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1
Lester, B. "Space for Rent ..." Science 317, no. 5845 (September 21, 2007): 1665c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.317.5845.1665c.
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Savu, Ionel Dănuț, Bebe Adrian Olei, Sorin Vasile Savu, Gabriel Constantin Benga, and Răzvan Ionuț Iacobici. "Warehousing in Romania." Advanced Engineering Forum 34 (October 2019): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.34.235.
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Any perturbation in politics and in economics affects the logistics of freight, from local to regional, national and even international. It creates weaving of the total volume of cargo and subsequently weaving of the market’s necessities regarding the transportation and warehousing. More, weaving of the volume of investments is specific effect. Such mechanism has been recorded in the last 7 years: increasing 2012-2015, decreasing 2015-2017, increasing 2017-2018. From 2017 it has been recorded a higher value of individual transactions, compared to 2016, when the transactions have dropped dramatically. In the end of the 2017, the mass center of the warehousing facilities were in the triangle Bucuresti-Pitesti-Ploiesti. The structure of the warehousing offer was at 31.12.2017: Green, energy efficient warehouses with available space for rent - Warehouse spaces: 197.440 m2, Warehouse rent: 45.540 m2, Average rental price: 2.73 €; A category warehouses with available warehouse space for rent - Warehouse spaces: 5.832.841 m2, Warehouse rent: 2.312.824 m2, Average rental price: 12.79 €; B category warehouses with available warehouse space for rent - Warehouse spaces: 487.388 m2, Warehouse rent: 222.248 m2 , Average rental price: 2.98 €; C category warehouses with available warehouse space for rent - Warehouse spaces: 109.432 m2, Warehouse rent: 60.582 m2 , Average rental price: 2.13 €; D category warehouses with available warehouse space for rent - Warehouse spaces: 1.950 m2, Warehouse rent: 1.950 m2 , Average rental price: 3.75 €; the rest to 100% was shared among Cold, Break-Bulk, Cross dock, Transload, Hazmat, and Food grade warehouse types. Keywords: warehousing, improve efficiency, improve quality, improve security, warehousing structur
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Street, Alan. "Editorial: This Space for Rent?" Music Analysis 17, no. 1 (March 1998): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/854371.
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Farooq, Bilal, Eric J. Miller, and Murtaza Haider. "Hedonic Analysis of Office Space Rent." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2174, no. 1 (January 2010): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2174-16.
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Cockell, Moira M., and Susan M. Gasser. "The nucleolus: Nucleolar space for RENT." Current Biology 9, no. 15 (August 1999): R575—R576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(99)80359-5.
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Yang, Daniel You-Ren, and Jung-Che Chang. "Financialising space through transferable development rights: Urban renewal, Taipei style." Urban Studies 55, no. 9 (June 13, 2017): 1943–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017710124.
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This research investigated the uneven geography of gentrification and the derived community-based conflicts in Taipei’s urban renewal after 2006, which has chiefly been boosted by transferable development rights (TDR). In this context, we argue that TDR has developed a monetary function, and we introduce the notion of strategic monopoly rent to reconceptualise TDR. Accordingly, we propose an institutionalised rent gap model from the perspective of investigating the institutional increase and social dispossession of the rent gap, which have been boosted by the financialised TDR and strategically structured by the state and developers under the regulation of property rights exchange. This system appreciates the potential ground rent and depreciates the building value institutionally – a practice not related to the actual occurrence of its physical deterioration. Landowners are either encouraged or coerced to participate in the distribution of the enlarged rent gap. Two forms of the social dispossession of ground rent have occurred, including the dispossession of the landowners as a whole by the developer and the dispossession of one landowner by another. We argue that the gentrification system has produced the mal-effects of surging housing prices, enclosure, dispossession, displacement and social antagonism.
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Hameed, Sameena. "Political Economy of Rentierism in the Middle East and Disruptions from the Digital Space." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 7, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 54–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347798919889782.
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Rentierism in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region had emanated both from significant external rent and from the statist model of development feeding each other, where legitimacy was secured through rent distribution. The rent-led resource imbalance between the state and the society, as well as intra-societal inequalities in the region, has been less recognized and studied. The flow of external rent in tandem with internal rent-seeking has perpetuated the wealth and power of the political and economic elites and limited economic opportunities of the larger population. The rentierism that bred on vertical controls and network of privileges is set to be disrupted from flows and connectivity generated in the growth of digital commerce in the region.
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Furth, Salim. "Decomposing Housing Unaffordability." Critical Housing Analysis 8, no. 1 (June 2021): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13060/23362839.2021.8.1.523.
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A US household is considered ‘rent burdened’ when its rent exceeds 30% of its income. This simple ratio can be decomposed to better understand the sources of unaffordability across space. To demonstrate this new approach, I rewrite the equation for rent burden as a sum of four factors: rent gap, income gap, excess size cost, and demographic baseline, and show that US rental unaffordability is mostly the result of low incomes. Focusing on the New England region, however, I show that high rent is the primary cause of unaffordability in high-cost, high-wage metro areas. This decomposition can help affordability advocates prioritise strategies appropriately across space.
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Song, Seon Ju, Kyung Eun Cho, and Jong Chil Shin. "An Analysis of Factors Influencing Coworking Space Rent." Journal of Korea Real Estate Analysists Association 26, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19172/kreaa.26.2.3.
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Sasaki, K. "An Empirical Analysis of the Space Rent and Land Rent within a Central Business District." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 23, no. 1 (January 1991): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a230139.
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Ho, Winky K. O. "Modeling the Dynamics of the Hong Kong Office Market under Economic Structural Change." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 32, no. 1 (February 2005): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b3198.
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The author adopts reduced-form equilibrium models to investigate the relations among vacancy, employment, space consumption, and rent in the Hong Kong office market under economic structural change. The models are estimated with the aid of data from Hong Kong during the period 1980–2002—a total of twenty-three yearly observations. It is hoped that empirical results will shed light on the adjustment mechanism of the local office market. In line with the existing literature, the author shows that, on the one hand, office rent is positively related to office employment, but inversely related to office stock. On the other hand, the demand for office space is inversely related to rent, but positively related to office employment. Moreover, the elasticity of space consumption with respect to rent is estimated to be inelastic. Historical simulations of the model are performed, and it is suggested that the equations simulate reasonably well as indicated by Theil's inequality.
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Lædre, Ola, Jardar Lohne, and Tore Haugen. "Internal rent – experiences from public sector in Norway." Facilities 34, no. 1/2 (February 1, 2016): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-04-2014-0038.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of introducing internal rent and to find the main success factors when introducing internal rent. Design/methodology/approach – This paper’s analysis is based on experience from the introduction of internal rent models within four major Norwegian public organisations. The experience is documented after 19 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders representing the client organisations, property management and tenants. Findings – The major advantage consist in that internal rent compels the different users to discipline concerning the use of space and make them adapt their use to fit the real needs and demand for space suited for their primary activities. The main disadvantage of internal rent consists in the temporary organisational noise that results from the introduction and the permanent extra bureaucratic burden it causes. The success factors for introduction of internal rent are: the users need to perceive the model as of real importance, the property management must take in enough funds to assure reliable maintenance and the client needs to avoid that the tenants think the model is constructed to seize funds. Originality/value – The authors discuss a market-orientated approach to property management, namely, introducing internal rent models. It is more than a decade ago since internal rent was first introduced in the analysed public organisations. Now it is possible to identify the success factors – related to the advantages and disadvantages – from this introduction.
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Hayes, Matthew, and Hila Zaban. "Transnational gentrification: The crossroads of transnational mobility and urban research." Urban Studies 57, no. 15 (August 30, 2020): 3009–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098020945247.
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This introduction to the special issue introduces the contributors’ articles and identifies key themes relating to how increased transnational mobility has affected urbanisation processes in many cities, resulting in the globalisation of rent gaps. A mix of local and transnational real estate interests work to attract higher-income lifestyle migrants and tourists, often from higher-income countries to lower-income urban space in order to increase its exchange value. In the process, however, they act to reduce the use value of urban space to lower-income residents. The introduction notes that the acceleration of lifestyle mobilities moving through urban spaces, and the development of transnational lifestyles of urban place consumption, have produced new forms of gentrification – not merely the spread of an urban strategy to new cities, but the planetarisation of rent gaps. Transnational gentrification is the form of contemporary urbanisation that occurs as a result of closing these rent gaps through attraction of higher income, transnational migrants, often from high-income countries in Northern Europe and North America.
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OTA, Akira, Hiroshi TAKAHASHI, and Toshiyuki KANEDA. "Factor Analysis of the Rent Using Space Syntax Measures." Japanese Journal of Real Estate Sciences 31, no. 4 (March 26, 2018): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5736/jares.31.4_109.
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Redman, Milton, and Richard J. Cebula. "A note on the rent charged for office space." Atlantic Economic Journal 19, no. 1 (March 1991): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02303304.
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Liang, Hua, and Wen Yi. "Effect of Rent Spatial Distribution to Urban Business District Planning." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 2001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.2001.
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As the physical embodiment of urban commerce, the leasing of office buildings objectively influences the reconstitution of city space and the construction of commercial zones. By adopting Kriging in a geostatistical analysis module, this paper takes the rent of office buildings in Chongqing as the subject of research to construct a digital rent spatial model based on lease transaction data from 2009 with ArcGIS. Using the rent thematic map provided by this model and combining the specific circumstances of Chongqing, the rent spatial distribution structure is studied, so as to provide the basis for an approach to commercial land division and spatial planning.
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Hin David Ho, Kim, Satyanarain Rengarajan, and John Glascock. "An examination of the structure and dynamics of Singapore's maturing Central Area office market." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 32, no. 5 (July 29, 2014): 485–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-02-2014-0013.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the structure and dynamics of Singapore's Central Area office market. A long-run equilibrium relationship is tested and a short-run adjustment error correction model are estimated, incorporating appropriate serial error correction. The long-run equation is estimated for office rent, with office employment and available stock. Design/methodology/approach – With the vector error correction model (VECM), the lagged rent, available stock, office employment, vacancy and occupied stock (OS) can impact the rental adjustment process. Equilibrium rent on the whole reacts positively to lagged rents, available stock, office employment, OS and negatively to vacancy rates (VC). Past levels of positive change in VC and rental growth can have negative effects on current OS. Findings – While good economic conditions signaled by increases in rents increase the supply of new stock (available space), higher rents and VC dampen the long-term occupied space (space absorption) in accordance with economic theory. Available stock can be forecasted by past rent and absorption levels owing to the developer's profit-driven nature. Research limitations/implications – An understanding of the interaction between the macroeconomic variables and the Central Area office market is useful to domestic and foreign investors and developers, who then can better evaluate their decision making in commercial real estate investment and development projects. Practical implications – It is implicit that the Singapore Central Area office market requires at least a year before any rental increase can potentially dampen the space demanded. Firms are attracted to locate there owing to agglomeration economies and they are willing to pay premium office rents in conjunction with office space intensification in the Central Area. Newly built space is positively affected by past rents. Urban Redevelopment Authority and private real estate developers should be wary of excess office sector vacancies by avoiding over supply, even though an increase in the supply of office space in the Central Area can have a positive impact on office rent in the longer term. Most of the office space development would tend to meet the demand in the long run. Rental stickiness is exemplified as rental changes are affected by lagged rent. Social implications – Policy makers are better enabled to stabilize the office sectors of the real estate market if so required. Originality/value – The paper adopts the VECM and validated by empirical evidence, to investigate the long-run equilibrium relationship and short-term corrections underlying the dynamics of the Singapore Central office market. Delay in the restoration of equilibrium in real estate markets is attributed to factors like lease terms and supply lags.
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., Sudirmansyah, Joni Arliansyah, and Edi Kadarsa. "Income Generating Study on The South Sumatera LRT Operational." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 7 (July 29, 2020): 556–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul446.
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In South Sumatra Palembang, Light Rail Transit (LRT) which is one type of mass transportation has been built. LRT is a rail-based mass transportation facility with electric drive and can be used to carry passengers on a larger scale, but in the implementation of LRT operations require very large operational funds. The generated income from monthly sales ticket was unequal to the costs incurred for LRT operations. In this study, researchers used three options to obtain other income besides ticket sales, which are the income from ad space rent (stations, poles, railroad walls and LRT trains), trade stall rent, and ATM stall rent. The questionnaire survey was conducted on 400 sample companies in Palembang with the aim of getting the company's perception about the willingness to pay (WTP) for renting the advertising space and the ATM stall so that income generation can be predicted from the three options offered to the South Sumatra LRT operations. The analysis conducted in this study was a quantitative analysis with descriptive statistics. From the analysis it was found that the total income that would be received by the manager if all available locations had been occupied or rented were Rp. 10,080,715,996 once a year with the income proportion from advertising rent at 96.25%, income from trade stalls rent 2.08% and income from ATM stalls rent is 1.67%. It is expected that the existing income can help in funding operational in South Sumatra LRT.
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Yung, C.-F., and R. J. King. "Some Tests for the Rent Gap Theory." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30, no. 3 (March 1998): 523–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a300523.
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The ambiguity of the title is intended. Smith's rent gap theory is difficult to operationalize, and the authors propose tests for three of its aspects: to observe the presence or otherwise of a ‘rent valley’, to observe the coincidence of a rent gap with a period of gentrification, and to observe capital switching to inner-city alterations and additions. However, when the tests are applied to 1967–91 Melbourne data, they are somewhat testing for the theory itself: there are certainly rent gaps, but they are unevenly distributed over space and time, not consistently associated with periods of gentrification but rather with more complex shifts at the level of demand, and to be viewed as just a minor phenomenon of the broader processes of continual spatial restructuring.
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Sivitanidou, R., and P. Sivitanides. "Industrial Rent Differentials: The Case of Greater Los Angeles." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 27, no. 7 (July 1995): 1133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a271133.
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In this paper the authors explore an integrated view of the relationship between location and industrial real-estate rents within decentralized metropolises. It is postulated that variations across space in industrial rents reflect spatial variations not only in productivity-enhancing firm amenities, but also in utility-bearing worker amenities and local institutional constraints on the supply of industrial space or land. To test for such influences, alternative empirical models employing 1990 industrial (production space) rents in Greater Los Angeles are estimated. Although firm amenities induce the strongest price effect, worker amenities and zoning constraints do play an important role in industrial pricing.
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Gabe, Jeremy, and Michael Rehm. "Do tenants pay energy efficiency rent premiums?" Journal of Property Investment & Finance 32, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 333–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-09-2013-0058.
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Purpose – Using a unique data set, the purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis that tenants pay increased accommodation costs for space in energy efficient office property. Design/methodology/approach – The authors obtain lease contracts for office space in central Sydney, Australia. Empirical data on annual gross face rent and contract terms from each lease are combined with building characteristics and measured energy performance at the time of lease. Hedonic regression isolates the effect of energy performance on gross face rent. Findings – No significant price differentials emerged as a function of energy performance, leading to a conclusion that tenants are not willing to pay for energy efficiency. Six factors – tenancy floor level, submarket location, proximity to transit, market fixed effects, building quality specification and, surprisingly, outgoings liability – consistently explain over 85 per cent of gross face rent prices in Sydney. Research limitations/implications – Rent premiums from an asset owner's perspective could emerge as a result of occupancy premiums, market timing or agent bias combined with statistically insignificant rental price differentials. Practical implications – Tenants are likely indifferent to energy costs because the paper demonstrates that energy efficiency lacks financial salience and legal obligation in Sydney. This means that split incentives between owner and tenant are not a substantial barrier to energy efficiency investment in this market. Originality/value – This study is the first to thoroughly examine energy efficiency rent price premiums at the tenancy scale in response to disclosure of measured performance. It also presents evidence against the common assumption that rent premiums at the asset scale reflect tenant willingness to pay for energy efficiency.
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Bogush, Larysa. "FEATURES AND PROSPECTS OF THE ECONOMIC RENT FROM WORKFORCE AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN UKRAINE." ScienceRise, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2020.001497.
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Object of research: the article presents the results of studying the economic rent from workforce and social conditions (significant components of the important rent-forming resource of nowadays global economy – social capital) in Ukraine. Solved problem: determining the features of economic rent, outlining the conditions and prospects for increasing the rental income of the Ukrainian economy from the capitalization of workforce’ intellectual and creative qualities, as well as socium rent-generating conjunctures. Main scientific results: the role of the economic rent in the system of rental relations of the modern global economy and its national components is examined; the features of the formation and distribution of economic rent’ various types in the process of using the workforce’ intellectual and creative potential, as well as other components of the nowadays most significant type of rent-forming resources – social capital – are studied. The specificity of human component and social capital in general as a rent-generating resource is manifested in the generation of additional prerequisites (resource, organizational and economic) and incentives to increase volumes and expand potential areas for extracting rent income in the process of its use, since the using of the employee’ knowledge and abilities leads to a consistent accumulation of professional experience, and consequently – to a permanent increase in the aggregate of these rent-generating properties and in activities for improving the environment of their implementation in Ukraine. Scope of practical use of research results: the research results can be used in developing strategies and programs of Ukrainian economy’ innovative diversification in the process of its further competitive integration into the global economic space, that, among other things, requires the creation of conditions for improving the rent-generating properties of workforce and social environment, as well as increasing the level of its capitalization.
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Sanghera, Balihar, and Elmira Satybaldieva. "The other road to serfdom: The rise of the rentier class in post-Soviet economies." Social Science Information 59, no. 3 (July 28, 2020): 505–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018420943077.
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This article offers a moral economic critique of the transition to a market economy in the post-Soviet space. In a reversal of the classical ideal of a ‘free market’ (a market free from land rent, monopoly rent and interest), neoliberalism celebrates and promotes rent extraction, sometimes over wealth creation (Hudson, 2017). In freeing markets from government regulation, neoliberalism enables powerful economic actors to extract income by mere virtue of property rights that entitle them to a stream of income from their ownership and control of scarce assets (Sayer, 2015). Neoliberalism has created and expanded the role of rent and unearned income in post-Soviet economies (Mihalyi & Szelenyi, 2017). This article will show the diversity and significance of rent in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan that go beyond natural resources and illicit public and private rent-seeking. Using three case studies on finance, real estate and the judiciary in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, this article will examine how property relations, rentier activities and unearned income have been morally justified and normalized. Despite its moral legitimation, rentiership has been harmful and damaging. It has produced social inequalities and suffering, and has resulted in plutocracy and corruption.
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Bardash, Serhiy, and Tetyana Osadcha. "Identification of Rent Relations Results in the Accounting System." Accounting and Finance, no. 3(89) (2020): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2020-3(89)-5-11.
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In the context of the implementation of the concept of sustainable development of individual countries of the post-Soviet space, the study of the problems of accounting for the results of rent relations becomes relevant given the solution of a number of strategic tasks facing businesses today. It is offered to solve the specified problem on the basis of definition in system of concepts of accounting of the economic nature of results of rent relations arising as a result of involvement in economic process of rent-forming factors. The purpose of the article is to formulate proposals for accounting for the results of rental relationships. The methodological basis of the research is the historical and logical method, which is used to study the evolution of rent and approaches to the disclosure of its economic content. The dialectical method and comparative analysis are used to identify significant differences in the definition of rent, formed at different stages and forms of economic relations. Methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction, idealization and generalization are used to identify the results of rent relations in the system of accounting concepts and formulate proposals for rent accounting and rent payments. Based on a critical assessment of a certain pluralism of researchers' opinions on the disclosure of the economic content of rent, it is established that: rent is a component of value added, but value added is not taken into account in the accounting system; rent is a component of income from operating activities carried out with the use or exploitation of limited natural resources; the complication of the preliminary valuation of rent makes it impossible to reflect it in income; the amount of rent depends on the demand for the product. Given the above, rent as income from the extraction / use of natural resources, as well as the use of other rent-forming factors, it is proposed to reflect on the off-balance sheet account “Rent” with the allocation of sub-accounts by type of economic rent. It is proposed to attribute rent payments to operating costs, as their inclusion in production costs contradicts the economic nature of such costs, unreasonably increases the cost and contradicts the principle of fair distribution of rent. The practical significance of the study is to increase the level of information disclosure for management decisions, in particular: determining the maximum allowable reduction in the selling price of finished products while maintaining an acceptable level of profitability to increase demand, expand market and, consequently, increase profits; directing all or part of the rent to the implementation of environmental measures, modernization of material and technical base, intensification of innovation.
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Shan-Shan Goh, Tuck-Cheong Tang, and Alex Hou-Hong Ng. "Retail Space for Rent! Macroeconomic Determinants of Shopping Complex Occupancy Rate." International Journal of Business and Society 21, no. 1 (April 25, 2021): 268–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3251.2020.
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This study proposes anad hoc equationwhich isapplied to estimatethe impactsof macroeconomic variableson occupancy rate of shopping complex. Thecandidatemacroeconomic determinantsare interest rate, inflation rate, share priceand Gross Domestic Product (GDP), whileasupply-sidevariable, total spaceis included.Using quarterly databetween 1992and 2015 froma small open economy-Malaysia, this study findsthat interest rate,and GDP both havea positive impact on shopping complex’s occupancy rate, and total space of shopping complex shows anegative sign.The non-causality tests offer that inflation rate indirectlycauses the occupancy rate of shopping complex. This study highlights somerelevant policy implications.
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Ke, Qiulin, and Wencan Wang. "The factors that determine shopping centre rent in Wuhan, China." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 34, no. 2 (March 7, 2016): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-04-2015-0021.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors that affect the retail rent of shopping centres in Wuhan, an important city in central China. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses a data set of 68 shopping centres in urban Wuhan. A regression model is constructed to estimate the impact on retail rent of a composite range of variables that would capture the physical characteristics, spatial characteristics, potential attractiveness of shopping centres and market condition. Findings – The empirical findings suggest the ceiling height, closeness to metro line station, being situated in commercial central area, vacancy rate and income have significant impact on rental level. Unexpected, the retail mix has a significant negative impact on rent. The impact of the more determining factors found in Western research – size, age, parking space and anchor tenant – is not supported in the Wuhan study. Practical implications – While 68 shopping centres are included in the test, the sample size is relatively small. The comparatively short history of retail market in Wuhan would not allow to test the rent adjustment process. Originality/value – This is the first paper to investigate retail rent determinants in a second-tier city in China. The results of the study give designers, developers and investors critical insights into the determinants of retail rent in an emerging market.
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Zhong, Ming, Bilin Yu, Shaobo Liu, John Douglas Hunt, and Huini Wang. "A method for estimating localised space-use pattern and its applications in integrated land-use transport modelling." Urban Studies 55, no. 16 (April 23, 2018): 3708–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018760108.
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Contemporary integrated land-use transport models (ILUTMs) explicitly consider interactions between floorspace demand/supply and rent at fine spatial scales, which requires a good understanding between floorspace use pattern and competition of locations among socioeconomic activities. Floorspace use patterns are usually represented by space use coefficients (SUCs) by activity type by zone, which are then used to develop theoretical space-use-rent curves (SURCs), in order to reflect the elasticity between rent and floorspace consumption rates. Literature review indicates that existing studies mostly use borrowed SUCs or subjective judgement methods for synthesising base-year floorspace and developing SURCs. In general, their accuracy is largely unknown and synthesised floorspace could be highly inaccurate. In this study, a linear programming method is proposed to estimate localised SUCs by assuming that zonal population, employment and floorspace total data are available. Study results show that the method can provide localised SUCs and better SURCs than traditional methods. It is found that, as the size of the homogeneous optimisation areas (HOAs) decreases, the accuracy of zonal space totals estimated increases considerably. For example, the estimation error between the observed and estimated zonal space totals reduces from 76.2% under the most aggregate case to 24.7% under the most disaggregate case. The sum of square errors (SSEs) between the optimised SUCs and the SURCs also reduces to about one-quarter of their original values. The method proposed contributes to a procedural process to estimate localised SUCs with known accuracy, which is proved to be a better alternative to traditional synthesis methods.
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Li, Xuefei, Zhenjiang Shen, and Fumihiko Kobayashi. "Planning review on residential environment of low rent housing: a method to solve low-rent housing space insufficiency in Tianjin, China." International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development 3, no. 3 (2015): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.3.3_50.
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Vimpari, Jussi. "Pricing lease agreements incorporating tenant’s downscaling option." Journal of European Real Estate Research 11, no. 3 (November 5, 2018): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-01-2018-0003.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the problem that arises when a tenant’s space needs will likely change in the future, but the property owner would prefer to continue renting the initial space to the same tenant. The study builds upon ideas on structuring option values into initial rent and proposes a method for evaluating the value of adaptability for both the tenants and the owners.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology is based on real option pricing, and it includes key variables of building adaptability, lease agreement terms and property market information. The methodology explains the importance of understanding the concept of volatility related to space needs and how it affects the tenant’s decision to either remain or vacate the rented premises. Real option pricing theory highlights the problem of using linearly growing expectations for physical assets and the obvious problems that arise with that assumption.FindingsThis paper suggests that the principles of option pricing could be used in valuing building adaptability to find the optimal initial rent from both the owner’s and the tenant’s perspective. It is pointed that the volatility of the tenant’s future space requirements should drive the effective rent paid by the tenant. The paper argues as to why the owner is better off if the tenant can downscale (with building adaptability) their current space rather than vacate the whole space. Additionally, this paper presents the reasons for why the tenant should pay more for a space that has such a downscaling option. Eventually, both the owner and the tenant are better off because, from the tenant’s perspective, unnecessary relocating costs can be avoided, and from the owner’s perspective, unnecessary re-renting costs can be avoided.Practical implicationsThe paper demonstrates how the downscaling option creates value for both the owner and the tenant. The owner benefits from higher average occupancy rates, and during lease break points, only part of the premises has to be re-rented rather than the entire premises. When these higher occupancy rates are transferred into cash flows with relevant market parameters, it is evident how the rates create extra value for the property owner and for the tenant, subject to lease terms.Originality/valueThe owner benefits from the higher rent, even though there might be more lease break points where parts of the building must be rented out. If these kinds of option values can be communicated transparently, it should be possible for the owner and the tenant to agree on such terms.
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Nowak, Krzysztof. "Hidden Vacancy Rate as a Part of Office Market Dynamics in Selected Polish Cities." Real Estate Management and Valuation 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2020-0001.
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AbstractThe hidden vacancy rate reflects the adjustments of the market vacancy rate that may occur in the future, in the event of a change in market conditions. Its occurrence results from the fact that the current level of rented office space reflects the demand based on past levels of rent and past predictions of changes in the tenants’ demand for space during the term of the lease. Thus, the level of total, occupied office space at given moment does not result from demand based on the current market rent. This is the result of the duration of lease agreements concluded for more than one period. The hidden vacancy rate is also related to the costs of searching for office space that meets the specific criteria of tenants, removal costs and office space adaptation costs. The hidden vacancy rate cannot be observed in the market, but can be determined based on available market data.The article presents the concept of a hidden vacancy rate. Next, the presented theory was used to determine the dynamics of the hidden vacancy rate in a narrow and broad approach in the market of modern office space in Warsaw, Krakow, Wroclaw and Poznan. The obtained results were compared to two mature office space markets in Western Europe. The study shows differences in the formation of the hidden vacancy rate on the market characterized by a relatively large total stock of available office space in relation to markets being at an earlier stage of development.
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Gao, Xiang, Xiaohua Ma, Wang Ke, Pingting Huang, Xiaoting Mi, and Kuanmei Liu. "Comparative Study on the Choice of Muslim migrants Residence in Xi’an and Lanzhou Cities, China." International Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 6 (October 25, 2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v7i6.4583.
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Residential choice is one of the basic contents of urban adaptation of the floating population and an important aspect in determining the quality of life in the city. This study is for Muslim migrants with three attributes (minority, floating population and religious belief). The purpose is to reveal the commonalities and differences in the choice of living spaces of Muslim Migrants in multi-ethnic cities Lanzhou and Xi’an, to provide guidance for the targeted management of Muslim migrants and promote their urban integration. Based on available research data from 2017-2019, the study adopts spatial analysis and regression analysis to explore the results of the selection of Muslim migrants living space in two cities and its influencing factors. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The commonality of Muslim migrants living space in the two cities lies in: the distribution pattern of “Living around the mosque and running business nearby the mosque” still exists. The living space of Muslim migrants consists of points (mosques), lines (streets or traffic lines), and faces (inhabited areas), forming a spatial distribution pattern of the “mosque + community” residential circle. Differences: Muslim migrants in Hui’s street, Xi’an, taking the “Mosque-alley system” as an independent social organization, and their living space presents a " mosque-alley Interlaced" distribution. Muslim migrants living in the urban village community on the periphery of Hui’s street take "mosque" and "farm market" as the dual core, showing the “core (mosque/market) + community” inlaid living space situation. The Muslim migrants in Lanzhou generally live around the mosque or close to the streets and roads that lead to mosque. 2). In terms of commonality, the living choices of Muslim migrants in both cities consider the distance from the place of work, the mosque or the Muslim community to the place of residence. In terms of differences, the residential choice of Muslim migrants in Xi’an is mainly influenced by the composition of the living, the income of wages, and the nature of the occupation. The choice is mainly influenced by the rent level, occupational nature and wage income of the house; and the main influencing factors of the choice of Muslim migrants in Lanzhou are the education level and the rent level of the house. The main influencing factors of residential location selection are education level and mobility purpose. The level of education, traditional living customs, and rent levels have become the core factors determining the urban accommodation adaptation of Muslim migrants.
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Tandon, Manish, and ChandraKant Pandey. "No rent is small for migration of epidural catheter into sub-arachnoid space." Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 59, no. 2 (2015): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5049.151384.
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Jadon, Ashok. ""No rent is small for migration of epidural catheter into sub-arachnoid space"." Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 59, no. 11 (2015): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5049.170049.
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Lim, Hyunwoo, and Minyoung Park. "Modeling the Spatial Dimensions of Warehouse Rent Determinants: A Case Study of Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010259.
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The spatial mismatch between warehouse locations and urban freight demand mainly driven by logistics sprawl can have negative environmental impacts, due to the increase in average trucking distances. This study investigated the spatial dimension of warehouse rent determinants identifying the regional specifics of supply and demand of warehouse facilities and services. Based on the case of the Seoul Metropolitan Area in South Korea, spatial autoregressive regression (SAR) and mixed geographically weighted regression (MGWR) models were developed to explain the spatial stationary and non-stationary relationship between warehouse rent and the explanatory variables, including the transactional characteristics of the rental contracts, physical characteristics of the buildings, location factors, and various warehousing services. The MGWR results identified the distance to the nearest highway interchange, repackaging service, and built-in ramps as globally fixed variables and contract floor space, total building floor space, building age, and land price as locally varying variables. The results of this study allowed us to provide meaningful insights into the sustainable development of urban logistics facilities through a better understanding of the interaction between logistics activities, transportation infrastructure, and land use.
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Hodgins, Dave. "Dynamic Space for Rent: Using Commercial Web Hosting to Develop a Web 2.0 Intranet." Journal of Web Librarianship 4, no. 2-3 (August 31, 2010): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19322909.2010.502878.
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Kempers, Margot. "Common Ground and the Social Control of Space Insights from the Rent-Control Debate." Urban Affairs Quarterly 29, no. 3 (March 1994): 411–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107808749402900304.
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Rent control has long been the focus of sharp disagreements, and the case of Cambridge, Massachusetts illustrates the contours of the multifaceted debate. This struggle over the social control of space—characterized by strongly individualized and adversarial relations exaggerated by the structural apparatus of the Cambridge system—has resulted in a tense standoff between supporters and critics. Insights from the paradigm of alternate dispute resolution, from recent cooperative efforts between environmental protection and economic development advocates, and from newly formed coalitions between abortion opponents and supporters of abortion rights suggest that moderation, negotiation, and compromise offer a way out of the current impasse.
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Kokovin, Sergey, and Fedor Vasilev. "SCREENING IN SPACE: RICH AND POOR CONSUMERS IN A LINEAR CITY." Ural Mathematical Journal 7, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/umj.2021.1.005.
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Unlike standard models of monopolistic screening (second-degree price discrimination), we consider a situation where consumers are heterogeneous not only vertically, in their willingness to pay, but also horizontally, in their tastes or "addresses'' a la Hotelling's Linear City. For such a screening game, a novel model is composed. We formulate the game as an optimization program, prove the existence of equilibria, develop a method to calculate equilibria, and characterize their properties. Namely, the solution structure of the resulting menu of contracts can be either a "chain of envy'' like in usual screening or a number of disconnected chains. Unlike usual screening, "almost all'' consumers get positive informational rent. Importantly, the model can be extended to oligopoly screening.
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Zhang, Wei‐Bin. "Economic growth with space and fiscal policies with housing and public goods." Journal of Economic Studies 38, no. 4 (September 6, 2011): 452–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443581111160897.
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PurposeThis study aims to examine dynamic interactions among economic growth, geography and the housing market with public goods financed by the government. A general dynamic equilibrium model of an isolated economy with economic geography, local public goods and capital accumulation is to be constructed. The economy has three sectors, supplying industrial goods, housing, and local public goods. The model synthesizes the main ideas in neoclassical growth theory, the Alonso urban model, and the Muth housing model in an alternative framework to the traditional growth theory.Design/methodology/approachThe model is based on the neoclassical growth theory with an alternative approach to household behavior. The paper shows how to solve the dynamics of the economic system and simulate the model to demonstrate dynamic interactions among economic growth, housing market, residential distribution and public goods over time and space.FindingsThe paper simulates equilibrium and motion of the spatial economy with Cobb‐Douglas production and utility functions. The simulation demonstrates, for example, that, as the tax rate on the land income is increased, the total capital stocks and the stocks employed by the three sectors are increased, the rate of interest falls and the output of the industrial sector and the wage rate are increased, the land devoted to local public goods falls and the land rent and housing rent rise over space, the consumption level of the industrial goods and the total expenditures on the public goods are increased.Practical implicationsThe paper provides some possible implications of the model for complicated consequences of government policy over time and space. In particular, the paper shows that a change in government policy not only has a macroeconomic impact over time, but also affects the economic geography of the national economy.Originality/valueThe paper offers insights into the linkage among growth, national public policies and economic geography.
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Sumanta Deb and Keya Mitra. "Spatial Logic of Shopping Malls: Application of Space Syntax in understanding Economics of Architecture." Creative Space 7, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/cs.2020.72009.
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Research findings of architecture and environmental psychology espouse the supremacy of built environment in influencing human behavior in general and movement behavior within buildings and urban areas in particular. Retail management studies on the other hand highlight the importance of influencing human movement as a determining factor for tenant-mix design. Identifying a proper mix of tenant stores in a shopping mall is responsible for its economic performance and is considered a strategic mall management decision. In practice, this decision is taken by management professionals, based mostly on gut feeling or rule of thumb. So, there is a scope for integration of knowledge of these two different disciplines for significantly enhancing tenanting decision making in shopping malls, which will ultimately lead to its economic success. A proper methodology is required in this juncture to relate spatial configuration with movement. Verbal description of space, prevalent in the architectural practice, makes it difficult for correlating with measurable variables like footfall. Space syntax analysis is a potential evidence based approach for quantitative description of configuration in explaining movement through space. The purpose of this paper is twofold: identifying the supremacy of space syntax measures over normal metric measures and establishing a spatial rationale behind tenanting decision making (optimal area and rent of tenant stores) through developing the standard bid-rent model with tenant store specific variables and solving under the conditions of maximizing profit and situation of perfect competition. Consequently, retail space planning will not only be an accommodator of functional requirements but will be a potential tool for economic success through generating, controlling and predicting movement.
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Bozzani, A., P. Palmieri, V. Arici, F. Ragni, and A. Odero. "Echo-Free Space and Intimal Micro-Tear: Initiating Event or Decompression Rent of Intramural Haematoma?" European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 37, no. 3 (March 2009): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.11.021.
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Bozzani, A., P. Palmieri, V. Arici, F. Ragni, and A. Odero. "Echo-Free Space and Intimal Micro-Tear: Initiating Event or Decompression Rent of Intramural Haematoma?" EJVES Extra 17, no. 2 (February 2009): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvsextra.2008.11.007.
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Botelho, Adriano. "A renda fundiária urbana: uma categoria de análise ainda válida." GEOgraphia 10, no. 19 (April 12, 2010): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/geographia2008.1019.a13551.
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Resumo: Renda fundiária urbana é uma categoria pouco explorada pela maioria dos estudos mais recentes sobre o urbano. Porém, essa categoria oferece uma possibilidade de abordagem do urbano que permite a análise de fenômenos importantes, como a hierarquização dos usos do solo, o papel do setor imobiliário para a acumulação do capital e para a reprodução das relações de produção capitalistas, além de ser importante para o entendimento do processo de segregação sócio-espacial e fragmentação do espaço no urbano. Assim, levando-se em consideração os estudos passados e as dificuldades que ainda hoje permanecem, a questão da renda fundiária é retomada no presente artigo. Como forma de viabilização da análise da questão da renda fundiária urbana foi realizado um estudo de caso sobre uma modalidade de intervenção no urbano por parte do setor imobiliário em aliança com o mercado financeiro no município de São Paulo: os Fundos de Investimento Imobiliário e a Securitização de Recebíveis Imobiliários. THE URBAN LAND RENT: A CATEGORY OF ANALYSIS STILL VALID Abstract: Urban land rent is a category little explored by most recent urban studies. However, this category offers a possible approach for urban space that allows the analysis of relevant phenomena, like hierarchy in land use, the role of the real estate industry for capital accumulation and for reproduction of relationships in capitalist production, besides its importance in understanding the socio-spatial segregation and fragmentation process. In this sense, taking into account earlier studies and difficulties that still remain, this article aims to analyse the problem of land rent. To make this analysis possible, we present a case study about a kind of urban intervention by real estate agents in association with the finance market in the city of São Paulo: Real Estate Investment Funds and Real Estate Bonus. Keywords: Urban Land Rent, Fragmentation, Socio-Spatial Segregation, Urban, Real Estate Financing, Reproduction of Capital.
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Botelho, Adriano. "A renda fundiária urbana: uma categoria de análise ainda válida." GEOgraphia 10, no. 19 (April 12, 2010): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/geographia2008.v10i19.a13551.
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Resumo: Renda fundiária urbana é uma categoria pouco explorada pela maioria dos estudos mais recentes sobre o urbano. Porém, essa categoria oferece uma possibilidade de abordagem do urbano que permite a análise de fenômenos importantes, como a hierarquização dos usos do solo, o papel do setor imobiliário para a acumulação do capital e para a reprodução das relações de produção capitalistas, além de ser importante para o entendimento do processo de segregação sócio-espacial e fragmentação do espaço no urbano. Assim, levando-se em consideração os estudos passados e as dificuldades que ainda hoje permanecem, a questão da renda fundiária é retomada no presente artigo. Como forma de viabilização da análise da questão da renda fundiária urbana foi realizado um estudo de caso sobre uma modalidade de intervenção no urbano por parte do setor imobiliário em aliança com o mercado financeiro no município de São Paulo: os Fundos de Investimento Imobiliário e a Securitização de Recebíveis Imobiliários. THE URBAN LAND RENT: A CATEGORY OF ANALYSIS STILL VALID Abstract: Urban land rent is a category little explored by most recent urban studies. However, this category offers a possible approach for urban space that allows the analysis of relevant phenomena, like hierarchy in land use, the role of the real estate industry for capital accumulation and for reproduction of relationships in capitalist production, besides its importance in understanding the socio-spatial segregation and fragmentation process. In this sense, taking into account earlier studies and difficulties that still remain, this article aims to analyse the problem of land rent. To make this analysis possible, we present a case study about a kind of urban intervention by real estate agents in association with the finance market in the city of São Paulo: Real Estate Investment Funds and Real Estate Bonus. Keywords: Urban Land Rent, Fragmentation, Socio-Spatial Segregation, Urban, Real Estate Financing, Reproduction of Capital.
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Osipov, Yurij, Tamara Yudina, and Islam Geliskhanov. "Information-Digital Economy: Concept, Basic Parameters and Implementation Mechanisms." Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2019, no. 3 (June 30, 2019): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105201933.
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The article analyses the features of a new stage of information economy development de- fi ned by the authors as the Information-Digital Economy (IDE). The authors present the concept of the IDE, its main parameters (information-digital technologies, benefi ts, capital and rent) and consider its realization mechanisms (digital platforms). Based on the analysis of the development trends of the IDE, a conclusion was made on the formation of the Global Hybrid Organized Space (GHOS).
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Jang, Dae-Chul, Bosung Kim, and Sung Hak Kim. "The effect of green building certification on potential tenants’ willingness to rent space in a building." Journal of Cleaner Production 194 (September 2018): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.091.
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Tandon, Manish, and ChandraKant Pandey. "In response to comments on: No rent is small for migration of epidural catheter into subarachnoid space." Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 59, no. 11 (2015): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5049.170050.
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Ibanez, Maria R., and Anthony Pennington-Cross. "Commercial Property Rent Dynamics in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: An Examination of Office, Industrial, Flex and Retail Space." Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 46, no. 2 (September 20, 2011): 232–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11146-011-9347-7.
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Maalsen, Sophia, Dallas Rogers, and Leo Patterson Ross. "Rent and crisis: Old housing problems require a new state of exception in Australia." Dialogues in Human Geography 10, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043820620933849.
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The coronavirus pandemic is opening up a space for housing advocates and scholars to push for reforms to the private rental sector. Yet, we argue the Australian government has shown little commitment to addressing long-term, structural housing issues. Temporary reform will not lead to a new or more socially just housing system in the long-term—a new housing normal—without a significant and nation-wide tenant campaign. Like others, we are working together on campaigns such as this, but we are conscious that the government is likely to revert back to their old housing habits.
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SADCHENKO, O. V., and I. V. ROBUL. "ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL MARKETING SPACE OF THE ECONOMICS OF EXPERIENCE." Economic innovations 22, no. 1(74) (March 20, 2020): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2020.22.1(74).129-139.
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Topicality. It is relevant to determine the equilibrium dynamic state of the system based on the harmonization of the interaction between economic and environmental subsystems in the market space. The product of the economy of experience is: a product or service plus additional profit from experience. Impression - entertainment, training, the possibility of personal participation, self-expression, the development of social contacts and skills (socialization) and more, these are added value factors. Additional costs in the originality or uniqueness of a product or service are paid off and bring additional profit. Therefore, goods or services related to natural resources or conditions are especially relevant. The economics of experience should be considered in the economic and environmental marketing space, which will allow to form the price of goods and services that increases in the first case (location) from the additional costs for rent and additional profit for the uniqueness of receiving a service in this area or increasing due to the impression of a product or service and overlapping cost of services. In the second case, the price of the service is adjusted relative to additional costs and profits for the originality of the provision of impression services. That is, we can consider differential rents of the first and second order taking into account the environmental factor. Rent in the conditions of the economy of experience - additional income received by the entrepreneur in excess of a certain profit for the uniqueness of the location of his activities and capital; the formation of environmental rents, when considering the natural resource potential, is due to more favorable location conditions in which one entrepreneur is in front of another, not in equal conditions. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to determine the economic and environmental marketing space in the context of the development of the economy of experience by substantiating the theoretical and scientific-practical foundations of the formation of the mechanism of economic and environmental innovative development. Research results. Issues related to the “economy of experience” make it possible to go to that level of economic development that allows you to take advantage of the competitive advantages of this enterprise. When considering the innovation and ecological space, competitive advantages can be used more effectively in terms of attracting impressions to meet the needs of both the B2B, B2C market and international markets. Impression marketing is an additional human activity that relates to the market in the conditions of fierce competition and a saturated market, when its principles serve as the only possible way to ensure profitability and plus additional profitability of production, growth and development of the enterprise. Market orientation determines the main areas of economic activity and evaluates its results by the value of the final income. A distinctive feature of such a service is that it can exist only with the relationship between the buyer of the service, the manufacturer of the service and the “additional service”, which does not always depend on the manufacturer of the service, but is formed depending on the location, historical value of the place or the unusual nature of the service , that is, from the uniqueness of the provision of this service. So, in fact, the consumer pays for a pleasant, sometimes unforgettable experience, and the producer (owner) of this service overpays (relative to the average price level) for rent or for the purchase of additional fixed assets (or additional investments). The manufacturer must have compensation for the "overpayment" and, of course, additional profit. So, the consumer pays extra money for an additional service-impression, and the owner also pays extra either for renting a room or for the additional supply of this service, that is, “impression” is the additional costs that are reflected in the price of the goods. An impression in the economic sense is additional costs and additional profit. Only ecologically high-quality goods and the same high-quality environmental services are in real demand in the market and can attract consumers. Proceeding both from the interests of society as a whole and each member of the society, it is necessary to use new forms of organizing production, business and labor, improving the structure of production and economic activity, taking into account national characteristics of nature management. The condition for the formation of environmental rents is not only the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the resource (resource-goods - land), but also the environmental characteristics of this resource and products grown on this site. Therefore, with the expenditure of equal capital, they give a different quantity and quality of products. Ecological rent can be formed on the worst land fertility, but the best environmental characteristics. At the same time, lands of higher categories can be removed from agricultural circulation in connection with an environmental disaster. Therefore, in an economy of experience, when determining the price of “decision making”, environmental components must be taken into account, however, environmental degradation, depletion of natural resources, and excessive pollution indicate failures in the market mechanism. The economics of experience in modern conditions can change this negative practice. Conclusion. In modern conditions of economic development, a fundamentally new environmental policy of the state is needed, which would clearly define the strategy and tactics for improving relations between society, production and nature, the optimal combination of environmental, economic and marketing positions. In this regard, multidimensional studies of marketing systems that are part of integrated socio-ecological-economic systems, combined by information flows, are needed. In the process of formation of market structures of the economics of experience, the task is to combine the interests of the economy, society and improve the environment. Reducing pollution and conserving natural resources becomes beneficial to the economics of experience. If earlier the interests of economics and ecology were located in the plane of conflicts, now in the ecological and economic space their interests coincide: the producer receives additional profit, while improving the environment.
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Carlsson, Chris. "Shaping the City from Below." Boom 4, no. 2 (2014): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2014.4.2.94.
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This article surveys social movements in San Francisco that have resisted and blocked various development schemes from the 1960s to the beginning of the 21st century. Notable examples include fights against redevelopment in the Fillmore and South of Market, gentrification in the Mission District, the campaign to save the International Hotel, the fight against “Manhattanization” of San Francisco through high rises downtown, the rise of community-based nonprofit housing developers alongside the establishment of rent control, and the contentious battles over space during the dot-com boom and bust from 1999 to 2000.