Academic literature on the topic 'Space fleet'

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Journal articles on the topic "Space fleet"

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Balac, Milos, Sebastian Hörl, and Kay W. Axhausen. "Fleet Sizing for Pooled (Automated) Vehicle Fleets." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 9 (July 1, 2020): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120927388.

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This paper proposes an (automated) on-demand public transport service using different vehicle capacities to serve current car demand in cities. The service relies on space and time aggregation of passengers that have similar origins and destinations. It provides a point-to-point service with predefined pick-up and drop-off locations. In this way, detours to pick-up en-route passengers is avoided. The optimization problem that minimizes the fleet size along with limiting rebalancing distances is defined as a mixed-integer linear programming problem. Solving the problem for Zurich, Switzerland, yields, in the best case, a fleet size equal to 3.7% of the current fleet that could serve current car demand. Vehicle kilometers traveled could also be reduced by nearly 10%. Results also show that the speed of automated vehicles has a substantial effect on the necessary fleet size and free-flow speeds generally produce over-optimistic results.
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Ulrich, Clara, Bo Sølgaard Andersen, Per J. Sparre, and J. Rasmus Nielsen. "TEMAS: fleet-based bio-economic simulation software to evaluate management strategies accounting for fleet behaviour." ICES Journal of Marine Science 64, no. 4 (May 1, 2007): 647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm044.

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Abstract Ulrich, C., Andersen, B. S., Sparre, P. J., and Nielsen, J. R. 2007. TEMAS: fleet-based bio-economic simulation software to evaluate management strategies accounting for fleet behaviour. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 647–651. TEMAS (technical management measures) is a fleet-based bio-economic software for evaluating management strategies accounting for technical measures and fleet behaviour. It focuses on mixed fisheries in which several fleets can choose among several fishing activities to target different stocks in one or several areas. The software combines a management strategy evaluation framework, using a forward-running operating model and a management procedure with a fleet behaviour module simulating both short-term (effort allocation) and long-term (entry/exit) fleet dynamics. The suite of models behind TEMAS can be thought of as an extension of the traditional ICES forecast model. Alternative management scenarios can be compared and evaluated for their bio-economic consequences and robustness to parameter uncertainty. The software is generic and user-friendly, and can be run at several space and time scales.
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Ruch, Claudio, Roman Ehrler, Sebastian Hörl, Milos Balac, and Emilio Frazzoli. "Simulation-Based Assessment of Parking Constraints for Automated Mobility on Demand: A Case Study of Zurich." Vehicles 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 272–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles3020017.

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In a coordinated mobility-on-demand system, a fleet of vehicles is controlled by a central unit and serves transportation requests in an on-demand fashion. An emerging field of research aims at finding the best way to operate these systems given certain targets, e.g., customer service level or the minimization of fleet distance. In this work, we introduce a new element of fleet operation: the assignment of idle vehicles to a limited set of parking spots. We present two different parking operating policies governing this process and then evaluate them individually and together on different parking space distributions. We show that even for a highly restricted number of available parking spaces, the system can perform quite well, even though the total fleet distance is increased by 20% and waiting time by 10%. With only one parking space available per vehicle, the waiting times can be reduced by 30% with 20% increase in total fleet distance. Our findings suggest that increasing the parking capacity beyond one parking space per vehicle does not bring additional benefits. Finally, we also highlight possible directions for future research such as to find the best distribution of parking spaces for a given mobility-on-demand system and city.
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Ma, Changxi, Jibiao Zhou, Xuecai (Daniel) Xu, Fuquan Pan, and Jin Xu. "Fleet Scheduling Optimization of Hazardous Materials Transportation: A Literature Review." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (January 20, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4079617.

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To comprehensively understand the research progress of the fleet scheduling for hazardous materials, the study has summarized the corresponding research results from three aspects (a) hazardous materials transportation risk, (b) route optimization, and (c) fleet scheduling, and then pointed out potential problems from six aspects: (a) the coupling risk of the transport fleet; (b) the screening of time and space for the transport of hazardous materials; (c) the scheduling optimization for transport fleets; (d) taking insufficient account of transport risks fairness; (e) insufficient robustness of scheduling schemes; and (f) lacking of research results on fleet scheduling of transport in the context of antiterrorism. After that, by considering the existing shortcomings of the current research, five research directions are presented that should be further explored in the future. Subsequently, both rough set and association rule theory is applied to explore the cause chain of transportation accidents for hazardous materials, and analyze the mechanism of transport accident for hazardous materials. Next, the Bayesian network is presented to predict the accident rate of hazardous materials transportation under different temporal and spatial conditions, and the dynamic rolling scheduling method of hazardous materials transport fleet is constructed under normal and antiterrorism background.
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Neal, Valerie. "Space policy and the size of the space shuttle fleet." Space Policy 20, no. 3 (August 2004): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2004.06.001.

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Fletcher-Jones, Clifford. "In Favour of an Independent Royal Space Fleet." RUSI Journal 169, no. 1-2 (February 23, 2024): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2024.2359405.

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Gomez, Sebastian, Edo Berger, Peter K. Blanchard, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, Matt Nicholl, Daichi Hiramatsu, V. Ashley Villar, and Yao Yin. "The First Two Years of FLEET: An Active Search for Superluminous Supernovae." Astrophysical Journal 949, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acc536.

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Abstract In 2019 November, we began operating Finding Luminous and Exotic Extragalactic Transients (FLEET), a machine-learning algorithm designed to photometrically identify Type I superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) in transient alert streams. Through this observational campaign, we spectroscopically classified 21 of the 50 SLSNe identified worldwide between 2019 November and 2022 January. Based on our original algorithm, we anticipated that FLEET would achieve a purity of about 50% for transients with a probability of being an SLSN, P(SLSN-I) > 0.5; the true on-sky purity we obtained is closer to 80%. Similarly, we anticipated FLEET could reach a completeness of about 30%, and we indeed measure an upper limit on the completeness of ≲33%. Here we present FLEET 2.0, an updated version of FLEET trained on 4780 transients (almost three times more than FLEET 1.0). FLEET 2.0 has a similar predicted purity to FLEET 1.0 but outperforms FLEET 1.0 in terms of completeness, which is now closer to ≈40% for transients with P(SLSN-I) > 0.5. Additionally, we explore the possible systematics that might arise from the use of FLEET for target selection. We find that the population of SLSNe recovered by FLEET is mostly indistinguishable from the overall SLSN population in terms of physical and most observational parameters. We provide FLEET as an open source package on GitHub: https://github.com/gmzsebastian/FLEET.
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Gomez, Sebastian, V. Ashley Villar, Edo Berger, Suvi Gezari, Sjoert van Velzen, Matt Nicholl, Peter K. Blanchard, and Kate D. Alexander. "Identifying Tidal Disruption Events with an Expansion of the FLEET Machine-learning Algorithm." Astrophysical Journal 949, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acc535.

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Abstract We present an expansion of FLEET, a machine-learning algorithm optimized to select transients that are most likely tidal disruption events (TDEs). FLEET is based on a random forest algorithm trained on both the light curves and host galaxy information of 4779 spectroscopically classified transients. We find that for transients with a probability of being a TDE, P(TDE) > 0.5, we can successfully recover TDEs with ≈40% completeness and ≈30% purity when using their first 20 days of photometry or a similar completeness and ≈50% purity when including 40 days of photometry, an improvement of almost 2 orders of magnitude compared to random selection. Alternatively, we can recover TDEs with a maximum purity of ≈80% and a completeness of ≈30% when considering only transients with P(TDE) > 0.8. We explore the use of FLEET for future time-domain surveys such as the Legacy Survey of Space and Time on the Vera C. Rubin Observatory (Rubin) and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman). We estimate that ∼104 well-observed TDEs could be discovered every year by Rubin and ∼200 TDEs by Roman. Finally, we run FLEET on the TDEs from our Rubin survey simulation and find that we can recover ∼30% of them at redshift z < 0.5 with P(TDE) > 0.5, or ∼3000 TDEs yr–1 that FLEET could uncover from the Rubin stream. We have demonstrated that we will be able to run FLEET on Rubin photometry as soon as this survey begins. FLEET is provided as an open source package on GitHub: https://github.com/gmzsebastian/FLEET.
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Mansouri, Masoumeh, Henrik Andreasson, and Federico Pecora. "HYBRID REASONING FOR MULTI-ROBOT DRILL PLANNING IN OPEN-PIT MINES." Acta Polytechnica 56, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2016.56.0047.

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Fleet automation often involves solving several strongly correlated sub-problems, including task allocation, motion planning, and coordination. Solutions need to account for very specific, domaindependent constraints. In addition, several aspects of the overall fleet management problem become known only online. We propose a method for solving the fleet-management problem grounded on a heuristically-guided search in the space of mutually feasible solutions to sub-problems. We focus on a mining application which requires online contingency handling and accommodating many domainspecific constraints. As contingencies occur, efficient reasoning is performed to adjust the plan online for the entire fleet.
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Sirina, Nina Fridrikhovna, and Vadim Borisovich Sverdlov. "The model of the formation of intra-corporate relational interactions of JSC «RZD» in the sphere of the car fleet preservation." Transport of the Urals, no. 4 (2023): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2023-4-17-24.

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The intra-corporate relational space of JSC «RZD» in the sphere of the car fleet preservation is considered. The formed commercial and production ties between the participants of the relational process within the RZD Holding are shown and analyzed. Contradictions between the participants of the inner relational space are analyzed. There are suggested solutions which simplify the procedure of the control by the departments not included into the Directorate of the infrastructure for the car fleet preservation and provide the compliance of the requirements set by the legal documentations of JSC «RZD» and the railways. It is shown that relational interactions let reduce the acuity of inconsistencies between the tasks of each department of JSC «RZD» and the management decisions directed to the control of the car fleet preservation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Space fleet"

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Morgan, Eric A. "Analysis of high-speed vessels for Seventh Fleet logistics support." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FMorgan%5FEric.pdf.

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Kuo, Yu-neng, and 郭有能. "Forecasting and Controlling Spare Parts Inventory for Aircraft Fleet Maintenance." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68673612366853145548.

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碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
運籌管理研究所
101
Spare part inventory management is a vital factor to successful in aircraft fleet maintenance operation. The objective of this study is to determine a stock control policy for spare part inventory of aircraft fleet maintenance. Spare part inventory set up in warehouse is to help a maintenance organization in keeping equipment in operating condition, and the inventory policy that managed spare part inventory is different from WIP or finished product. After three years actual consumption of inventory items has been collected as the input data, this paper built up a random simulation system to demonstrate the different performance for the current optional replenishment system versus a new system with a better inventory policy and demand forecasting. During the experiment, the performance comparison was made from the 6 representative items that are implementing in the random simulation system, the new system can contribute a great total cost saving while still meeting fleet readiness requirement when the best parameters were given such as reorder point, the quantity of safety stock and a minimum ordering size. To give it a continual review and updating in the new data for a better inventory policy will be the only solution for maintenance inventory system. Some further actions may be suggested to improve the performance of the spare part inventory system. 1.Look for an automated system and communicate with suppliers frequently to reduce the order cycle and the material movement. 2.Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) may be a solution for long lead time and high value items.
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Books on the topic "Space fleet"

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Vardeman, Robert E. Alien death fleet. Austin TX: Zumaya Otherworlds, 2008.

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The lost fleet: Victorious. London: Titan, 2011.

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Campbell, Jack. The lost fleet: Valiant. New York: Ace Books, 2008.

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Campbell, Jack. The lost fleet: Courageous. New York: Ace Books, 2008.

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Merritt, Carl R. Fleet of angels: A novel. St. Petersburg, Fla: Barclay Books, 2002.

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Larry, Niven. Fleet of worlds. New York, USA: Tor, 2008.

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Campbell, Jack. Lost fleet: Dauntless. New York: Ace Books, 2006.

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Campbell, Jack. The lost fleet : Relentless. New York: Ace Books, 2009.

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United States. General Accounting Office. and United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation., eds. Space station: Impact of the grounding of the shuttle fleet : report to the Chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 2003.

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Mishenin, Sergey. Saving transportation resources: the experience of railway workers in Western Siberia 1965-1991. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1082937.

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The monograph is devoted to the generalization of the factors of railway transportation in Western Siberia and their influence on the formation of the experience of saving transportation resources in 1965-1991. The basic factors are considered such as the natural conditions and the production apparatus of the region, the development of a program-oriented approach to the development of the territory and the formation of the material base of railway transport in its space. These components are considered as historical challenges for the design of labor initiatives "from below". These initiatives are classified into three groups: speeding up the turnover of wagons, using the locomotive fleet, and saving fuel, energy, and other" variable " resources of the railway transportation process. The issues are considered taking into account the trends of fading opportunities for the Soviet model of system-wide development. It will be of interest to all those who are concerned about the history of Russia, the organization of its transport security system.
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Book chapters on the topic "Space fleet"

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Gil, Juan Carlos. "Telecom Satellite Fleet Unattended Operations." In Space Operations: Contributions from the Global Community, 115–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51941-8_5.

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Zhang, Yi, Cheng Peng, Yike Li, Jinling Li, and Jinshan Dai. "A Study on the Han-Hai Fleet Slot Mutual Chartering Model of Han-Shen Line Based on Linear Alliance." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1432–43. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_127.

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AbstractTo raise the income of the container liner company and improve the shipping space utilization rate, an integer programming model is constructed in view of the seaworthiness characteristics of each ship route along Hanshen line of the Yangtze river, OD container transport demand, and the container rental business under the alliance. Aiming to maximize the gross profit of the Hanhai liner shipping fleet series, the container was optimized route network along the Yangtze river waterway and determined how to choose the port call for each route and the types of vessels. While optimizing, the model is established according to the characteristics of liner multi-port attachment and cargo nonstop transportation routes, comprehensively considering various factors including freight demand, maximum cargo capacity of a single ship, minimum voyage frequency, and freight rate level. The numerical analysis of the Hanhai fleet turns out that the model can perfectly simulate the situation in reality and optimize the existing routes and boost the profits of liner transportation companies.
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Macdonald, Kate, and Richard Bleiler. "The fleets start for space." In Political Future Fiction Vol 1, 149–53. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003550785-25.

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Drenjanac, Domagoj, Lukas Klausner, Eva Kühn, and Slobodanka Dana Kathrin Tomic. "Semantic Shared Spaces for Task Allocation in a Robotic Fleet for Precision Agriculture." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 440–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03437-9_43.

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Toikka, Tauno, Jouko Laitinen, and Kari T. Koskinen. "Life End Stock Need Estimation for Repairable Spare Components of Obsoleting Fleet by Simulation." In Engineering Assets and Public Infrastructures in the Age of Digitalization, 521–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48021-9_58.

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Schmullius, Christiane, Ursula Gessner, Insa Otte, Marcel Urban, George Chirima, Moses Cho, Kai Heckel, et al. "A New Era of Earth Observation for the Environment: Spatio-Temporal Monitoring Capabilities for Land Degradation." In Sustainability of Southern African Ecosystems under Global Change, 689–728. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10948-5_24.

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AbstractLand degradation can be defined as a persistent reduction or loss of the biological and economic productivity resulting from climatic variations and human activities. To quantify relevant surface changes with Earth observation sensors requires a rigorous definition of the observables and an understanding of their seasonal and inter-annual temporal dynamics as well as of the respective spatial characteristics. This chapter starts with brief overviews of suitable remote sensing sources and a short history of degradation mapping. Focus is on arising possibilities with the new European Sentinel satellite fleet, which ensures unprecedented spatial, spectral, and temporal monitoring capabilities. Synergistic retrieval of innovative degradation indices is illustrated with mapping examples from the SPACES II (Science Partnerships for the Adaptation/Adjustment to Complex Earth System Processes) SALDi (South Africa Land Degradation Monitor) and EMSAfrica projects plus South African contributions. Big data approaches require adapted exploration techniques and infrastructures—both aspects conclude this chapter.
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Grush, Bern. "Personal Delivery Robots: How Will Cities Manage Multiple, Automated, Logistics Fleets in Pedestrian Spaces?" In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Futures, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51812-7_63-1.

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Grush, Bern. "Personal Delivery Robots: How Will Cities Manage Multiple, Automated, Logistics Fleets in Pedestrian Spaces?" In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Futures, 1254–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87745-3_63.

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Thacker, Andrew. "London." In Modernism, Space and the City, 168–220. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748633470.003.0005.

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This chapter considers how London developed as a modernist city, from the late nineteenth century to the period after World War Two. It analyses the geographical emotions produced by particular locations within London, such as the London Underground and Metro-Land suburbs; the cultural institutions of Bloomsbury and Fleet Street; the bohemia of Soho and the nightlife of Piccadilly Circus; and the Notting Hill area settled by postwar immigrants to the city. It considers the affective responses of writers such as Virginia Woolf and Henry James to the material restructuring of the city, before turning to the role of publishers, bookshops, and literary networks in helping establish modernism in the city, in the shape of poetic movements such as the Rhymers and the Imagists. The final part of the chapter analyses texts by two important outsiders in London: Joseph Conrad in The Secret Agent and Sam Selvon in The Lonely Londoners.
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Yeager, Kenneth R. "Program Evaluation: This Is Rocket Science." In Evidence-Based Practice Manual: Research and Outcome Measures in Health and Human Services, 647–53. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165005.003.0071.

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Abstract How could the space shuttle Challenger catastrophe and the deaths of all crew members have been prevented? How safe is health care? Can medical errors be prevented? Can process measurement and effective quality programming prevent unnecessary fatalities? This chapter examines processes associated with estimation of safety in arenas where minimal tolerance exists for error. Process measurement and evaluation is recommended as a tool to contribute to reduction of critical errors. The space shuttle program was begun in the early 1970s with the concept of creating reusable craft for transporting people and cargo into space. When the first shuttle, Columbia, was launched in 1981, it represented the realization of a new era of reusable spacecraft. One year following the introduction of Columbia, the space shuttle Challenger rolled off the assembly line as the second of the new U.S. fleet of reusable spacecraft. Two others were to follow: Discovery in 1983 and Atlantis in 1985.
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Conference papers on the topic "Space fleet"

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Kizzort, B. L. "Architectures for Fleet Management." In Space OPS 2004 Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-792-528.

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LEONARD, BYRON, and WILLIAM KISKO. "Mixed fleet of the future." In Space Programs and Technologies Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1990-3661.

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Tseu, Hank. "Multi-Mission and Fleet Operations." In AIAA Space 2003 Conference & Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2003-6208.

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SCOTT, L. "Launch site integration for mixed fleet operations." In Space Programs and Technologies Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1990-3559.

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Madden, Maureen, Everett Cary, Jeff Parker, and Dave Bradley. "Fleet Integration for Multi-Mission Operations Center." In Space 2004 Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-5821.

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EBERHARDT, RALPH, and SAM DOMINICK. "Mixed fleet assessment for on-orbit consumables resupply." In 2nd Space Logistics Symposium. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1988-4750.

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Faerber, Nicolas, Artur Scholz, Karri Ojala, Lukasz Brach, Aybike Demirsan, Bruno Teixeira De Sousa, José Silva, and Redouane Boumghar. "A Grammar-based Timeline for Increasing Fleet Situational Awareness." In 15th International Conference on Space Operations. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-2542.

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Bihr, Christian, Flavio Murolo, Milan Klinc, Issam Maurice Achkar, and Bernard Robert. "Propellant Gauging Experience with Meteosat Second Generation S/C Fleet." In 15th International Conference on Space Operations. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-2319.

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Longanbach, Mark, and Lisa McGill. "Scaling Fleet Operations: The Growth and Results of SkySat Mission Operations." In 15th International Conference on Space Operations. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-2706.

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Sedlacek, Peter, Patrik Rusnak, and Sergey Stankevich. "Critical state analysis of drone fleet in limited space." In 2022 IEEE 16th International Scientific Conference on Informatics (Informatics). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/informatics57926.2022.10083502.

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Reports on the topic "Space fleet"

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Schey, Stephen, and Jim Francfort. AVTA Federal Fleet PEV Readiness Data Logging and Characterization Study for NASA Stennis Space Center. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1194018.

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Doo, Johnny. Unsettled Issues Regarding the Use of eVTOL Aircraft during Natural Disasters. SAE International, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2022001.

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Recent advancements of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have generated significant interest within and beyond the traditional aviation industry, and many new and novel applications have been identified and are under development. One promising application is rapid response during natural disasters, which can complement current capabilities to help save lives and enhance post-disaster recoveries. The Use of eVTOL Aircraft During Natural Disasters presents issues that need to be addressed before eVTOL aircraft are integrated into natural disaster response operations: eVTOL vehicle development Detect-and-avoid capabilities in complex and challenging operating environments Autonomous and remote operations Charging system compatibility and availability Operator and controller training Dynamic air space management Vehicle/fleet logistics and support Acceptance from stakeholders and the public
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Konijnenburg, Jan. Certification Approaches for Weigh-In-Motion Systems in Law Enforcement Applications. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.2200-05.

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Every day, overweight and excessively heavy vehicles cause damage to roads, bridges, and other vehicle-based infrastructure. To protect the vital transportation infrastructure for the U.S., states have imposed weight limits for commercial and fleet transport vehicles. A common way for enforcing these weight limits is to guide trucks off the road to weigh stations where the vehicles can be weighed using static truck scales. A disadvantage of these dedicated weigh stations is that they take up a substantial amount of space (which is not always available) and time to conduct weighments, as well as cause delays to traffic flow that may impede commerce based on truck transport. A solution to these problems is the use of high-speed weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems that are installed in the road and weigh vehicles as they pass by while maintaining their speed. For jurisdictions to effectively use a WIM system for direct enforcement of weight limits, the system must be evaluated against a recognized standard to establish suitability for its intended application. The vast majority of weighing instruments used for legal metrology purposes (including law enforcement) need to comply with the requirements in NIST Handbook 44 Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices. However, the NIST Handbook 44 does not (yet) cover WIM systems for direct enforcement. Although state and local jurisdictions use NIST Handbook 44 to certify legal metrological instruments, it does not exclude jurisdictions from using additional technical standards to certify certain instruments. New York City recently certified a WIM system to protect a critical section of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (BQE) by designating it as a pilot project while efforts were made to amend NIST Handbook 44 to include WIM systems for direct enforcement. This publication discusses the main characteristics of WIM systems and how they can be used for direct enforcement. An overview of several alternative documentary standards that can be applied for certification of WIM systems is also provided, with further explanation regarding how the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) implemented the certification of the WIM system to begin issuing citations to overweight vehicles in an effort to protect the BQE.
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4

BACCELLI, François, Sébastien CANDEL, Guy PERRIN, and Jean-Loup PUGET. Large Satellite Constellations: Challenges and Impact. Académie des sciences, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62686/3.

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The New Space Age (NewSpace) marks the advent of a new era in the use of space, characterized by the opening of space to new players, the use of new space technologies, new functionalities for satellites in orbit, and the development of satellite constellations, mainly in the fields of communications and Earth observation. These developments are underpinned by first-rate scientific and technological advances, as well as considerable public and private investment, in particular in the USA, China and, to a lesser extent, Europe. Fleets of small low- and medium-orbit satellites are replacing or complementing the large geostationary satellites that predominated in the previous period. Whereas space used to be reserved to a small number of states and major industrial groups, one is now witnessing the emergence of new space states, new industrial groups such as SpaceX or Amazon, and many start-ups. One also observes the emergence of companies with launching and satellite manufacturing capacities, which are also taking on the role of telecommunication operators and content producers. The most visible result of the deployment of these new space networks is the ability to provide high-speed, low-latency Internet connections to any point on the globe. Combined with Earth observation capabilities, these new communications resources also enable real-time action to be taken in any region, including those with no equipment other than terminals. In addition, these space networks are remarkably resilient compared with terrestrial networks. Geostrategic and military considerations combine with rapidly evolving business models to explain the massive investments currently being made in this domain. However, the lack of international regulation in the field is leading to a race to occupy orbits and frequencies, which has already had serious consequences for a whole range of scientific activities. These constellations have a potentially negative impact on astronomy in the visible and infrared optical domains, as well as on radio astronomy. They also raise a major problem in terms of space congestion, with an increase in the amounts of satellite debris resulting from launches or collisions between satellites, and the possibility of reaching a phase of chain reaction collisions. In addition, from an environmental point of view, the consequences of the proliferation of launches and uncontrolled re-entries into the atmosphere are equally worrying. What’s more, the lack of regulation in the field also leads to a loss of sovereignty, since these new satellite communication networks do not comply with any of the rules that states impose on terrestrial communication networks operating on their territories. A sustainable, global solution must be found to these problems, before major and potentially irreversible damage is inflicted on the planet’s environment, geostrategic balances, democracy, and science. While the Acad´emie des Sciences considers that France and Europe need to step up their scientific and industrial actions in this field in order to benefit from the remarkable advances of these new networks, and ultimately leverage the benefits of a resilient and secure communications network, the Acad´emie also recommends working in parallel to strengthen regulation of the field with the aim of assuring sustainable access to orbital and frequency resources, as well as protection for negatively impacted fields, foremost among which are astronomy and the environment.
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5

Rodier, Caroline, Andrea Broaddus, Miguel Jaller, Jeffery Song, Joschka Bischoff, and Yunwan Zhang. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Novel Access Modes: A Case Study in the San Francisco Bay Area. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1816.

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The first-mile, last-mile problem is a significant deterrent for potential transit riders, especially in suburban neighborhoods with low density. Transit agencies have typically sought to solve this problem by adding parking spaces near transit stations and adding stops to connect riders to fixed-route transit. However, these measures are often only short-term solutions. In the last few years, transit agencies have tested whether new mobility services, such as ridehailing, ridesharing, and microtransit, can offer fast, reliable connections to and from transit stations. However, there is limited research that evaluates the potential impacts of these projects. Concurrently, there is growing interest in the future of automated vehicles (AVs) and the potential of AVs to solve this first-mile problem by reducing the cost of providing these new mobility services to promote access to transit. This paper expands upon existing research to model the simulate the travel and revenue impacts of a fleet of automated vehicles that provide transit access services in the San Francisco Bay Area offered over a range of fares. The model simulates a fleet of AVs for first-mile transit access at different price points for three different service models (door-to-door ridehailing and ridesharing and meeting point ridesharing services). These service models include home-based drop-off and pick-up for single passenger service (e.g., Uber and Lyft), home-based drop-off and pick-up for multi-passenger service (e.g., microtransit), and meeting point multi-passenger service (e.g., Via).
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6

M., K. Discrimination, Marginalisation and Targeting of Ahmadi Muslim Women in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.014.

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Ahmadi Muslims are criminalised for practising their faith in Pakistan which has resulted in widespread discrimination and continuous, sporadic acts of violence leading many to flee their cities or their country altogether. This is not always an option for those who are poor and socioeconomically excluded. A recent study into the experiences and issues faced by socioeconomically excluded women from the Ahmadiyya Muslim community has found that Ahmadi Muslim women in particular are marginalised, targeted, and discriminated against in all aspects of their lives, including in their lack of access to education and jobs, their inability to fully carry out their religious customs, day-to-day harassment, and violence and lack of representation in decision-making spaces.
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7

Tidd, Alexander N., Richard A. Ayers, Grant P. Course, and Guy R. Pasco. Scottish Inshore Fisheries Integrated Data System (SIFIDS): work package 6 final report development of a pilot relational data resource for the collation and interpretation of inshore fisheries data. Edited by Mark James and Hannah Ladd-Jones. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23452.

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[Extract from Executive Summary] The competition for space from competing sectors in the coastal waters of Scotland has never been greater and thus there is a growing a need for interactive seascape planning tools that encompass all marine activities. Similarly, the need to gather data to inform decision makers, especially in the fishing industry, has become essential to provide advice on the economic impact on fishing fleets both in terms of alternative conservation measures (e.g. effort limitations, temporal and spatial closures) as well as the overlap with other activities, thereby allowing stakeholders to derive a preferred option. The SIFIDS project was conceived to allow the different relevant data sources to be identified and to allow these data to be collated in one place, rather than as isolated data sets with multiple data owners. The online interactive tool developed as part of the project (Work Package 6) brought together relevant data sets and developed data storage facilities and a user interface to allow various types of user to view and interrogate the data. Some of these data sets were obtained as static layers which could sit as background data e.g. substrate type, UK fishing limits; whilst other data came directly from electronic monitoring systems developed as part of the SIFIDS project. The main non-static data source was Work Package 2, which was collecting data from a sample of volunteer inshore fishing vessels (<12m). This included data on location; time; vessel speed; count, time and position of deployment of strings of creels (or as fleets and pots as they are also known respectively); and a count of how many creels were hauled on these strings. The interactive online tool allowed all the above data to be collated in a specially designed database and displayed in near real time on the web-based application.
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