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Tanaksaranond, G. "Visualisation of traffic in space-time." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1418541/.
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Road traffic congestion is the most persistent and debilitating problem in nearly all cities. Understanding congestion in space-time can greatly facilitate understanding of the beginning and evolution of congestion. Visualisation can be a tool to solve traffic congestion by getting insight into traffic data. This thesis focuses on developing visualisation techniques that can reveal space-time characteristics of traffic congestion, inclusive of how traffic congestion starts, disperses, and dissipates over the road network. Three main techniques are developed in this thesis, which include: wall map, isosurface, and constraint isosurface. The 3D wall map visualises the change of traffic and highlights congestion on each link. The 3D isosurface reveals sizes and shapes, and also the development of congestion. The constrained isosurface gives similar information to the isosurface, but locations of congestion are more localized. The three methods show how the origins and dispersion of congestion occurred. They also show different details of traffic data. A Graphic User Interface (GUI) was developed to allow users to interact with the traffic data and also to manipulate the visualisation to effectively support the identification of congested areas and relevant spatio-temporal information. The user-centred design approach was employed from the beginning of the GUI design process to ensure the ease of use. The massive amounts of traffic data are organised by data warehousing and by online analytical processing (OLAP) techniques, which improve multidimensional query response time. The system is implemented for link travel time data from Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR). The combination of visualisation techniques with GUI and effective data management can help traffic managers to better understand how traffic congestion changes on the road network, and to uncover the solutions to congestion.
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Sandin, Mats, and Magnus Fransson. "Framework for Calibration of a Traffic State Space Model." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-85342.
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To evaluate the traffic state over time and space, several models can be used. A typical model for estimating the state of the traffic for a stretch of road or a road network is the cell transmission model, which is a form of state space model. This kind of model typically needs to be calibrated since the different roads have different properties. This thesis will present a calibration framework for the velocity based cell transmission model, the CTM-v. The cell transmission model for velocity is a discrete time dynamical system that can model the evolution of the velocity field on highways. Such a model can be fused with an ensemble Kalman filter update algorithm for the purpose of velocity data assimilation. Indeed, enabling velocity data assimilation was the purpose for ever developing the model in the first place and it is an essential part of the Mobile Millennium research project. Therefore a systematic methodology for calibrating the cell transmission is needed. This thesis presents a framework for calibration of the velocity based cell transmission model that is combined with the ensemble Kalman filter. The framework consists of two separate methods, one is a statistical approach to calibration of the fundamental diagram. The other is a black box optimization method, a simplification of the complex method that can solve inequality constrained optimization problems with non-differentiable objective functions. Both of these methods are integrated with the existing system, yielding a calibration framework, in particular highways were stationary detectors are part of the infrastructure. The output produced by the above mentioned system is highly dependent on the values of its characterising parameters. Such parameters need to be calibrated so as to make the model a valid representation of reality. Model calibration and validation is a process of its own, most often tailored for the researchers models and purposes. The combination of the two methods are tested in a suit of experiments for two separate highway models of Interstates 880 and 15, CA which are evaluated against travel time and space mean speed estimates given by Bluetooth detectors with an error between 7.4 and 13.4 % for the validation time periods depending on the parameter set and model.
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Gairiseb, Alexander. "African perspective on integrated space and air traffic management." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31528.
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Space Traffic Management (STM) is an emerging area of interest in the space sector because States and private actors are collaborating on ways to manage the growing congestion in orbit and to mitigate the impact of space debris and space weather as part of sustainable use and exploration of outer space. Further, the pace at which commercial space operations is mushrooming and the potential for growth that the suborbital space flight market presents has led to talks about integrating space and air traffic management, through technological interfaces and harmonised regulatory regimes. But, the current global challenge is the lack of a legal framework, either in the existing space-related treaties or the adoption of a new treaty regulating STM similar to the other traffic regimes, namely aviation and maritime, and advancement in technology to seamlessly integrate Space Traffic Management (STM) and Air Traffic Management (ATM). Therefore, the proposed integration of space and air traffic management necessitates an analysis of African perspectives when it comes to consolidating the two traffic regimes, taking into account the fact that ATM in Africa is fragmented. Hence, this study analyses the legal aspects of integrating Space and Air Traffic Management from the African perspective.
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Mapefane, Nthope. "The relevance of delimitation debate in context of space tourism and space traffic management." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53154.
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This study argues the relevance of the delimitation debate which has existed for over half a century. The study will show that a legally accepted boundary between air space and outer space would effectively close the existing gap within air and space law which has led to uncertain legal application over space activities. Technology changes in aircraft, spacecraft, combined with the growth of space activity, creates a sense of urgency to have the boundary issue resolved, a situation different from the early days of the space era when it was assumed that a boundary would be defined at a future indeterminate date. This study will examine the legal regime governing airspace and outer space and the growing pressures on questions of sovereignty resulting from the unknown delimitation line. To be followed by a background study of the delimitation debate, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the approaches furnished in light of the emerging space technologies and space activities. The urgency to resolve the delimitation debate is put into context, by a discussion of the legal significance of the boundary issue in respect of problems arising in space activities and the regulation of space activities. The study will conclude by furnishing a preliminary proposal to resolve the delimitation debate.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Public Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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Ab, Wahid Mastura. "Flight guidance along 3D+T trajectories and space indexed traffic management." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30196/document.
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Avec la forte augmentation actuelle et future du trafic aérien, les questions relatives à la capacité, la sécurité et les effets environnementaux du transport aérien vont se poser de façon chaque fois plus critique. L'objectif général de cette thèse est de contribuer à l'amélioration de l'opération et de l'organisation du trafic aérien dans cette perspective de croissance. Le premier objectif spécifique de cette thèse est de faire la synthèse d'une loi de commande permettant aux avions de transport de suivre avec précision une trajectoire 3D+T. Le deuxième objectif spécifique de cette thèse est d'introduire une organisation particulière des corridors aériens, les airstreams, compatible avec la loi de guidage développée et permettant d'utiliser au mieux la capacité du corridor. Ainsi dans une première étape est introduite la dynamique de guidage des avions de transport, ainsi que les systèmes de guidage et de gestion du vol des avions modernes. Ensuite les principaux éléments de l'organisation de la gestion et du contrôle du trafic aérien sont introduits. La loi de guidage 3D+T est développée, simulée et ses performances sont analysées. L'étude d'une manœuvré de changement de voie dans un airstream est alors menée et mise en œuvre dans le cadre de la gestion du trafic à l'intérieur de celui-ci. Finalement les conclusions et perspectives de cette étude sont présentéesWith the increase in air traffic, surely a question of flight efficiency (delays), environment impact and safety arise. This calls for improvements in accuracy of spatial and temporal trajectory tracking. The first main objective of this thesis is to contribute to the synthesis of a space-indexed nonlinear guidance control law for transportation aircraft presenting enhanced tracking performances and to explore the performances and feasibility of a flight guidance control law which is developed based on a space-indexed reference to track a 3D+T reference trajectory using nonlinear dynamic inversion control. The proposed guidance control law present reduced tracking errors and able to meet more easily overfly time constraints. Before presenting the main approaches for the design of the 3D+T guidance control laws; the modern flight guidance and flight dynamics of transportation aircraft, including explicitly wind components are first introduced. Then, a description of the current and modern air traffic organization including the organization of air traffic in high density flow will be shown and this will lead to a description of the Airstreams concept. This proposed concept is to organize main traffic flows in congested airspace along airstreams which are characterized by a three dimensional (3D) common reference track (ASRT). Finally, a scenario to perform basic maneuvers inside the airstream following a 3D+T trajectory using a common space-indexed will be developed and will be used to illustrate the traffic management along an airstream
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Chen, Hsiang Ling. "Barrier Effects Of Roads And Traffic On Animal Occurrence, Space Use, And Movements." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555947.
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Habitat fragmentation and destruction caused by linear infrastructure, including roads, railways, and power line corridors, are recognized as major threats to biodiversity around the world. Roads can act as barriers by impeding animal movement and restricting animal space use. An understanding of factors that influence barrier effects is important to discern the impacts of habitat fragmentation and to develop appropriate mitigation. The barrier effects of roads are driven by several distinct but not mutually exclusive mechanisms that include traffic, edge, and gap avoidance. We used an endangered forest obligate, the Mount Graham red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis), as our study organism to assess effects of traffic noise on animal occurrence and demonstrated that traffic noise had spatially extensive and negative effects on site occupancy after accounting for effects of distance from roads and the environment. We investigated barrier effects of forest roads and assessed effects of traffic, road edges, and canopy gaps on space use of Mt. Graham red squirrels and compared to the response of introduced, edge-tolerant Abert's squirrels (Sciurus aberti). Forest roads acted as partial barriers for red squirrels regardless of traffic volume likely due to avoidance of canopy gap created by roads, whereas Abert's squirrels showed no avoidance of roads. Therefore, roads restricted movement and space use of a native forest-dependent species while creating habitat preferred by an introduced, edge-tolerated species. Through a meta-analysis of studies that quantified road crossing behavior by mammals, we found that all types of roads, from major highways to narrow forest roads, can impede movement for certain species of mammals. Magnitude of barrier effects of roads decreased as species body mass increased, and was affected positively by increasing road width. We suggest that the species-specific magnitude of barrier effects of roads may be anticipated with basic information from life history traits and road characteristics that are readily accessed through open resources or easily measured.
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Radmanesh, Mohammadreza. "UAV Traffic Management for National Airspace Integration." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1461593199.
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Noyes, Connor David. "Characterization of the Effects of a Sun-Synchronous Orbit Slot Architecture on the Earth's Orbital Debris Environment." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1026.
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Low Earth orbit represents a valuable limited natural resource. Of particular interest are sun-synchronous orbits; it is estimated that approximately 44% of low Earth satellites are sun-synchronous. A previously developed sun-synchronous orbit slot architecture is considered. An in-depth analysis of the relative motion between satellites and their corresponding slots is performed. The long-term evolution of Earth's orbital environment is modeled by a set of coupled ordinary differential equations. A metric for quantifying the benefit, if any, of implementing a sun-synchronous architecture is developed. The results indicate that the proposed slot architecture would reduce the frequency of collisions between satellites in sun-synchronous orbits.
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Wackrill, Patricia Anne. "The development of a mathematical programming technique as a design tool for traffic management." Thesis, Middlesex University, 1990. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/10676/.
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In urban areas, competition for road space at junctions is one of the major causes of congestion and accidents. Routes chosen to avoid conflict at junctions have a mutually beneficial effect which should improve circulation and reduce accidents. A prototype design tool has been developed to provide for traffic management based on such routes. The mathematical model behind the design tool works with a given road network and a given O-D demand matrix to produce feasible routes for all drivers in such a way that the weighted sum of potential conflicts is minimised. The result is a route selection in which all journeys from origin i to destination j follow the same route. The method which works best splits the problem into single commodity problems and solves these repeatedly by the Out-of-Kilter algorithm. Good locally optimal solutions can be produced by this method, even though global optimality cannot be guaranteed. Software for a microcomputer presented here as part of the design tool is capable of solving problems on realistic networks in a reasonable time. This method is embedded in a suite of computer programs which makes the input and output straightforward. Used as a design tool in the early stages of network design it gives a network-wide view of the possibilities for reducing conflict and indicates a coherent set of traffic management measures. The ideal measure would be automatic route guidance, such as the pilot scheme currently being developed for London. Other measures include a set of one-way streets and banned turns. The resulting turning flows could be used as input to the signal optimiser TRANSYT to determine signal settings favouring the routeing pattern. The project was funded by the S. E. R. C. and carried out at Middlesex Polytechnic in collaboration with MVA Systematica.
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Attig, Stefan. "The Organic Pattern of Space: : A Space Syntax Analysis of Natural Streets and Street Segments for Measuring Crime and Traffic Accidents." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264938.
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The natural streets model is a research prototype that has been shown to perform better than the conventional GIS-based streets segments for explaining traffic flow and human movement. However, given its experimental status, a gap in the literature was identified. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to contribute to the literature by investigating the wider applications of natural streets and observe whether a city’s spatial configuration (or structure) is related to outcomes of human behaviour and activity. In this case, the two previously unstudied outcomes were chosen: crime and traffic accidents. Taking an exploratory approach, Stockholm was chosen as the case study. Using the space syntax methodology, the street segments and natural streets connectivity was used to analyse whether accessibility or ‘potential through movement’ is associated with crime and traffic accidents. Two study areas were generated: a primary study area consisting of six nested zones and a secondary study area with hot spots and cold spots for events of crime and traffic accidents. To observe the statistical association between connectivity and events of crime and traffic accidents for natural streets and street segments, a classical regression model was used. The regression analysis showed that natural streets perform significantly better than street segments as they are better able to explain events of crime and traffic accidents. However, more so for traffic accidents. Most importantly, the topological structure or scaling characteristics of natural streets served as a better indicator for measuring human phenomena. The implication of this is that it could potentially be used to further the understanding of human activities in the context of the urban environment.
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Schwetje, F. Kenneth. "Managing outer space traffic in the future : a challenge to legal and technical experts." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65354.
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Sutto, Lisa. "Le rôle de l’expertise économique dans l’élaboration des politiques alpines de transport et du projet Lyon-Turin : vers l’émergence d’un espace alpin ?" Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO22002/document.
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Le contexte du transport de marchandises en transit à travers les Alpes est d’abord marqué par plusieurs décennies de croissance importante des flux. Cette croissance est cependant inégale dans le temps et selon les passages considérés. Un second élément de contexte tient à la fragilité particulière des territoires alpins vis-à-vis des impacts de la circulation : plus qu’ailleurs, on y constate une montée des préoccupations environnementales. Cette thèse vise à comprendre l’élaboration des politiques publiques de transport concernant le trafic transalpin. Elle s’attache d’abord à évaluer la mesure dans laquelle ce processus d’élaboration participe de l’émergence d’un espace géopolitique alpin. Elle cherche ensuite à préciser le rôle des outils technico-économique au sein de ce processus. La question sera abordée à deux échelles différentes, à travers deux études de cas : une histoire de l’évolution des objectifs assignés au projet Lyon-Turin depuis sa naissance ; une analyse des dispositifs de la concertation autour des questions de transport menée à l’échelle de l’arc alpin dans son ensemble. Un premier résultat apparait sous la forme d’une « alpinisation » progressive de la question du transit alpin. Elle se traduit en premier lieu par une représentation de l’arc alpin comme un système de passages interconnectés et, en second lieu, par la mise en place de structures de concertation rassemblant les acteurs concernés à l’échelle du massif. Un second ensemble de résultats montre d’abord comment les outils technico-économiques utilisés et leurs usages sont complètement insérés dans ce processus d’ « alpinisation ». Il fait apparaitre ensuite le glissement d’un usage déterministe de ces outils, où les résultats ont davantage vocation à justifier des décisions antérieures à un usage procédural, où les outils sont utilisés de façon de plus en plus partagée par les différents acteurs, pour simuler les différentes options politiques et participer à l’élaboration de mesures précisesThe context of freight transport in transit through the Alps is marked by several decades of traffic flow growth. Such a growth has been uneven over time and from passage to passage. A second element characterises this context. It deals with the peculiar fragility of the alpine areas to traffic impacts: the rising of environmental concerns in these regions appears to be stronger than elsewhere. The aim of this thesis is to comprehend the elaboration of transportation public policies concerning the transalpine traffics. Firstly, we endeavour to assess to which extent this decision making process has contributed towards the emergence of a geopolitical alpine space. Secondly, we seek to clarify the role of economical tools inside this process. The issue will be addressed at two different scales, on the basis of two case studies: the history of the Lyon-Turin project, aiming at retracing the evolution of the strategic goals it has integrated over time; the analysis of the alpine cooperation systems dealing with transports issues developed at the whole alpine arc scale. Outcomes show a progressive “alpinisation” of the transit question. Firstly, it results of a representation of the Alps as a system of interconnected passages. Secondly, it relies on the construction of some structures of cooperation bringing together actors involved by transalpine transit. Another group of outcomes shows that the economical assessment tools and their usage are closely linked to this “alpinisation” process. It also highlights an evolution from a deterministic approach, where economical tools mainly play a justification role for some pre-established strategies, to a procedural approach, where they are shared by actors and used in order to simulate different political options and to help so in designing policies
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Zhao, Yueqin. "A Downtown Space Reservation System: Its Design and Evaluation." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29021.
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This research explores the feasibility of providing innovative and effective solutions for traffic congestion. The design of reservation systems is being considered as an alternative and/or complementary travel demand management (TDM) strategy. A reservation indicates that a user will follow a booking procedure defined by the reservation system before traveling so as to obtain the right to access a facility or resource. In this research, the reservation system is introduced for a cordon-based downtown road network, hereafter called the Downtown Space Reservation System (DSRS). The research is executed in three steps. In the first step, the DSRS is developed using classic optimization techniques in conjunction with an artificial intelligence technology. The development of this system is the foundation of the entire research, and the second and third steps build upon it. In the second step, traffic simulation models are executed so as to assess the impact of the DSRS on a hypothetical transportation road network. A simulation model provides various transportation measures and helps the decision maker analyze the system from a transportation perspective. In this step, multiple simulation runs (demand scenarios) are conducted and performance insights are generated. However, additional performance measurement and system design issues need to be addressed beyond the simulation paradigm. First, it is not the absolute representation of performance that matters, but the concept of relative performance that is important. Moreover, a simulation does not directly demonstrate how key performance measures interact with each other, which is critical when trying to understand a system structure. To address these issues, in the third step, a comprehensive performance measurement framework has been applied. An analytical technique for measuring the relative efficiency of organizational units, or in this case, demand scenarios called network Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), is used. The network model combines the perspectives of the transportation service provider, the user and the community, who are the major stakeholders in the transportation system. This framework enables the decision maker to gain an in-depth appreciation of the system design and performance measurement issues.Ph. D.
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Strömgren, Per. "Modelling of Traffic Performance for Swedish Roads and Motorways." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Transportplanering, ekonomi och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-185930.
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This thesis consists of five scientific articles oriented towards capacity. Managing capacity constraints with associated delays is a big issue at new design as well as at trimming existing traffic facilities. In larger Swedish cities these challenges have become more and more important as a result of growing traffic demand due to rapid population increase.Models for estimating capacity and delay are available, but not many are calibrated for Swedish conditions due to the high effort required. This thesis documents development and calibration of new models for motorway links, entry and exit lanes and weaving areas and an developed space-time model with the ability to calculate queue length, delay, etc.The first article is focused on identifying weaknesses in the former Swedish capacity method for motorways, and development of new models overcoming these shortcomings. The development includes new models for jam density at queue, capacity in weaving areas and fundamental flow-density relationships for 15 different highway types for inclusion in the new Swedish capacity manual.The second article describes the development of a Swedish motorway space-time model to estimate travel times and queues in oversaturated conditions based on the American FREEVAL model in Highway Capacity Manual 2010 (HCM 2010). Calibration and validation of the model has been performed with data from the Motorway Control System (MCS) in Stockholm. A good correspondence was obtained for most cases, but further calibration and validation efforts are required for entry and exit lanes.The third article describes further development of the intersection model in the Swedish microscopic model “Rural Traffic Simulator (RuTSim). This is a continuation of the work documented in the author’s licentiate thesis published in 2002. The development focused on simulation of intersections using a new concept on lane use not included in the old RuTSim model. The model describes Swedish rural intersections with flared approaches providing a non-discreet lane use due to vehicle types in queue. New data for calibration and validation data was also generated. The validation results showed good correspondence between simulated and empirical delay results. The new intersection model is now implemented in RuTSim, providing new tools for estimation of capacity, delay and queue length already included in Swedish guidelines and capacity manuals/software (Capcal).The fourth article describes the development of a new capacity model for roadwork zones. Focus is on the resulting capacity of one lane due to several reduction factors. These factors include impacts of closed road shoulders, reduction of number of lanes, diversion of traffic to the opposite carriageway, commuting traffic, length of work zone, lane width and type of road work. The first two correction factors were successfully validated in a full-scale test on the E6 motorway in Gothenburg.The fifth article describes development and implementation of a new harmonization algorithm for MCS systems on motorways designed to increase bottleneck capacity and throughput. Two different models were developed, one of which was implemented in the existing MCS system on E4 Södertäljevägen south of Stockholm. Full-scale trials were carried out with a model based on trigger levels in terms of flow. The second model based on the difference in the variance of speed during two following time periods was tested offline also with very good results.QC 20160429
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Yagyu, Isao, Hiroshi Hasegawa, and Ken-ichi Sato. "An Efficient Hierarchical Optical Path Network Design Algorithm based on a Traffic Demand Expression in a Cartesian Product Space." IEEE, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/12078.
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Parsafard, Mohsen. "Space-Time Transportation System Modelling: from Traveler’s Characteristics to the Network Design Problem." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6924.
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Traditional network design problems only consider the long-term stationary travel patterns (e.g., fixed OD demand) and short-term variations of human mobility are ignored. This study aims to integrate human mobility characteristics and travel patterns into network design problems using a space-time network structure. Emerging technologies such as location-based social network platforms provide a unique opportunity for understanding human mobility patterns that can lead to advanced modeling techniques. To reach our goal, at first multimodal network design problems are investigated by considering safety and flow interactions between different modes of transport. We develop a network reconstruction method to expand a single-modal transportation network to a multi-modal network where flow interactions between different modes can be quantified. Then, in our second task, we investigate the trajectory of moving objects to see how they can reveal detailed information about human travel characteristics and presence probability with high-resolution detail. A time geography-based methodology is proposed to not only estimate an individual’s space-time trajectory based on his/her limited space-time sample points but also to quantify the accuracy of this estimation in a robust manner. A series of measures including activity bandwidth and normalized activity bandwidth are proposed to quantify the accuracy of trajectory estimation, and cutoff points are suggested for screening data records for mobility analysis.
Finally, a space-time network-based modeling framework is proposed to integrate human mobility into network design problems. We construct a probabilistic network structure to quantify human’s presence probability at different locations and time. Then, a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) model is proposed to maximize the spatial and temporal coverage of individual targets. To achieve near optimal solutions for large-scale problems, greedy heuristic, Lagrangian relaxation and simulated annealing algorithms are implemented to solve the problem. The proposed algorithms are implemented on hypothetical and real world numerical examples to demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the methodology on different network sizes and promising results have been obtained.
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Anil, Vijay Sankar. "Mission-based Design Space Exploration and Traffic-in-the-Loop Simulation for a Range-Extended Plug-in Hybrid Delivery Vehicle." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587663664531601.
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Forsberg, Martin. "To Handle Space - A qualitative study of traffic planner´s experiences of planning for pedestrians and cyclists in complex urban settings." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23332.
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This thesis investigates five traffic planner´s experiences of planning for pedestrians and cyclists in complex urban settings. Three themes, or relations are investigated: priority or hierarchy; separation or conglomeration; and top-down design or bottom-desires. The research was conducted through qualitative interviews to get hold of traffic planner´s experiences and understandings of how to understand space. Firstly, the results show that the traffic planner´s experience that the car still is the norm in the traffic system, but that re-prioritization of space to make pedestrians and cyclists the norm is getting more widely accepted. Secondly, there is a spread understanding that separation of uses and functions are to prefer before creation of shared spaces. Shared spaces are seen to neglect accessibility and separated spaces with overlapping functions are seen to clarify uses. Thirdly, it is meant that it needs to be a mutual relationship between top-down design and bottom-up desires to create space that meet different needs; a purely top-down approach will miss preferable uses of an existing place, and a purely bottom-up approach is understood as a possible hindrance to get things done.
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Fuxová, Veronika. "Analýza dopravy a návrh řešení ve městě Letovice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444259.
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The diploma thesis deals with traffic analyzes in the town of Letovice in the South Moravian Region. The traffic analysis was performed with respect to traffic at rest in the city. Part of the work is to map the current traffic situation, determine the traffic load of roads passing through the city and analyze the accidents according to the type and cause of traffic accidents. Thanks to the analysis of the current traffic situation, critical points concerning traffic at rest were determined, at which further measurements took place. After evaluating all performed analyzes and measurements, the necessary measures were proposed that can contribute to the improvement of the traffic situation in the city of Letovice.
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Watson, Eric. "Sun-Synchronous Orbit Slot Architecture Analysis and Development." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/760.
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Space debris growth and an influx in space traffic will create a need for increased space traffic management. Due to orbital population density and likely future growth, the implementation of a slot architecture to Sun-synchronous orbit is considered in order to mitigate conjunctions among active satellites. This paper furthers work done in Sun-synchronous orbit slot architecture design and focuses on two main aspects. First, an in-depth relative motion analysis of satellites with respect to their assigned slots is presented. Then, a method for developing a slot architecture from a specific set of user defined inputs is derived.
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Silva, Juliana Freitas. "Violência no trânsito na cidade de Jataí: espacialização dos acidentes envolvendo motociclistas no período de 2013 a 2015." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8865.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
Traffic accidents victimize several people every day. These are considered an expression of violence which is often overlooked and not recognized as such. This conflict is currently present in the urban space and brings about several disorders of physical, psychological and economic order in the life of the members of this space. Among these accidents the motorcyclists fit in the category of higher vulnerability. Therefore, with the main goal of analyzing the traffic accidents data, mainly those with bikers involved in the city of Jataí (GO), in the period of 2013 to 2015. Data present in police reports and filled by the Military Police were held and data from the Federal Highway Police office, the IT Department of the Public Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde) and from the Epidemiological and Environmental Surveillance Center were collected. The data were tabulated and after treating they were studied under a qualitative/quantitative perspective, through the analysis of the statements of the ones involved in the accidents and through verification of different variables which are related to the occurrences. From these data, graphics, chats and maps were created, containing the spatialization of the accidents by via and crossing of occurrences. In the period of the study, we had a total of 2302 accidents which 2215 happened in the urban perimeter. Most of the accidents have automobiles involved (59%) followed by motorcycles (33,01%). About 70% of the accidents presented the male gender as main conductor and the age group is between 30 to 49 years old (51%). Through the statements analysis of the conductors involved, it was confirmed that the lack of attention and the disrespect to the traffic signs are the most probable causes in the mentioned period. By the accomplished spatialization of accidents involving motorcyclists in this period, we have checked that the roads that had more occurrence of these events were on Goiás Avenue and on BR 158 with 30 accidents each. Veriano de Oliveira Lima Avenue with 15, Castelo Branco Avenue with 14 and both Perimetral and Marechal Rondon Avenues wih 11 events. Given the aspects observed, elements present in the urban space had bigger relevance to the occurrence of the accidents than the variables as road conditions, day of the week and weather conditions in the analyzed period. When checking the statements of those involved in the accidents, we found that in the period analyzed, the human factor was presented as the main element for the occurrence of accidents, given that the need to reach the destination more quickly and the imprudence that made with that the driver did not respect the signaling, interfered in the displacement of the other users, thus generating accidents.
Os acidentes de trânsito vitimam várias pessoas a cada dia. Estes são considerados uma expressão da violência que muitas vezes é negligenciada e não reconhecida como tal. Esse conflito se faz presente no espaço urbano atualmente e gera diversos transtornos de ordem física, psicológica e econômica na vida dos integrantes desse espaço. Dentre esses acidentes, os motociclistas enquadram-se na categoria de maior vulnerabilidade. Assim, com o objetivo geral de analisar os dados dos acidentes de trânsito, principalmente aqueles com envolvimento de motociclistas, na cidade de Jataí (GO), no período de 2013 a 2015, foram analisados dados presentes nos boletins de ocorrência preenchidos pela Polícia Militar, coletados dados da Polícia Rodoviária Federal, do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde e do Núcleo de Vigilância Epidemiológica e Ambiental em Saúde. Os dados foram tabulados e, após tratamento, estudados sob uma perspectiva quali-quantitativa através da análise dos depoimentos dos envolvidos nos acidentes e da verificação de diferentes variáveis relacionadas às ocorrências. Foram gerados, a partir desses dados, gráficos, tabelas e mapas contendo a espacialização dos acidentes por via e por cruzamentos de ocorrência. No período do estudo, tivemos um total de 2.302 acidentes, destes, 2.215 ocorreram no perímetro urbano. A maioria dos acidentes possui o envolvimento de automóveis (59%) seguidos por motos (33,01%). Cerca de 70% dos acidentes apresentaram o gênero masculino como condutor principal e a faixa etária de prevalência de 30 a 49 anos (51%). Através da análise dos depoimentos dos condutores envolvidos, constatamos que a falta de atenção e o desrespeito à sinalização são as prováveis causas dos acidentes no período em questão. Com a espacialização dos acidentes envolvendo motociclistas neste período, verificamos que as vias que mais tiveram ocorrência desses eventos foram a Avenida Goiás e a BR 158 com 30 acidentes cada, seguidas pela Avenida Veriano de Oliveira Lima com 15, a Avenida Castelo Branco com 14 e as Avenidas Perimetral e Marechal Rondon, ambas com 11 eventos. Tendo em vista os aspectos observados, temos que elementos presentes no espaço urbano tiveram maior relevância para a ocorrência dos acidentes, mais do que variáveis como condições da via e do tempo e dia da semana no período analisado. Ao verificar os depoimentos dos envolvidos nos acidentes, constatamos que, no período analisado, o fator humano se apresentou como sendo o principal elemento para a ocorrência dos acidentes, haja vista que a necessidade de chegar ao destino com maior rapidez e a imprudência que fez com que o condutor não respeitasse a sinalização, interferiram no deslocamento dos outros usuários, gerando assim acidentes.
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Sheng, Xia, and 盛夏. "The influence of urban traffic network on the location of urban commercial center based on GIS and space syntax : a case study of Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206604.
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With the expansion of cities and economic prosperity, research on the location of commercial center has been increasingly brought to the attention of the relevant scholars. Urban commercial activity affects the city's overall development. Moreover, commercial land directly reflects the urban spatial structure characteristic, and is closely related to the city's social economic activities.
Urban traffic network structure is the basis for land use and economic activity of urban space. Among many factors affecting commercial distribution, urban traffic network and the accessibility of it are the main factors. This study is trying to answer what role the accessibility plays in the development of commercial centers and how. Space Syntax theory provides a new perspective for understanding the complicated urban transportation system, and a set of quantitative analysis method for space configuration. In order to investigate the accessibility of traffic network in Hong Kong, map data will be collected from road network and metro network, and the data will be digitalized before the calculation of accessibility. For the purpose of finding the development of commercial centers, a variety of data will also be collected from the three commercial centers-Tsim Sha Tsui, Causeway Bay, and Mong Kok, such as the operating area of main retail stores in each commercial center.
The first theoretical hypothesis is that the accessibility of traffic network does have an influence on the location and development of commercial centers. After the calculation of metro network accessibility and road network accessibility, the second theoretical hypothesis is that the accessibility of metro network may exert different effect on the location and development of commercial centers, compared with that of road network. The influence of metro network and road network on the location of commercial centers was discussed. It can be concluded that an area of high accessibility is more likely to develop into a commercial center. In another word, commercial centers always have higher accessibility than non-commercial center areas. Another conclusion is that the scope of commercial centers is mainly controlled by accessibility of road network in local configuration.published_or_final_version
Urban Planning and Design
Master
Master of Science in Urban Planning
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Zeibots, Michelle E. "Space, time, economics and asphalt : an investigation of induced traffic growth caused by urban motorway expansion and the implications it has for the sustainability of cities /." Electronic version, 2007. http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/dspace/handle/2100/609.
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Špačková, Eliška. "Řešení statické dopravy na sidlišti Bažantnice v Hodoníně." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240231.
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This master thesis deals with the evaluation of the current state of parking on the estate Bažantnice in Hodonin, determining the required number of parking spaces according to CSN 73 6110 and CSN 73 6110 / Z1. The second part deals with the design of possible modifications of local roads. The aim is to increase the number of parking spaces in the area. A newly designed residential zone and zone tempo 30 leads to traffic calming.
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Qin, Wenyi. "Many server queueing models with heterogeneous servers and parameter uncertainty with customer contact centre applications." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33167.
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In this thesis, we study the queueing systems with heterogeneous servers and service rate uncertainty under the Halfin-Whitt heavy traffic regime. First, we analyse many server queues with abandonments when service rates are i.i.d. random variables. We derive a diffusion approximation using a novel method. The diffusion has a random drift, and hence depending on the realisations of service rates, the system can be in Quality Driven (QD), Efficiency Driven (ED) or Quality-Efficiency-Driven (QED) regime. When the system is under QD or QED regime, the abandonments are negligible in the fluid limit, but when it is under ED regime, the probability of abandonment will converge to a non-zero value. We then analyse the optimal staffing levels to balance holding costs with staffing costs combining these three regimes. We also analyse how the variance of service rates influence abandonment rate. Next, we focus on the state space collapse (SSC) phenomenon. We prove that under some assumptions, the system process will collapse to a lower dimensional process without losing essential information. We first formulate a general method to prove SSC results inside pools for heavy traffic systems using the hydrodynamic limit idea. Then we work on the SSC in multi-class queueing networks under the Halfin-Whitt heavy traffic when service rates are i.i.d. random variables within pools. For such systems, exact analysis provides limited insight on the general properties. Alternatively, asymptotic analysis by diffusion approximation proves to be effective. Further, limit theorems, which state the diffusively scaled system process weakly converges to a diffusion process, are usually the central part in such asymptotic analysis. The SSC result is key to proving such a limit. We conclude by giving examples on how SSC is applied to the analysis of systems.
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Schmidt, Annika Rieke. "Transitioning Transport Space : Understanding the barriers to realising the cycling project Radbahn in Berlin." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235641.
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Global, as well as local environmental problems, demand a transition of the current fossil-fuel dependent transport system. On the urban level, the bicycle as a sustainable transport mode is gaining importance, as in Berlin. To what extent Berlin is facing a transition of its transport system is discussed in this thesis. The multi-level perspective on societal transitions by Geels and Schot (2007) serves as the theoretical framework. A literature review made it possible to present factors stabilising as well as destabilising Berlin’s current transport regime. Even if it is considered to be robust against change, there are severe pressures from the macro-level, like environmental and health impacts and growing mobility demand. Berlin’s new Mobility Act is even one example of a successfully broken through innovation that has led to regime changes. Hence, niche-innovations, like the cycling project Radbahn are considered to be important for transitions. But there are aspects complicating a breaking through of such niche-innovations. Through semi-structured expert interviews with stakeholders, identified through a stakeholder analysis in advance, barriers to realising theRadbahnare identified. The results show realisation difficulties related to the legislative context and to the administrative system in Berlin. In addition, there are other aspects connected to the innovative nature of the project, its design and the routing that may cause difficulties.
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Liebold, Sebastian, and Patrick Thost. "Urban Sustainability." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-224892.
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Urban Sustainability can be measured in differenz ways. This article focuses on density of public space and transport. With a normative point of view, it shows how density and an easy-to-approach-transportation-system can facilitate the development of a creative city.
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Santiago, Edna de Farias. "Alcoolemia em v?timas fatais de acidentes de tr?nsito no Rio Grande do Norte empregando cromatografia em fase gasosa - head space." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13440.
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Previous issue date: 2008-09-23Alcohol is one of the few psychotropic drugs that their consumption has admitted legally and sometimes encouraged by the society. Studies show alcohol as the highest consumption of drugs among young people and society in general, probably because of its availability and easy access. The abuse causes public health problems, which was closely related to the violence, socioeconomic problems and the high number of automobile accidents. Transit is one of the main sectors affected by the effects of alcohol, observing a high incidence in the studies. About half of automobile accidents occurs after the consumption of alcoholic beverage, and the vast majority of cases related to high concentrations of alcohol in the bloodstream. The relationship of drunk with traffic accidents is in fact evident everywhere in the world, including Brazil, where studies have shown a high relationship between alcohol consumption and traffic accidents. This study determined the alcohol in fatal victims of traffic accidents in the state of Rio Grande do Norte and established the profile of this population compared with those found in Brazil and other countries. Samples of blood of ethanol added to fulfillment of the standardization of chromatographic conditions and procedures for the analysis, being employed in the determination of alcohol in blood samples of 277 victims of traffic accidents, collected at the Institute of Scientific Technical Police of Rio Grande do North (ITEP) in the year 2007. The blood alcohol level was determined in these samples correlated with the sex, age and marital status of the victim and the location, day of week and month when the accident occurred, is doing a statistical analysis and outlining a profile of the victims of an accident at transit in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The parameters of standardization studied ensured the quality of the analytical method and, consequently, to obtain reliable laboratory results. Being given the best temperature for injector (150 ?C), detector (250 ?C) and column (50 ?C) with a flow of gas in the column of 2mL/minutos and analysis of time of 12 minutes. The method was linear in the range of 0.01 to 3.2 g / L (r2 = 0.9989) with average recovery of 100.2% and precision with coefficient of variation less than 15%. The analysis carried out on victims of fatal road traffic accidents, ethanol detected in the blood in 66.43% of the victims and these, 96% showed concentration ≥ 0.2 g / L, 87.73% of victims were male, while 12.27% female. The younger age group (1535 years) was the most involved (52,35%) and most single (55.60%). The accidents occurred with greater prevalence in the day on Monday (27%) followed by Sunday (24,19%) and Saturday (15,52%) and it was found that the prevalence of injuries varied between the different months of the year, and in February (14.4%) and April (10.47%) the months that had a higher number of accidents, however this oscillation showed no statistically significant difference. Also no significant difference was observed between the tracks of concentration found in men and women. The standardized method showed to be efficient, given satisfactorily to the goals of this work, and the high levels of alcohol found in victims of fatal road traffic accidents are consistent with several studies of literature, and the profile of the victim also supported by presenting in its most young adults, male and single
O ?lcool ? uma das poucas drogas psicotr?picas que tem seu consumo admitido legalmente e, ?s vezes, incentivado pela sociedade. Estudos mostram o ?lcool como a droga de maior consumo entre os jovens e na sociedade de forma geral, provavelmente devido ? sua disponibilidade e f?cil acesso. O uso abusivo provoca problemas de sa?de p?blica, estando ele estreitamente relacionado com a viol?ncia, problemas s?cioecon?micos e com o elevado n?mero de acidentes automobil?sticos. O tr?nsito ? um dos principais setores afetados pelos efeitos do ?lcool, observandose alta incid?ncia nos estudos realizados. Aproximadamente metade dos acidentes automobil?sticos ocorre ap?s o consumo de bebida alco?lica, estando a grande maioria dos casos relacionados com altas concentra??es de ?lcool na circula??o sangu?nea. A rela??o da embriagues com os acidentes de tr?nsito ? fato not?rio em toda parte do mundo, inclusive no Brasil, onde estudos demonstraram uma alta rela??o entre o consumo de ?lcool e os acidentes de tr?nsito. Este trabalho determinou a alcoolemia em v?timas fatais de acidente de tr?nsito no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte e estabeleceu o perfil desta popula??o comparando com aqueles encontrados no Brasil e em outros pa?ses. Foram utilizadas amostras de sangue adicionadas de etanol para realiza??o da padroniza??o das condi??es cromatogr?ficas e dos procedimentos de an?lise, sendo empregado na determina??o da alcoolemia em amostras de sangue de 277 v?timas de acidente de tr?nsito, coletadas no Instituto T?cnico Cient?fico de Pol?cia do Rio Grande do Norte (ITEP) no ano de 2007. O n?vel de alcoolemia determinado nestas amostras foi correlacionado com o sexo, idade e estado civil da v?tima e com a localiza??o, dia da semana e m?s em que os acidentes ocorreram, fazendose uma an?lise estat?stica e tra?ando um perfil das v?timas de acidente de tr?nsito no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Os par?metros de padroniza??o estudados asseguraram a qualidade do m?todo anal?tico e, conseq?entemente, a obten??o de resultados laboratoriais confi?veis. Sendo determinado as melhores temperaturas para injetor (150?C), detector (250?C) e coluna (50?C), com um fluxo de g?s na coluna de 2mL/minutos e tempo de an?lise de 12 minutos. O m?todo foi linear no intervalo de 0,01 a 3,2 g/L (r2 = 0,9989), com recupera??o m?dia de 100,2% e precis?o com coeficiente de varia??o menor que 15%. As an?lises realizadas em v?timas fatais de acidente de tr?nsito, detectaram etanol no sangue em 66,43% das v?timas e destas, 96% apresentaram concentra??o ≥ 0,2 g/L; 87,73% das v?timas eram do sexo masculino, enquanto que 12,27% do sexo feminino. A faixa et?ria jovem (1535 anos) foi a mais envolvida (52,35%) sendo a maioria solteira (55,60%). Os acidentes aconteceram com maior preval?ncia nos dias de segundafeira (27%), seguido do domingo (24,19%) e s?bado (15,52%) e constatouse que a preval?ncia de acidentes oscilou entre os diferentes meses do ano, sendo fevereiro (14,4%) e abril (10,47%) os meses que apresentaram um maior n?mero de acidentes, contudo esta oscila??o n?o apresentou diferen?a estatisticamente significativa. Tamb?m n?o foi observado diferen?a significativa entre as faixas de concentra??o encontradas nos homens e nas mulheres. O m?todo padronizado demonstrouse eficiente, atendendo satisfatoriamente aos objetivos deste trabalho; e os n?veis elevados de alcoolemia encontrados nas v?timas fatais de acidente de tr?nsito s?o coincidentes com v?rios estudos da literatura, sendo o perfil da v?tima tamb?m compat?vel, apresentandose em sua maioria adultos jovens, do sexo masculino e solteiros
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Guedes, Thalita Renata Oliveira das Neves. "Política pública de segurança no trânsito em Manaus: dos números à prevenção." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2016. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/5406.
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CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Violence in traffic as one of the expressions of the social question, requires public policy strategies that prioritize road safety to life at the expense of the vehicle. Thus, this study aimed to "analyze the implementation of road safety public policy on combating violence in traffic in Manaus." And specific: 1) Categorize the "accidents" of traffic with victims occurred in Manaus in 2015, giving priority to signal their nature, the main roads where they occur and the profile of the victims; 2) Aim prevention strategies to reduce "accidents" transit with victims in Manaus; 3) Identify the vision of the management of road safety public policy about intersectoral action to prevent violence in traffic in Manaus. The exploratory research with quantitative and qualitative approaches, was based on data from the documentary research of Management Reports of locus research institutions and the application form to the nine (9) area managers Traffic, Transportation, Health and Infrastructure, and of the laws on the subject on the screen in order to contextualize the Traffic Insurance and Social Law, emphasizing the regulatory framework of the Road Safety Policy. It stands out among other results, that pedestrians and motorcyclists are in vulnerable groups in the context of Manaus transit. Moreover, it was found that the survey participants institutions recognize the need to prevent the "accidents" of traffic, highlighting interventional projects, mainly in the area of Traffic Education as Transversalizando o Trânsito and Vida no Trânsito. The vision of managers unravels the difficulties in planning and implementation of public policy measures, especially the lack of political will and financial resources for this purpose. Thus, this study presents itself as a starting point that draws the picture of violence in traffic in Manaus, giving visibility to Public Policy for Road Safety.
A violência no trânsito como uma das expressões da questão social, requer estratégias de políticas públicas de segurança viária que priorizem a vida em detrimento do veículo. Neste sentido, este estudo teve como objetivo geral “Analisar a operacionalização da política pública de segurança viária no enfrentamento à violência no trânsito em Manaus”. E os específicos: 1) Categorizar os “acidentes” de trânsito com vítimas ocorridos em Manaus no ano de 2015, priorizando assinalar sua natureza, as principais vias onde ocorrem e o perfil das vítimas; 2) Apontar as estratégias de prevenção para redução dos “acidentes” de trânsito com vítimas em Manaus; 3) Identificar a visão dos gestores da política pública de segurança viária acerca das ações intersetoriais de prevenção à violência no trânsito em Manaus. A pesquisa exploratória, com abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa, baseou-se em dados oriundos da pesquisa documental dos Relatórios de Gestão das instituições lócus de pesquisa e da aplicação de formulário à nove (9) gestores das áreas de Trânsito, Transporte, Saúde e Infraestrutura, bem como das legislações acerca do tema em tela, a fim de contextualizar o Trânsito Seguro como Direito Social, enfatizando os marcos regulatórios da Política de Segurança Viária. Destaca-se dentre outros resultados, que os pedestres e motociclistas constituem-se em grupos vulneráveis no contexto do trânsito de Manaus. Além disso, verificou-se que as instituições participantes da pesquisa reconhecem a necessidade de prevenção aos “acidentes” de trânsito, destacando projetos interventivos, principalmente, na área de Educação para o Trânsito como Transversalizando o Trânsito e Vida no Trânsito. A visão dos gestores revela as dificuldades no planejamento e execução das medidas de políticas públicas, principalmente pela falta de decisão política e recursos financeiros destinados para esse fim. Assim, esse estudo apresenta-se como um marco inicial que traça o retrato da violência no trânsito em Manaus, dando visibilidade a Política Pública de Segurança Viária.
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Lian, Elisabeth. "Hur används bibliotek? : En undersökning om hur det fysiska rummet används i Strängnäs folkbibliotek." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-71525.
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In our digitalized world, there are ongoing discussions about the public library as a physical place and if it still has a role in our society. Even though many public libraries in Sweden and other western countries are being closed because of political and economic cuts, people still visit the public library. This gives an indication that the library is important not only as a place to borrow books, but as a physical place. This study will try to find answers to how the library space is being used by the visitors by examining when people come to the library, what people do in the library and who these people are. To find answers to these questions, empirical data based upon observations of the library space has been collected. The method of observation used was the TTTmethod (Track the Traffic) developed by the Norwegian scientist Tord Høivik. The TTT-method is a simple method to observe how the different spaces of the library are being used by walking through all the spaces in the library whilst observing what activities are being done. This is repeated at certain times during the library’s opening hours and over a certain period. In this study, the observations were done in three different time-intervals during the day (morning, daytime and evening), over a twoweek period and resulted in 779 registered observations. These data will be analysed in relation to the four space-model developed by the Danish scientist Dorte Skot-Hansen. The model specifies four overall goals of the public library which are experience, involvement, empowerment and innovation and the different possibilities, described in the model as spaces, that the library can offer to fulfil these goals. These four spaces are inspiration, learning, meeting and performative space. In this study, the space that is mostly used, is knowledge, but in the daytime and the evening, the meeting space is also often used. The activities registered are mostly done by adult people. Children and young people are not often observed in the library-space, which gives an indication that this group, which is a priority in the Swedish library act, is not being attended to as it should be according to this. It is also a quite interesting result that activities done by young people often are activities done in a group of people.
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Jales, Antonio Wagner Lopes. "EstimaÃÃo de volumes de trÃfego com base na morfologia urbana. Estudo de caso: Cidade de Fortaleza-CE." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4500.
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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgicoEste trabalho apresenta uma proposta metodolÃgica alternativa para a modelagem macroscÃpica de trÃfego de veÃculos, considerando o prÃprio desenho da malha como indutor dos fluxos de veÃculos, constituindo-se num estudo de caso dos Volumes MÃdios DiÃrios da cidade de Fortaleza (CE). Foi utilizada a ferramenta chamada de Sintaxe Espacial e uma de suas derivaÃÃes, chamada de AnÃlise Angular de Segmentos, como critÃrio de hierarquizaÃÃo das vias. Os valores gerados por tal ferramenta foram utilizados como dados de entrada, juntamente com os dados operacionais de trÃfego para a construÃÃo de um esquema de treinamento para modelagem atravÃs de Redes Neurais Artificiais. Como dados de saÃda, foram utilizados os valores de VMD. O objetivo foi desenvolver um mÃtodo de baixo custo para estimar o volume trÃfego veicular e que eliminasse a necessidade de numerosos dados exigidos para a modelagem tradicional ou modelo âquatro etapasâ, como por exemplo a pesquisa origem / destino
This paper presents an alternative methodological proposal for macroscopic modeling of traffic flows rates, considering the grid design as inductor of veicular flows, configuring a case study of the Daily Average Volumes of Fortaleza City, Cearà State. The tool called Space Syntax and one of its derivations called Angle Segments Analysis were used as a criterion of hierarchization of the streets. The values generated by such tool were used as input data as well as operational data of traffic were used for the construction of a training scheme for modeling through Artificial Neural Networks, and the values of Daily Average Volumes were used as output ones. The research aims at developing low cost method to preview volume flows and that could eliminate the need of numerous data required by the traditional UTMS modeling know as of four-stage model like for example, the survey origin / destination
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Almotairi, Saleh Ibrahim Bakr. "Using honeypots to analyse anomalous Internet activities." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/31833/1/Saleh_Almotairi_Thesis.pdf.
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Monitoring Internet traffic is critical in order to acquire a good understanding of threats to computer and network security and in designing efficient computer security systems. Researchers and network administrators have applied several approaches to monitoring traffic for malicious content. These techniques include monitoring network components, aggregating IDS alerts, and monitoring unused IP address spaces. Another method for monitoring and analyzing malicious traffic, which has been widely tried and accepted, is the use of honeypots. Honeypots are very valuable security resources for gathering artefacts associated with a variety of Internet attack activities. As honeypots run no production services, any contact with them is considered potentially malicious or suspicious by definition. This unique characteristic of the honeypot reduces the amount of collected traffic and makes it a more valuable source of information than other existing techniques. Currently, there is insufficient research in the honeypot data analysis field. To date, most of the work on honeypots has been devoted to the design of new honeypots or optimizing the current ones. Approaches for analyzing data collected from honeypots, especially low-interaction honeypots, are presently immature, while analysis techniques are manual and focus mainly on identifying existing attacks. This research addresses the need for developing more advanced techniques for analyzing Internet traffic data collected from low-interaction honeypots. We believe that characterizing honeypot traffic will improve the security of networks and, if the honeypot data is handled in time, give early signs of new vulnerabilities or breakouts of new automated malicious codes, such as worms. The outcomes of this research include: • Identification of repeated use of attack tools and attack processes through grouping activities that exhibit similar packet inter-arrival time distributions using the cliquing algorithm; • Application of principal component analysis to detect the structure of attackers’ activities present in low-interaction honeypots and to visualize attackers’ behaviors; • Detection of new attacks in low-interaction honeypot traffic through the use of the principal component’s residual space and the square prediction error statistic; • Real-time detection of new attacks using recursive principal component analysis; • A proof of concept implementation for honeypot traffic analysis and real time monitoring.
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King, Mark Johann. "Case studies of the transfer of road safety knowledge and expertise from western countries to Thailand and Vietnam, using an ecological road safety space model : elephants in traffic and rice cooker helmets." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16191/1/Mark_King_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
International organisations such as the World Health Organisation highlight the road crash problem in less motorised (or developing, or low income) countries like those in Southeast Asia and recommend the adoption of Western road safety measures. However, there are many differences between highly motorised and less motorised countries which raise questions about how successfully Western road safety knowledge and expertise can be transferred.-----
A review of the statistical information on road crashes shows a great deal of uncertainty about both the scale and likely trajectory of road fatalities globally, in less motorised countries and in Asia. It is generally agreed, however, that Asia accounts for around half of all road fatalities, and analysis of the limited available data shows both that Southeast Asia is not an atypical region of Asia in road safety terms, and that Thailand and Vietnam are not atypical of Southeast Asian countries.-----
A literature review of recommended practice approaches to road safety transfer in Asia shows that there are many economic, institutional, social and cultural factors which potentially influence the success of transfer. The review also shows that there is no coherent, comprehensive approach which either conceptualises these factors and their relationship to transfer outcomes, or uses an analysis of these factors to plan or modify transfer. To address this gap, this thesis develops a 'road safety space' model as a tool for conceptualisation and analysis, based on a biological metaphor which views the transfer of road safety measures from one context to another as analogous to the transfer of a species into a new ecological space. The road safety space model explicitly considers economic, institutional, social and cultural factors (from specific to broad) which influence the particular road safety issue which a particular road safety transfer effort seeks to address. A central contention of this thesis is that the road safety space model is both a feasible and useful tool to improve the process of road safety transfer to less motorised countries. Road safety space analysis is seen to have a role in a broader process of selection of road safety measures for transfer, along with knowledge of how the measures are considered to operate.-----
The research reported in this thesis is comprised of three studies. Study 1 reviewed evaluations of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam. Studies 2 and 3 were case studies of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam respectively.-----
Study 1 was an analysis of existing evaluations of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam. The aims were to analyse the evaluations for their consideration of contextual factors, as described in the road safety space model, and to discuss whether the road safety space model assisted in understanding the reasons for success or failure of transfer. However, very few such evaluations exist, and those that were found generally lacked information on whether contextual factors were considered. This indicated the need for a more detailed, in-depth qualitative investigation of particular cases of road safety transfer, in order to investigate the feasibility and utility of the road safety space model.-----
Two case studies (Study 2 and Study 3) were conducted to test whether the road safety space approach was both feasible and useful as a means of improving road safety transfer efforts. Study 2 was a case study of the development and implementation in Thailand of a road safety education program for school children, which involved the transfer of Western research and techniques. The transfer agents (i.e. those who effected the road safety transfer) were Australian consultants working for the Australian Road Research Board (ARRB). The transfer was funded by the World Bank and managed by the Thai Ministry of Education (MOE). Study 3 was a case study of the development and implementation of a motorcycle helmet wearing program in Vietnam, which involved the transfer of Western knowledge, techniques and technology. The transfer agents were staff of Asia Injury (AI), a non-government organisation (NGO), and the program was funded initially by a charitable fund, with the intention of becoming self-funding through operation of a helmet factory.-----
The case studies employed background research into existing information on economic, institutional, social and cultural factors relevant to the road safety issues (road use behaviour of school children in Thailand and motorcycle helmet purchase and wearing in Vietnam), and collected data through interviews with key informants, analysis of secondary sources and observations. This information was used to derive the road safety space for each road safety issue, to identify the road safety space recognised and addressed by the transfer agents (ARRB and AI), and to determine which factors they missed, or were aware of but took no action on. The focus of this analysis was on the processes used in transfer, not on the road safety outcomes of transfer, although these provided information on the processes as well. Available evaluation information was used to draw links between the omissions and the success of the transfer processes. It was noted that information on how the transferred measures operate should come from a road safety space analysis in the originating country, although this raised questions about selection of country and time (when the measure was first introduced, or in its maturity).-----
The feasibility and utility of the road safety space model were discussed. It was clear that the model provided information on the cases which was missed by the transfer agents. The questions examined next were whether this information could have been obtained from an exercise conducted before the transfer had commenced, whether the required effort and cost justified the potential benefits, and whether the information on the road safety space could have been useful for the transfer agents. Comparisons between the road safety spaces for the two cases showed some areas of commonality, e.g. perceptions of police corruption, but also many differences. It was considered likely that some broad factors could be generic, and the possibility was mooted that less motorised countries share issues with police enforcement. This requires further research, however, and at this stage it is better to treat each road safety space as a unique combination of contextual factors influencing the road safety issue of interest.-----
It is concluded that the road safety space model is feasible if used in such a way as to minimise the research involved, and useful, although the degree of utility needs to be further explored in a prospective study. The limitation introduced by restricting informants to those who could speak English are discussed. An approach using road safety space analysis is recommended, emphasising analysis of the country to which the road safety measure is being transferred, supplemented by analysis of the originating country road safety space. Gaps in knowledge are identified for further research and development, in particular the theoretical and practical understanding of road use behaviours and their modification in less motorised countries in Southeast Asia. Elaboration of the model is also recommended, to take into account the influence of the type of measure transferred, the role of the transfer agent, the area of road safety (education, engineering or enforcement), and the time dimension (the time which might be needed for a transfer to show its effects).-----
The findings of this research are likely to be applicable to road safety transfer in other less motorised regions of the world, however prospective testing is needed. They may also be relevant to issues of transfer for areas other than road safety, in particular public health and traffic engineering, where similar economic, institutional, social and cultural issues come together.
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King, Mark Johann. "Case studies of the transfer of road safety knowledge and expertise from western countries to Thailand and Vietnam, using an ecological road safety space model : elephants in traffic and rice cooker helmets." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16191/.
Full textAbstract:
International organisations such as the World Health Organisation highlight the road crash problem in less motorised (or developing, or low income) countries like those in Southeast Asia and recommend the adoption of Western road safety measures. However, there are many differences between highly motorised and less motorised countries which raise questions about how successfully Western road safety knowledge and expertise can be transferred.-----
A review of the statistical information on road crashes shows a great deal of uncertainty about both the scale and likely trajectory of road fatalities globally, in less motorised countries and in Asia. It is generally agreed, however, that Asia accounts for around half of all road fatalities, and analysis of the limited available data shows both that Southeast Asia is not an atypical region of Asia in road safety terms, and that Thailand and Vietnam are not atypical of Southeast Asian countries.-----
A literature review of recommended practice approaches to road safety transfer in Asia shows that there are many economic, institutional, social and cultural factors which potentially influence the success of transfer. The review also shows that there is no coherent, comprehensive approach which either conceptualises these factors and their relationship to transfer outcomes, or uses an analysis of these factors to plan or modify transfer. To address this gap, this thesis develops a 'road safety space' model as a tool for conceptualisation and analysis, based on a biological metaphor which views the transfer of road safety measures from one context to another as analogous to the transfer of a species into a new ecological space. The road safety space model explicitly considers economic, institutional, social and cultural factors (from specific to broad) which influence the particular road safety issue which a particular road safety transfer effort seeks to address. A central contention of this thesis is that the road safety space model is both a feasible and useful tool to improve the process of road safety transfer to less motorised countries. Road safety space analysis is seen to have a role in a broader process of selection of road safety measures for transfer, along with knowledge of how the measures are considered to operate.-----
The research reported in this thesis is comprised of three studies. Study 1 reviewed evaluations of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam. Studies 2 and 3 were case studies of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam respectively.-----
Study 1 was an analysis of existing evaluations of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam. The aims were to analyse the evaluations for their consideration of contextual factors, as described in the road safety space model, and to discuss whether the road safety space model assisted in understanding the reasons for success or failure of transfer. However, very few such evaluations exist, and those that were found generally lacked information on whether contextual factors were considered. This indicated the need for a more detailed, in-depth qualitative investigation of particular cases of road safety transfer, in order to investigate the feasibility and utility of the road safety space model.-----
Two case studies (Study 2 and Study 3) were conducted to test whether the road safety space approach was both feasible and useful as a means of improving road safety transfer efforts. Study 2 was a case study of the development and implementation in Thailand of a road safety education program for school children, which involved the transfer of Western research and techniques. The transfer agents (i.e. those who effected the road safety transfer) were Australian consultants working for the Australian Road Research Board (ARRB). The transfer was funded by the World Bank and managed by the Thai Ministry of Education (MOE). Study 3 was a case study of the development and implementation of a motorcycle helmet wearing program in Vietnam, which involved the transfer of Western knowledge, techniques and technology. The transfer agents were staff of Asia Injury (AI), a non-government organisation (NGO), and the program was funded initially by a charitable fund, with the intention of becoming self-funding through operation of a helmet factory.-----
The case studies employed background research into existing information on economic, institutional, social and cultural factors relevant to the road safety issues (road use behaviour of school children in Thailand and motorcycle helmet purchase and wearing in Vietnam), and collected data through interviews with key informants, analysis of secondary sources and observations. This information was used to derive the road safety space for each road safety issue, to identify the road safety space recognised and addressed by the transfer agents (ARRB and AI), and to determine which factors they missed, or were aware of but took no action on. The focus of this analysis was on the processes used in transfer, not on the road safety outcomes of transfer, although these provided information on the processes as well. Available evaluation information was used to draw links between the omissions and the success of the transfer processes. It was noted that information on how the transferred measures operate should come from a road safety space analysis in the originating country, although this raised questions about selection of country and time (when the measure was first introduced, or in its maturity).-----
The feasibility and utility of the road safety space model were discussed. It was clear that the model provided information on the cases which was missed by the transfer agents. The questions examined next were whether this information could have been obtained from an exercise conducted before the transfer had commenced, whether the required effort and cost justified the potential benefits, and whether the information on the road safety space could have been useful for the transfer agents. Comparisons between the road safety spaces for the two cases showed some areas of commonality, e.g. perceptions of police corruption, but also many differences. It was considered likely that some broad factors could be generic, and the possibility was mooted that less motorised countries share issues with police enforcement. This requires further research, however, and at this stage it is better to treat each road safety space as a unique combination of contextual factors influencing the road safety issue of interest.-----
It is concluded that the road safety space model is feasible if used in such a way as to minimise the research involved, and useful, although the degree of utility needs to be further explored in a prospective study. The limitation introduced by restricting informants to those who could speak English are discussed. An approach using road safety space analysis is recommended, emphasising analysis of the country to which the road safety measure is being transferred, supplemented by analysis of the originating country road safety space. Gaps in knowledge are identified for further research and development, in particular the theoretical and practical understanding of road use behaviours and their modification in less motorised countries in Southeast Asia. Elaboration of the model is also recommended, to take into account the influence of the type of measure transferred, the role of the transfer agent, the area of road safety (education, engineering or enforcement), and the time dimension (the time which might be needed for a transfer to show its effects).-----
The findings of this research are likely to be applicable to road safety transfer in other less motorised regions of the world, however prospective testing is needed. They may also be relevant to issues of transfer for areas other than road safety, in particular public health and traffic engineering, where similar economic, institutional, social and cultural issues come together.
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Nilsson, Mathias, and Corswant Sophie von. "How Certain Are You of Getting a Parking Space? : A deep learning approach to parking availability prediction." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166989.
Full textAbstract:
Traffic congestion is a severe problem in urban areas and it leads to the emission of greenhouse gases and air pollution. In general, drivers lack knowledge of the location and availability of free parking spaces in urban cities. This leads to people driving around searching for parking places, and about one-third of traffic congestion in cities is due to drivers searching for an available parking lot. In recent years, various solutions to provide parking information ahead have been proposed. The vast majority of these solutions have been applied in large cities, such as Beijing and San Francisco. This thesis has been conducted in collaboration with Knowit and Dukaten to predict parking occupancy in car parks one hour ahead in the relatively small city of Linköping. To make the predictions, this study has investigated the possibility to use long short-term memory and gradient boosting regression trees, trained on historical parking data. To enhance decision making, the predictive uncertainty was estimated using the novel approach Monte Carlo dropout for the former, and quantile regression for the latter. This study reveals that both of the models can predict parking occupancy ahead of time and they are found to excel in different contexts. The inclusion of exogenous features can improve prediction quality. More specifically, we found that incorporating hour of the day improved the models’ performances, while weather features did not contribute much. As for uncertainty, the employed method Monte Carlo dropout was shown to be sensitive to parameter tuning to obtain good uncertainty estimates.
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Roth, Andreas, and André Nilsson. "Systerstädernas cykelsatsningar: En analys av möjligheterna för ökad cykeltrafik i en sydskandinavisk kontext." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22207.
Full textAbstract:
I det hållbara planeringsidealet anses cykeln vara en viktig del av en fungerande trafiklösning, trots detta tenderar många städer ha problem att uppnå deras egna mål för ökad cykeltrafik. Studien analyserar Malmös och Köpenhamns cykelplanering och cykelvägsstruktur utifrån aktuell cykeltrafikforskning, i syfte att undersöka vilka strategier och förutsättningar som städerna har gemensamt, och vad som skiljer dem åt. Målet för studien är att få svar på hur, och i vilken mån Malmös cykeltrafikandel kan öka utifrån Köpenhamns exempel, och att få en vidare förståelse för de utmaningar som den framtida cykelplaneringen står inför. Studiens metod tar ansats ur fältstudier av fyra cykelfrämjande städer i Europa. Sammanställningen av fältstudierna resulterar i att tre cykelstrategier identifieras som gemensamma för de fyra cykelfrämjande städerna. Därefter analyseras Köpenhamns och Malmös cykelprogram utifrån de tidigare nämnda cykelstrategierna. Analysen fastslår att Köpenhamn borde ses som en framstående cykelstad och möjliggör för en jämförande analys mellan Köpenhamns och Malmös cykelsatsningar. Den jämförande analysen mellan Köpenhamns och Malmös cykelsatsningar avslutas med en redovisning och tolkning av resultaten från analysen.För att kunna förstå cykelprogrammens spatiala relation till städerna de är tänkta att implementeras i används en space syntax-analys. Genom att undersöka satsningarnas rumsliga kontext i förhållande till det befintliga cykelvägsystemet kan en djupare förståelse för cykelsatsningarnas omfattning och orsak uppnås.Studiens resultat identifierar tre strategier som är direkt kopplade till andelen cykeltrafik i städer. Den fastställer även att trots cykelsatsningarnas övergripande likheter, skiljer implementeringen och omfattningen av dessa satsningar sig åt mellan Köpenhamn och Malmö. Infrastrukturens stora påverkan på cykelutvecklingen i stort framgår även det i studiens resultat. Studien visar även på hur de båda städernas cykelprogram förhåller sig till cykelns socialt utjämnande egenskaper. Resultatet visar att det finns indikationer från båda städernas framtida cykelplanering på att dessa utjämnande egenskaper har fått en lägre prioritering allt efter cykeltrafiken anpassas till starkare samhällsgrupper.In the sustainable planning paradigm, the bicycle is seen as playing an important role of combining effective, environmentally friendly, and space conserving transport to the compact city. Despite its overall positive effect on city life, many cities seem to struggle to achieve the goal of increased bicycle traffic. This study studies the similar strategies and efforts used by bicycle friendly European cities through current research literature, in order to analyze Malmö’s and Copenhagen’s efforts to increase their bicycle traffic. The goal of the study is to examine Malmö’s potential for increased bicycle traffic through Copenhagen’s bicycle planning strategies, and to get a deeper understanding of the challenge’s that may face the future field of bicycle planning. The study’s method starts in field studies of four bicycle friendly European cities. The compilation of the field studies identifies three bicycle planning strategies as mutual for all four cities. The mutual bicycle strategies are then used as a tool and benchmark for the analysis of Copenhagen´s and Malmoe´s municipal bicycle program. To understand the spatial relation between the cities bicycle strategies and the street network that they are supposed to be implemented in, a space syntax-analysis is performed. The results from the comparative analysis of the cities bicycle programs and the space syntax-analysis is then summarized and discussed. The result of the study identifies three crucial criteria’s that according to the study has a high possibility of affecting a city’s bicycle share. It also points to the importance of a well-developed bicycle infrastructure to achieve a higher level of competitiveness for the bicycle as a mode of transport. The study also highlights the socially balancing properties of the bicycle as a mode of transport, and the concern of losing these properties due to bicycle planning strategies that is starting to be adapted in order to attract people from more affluent social groups.
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Cunha, André Luiz Barbosa Nunes da. "Sistema automático para obtenção de parâmetros do tráfego veicular a partir de imagens de vídeo usando OpenCV." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18144/tde-19112013-165611/.
Full textAbstract:
Esta pesquisa apresenta um sistema automático para extrair dados de tráfego veicular a partir do pós-processamento de vídeos. Os parâmetros macroscópicos e microscópicos do tráfego são derivados do diagrama espaço-tempo, que é obtido pelo processamento das imagens de tráfego. A pesquisa fundamentou-se nos conceitos de Visão Computacional, programação em linguagem C++ e a biblioteca OpenCV para o desenvolvimento do sistema. Para a detecção dos veículos, duas etapas foram propostas: modelagem do background e segmentação dos veículos. Uma imagem sem objetos (background) pode ser determinada a partir das imagens do vídeo através de vários modelos estatísticos disponíveis na literatura especializada. A avaliação de seis modelos estatísticos indicou o Scoreboard (combinação de média e moda) como o melhor método de geração do background atualizado, por apresentar eficiente tempo de processamento de 18 ms/frame e 95,7% de taxa de exatidão. A segunda etapa investigou seis métodos de segmentação, desde a subtração de fundo até métodos de segmentação por textura. Dentre os descritores de textura, é apresentado o LFP, que generaliza os demais descritores. Da análise do desempenho desses métodos em vídeos coletados em campo, conclui-se que o tradicional método Background Subtraction foi o mais adequado, por apresentar o melhor tempo de processamento (34,4 ms/frame) e a melhor taxa de acertos totais com 95,1% de média. Definido o método de segmentação, foi desenvolvido um método para se definir as trajetórias dos veículos a partir do diagrama espaço-tempo. Comparando-se os parâmetros de tráfego obtidos pelo sistema proposto com medidas obtidas em campo, a estimativa da velocidade obteve uma taxa de acerto de 92,7%, comparado com medidas de velocidade feitas por um radar; por outro lado, a estimativa da taxa de fluxo de tráfego foi prejudicada por falhas na identificação da trajetória do veículo, apresentando valores ora acima, ora abaixo dos obtidos nas coletas manuais.This research presents an automatic system to collect vehicular traffic data from video post-processing. The macroscopic and microscopic traffic parameters are derived from a space-time diagram, which is obtained by traffic image processing. The research was based on the concepts of Computer Vision, programming in C++, and OpenCV library to develop the system. Vehicle detection was divided in two steps: background modeling and vehicle segmentation. A background image can be determined from the video sequence through several statistical models available in literature. The evaluation of six statistical models indicated Scoreboard (combining mean and mode) as the best method to obtain an updated background, achieving a processing time of 18 ms/frame and 95.7% accuracy rate. The second step investigated six segmentation methods, from background subtraction to texture segmentation. Among texture descriptors, LFP is presented, which generalizes other descriptors. Video images collected on highways were used to analyze the performance of these methods. The traditional background subtraction method was found to be the best, achieving a processing time of 34.4 ms/frame and 95.1% accuracy rate. Once the segmentation process was chosen, a method to determine vehicle trajectories from the space-time diagram was developed. Comparing the traffic parameters obtained by the proposed system to data collected in the field, the estimates for speed were found to be very good, with 92.7% accuracy, when compared with radar-measured speeds. On the other hand, flow rate estimates were affected by failures to identify vehicle trajectories, which produced values above or below manually collected data.
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Bedjaoui, Nabil, Joaquim Correia, Sackmone Sirisack, and Bouasy Doungsavanh. "Traffic Modelling and Some Inequalities in Banach Spaces." Master's thesis, Edited by Thepsavanh Kitignavong, Faculty of Natural Sciences, National University of Laos, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/26575.
Full textAbstract:
Modelling traffic flow has been around since the appearance of traffic jams. Ideally, if we can
correctly predict the behavior of vehicle flow given an initial set of data, then adjusting the
flow in crucial areas can maximize the overall throughput of traffic along a stretch of road.
We consider a mathematical model for traffic flow on single land and without exits or entries. So, we are just observing what happens as time evolves if we fix at initial time (t = 0) some special distribution of cars (initial datum u_0). Because we do approximations, we need the notion of convergence and its corresponding topology. The numerical approximation of scalar conservation laws is carried out by using conservative methods such as the Lax-Friedrichs and the Lax-Wendroff schemes.
The Lax-Friedrichs scheme gives regular numerical solutions even when the exact solution is discontinuous (shock waves). We say the scheme is diffusive meaning that the scheme is solving in fact an evolution equation of the form u_t+f(u)_x = epsilon u_xx, where epsilon is a small parameter depending on ∆x and ∆t.
The Lax-Wendroff scheme is more precise than the Lax-Friedrichs scheme, and give the right position of the discontinuities for the shock waves. But it develop oscillations. We say the scheme is dispersive what means the scheme is solving approximatively an evolution equation of the form u_t + f(u)_x = delta u_xxx, where delta is a small parameter depending on ∆x and ∆t.
An elaboration and an implementation of Lax-Friedrichs schemes and of Lax-Wendroff schemes even extended to second order provided numerical solutions to the problem of traffic flows on the road. Since along the roads the schemes present the same features as for conservation laws, the new and original aspect is given by the treatment of the solution at junctions.
Our tests show the effectiveness of the approximations, revealing that Lax-Wendroff schemes is more accurate than Lax-Friedrichs schemes.
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Fimbel, Amaury. "Origami à base de matériaux électroactifs pour des applications spatiales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ISAL0071.
Full textAbstract:
Ce projet de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une collaboration Cifre entre le LGEF et l’entreprise ArianeGroup. La fluctuation de forme de structures complexes à l'aide de polymères électroactifs est le sujet principal de cette étude. Les matériaux électroactifs, qui, de par leurs structures peuvent réaliser une conversion électromécanique de l’énergie, prouvent progressivement leur potentiel de percée technologique dans de nombreux domaines. En plus de l'hypothèse qu'ils pourraient éventuellement remplacer les capteurs et actionneurs actuellement utilisés, les nouvelles capacités de ces matériaux tant au niveau des performances que des capacités de couplage multiphysique sont une sérieuse source d’espoir pour aborder et résoudre des problèmes issus de secteurs émergents. Ces innovations technologiques potentielles peuvent affecter particulièrement le domaine de l'aérospatial. La combinaison d'une faible masse volumique et d'une densité d'énergie mécanique considérable pour un polymère semble apporter une réponse attrayante à la mise au point de dispositifs innovants, compacts et modulables. Mais certains points restent à explorer pour démontrer tout le potentiel applicatif de cette technologie et aboutir au développement de systèmes intelligents. Une grande partie de ce travail de recherche va donc se concentrer sur cette problématique. Ce projet se focalise ainsi sur l'élaboration et la caractérisation d'un composite à haute performance pour l'actionnement électrostatique et sa tenue en vieillissement en milieu spatial. Les objectifs de l'étude mécanique des structures origami sont de trouver des solutions concernant la compréhension et le développement de systèmes complexes et modulables. L’association de ces deux axes ouvre la voie à la création de structures mécaniques très légères pilotables par un champ électrique. Cette thèse concerne les applications spatiales mais peut tout à fait s’ancrer dans un enjeu sociétal plus large comme par exemple le médical, la robotique ou encore le domaine des transportsThis thesis project is part of a Cifre collaboration between the Electrical Engineering and Ferro Electricity Laboratory and ArianeGroup. The main subject of this study is the shape shifting of complex structures by using electroactive polymers. Electroactive materials, whose internal conformations are capable of electromechanical energy conversion, are gradually proving their potential for technological breakthroughs in many fields. In addition to the hypothesis that they could eventually replace actual sensors and actuators, the new capabilities of these materials in terms of both performance and multiphysics coupling capacities are a serious source of hope for tackling and solving problems in emerging fields. These potential technological innovations may be of particular interest for aerospace industry. Combination of low density and high mechanical energy density in a polymer seems to offer an attractive answer to the development of innovative, compact and modular devices. However, some parts remain to be explored in order to demonstrate the full application potential of this technology and lead to the development of smart systems. A large part of this research work will focus on this issue. This project will deal with the development and characterization of a high-performance composite for electrostatic actuation and its resistance to ageing in a space environment. The objectives of the mechanical study of origami structures are to find solutions for understanding and developing complex, modular systems. The combination of these two lines opens the way to the creation of very light mechanical structures that can be controlled by an electric field. This thesis concerns space applications, but can also be applied to a wider societal issue, such as medical, robotics or transport sectors
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Sezemská, Stephanie. "Problematika parkování ve městě České Budějovice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392074.
Full textAbstract:
The Diploma thesis deals with the issue of parking in Ceske Budejovice. The basis of the work is to evaluate the transport situation in the city. The consultation will assess the critical issues, from the point of view of parking, which will be further developed by the local maintenance and measurements. As a result of the local scrutiny, measures will be proposed to help improve the current situation.
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Morozova, Nadezhda S. "Utilizing High Resolution Data to Identify Minimum Vehicle Emissions Cases Considering Platoons and EVP." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78885.
Full textAbstract:
This paper describes efforts to optimize the parameters for a platoon identification and accommodation algorithm that minimizes vehicle emissions. The algorithm was developed and implemented in the AnyLogic framework, and was validated by comparing it to the results of prior research. A four-module flowchart was developed to analyze the traffic data and to identify platoons. The platoon end time was obtained from the simulation and used to calculate the offset of the downstream intersection. The simulation calculates vehicle emissions with the aid of the VT-Micro microscopic emission model. Optimization experiments were run to determine the relationship between platoon parameters and minimum- and maximum-emission scenarios. Optimal platoon identification parameters were found from these experiments, and the simulation was run with these parameters. The total time of all vehicles in the simulation was also found for minimum and maximum emissions scenarios. Time-space diagrams obtained from the simulations demonstrate that optimized parameters allow all cars to travel through the downstream intersection without waiting, and therefore cause a decrease in emissions by as much as 15.5%.
This paper also discusses the outcome of efforts to leverage high resolution data obtained from WV-705 corridor in Morgantown, WV. The proposed model was developed for that purpose and implemented in the AnyLogic framework to simulate this particular road network with four coordinated signal-controlled intersections. The simulation was also used to calculate vehicle CO, HC, NOx emissions with the aid of the VT-Micro microscopic emission model. Offset variation was run to determine the optimal offsets for this particular road network with traffic volume, signal phase diagram and vehicle characteristics. A classifier was developed by discriminant analysis based on significant attributes of HRD. Equation of this classifier was developed to distinguish between set of timing plans that produce maximum emission from set of timing plans that produce maximum emission. Also, current work investigates the potential use of the GPS-based and similar priority systems by giving preemption through signalized intersections. Two flowcharts are developed to consider presence of emergency vehicle (EV) in the system so called EV life cycle and EV preemption (EVP). Three scenarios are implemented, namely base case scenario when no EV is involved, EV scenario when EV gets EVP only, and EV scenario when EV gets preemption by signals and right-of-way by other vehicles. Research makes an attempt to compare emission results of these scenarios to find out whether EV effects vehicle emission in the road network and what is the level of this influence if any.Master of Science
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Ahmed, Ejaz. "Monitoring and analysis of internet traffic targeting unused address spaces." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/34075/1/Ejaz_Ahmed_Thesis.pdf.
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Today’s evolving networks are experiencing a large number of different attacks ranging from system break-ins, infection from automatic attack tools such as worms, viruses, trojan horses and denial of service (DoS). One important aspect of such attacks is that they are often indiscriminate and target Internet addresses without regard to whether they are bona fide allocated or not. Due to the absence of any advertised host services the traffic observed on unused IP addresses is by definition unsolicited and likely to be either opportunistic or malicious. The analysis of large repositories of such traffic can be used to extract useful information about both ongoing and new attack patterns and unearth unusual attack behaviors. However, such an analysis is difficult due to the size and nature of the collected traffic on unused address spaces. In this dissertation, we present a network traffic analysis technique which uses traffic collected from unused address spaces and relies on the statistical properties of the collected traffic, in order to accurately and quickly detect new and ongoing network anomalies. Detection of network anomalies is based on the concept that an anomalous activity usually transforms the network parameters in such a way that their statistical properties no longer remain constant, resulting in abrupt changes. In this dissertation, we use sequential analysis techniques to identify changes in the behavior of network traffic targeting unused address spaces to unveil both ongoing and new attack patterns. Specifically, we have developed a dynamic sliding window based non-parametric cumulative sum change detection techniques for identification of changes in network traffic. Furthermore we have introduced dynamic thresholds to detect changes in network traffic behavior and also detect when a particular change has ended. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate the operational effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach, using both synthetically generated datasets and real network traces collected from a dedicated block of unused IP addresses.
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Moggert, Monika. "VEŘEJNÝ MĚSTSKÝ PROSTOR – ZNOJMO – NÁBŘEŽÍ ŘEKY DYJE." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216183.
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Theme of my work is arguable for the cities which are situated near the river. Riverbanks are really nice public space but a lot of them are not "designed for people". Before I started do this work I was thinking about places which are ignored or overlooked in Znojmo town. Yes, town has a lot of places which are interesting and need "new face". There are brownfiels but problems of these localities was designed many times. And I wanted to find some new way, try restore and improve public space in connecting by the river. I chose locality which connect two important buildings – Znojmo castle and Louka monastery. There is needed to improve connection this locality to town centre.
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Calarco, Francesca Maria Assunta. "Soundscape design of water features used in outdoor spaces where road traffic noise is audible." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/3084.
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This research focused on the soundscape design of a wide range of small to medium sized water features (waterfalls, fountains with upward jet(s), and streams) which can be used in gardens or parks for promoting peacefulness and relaxation in the presence of road traffic noise. Firstly, the thesis examined the audio-visual interaction and perceptual assessment of water features, including the semantic components and the qualitative categorisation and evocation of water sounds; and secondly, the thesis investigated the effectiveness of the water features tested in promoting relaxation through sound mapping. Different laboratory tests were carried out, and these included paired comparison tests (audio-only, visual-only and audio-visual tests), semantic differential tests, as well as tests aimed at the qualitative categorisation and evocation of water features. Sound maps of the water generated sounds were developed through the use of propagation models based on either point or line sources. Three acoustic zones (‘water sounds dominant zone’, ‘optimum zone’ and ‘RTN dominant zone’ (RTN: road traffic noise)) were defined in the maps as the zones where relaxation/pleasantness can be promoted over a 20 m × 20 m area for different road traffic noise levels. Paired comparisons highlighted the interdependence between uni-modal (audio-only or visual-only) and bi-modal (audio-visual) perception, indicating that equal attention should be given to the design of both stimuli. In general, natural looking features tended to increase preference scores (compared to audio-only paired comparison scores), while manmade looking features decreased them. Semantic descriptors showed significant correlations with preferences and were found to be more reliable design criteria than physical parameters. A principal component analysis identified three components within the nine semantic attributes tested: “emotional assessment,” “sound quality,” and “envelopment and temporal variation.” The first two showed significant correlations with audio-only preferences, “emotional assessment” being the most important predictor of preferences, and its attributes naturalness, relaxation, and freshness also being significantly correlated with preferences. Categorisation results indicated that natural stream sounds are easily identifiable (unlike waterfalls and fountains), while evocation results showed no unique relationship with preferences. The results of sound maps indicated that small to medium sized water features can be used mainly in environments where road traffic noise levels are equal or lower than 65 dBA.
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Skalmstad, Peter. "Transformerat stadsrum : öppnar upp och länkar samman." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-123408.
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Mitt syfte med projektet är att vitalisera stadsdelen Husby i nordvästra Stockholm. Bryta upp zonerade områden och addera fler och varierade funktioner som definierar nya stråk, länka samman omtyckta områden och överbrygga platser som upplevs otrygga. Sammantaget ger det förutsättningar för ett mer levande stadsliv som attraherar fler att vilja bo, bo kvar och göra bostadskarriär i Husby. Centrala begrepp i projektet är mångfald, trygghet, flexibilitet och hållbarhet. Jag har arbetat med att identifiera, bevara och utveckla kvaliteter i kombination med att öppna upp befintlig bebyggelse som präglas av upprepning, slutenhet och rationella byggmetoder samt addera ny bebyggelse för att få en större mångfald och ett mer flexibelt utbud av både lokaler, bokaler och bostäder men även genom att analysera och bearbeta områdets struktur. Fokus har legat på de trafikseparerade miljöerna och hur de kan vidareutvecklas genom att bland annat addera gångvägar och skapa nya stråk längst tillfartsgatorna och samtidigt bevara kvaliteter som de nivåseparerade korsningarna mellan gångvägarna och bilvägarna erbjuder med säker skolväg och en trygg bilfri miljö för barnen.My purpose of this project is to revitalize the District of Husby in northwestern Stockholm. Diversify zoned areas by adding and varying functions that define new pathways, link popular areas and overcome sites experienced as insecure. Overall, it may provide the conditions for a more vibrant city life attracting more people to stay on and climb the property ladder in Husby. The key concepts of the project is diversity, security, flexibility and sustainability. I have been working on preserving and developing qualities of the area in order to change existing buildings characterised by repetition, closed facades, rational building design and construction methods to obtain a greater diversity and a more flexible range of both business premises, housing and live-in commercial properties and also by analysing and transforming the city structure. Focus has been on the traffic separation environment and how it could be further developed by adding walkways along the access roads while still preserving qualities such as a car free environment for the children living in the area.
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Robeson, Isaac J. "A departure regulator for closely spaced parallel runways." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42783.
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Increased efficiency at airports is necessary to reduce delays and fuel consumption. Many of the busiest airports in the nation have at least one pair of closely spaced parallel runways (CSPRs), defined by a separation of less than 2500 ft, with one runway dedicated to arrivals and the other to departures. CSPRs experience a large decrease in capacity under instrument conditions because they can no longer operate independently. In order to mitigate this decrease in capacity and to increase efficiency, proposed herein is a departure regulator for runways so configured, along with a plan of study to investigate the effects of this regulator.
The proposed departure regulator makes use of data from precision tracking systems such as ADS-B to issue automated or semi-automated departure clearances. Assuming sequential departure separations are sufficient for clearance, the regulator will automatically issue, or advise the controller to issue, the departure clearance as soon as the arrival on the adjacent runway has descended below its decision height. By issuing the departure clearance earlier, the departure regulator reduces the gap between a pair of arrivals that is required to clear a departure. By decreasing the gap, the regulator increases the number of opportunities where a departure clearance can be issued, given a particular arrival stream.
A simulation models the effects of the regulator and quantifies the resulting increases in capacity. The simulation results indicate that all forms of the regulator would provide significant gains of between 14% and 23% in capacity over the current operating paradigm. The results also indicate that the capacity gains are greatest at high arrival rates. Therefore, implementation of the departure regulator could significantly decrease the congestion at many major airports during inclement weather.
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Pučálka, Radoslav. "Parkovací garáž u Fakultní nemocnice v Brně Bohunicích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225928.
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The thesis is draft a multi-storey parking garage in the area of University Hospital in Brno Bohunice to insufficient capacity of the parking spaces. The aim of thesis is to create a sufficient number of parking spaces, which would solve the deficit of parking spaces and connecting the street Jihlavská. The parking garage is located on the south side of the University Hospital and ensures pedestrian connections to the hospital. The parking garage should serve for patient, visitors and hospital staff. This thesis takes into consideration the solution of terminal of public transport in Bohunice’s hospital and for patients and visitors to the hospital is also designed park.
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Soriguera, Martí Francesc. "Highway travel time estimation with data fusion." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/108910.
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La informació sobre el temps de viatge és l'indicador clau en el funcionament operatiu d’una autopista i un dels inputs més apreciats pels seus usuaris. Tot i això, no ha estat fins molt darrerament que els operadors d'autopistes han començat a analitzar el trànsit de la carretera amb l’objectiu de proporcionar informació acurada sobre el temps de viatge. També recentment, les administracions titulars de les autopistes han començat a demanar que es proporcioni tal informació com a mesura del servei d'accessibilitat proporcionat per la carretera, en termes de qualitat i fiabilitat.
Durant el segle passat, els detectors d’espira magnètica jugaven un paper primordial en la monitorització del trànsit al proporcionar informació sobre el volum de trànsit i també sobre la velocitat i longitud mitjanes dels vehicles, encara que generalment amb menys precisió en aquests dos darrers casos. En les darreres dècades han aparegut noves tecnologies de control de trànsit (càmeres intel•ligents, seguiment mitjançant GPS o telèfon mòbil, identificació de dispositius bluetooth, nous detectors MeMS, etc.) que permeten millorar considerablement la recollida de dades sobre el temps de viatge. Algunes d’aquestes tecnologies són barates (bluetooth), d’altres no ho són (càmeres); però en qualsevol cas la major part de la xarxa d’autopistes encara està controlada per detectors d’espira magnètica. Té sentit doncs, emprar la seva informació bàsica i enriquir-la, quan calgui, amb noves fonts de dades.
Aquesta tesi presenta una metodologia nova i simple per a la previsió a curt termini del temps de viatge en autopistes de peatge basada en la fusió de dades provinents de detectors d’espira magnètica i de tiquets de peatge. La metodologia és genèrica i no és tecnològicament captiva: es podria generalitzar fàcilment a uns altres tipus de dades.
L'anàlisi Bayesià permet obtenir dades fusionades que són més fiables que les dades d’entrada originals, superant alguns problemes habituals en l’estimació del temps de viatge a partir de fonts úniques d’informació. La metodologia desenvolupada aporta valor afegit a les dades actuals (detectors d’espira i tiquets de peatge) en autopistes de peatge tancat, i aprofita al màxim (en termes d'estimació del temps de viatge) les dades disponibles, sense caure en la demanda recurrent i costosa d’una major necessitat de dades.
L'aplicació dels algoritmes a l’autopista de peatge AP-7 als voltants de Barcelona demostra empíricament la tesi: és possible desenvolupar un sistema acurat d'informació de temps de viatge, en temps real, en autopistes de peatge tancat amb la monitorització existent. Per això, d'ara en endavant els operadors d'autopistes podran oferir aquest valor afegit als seus clients sense gairebé cap inversió extra.Travel time information is the key indicator of highway management performance and one of the most appreciated inputs for highway users. Despite this relevance, the interest of highway operators in providing approximate travel time information is quite recent. Besides, highway administrations have also recently begun to request such information as a means to measure the accessibility service provided by the road, in terms of quality and reliability. In the last century, magnetic loop detectors played a role in providing traffic volume information and also, with less accuracy, information on average speed and vehicle length. New traffic monitoring technologies (intelligent cameras, GPS or cell phone tracking, Bluetooth identification, new MeMS detectors, etc.) have appeared in recent decades which permit considerable improvement in travel time data gathering. Some of the new technologies are cheap (Bluetooth), others are not (cameras); but in any case most of the main highways are still monitored by magnetic loop detectors. It makes sense to use their basic information and enrich it, when needed, with new data sources. This thesis presents a new and simple approach for the short term prediction of toll highway travel times based on the fusion of inductive loop detector and toll ticket data. The methodology is generic and it is not technologically captive: it could be easily generalized to other equivalent types of data. Bayesian analysis makes it possible to obtain fused estimates that are more reliable than the original inputs, overcoming some drawbacks of travel time estimations based on unique data sources. The developed methodology adds value and obtains the maximum (in terms of travel time estimation) of the available data, without falling in the recurrent and costly request of additional data needs. The application of the algorithms to empirical testing in AP-7 toll highway in Barcelona proves our thesis that it is possible to develop an accurate real-time travel time information system on closed toll highways with the existing surveillance equipment. Therefore, from now on highway operators can give this added value to their customers at almost no extra investment. Finally, research extensions are suggested, and some of the proposed lines are currently under development.
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Lithman, Sandra. "Samspelet mellan en attraktiv stadsmiljö och en trygg och fungerande trafikmiljö : En fallstudie av konceptet Shared Space i Karlstads tätort." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för geografi, medier och kommunikation (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85480.
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Shared Space är ett begrepp som har dykt upp allt mer i stadsplaneringen. Shared Space är ett koncept som syftar till att skapa attraktiva stadsrum genom att integrera olika trafikantgrupper på en gemensam yta. Integreringen av olika trafikslag ska bidra till ett samspel som ger lägre hastigheter och en ökad trafiksäkerhet, vilket även ska hjälpa stadsmiljön att bli och verka attraktiv för människan. När stadsmiljön blir attraktivare ska även fler människor få en vilja attvistas i dessa miljöer. Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur konceptet Shared Space används och planeras för istadsplaneringen. Uppsatsen ämnar även att belysa hur konceptet fungerar i praktiken i stadsmiljön, specifikt för Karlstads tätort. Den baseras därför på tre olika platser i Karlstads tätort som är utformade enligt planeringskonceptet Shared Space. En fallstudie med innehållsanalyser, observationer samt intervjuer med tjänstepersoner på Karlstads kommun har genomförts för att komma fram till vad tanken med ytorna har varit, hur de fungerar i verkligheten samt om konceptets innehållande dimensioner. För att besvara och uppnå syftet har dessa tre frågeställningar legat till grund: Vad har Karlstads kommun haft för visioner vid planeringen av Shared Space i stadsmiljön? Hur fungerar Shared Space ytorna i förhållande till visionerna? Hur anpassas Shared Space för att förena attraktivitet för människan och en trygg och fungerande trafikmiljö? Det teoretiska ramverket visar på uppsatsens vetenskapliga förankring och redogör till stor del om Jane Jacobs och Jan Gehl tankar kring stadsplaneringens utveckling. Planeringen har anpassat samhället utifrån bilen och dess behov under en lång period och har därför påverkat det offentliga rummet och dess funktion. Den mänskliga dimensionen har inte tagits i beaktande, vilket har resulterat i offentliga rum där människor inte känner attraktivitet, trivsel och en tillhörighet. Shared Space är en slags motreaktion för att ge tillbaka det offentliga rummet till människan igen, genom att bilen ska vara gästen i staden. Resultatet och analysen visar att Shared Space ytorna i Karlstads tätort skiljer sig åt mellan vad visionerna med dem var och hur de fungerar och används i verkligheten. Visionerna fokuserar mer på attraktionen gällande att få människor att vilja vistas i Shared Space miljöerna och har därför generellt lite mindre fokus på trafiken. Verkligheten visar dock att genomfartstrafiken är stor för alla de tre platserna och att vistelse inte förekommer i lika hög grad. Slutligen visar analysen att det kan vara svårt att skapa platser som både fungerar bra och tryggt trafikmässigt, samtidigt som platserna ska agera som attraktiva för uppehåll och vistelse.
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Lelkes, Ivana. "Veřejná prostranství města Brna - teoretická práce." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216193.
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Master´s thesis adresses the issue of public spaces of inner city of Brno. These spaces have good prerequisities to become attractive places for everyday use or for spending a good free time. These prerequsities include for example compact city structure, well defined public spaces, walking city distances, presence of public and commercial facilities and distinctive genius loci. But public spaces in these localities often do not fulfill their own potential and stay as average free space inbetween buildings. Thesis suggests a detailed system for categorisation of squares and streets in the inner city of Brno and examines the reasons for potential non-fulfillment on these typologies, it tries to find out the problems of public spaces and how they can be solved.