively. For the quantitative comparisons, this work compares the results of mathematical spacer models with experimental data of BWR Full Size Fine Mesh Bundle Tests (BFBT). The experimental data of BFBT provides very detailed experimental results for pressure drop by using several different boundary condition and detailed pressure drop measurements. Since one CT-scanner was used at the bundle exit and three X-ray densitometers were used for the chordal average void distribution at different elevations to generate the BFBT results, detailed two phase parameters have been measured in BFBT database. Two bundle types of BFBT, the current 8×8 type and the high burn-up 8×8 type, were simulated. Three combinations of radial and axial power shapes were tested: 1) beginning of cycle (BOC) radial power pattern/cosine axial power shape (the C2A pattern); 2) end of cycle (EOC) radial power pattern/cosine axial power shape (C2B pattern); and 3) beginning of cycle radial power pattern/inlet peaked axial power shape (C3 pattern) in BFBT. The pressure drop in BFBT database was measured in both single-phase flow and two-phase flow conditions that cover the normal operational behavior. BFBT database gives the three combinations of high burnup assemblies with different radial and axial power shapes, namely C2A, C2B and C3, which were utilized in the critical power measurements. There are two types of spacers in this program — ferrule type and grid type. Therefore, detailed experimental data of BFBT was used for analyzing mathematical models of spacer grid for various boundary conditions of BWR in this paper. It was observed and discussed that pressure drop values due to spacer models can be significantly different.
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Zobeiry, Nima, and Wolf Reinhardt. "A Modelling Approach for Inter-Linked Feeder Pipes in CANDU Reactors." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26701.

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The feeder pipes of a typical CANDU reactor supply each of 380 fuel channels with coolant and are individually connected to the large bore primary piping. In some designs the longer pipes are interlinked with spacer rods, which mitigate vibrations and prevent contact between adjacent feeder pipes. Under severe loading conditions, the spacer rods will yield, which prevents overstressing the pipes as the strength of the coupling gets reduced. Spacer yielding also provides increased damping for dynamic loads. It has recently become practicable to model the entire interlinked system in a single model. This paper presents the modelling approach for seismic analysis and for fuel channel creep (a radiation induced slow unidirectional anchor motion). Results with and without spacer bars are compared to illustrate the effect of spacers. The importance of representing spacer yielding in the model is discussed.
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Reports on the topic "Spacer"

1

Kurita, C. H. OCH Spacer Design. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1030743.

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Leader, D. R. Honeycomb spacer crush stength test results. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10194558.

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Coutts, David Allan. The effect of spacer ribs on Ledinegg type flow instabilities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10185101.

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Stevens, P. F. Packaging design criteria modified fuel spacer burial box. Revision 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10185198.

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Muschler, George F. Optimizing Soft Tissue Management and Spacer Design in Segmental Bone Defects. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada613270.

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Lewis, Frederick D. Light-Driven Charge Transfer in Face-to-Face Donor-Spacer-Acceptor Supramolecular Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1499131.

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Robb, Frank T. Molecular Profiling of Microbial Communities from Contaminated Sources: Use of Subtractive Cloning Methods and rDNA Spacer Sequences. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/781022.

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Kim, Seung Jun. Evaluation of CASL boiling model for DNB performance in full scale 5x5 fuel bundle with spacer grids. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1422911.

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Robb, Frank T. Molecular Profiling of Microbial Communities from Contaminated Sources: Use of Subtractive Cloning Methods and rDNA Spacer Sequences. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/827425.

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Milstead, C. E., and R. L. Riley. Development of a new feed channel spacer for reverse osmosis elements. Phase 2 final report, October 1, 1994--December 31, 1997. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/314093.

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