Journal articles on the topic 'Soybean silage'
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Marques, Karolyna Oliveira, Adriano Jakelaitis, Kátia Cylene Guimarães, Leandro Spíndola Pereira, Isabella Sichierski Cardoso, and Suzete Fernandes Lima. "Production, fermentation profile, and nutritional quality of silage from corn and soybean intercropping." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 6Supl2 (September 30, 2019): 3143. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6supl2p3143.
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Forage seasonality makes farmers use conservation practices. Mixing corn silage and legumes can enhance silage quality and hence animal productivity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate yield and quality of silages from intercropping between genetically modified corn and soybean for glyphosate tolerance (RR - Roundup Ready) as a function of plant spatial arrangement, soybean variety, and sowing fertilization methods. Two intercropping arrangements of RR corn and RR soybeans were tested: alternate single rows of corn and soybeans and double corn rows for each soybean row. Treatments were randomized blocks with four replications, arranged in a 2x2+1 factorial scheme. The first factor was sowing fertilization method (2): only in corn rows or in total area. The second factor was soybean variety (2): medium- and late-cycle genotypes, and an additional treatment of corn monoculture. After harvest, forage material was analyzed for agronomic characteristics and then ensiled for 60 days. Thereafter, bromatological composition, fermentation profile, and losses were analyzed during silage fermentation process. No differences were observed among treatments for total silage production. Overall, silage from intercropping treatments showed higher levels of hemicellulose, total digestible nutrients, crude protein, and ether extract, thus improving silage quality. However, lower contents of dry matter, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose were also observed in silage from intercropped treatments. In short, adding soybeans to silage can improve final roughage, reducing costs of protein and energy supplements.
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Tres, Tamara Tais, Clóves Cabreira Jobim, Robson Marcelo Rossi, Antonio Vinicius Iank Bueno, and Viviane Carnaval Gritti. "Evaluation of rehydrated corn grain silage with okara or soybean inclusion in the performance of lactating cows." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, no. 6 (September 19, 2020): 2747–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6p2747.
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This study aimed to evaluate dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition, and feed efficiency of cows fed corn grain silages with okara or raw soybean inclusion. Six Holstein cows were distributed in a double Latin square and arranged in the following treatments: concentrate formulated based on corn grain silage with 30% okara inclusion; concentrate of corn grain silage with 20% raw soybean inclusion, and concentrate based on dry corn grains. Statistical analysis was performed using Bayesian inference. Diets formulated with silages reduced dry matter intake compared to the diet of concentrate based on dry grains. High digestibility of DM, OM, NFC, and EE was observed for diets with silage inclusion. Milk presented an increase in CLA for the diet of corn grain silage diet with soybean inclusion. Rehydrated grain corn silage with soybean or okara inclusion reduced dry matter intake and increased nutrient digestibility, maintaining the same milk production, which demonstrates the higher efficiency of these diets.
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Soe Htet, Maw Ni, Jiang-Bo Hai, Poe Thinzar Bo, Xiang-Wei Gong, Chun-Juan Liu, Ke Dang, Li-Xin Tian, Rab Nawaz Soomro, Khaing Lin Aung, and Bai-Li Feng. "Evaluation of Nutritive Values through Comparison of Forage Yield and Silage Quality of Mono-Cropped and Intercropped Maize-Soybean Harvested at Two Maturity Stages." Agriculture 11, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050452.
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Maize and soybean intercropping is a cereal-legume intercropping pattern that not only increases grain yield but also improves the nutritional value of silage. Experiments were conducted in the summer season to compare the yield and nutritional composition of the forage and silage quality of mono-cropped maize and intercropped maize-soybean harvested at two stages of maturity. The main treatments were one sole crop maize (SM) and four maize-soybean intercropping patterns (one-row maize to one-row soybean (1M1S), one-row maize to two-row soybean (1M2S), one-row maize to three-row soybean (1M3S), and two-row maize to one-row soybean (2M1S). The crops were harvested when the maize reached the milk (R3) and maturity (R6) stages. Results indicated a significant increase in the fresh biomass and dry-matter production of maize fodder alone compared with those of maize intercropped with soybean fodder. After 60 days of ensiling period, silage samples were analyzed for pH, organic acids, dry matter, crude protein (CP), ether extract, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and other mineral compositions. All intercropped silages showed higher CP values (1M1S, 12.1%; 1M2S, 12.2%; 1M3S, 12.4%; and 2M1S, 12.1%) than the SM silage (8.7%). Higher organic acids were produced in 1M3S than in the other silages. Correlation data showed that CP was highly correlated with lactic acid but negatively associated with crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and NDF. Thus, the intercropping of maize and soybean silage is recommended due its enhanced crop production, nutritional values in dairy animals, and prolific animal feedings and because it was scientifically evaluated as a feed stuff. This study indicated that 1M3S was the most preferable among intercropped silages in terms of nutrient composition.
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Rodehorst, Wayde J., Mike H. Ostlie, Rebecca L. Moore, and Bryan W. Neville. "PSVIII-28 Intercropping corn with field peas or forage soybeans for use as silage." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.583.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate forage production and compare nutrient content of intercropped corn/legume silages. Forage production was determined by harvesting 3 m by 7.7 m plots (n = 4). Corn was seeded at 79,000 seeds/ha and intercropped with 408,000, 538,000, or 815,000 seeds/ha of field peas; or corn intercropped with 272,000, 359,000, or 544,000 seeds/ha of forage soybean. All forages were harvested on a common date. Subsamples of forage were utilized in a laboratory scale ensiling study. Forage samples were stored in vacuum bags for 28 d prior to determination of pH, DM, and nutrient analysis. Intercropping field peas with corn decreased forage production compared to corn alone (P = 0.007). The lower field pea seeding rate resulted in greater forage production (P = 0.002) than either of the higher seeding rates which did not differ (P = 0.65). Intercropping forage soybean with corn increased (P < 0.001) forage production over corn alone. Intercropping corn with field peas increased silage CP (5.8 vs. 4.5 ± 0.13; P < 0.001) compared to corn alone. Including field peas at the lower and higher rate increased (P < 0.001) silage CP compared to the mid-rate and corn alone. Inclusion of soybeans increased silage CP over corn alone (5.9 vs 4.5 ± 0.16; P < 0.001). The middle seeding rate of forage soybean resulted in the greatest silage CP (P < 0.001). All rates of field pea inclusion resulted in decreased (P = 0.03) silage pH (3.8 vs 3.9 ± 0.04) compared to corn alone. Intercropping soybeans resulted did not affect (P = 0.81) silage pH (3.9 ± 0.04) compared to corn alone. Lodging contributed to the decreased yield of intercropped corn and field peas. Further research is needed prior broader recommendation related to intercropping corn and legumes for silage.
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Htet, Maw, Rab Soomro, and Hai Bo. "Effect of Different Planting Structure of Maize and Soybean Intercropping on Fodder Production and Silage Quality." Current Agriculture Research Journal 4, no. 2 (July 2, 2016): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.4.2.01.
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A study was conducted to examine the effects of different planting structure of maize (Zea maysL.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) intercropping on fodder production and silage quality.Maize was cultivated alone and intercropped with soybean as follows;1 row maize to 1 row soybean (1M1S),1 row maize to 2 rows soybean (1M2S) and 1 row maize to 3 rows soybean (1M3S).The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four treatments and three replications.The crops were harvested when the maize reached at heading stage (at about 35% dry matter).The results indicated significant increase in fresh biomass and dry matter production of maize fodder alone as compared to maize intercropped with soybean fodder.However,no difference (p>0.05) was observed in ether extract (EE ), ash (%)and acid detergent fibre (ADF) of nutrient composition of fodder among the four treatments.After 60 days of ensiling period,silage samples were analysed for pH,dry matter (DM),crude protein (CP),ether extract (EE),neutraldetergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC).All intercropped silages had higher CP values (1M1S,12.1%;1M2S,12.1%;1M3S,12.7%) than the monocrop maize (SM,8.4%) silage.The NDF and ADF levels were higher for maize silage as compared to intercropped silages. The study showed that among all intercropped silages the IM3S (1 row maize to 3 rows soybean) was preferable according to nutrient composition than other intercropped silages.
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Souza, Leiliane Cristine de, Maximiliane Alavarse Zambom, Claudete Regina Alcalde, Tatiane Fernandes, Deise Dalazen Castagnara, Ana Claudia Radis, Sérgio Mangano de Almeida Santos, Ana Paula Possamai, and Michele Pasqualoto. "Feed intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition in dairy cows fed silage of wet brewers grain." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 2 (April 26, 2016): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n2p1069.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the supply of wet brewers grain silage with and without nutrient additives in ensiling (wheat bran, soybeans hulls and ground corn), and the effect of additives on the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients as well as the efficiency, production and milk composition of Holstein cows. Four multiparous Holstein cows were used, with an average milk production of 25 liters per day. The cows were randomly assigned, via the Latin Square design (4x4), to one of four experimental diets. The experimental period was 21 days. The results obtained in the experiment were evaluated by analysis of variance, Fisher’s F test and Tukey’s test at 5 % probability. The experimental diets consisted of wet brewers grain silage alone, and this silage with the addition of wheat bran, soybean hulls or ground corn. The diets did not affect the initial body weight of the animals. Diets containing wheat bran and ground corn provided a higher intake of dry matter (21.78 and 21.50 kg day-1) and organic matter (20.42 and 20.22 kg day-1) compared to the wet brewers grain silage alone and the diet containing soybean hulls. The results observed for dry matter (636.96 and 632.96 g kg-1), organic matter (659.16 and 654.35 g kg-1 DM), crude protein (712.84 and 717.79 g kg-1 DM) and neutral detergent fiber (598.99 and 538.90 g kg-1 DM) when cows were fed diets containing soybean hulls and ground corn, respectively, were higher than other diets. The different diets did not change daily milk production, milk production corrected for 3.5 % fat or milk composition. The milk urea nitrogen from cows fed ground corn diets was a lower concentration (17.67 mg dL-1), however, it was still above the suitable range (10 to 14 mg dL-1). Providing wet brewers grain silage with soybeans hulls or ground corn to Holstein cows increased the digestibility of dry matter and nutrients. However, the use of silages with wheat bran, soybean hulls or ground corn did not alter the efficiency, production or milk composition of cows fed with these silages.
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Zeng, Tairu, Yushan Wu, Yafen Xin, Chen Chen, Zhaochang Du, Xiaoling Li, Junfeng Zhong, et al. "Silage Quality and Output of Different Maize–Soybean Strip Intercropping Patterns." Fermentation 8, no. 4 (April 9, 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8040174.
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Intercropping improves land-use efficiency under conditions of limited land and resources, but no information is currently available pertaining to land-use efficiency and silage quality based on whole-plant utilization. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted with the following conditions: three maize–soybean strip intercropping patterns (SIPs), comprising two maize rows along with two, three, or four soybean rows (2M2S, 2M3S, and 2M4S, respectively); and two sole cropping patterns of maize (SM) and soybean (SS). The aim was to evaluate the biomass yield and silage quality under each condition. Our results showed that all SIPs had a land equivalent ratio (LER) of over 1.6 based on both fresh and dry matter yield, and a higher whole plant yield, compared to sole cropping. Specifically, 2M3S exhibited the highest whole crop dry matter LER (1.8–1.9) and yield (24.6–27.2 t ha−1) compared to SM and SS (20.88–21.49 and 3.48–4.79 t ha−1, respectively). Maize–soybean mixed silages also showed better fermentation quality with higher lactic acid content (1–3%) and lower ammonia-N content (2–8%) compared to SS silages, and higher crude protein content (1–1.5%) with lower ammonia-N content (1–2%) compared to SM silage. Among the intercropping patterns, 2M3S had the highest fermentation quality index V-score (92–95). Consequently, maize–soybean strip intercropping improved silage quality and biomass yield, with 2M3S being recommended, due to its highest LER and biomass yield, and most optimal silage quality.
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Li, Jiayi, Xingjin Wen, Jizhi Yang, Wenyu Yang, Yafen Xin, Lei Zhang, Haiping Liu, Yaling He, and Yanhong Yan. "Effects of Maize Varieties on Biomass Yield and Silage Quality of Maize–Soybean Intercropping in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau." Fermentation 8, no. 10 (October 15, 2022): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8100542.
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Forage deficiency is the bottleneck that restricts the development of plateau animal husbandry. Maize (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max L.) intercropping can improve the forage biomass yield and silage quality. This experiment was conducted in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture to explore the effects of four maize varieties (M1, Rongyu Silage No. 1; M2, Yayu 04889; M3, Demeiya No. 1; M4, Zhenghong 505) on biomass yield, nutritional composition, and silage quality in maize–soybean intercropping. The results showed that M1S had the highest total dry matter yield (18.03 t ha−1), M3S had the highest crude protein (CP) content (8.46% DM), and soybeans had the highest water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content (8.55% DM). After silage, the CP content (13.44% DM) of mixed silage in M3S was higher, and the contents of neutral detergent fiber (39.42% DM) and acid detergent fiber (25.42% DM) were lower than those in maize silage alone. The WSC content (4.45% DM) of mixed silage in M3S was higher and the pH value (4.46) and ammonia–nitrogen to total nitrogen (3.97%) were lower than those of soybean silage alone. The results of membership function analysis showed that M3S was the best in fresh feeding and silage utilization, followed by M1S. Therefore, M3S (Demeiya No 1. intercropped with soybeans) is recommended in high-altitude areas.
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Mustafa, A. F., J. C. F. García, P. Seguin, and O. Marois-Mainguy. "Chemical composition, ensiling characteristics and ruminal degradability of forage soybean cultivars." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 87, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas06030.
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A study was conducted to determine the effects of forage soybean cultivar on chemical composition, ensiling characteristics, and ruminal degradability of silage. Two cultivars of forage soybean (Kodiak and Mammouth) were field-grown, harvested at the R6 stage, and ensiled in mini-silos (n = 3) for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 45 d. Two ruminally fistulated cows were used to determine in situ ruminal nutrient degradabilities of the 45-d silages. Both cultivars went through slow fermentation as indicated by a gradual decline in pH up to day 45 post-ensiling. Lactic acid concentration increased throughout ensiling and was higher for Mammouth than Kodiak except at day 45 post-ensiling. Analysis of the 45-d silages showed that Mammouth contained higher neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 490 vs. 444 g kg-1), acid detergent fiber (371 vs. 353 g kg-1) and acid detergent lignin (81 vs. 64 g kg-1) than Kodiak. However, crude protein (CP) concentration was higher for Kodiak than Mammouth. Mammouth silage had lower buffer soluble protein and higher neutral and acid detergent insoluble protein concentrations than Kodiak silage. Results of the in situ study indicated that Kodiak silage had greater ruminal dry matter (606 vs. 549 g kg-1), CP (828 vs. 752 g kg -1) and NDF (272 vs. 227 g kg-1) degradabilities than Mammouth. It was concluded that chemical composition and ruminal nutrient degradabilities of forage soybean silage were significantly influenced by cultivar. Key words: Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merill.], silage, ensiling; forage quality, nutrient degradability
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Usman, Samaila, Fuhou Li, Dong An, Na Shou, Jianqiang Deng, Yixin Zhang, Xusheng Guo, and Yuying Shen. "Lignocellulose Degradation and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Soybean Incorporated Sorghum Silage Inoculated with Feruloyl-Esterase Producing Lactobacillus plantarum." Fermentation 8, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8020070.
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Availability of feedstock is one of the uncertainties impeding cellulosic biofuel production, and conservation of whole crop biomass as silage is a promising method to ensure year-round feedstock availability for biofuel production. This study investigated lignocellulose degradation and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of a 90-d sorghum silage incorporated with soybean and inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum A1 in a three (0, 25, and 50%; soybean inclusions) by two (uninoculated and inoculated) factorial experiment. The results revealed that L. plantarum A1 inoculated silages had improved fermentation characteristics. The silages’ total N and non-fiber carbohydrate increased with L. plantarum A1 and soybean inclusion (p < 0.05). Inoculation also increased the residual water-soluble carbohydrate by 33.9% (p < 0.05). Inoculation and soybean inclusion significantly hydrolyzed the biomass’ lignocellulose, altered its morphology and microstructural matrix, increased production of ferulic acid and reduced the biomass crystallinity by 15.60% (p < 0.05). L. plantarum A1 inoculation × soybean inclusion improved glucose yield and cellulose conversion during enzymatic saccharification compared to uninoculated treatments. Therefore, incorporating soybean into sorghum silage with L. plantarum A1 inoculation enhanced fermentation quality, lignocellulose degradation and enzymatic saccharification which could serve as a sure way for sustainable year-round feedstock supply for enhanced biofuel production.
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De Avila, André Sanches, Maximiliane Alavarse Zambom, Andressa Faccenda, Marcela Abbado Neres, Luana Muxfeldt, Cibele Regina Schneider, Marcelo Martini Stum, Ricardo Dri, and Pâmela Rosana Schneider. "Effects of adding agro-industrial by-products and bacterial inoculant at ensiling on nutritional quality and bacterial colonization of Tifton 85 [<i>Cynodon dactylon</i> (L.) Pers.] silages." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(10)204-213.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of adding agro-industrial by-products (soybean hulls and cornprocessing residue) and bacterial inoculant to Tifton 85 forage at ensiling on nutritional quality and bacterial colonization of resulting silages. The design was completely randomized in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme, with 6 treatments and 4 replicates. Treatments were: Tifton 85 forage; Tifton 85 + soybean hulls; Tifton 85 + corn-processing residue; Tifton 85 + bacterial inoculant; Tifton 85 + soybean hulls + inoculant; and Tifton 85 + corn-processing residue + inoculant. Inclusion of by-products increased dry matter and organic matter percentages of silages, while addition of soybean hulls improved crude protein concentration in silage. Total digestible nutrients in silages containing by-products were higher than in straight Tifton 85 silage. In addition, addition of by-products increased in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibilities of resulting silages. Most treatments showed aerobic stability up to 144 hours after exposure to air, except for Tifton 85 + corn-processing residue without inoculant, which became unstable by 120 hours of exposure. Addition of by-products at ensiling of Tifton 85 forage appears beneficial but there seems little benefit in adding bacterial inoculant. More studies on a larger scale are needed to confirm these preliminary results, while feeding studies would determine any improvement in animal performance when fed silage containing by-products.
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Ferreira, Daniele, Danrley Bandeira, Anderson Zanine, Henrique Parente, Michelle Parente, Edson Santos, Anny Graycy Lima, et al. "Mixed Ration Silage Containing Tanzania Grass and Babassu By-Products for Dairy Cows." Agronomy 12, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 3043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123043.
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The use of mixed ration silage (MRS) provides animals with a diet formulation that meets their nutritional requirements. This study aimed to evaluate the fermentative profile, losses, chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of mixed ration silages, including babassu by-products as a feed alternative for dairy cows. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and five replications, which were composed of TGS: Tanzania grass silage; MRSS: Tanzania grass silage with corn and soybean meal; MRSF: Tanzania grass silage with corn, soybean meal and babassu flour; and MRSC: Tanzania grass silage with corn, soybean meal and babassu cake. There was a significant difference between MRS and TGS (p < 0.05) in the variables’ pH, gas (GL) and effluent losses (EL), dry matter recovery (DMR), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). There was no statistical difference in buffer capacity (BC), acid detergent lignin, hemicellulose, ether extract (EE) and aerobic stability. However, for the variables’ ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) content, lower values were observed in the MRS (p < 0.001). The babassu by-products, cake and flour, can replace corn by up to 50% of the total ration silage with Tanzania grass, meeting the nutritional requirements of dairy cows.
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Neres, Marcela Abbado, Paula Regina Hermes, João Paulo Ames, Maximilliane Alavarse Zambom, Deise Dalazen Castagnara, and Leiliane Cristine de Souza. "Use of additives and pre-wilting in Tifton 85 bermudagrass silage production." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 38, no. 1 (February 2014): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542014000100010.
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The use of tropical grasses silage has become common in ruminant feed. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the fermentation characteristics, nutritional value, pH, fermentative capacity, ammonia nitrogen / total nitrogen (NH3N/total N) of Tifton 85 bermudagrass grass silage with different additives and wilting. The treatments were: pre-drying in the sun for two hours before silage, use of inoculant-enzymatic addition of soybean hulls, corn grits addition and use of salt in the surface layer of the silo. The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Plants of Tifton 85 bermudagrass with 38 days of growth were ensiled in experimental silos with Bunsen valve type with packing densities of 236 kg of silage per m³ for Tifton 85 bermudagrass pre-dried in the sun and 294 kg of silage per m³ for the other treatments. The proportions of soybean hulls and corn grits added to the silage were calculated based on the initial DM content of Tifton 85 bermudagrass order to obtain MS 320 g kg-1 for the material to be ensiled. The buffering capacity did not differ between treatments in getting 29.56 (meqHCl/100gMS). It was found that the concentration of ammonia nitrogen did not differ between silages and remained low (3.22 g kg-1), the pH after silo opening was also similar with an average of 4.09 getting above 4.2 only in Tifton 85 bermudagrass silage without pre-treatment. The crude protein was higher in silages Tifton 85 bermudagrass and Tifton 85 bermudagrass with soybean hulls (17.48 g kg-1). The use corn grits caused a reduction in the values of NDF. The use of salt on the surface the layer reduced the production of latic and acetic acid.
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Lima, Josiane Aparecida de, Ivana Lícia de Campos Gavioli, Cristina Maria Pacheco Barbosa, Alexandre Berndt, Flávia Maria de Andrade Gimenes, Claudia Cristina de Paro Paz, and Eduardo Antonio da Cunha. "Soybean silage and sugarcane tops silage on lamb performance." Ciência Rural 43, no. 8 (July 9, 2013): 1478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782013005000098.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of sheep fed with diets consisting of different proportions of soybean silage and sugarcane tip silage. Twenty four lambs from Morada Nova breed were used, with an average age of 75 days and average weight of 16.98±2.62kg. The following diets were evaluated: T1 = 20% sugarcane tops silage + 80% concentrate, T2 = 20% sugarcane tops silage + 30% soybean silage + 50% concentrate, T3 = 20% sugarcane tops silage + 60% soybean silage + 20% concentrate. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with eight repetitions and each animal was a repetition. It was evaluated the intake of dry matter, organic matter, ash, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio and efficiency. The total weight gain, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and efficiency were similar, with average values of 7.9kg animal-1, 133.3g animal-1 day-1, 6.2 and 0.17, respectively. Diets based on sugarcane tops silage enriched with soybean silage + concentrate provide greater nutrient intake in relation to diet composed only of sugarcane tops silage + concentrate. Sugarcane tops silage supplemented with protein concentrate or enriched with soybean silage with lower inclusion of concentrate resulted in similar weight gains and feed conversion efficiency.
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Meng, He, Yan Jiang, Lin Wang, Sui Wang, Zicheng Zhang, Xiaohong Tong, and Shaodong Wang. "Effects of Different Soybean and Maize Mixed Proportions in a Strip Intercropping System on Silage Fermentation Quality." Fermentation 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8120696.
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Soybean (Glycine max Merr.), with a high nutritional value, is an important oil crop and a good protein feed crop. Due to the shortage of high-protein feed and the high import pressure on soybean, scarce high-protein feed is the main research target for improving feed quality. High-quality soybean (Qihuang 34) and high-yield silage maize (Zea mays L.) (Jingling silage 386) varieties were used as the experimental materials in this study. The silage quality and the microbial community of the mixed silage of soybean and maize were analyzed, and the compatible intercropping ratios of maize–soybean mixed silage were evaluated. This experiment designed five strip intercropping systems (SIS) in a randomized block. The intercropping row ratios of maize and soybean were 0:1 (pure soybean, S), 1:0 (pure maize, M), 1:1 (MS1), 1:3 (MS2), and 1:5 (MS3). Dry matter yield and fresh matter yield were improved in the treatments of MS1 and MS2. In the mixed silage systems of maize and soybean, with an increase in soybean proportion, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents gradually increased, but the contents of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and dry matter (DM) reduced to different degrees (p < 0.05). Moreover, the soybean silage alone had a poor fermentation performance, as indicated by high pH, high acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA), and ammonia-N (NH3-N) concentrations, and low lactic acid (LA) concentration. By contrast, the mixed silage materials were conducive to reducing the pH, PA, BA, and NH3-N, and increasing the LA content. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Weissella in the MS were higher, and the abundance of undesirable bacteria were lower than in the S. The MS2 materials had the lowest pH, the highest LA concentration, and the highest relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Weissella among the three mixed silage groups. Therefore, the mixed silage in the SIS modified the microbial communities and improved the feed fermentation quality while increasing yields. The better intercropping ratio of maize–soybean mixed silage was 1:3. These results could provide a theoretical basis for the wide application and popularization of soybean as a high-protein silage forage source.
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Zanine, Anderson, Cledson De Sá, Daniele Ferreira, Henrique Parente, Michelle Parente, Edson Mauro Santos, Rosane Rodrigues, et al. "The Effect of Babassu Industry By-Products as an Alternative Feed for Dairy Cows." Agronomy 13, no. 2 (February 8, 2023): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020491.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the fermentative characteristics, chemical composition, and in vitro digestibility of a total mixed ration silage containing two babassu by-products, starchy flour and babassu cake. The treatments were distributed in a completely randomised design containing four treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of corn silage, corn silage based on the standard corn and soybean diet, corn silage with babassu flour, and corn silage with babassu cake. No significant difference was observed in the pH values (p = 0.256) for the studied silages. Higher values for dry matter recovery were observed for the silages of the total diets. The corn silage presented lower lactic acid production (55.15 g/kg DM) and acetic acid (11.54 g/kg DM) in relation to the total ration silages. The inclusion of babassu by-products increased the dry matter (p < 0.001), crude protein (p < 0.001), and total digestible nutrient content (p < 0.001) in the total ration silages. Silage in the form of the total ration containing regional babassu by-products improved the fermentative profile of the silages and the nutritional value of the diets, endowing them with potential for use as a feed alternative for dairy cattle.
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Charmley, E., K. A. Winter, K. B. McRae, and S. A. E. Fillmore. "Effect of inoculation on silage quality and performance of steers fed grass and cereal silages either alone or in combination." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-085.
Full textAbstract:
Two first-cut silages were prepared from orchardgrass/white clover cut at the end of June and ensiled with or without a silage inoculant containing 1 × 10 CFU g−1Lactobacillus casei, L. plantarum, and Streptococcus lactis at an application rate of 1 × 10 CFU g−1 crop. A further two silages were prepared from whole-crop wheat cut in the third week of August and ensiled with or without the same silage inoculant at the same application rate. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effectiveness of a silage inoculant on silage fermentation, silage quality and animal response. Although inoculation increased lactic acid bacteria numbers in grass at ensiling, there were few observed differences in fermentation characteristics of the silages. Silages were used in a 16-wk feeding trial with 48 steers (initial BW 267 kg). Control and inoculated silages were fed either as 100% grass silage, 50% grass and 50% wheat silage mixture (dry matter basis), or as 100% wheat silage. All steers received a barley/soybean meal supplement at 2 kg d−1 (as-fed basis). Overall, DM intake was similar in control and inoculated silages, but there was an interaction (kg d−1P = 0.051; g kg−1 BW, P = 0.037) between crop and inoculant use indicating that intake was increased by inoculant use in grass silages only. Body weight gain was improved by 10% when inoculant was used (P = 0.006). This resulted in improved feed efficiency in wheat silage treated with inoculant (interaction, P = 0.023). Body weight gain decreased linearly as the proportion of wheat silage in the diet increased (P < 0.001), irrespective of inoculant use. Apparent digestibility of DM and components determined in sheep was higher for grass than wheat silage (P < 0.05), but there was no effect of inoculation on digestibility of either crop type. In this study, the application of inoculant to grass silage improved intake, while its application to wheat silage improved efficiency of feed utilization. Key words: Steer, inoculant, gain, grass silage, wheat silage
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Sá, Cledson, Anderson Zanine, Daniele Ferreira, Henrique Parente, Michelle Parente, Edson Mauro Santos, Anny Graycy Lima, et al. "Corn Silage as a Total Diet with by-Products of the Babassu Agroindustry in the Feed of Confined Ruminants." Agronomy 13, no. 2 (January 31, 2023): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020417.
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This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of total ration silage (TRS) containing two babassu by-products to replace the corn. The silages were formulated to meet the requirements of sheep for an average daily gain of 200 g/day. A completely randomized experimental design was used with four treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of CS: Corn silage (Control); TRSS: Corn silage with corn and soybean meal; TRSF: Total ration silage with babassu mesocarp flour; and TRSC: Total feed silage with babassu cake. The chemical composition of the silages had a significant difference (p < 0.05) for all variates. There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) for gas (LG, p < 0.001) and effluent losses (LE, p < 0.001), dry matter recovery (DMR, p < 0.001), buffer capacity (BC, p < 0.001), lactic acid (LA, p < 0.001), butyric acid (BA, p < 0.001), lactic acid/fermentation products (LA:FP, p < 0.001), and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N, p < 0.001). The babassu by-products can replace ground corn by up to 50% in total ration silage and improve the fermentation profile and nutritional value of the silage, meeting the nutritional requirements of finishing sheep.
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Firmansyah, Dudi, Rudy Priyanto, Asnath M. Fuah, and I. Komang Gede Wiryawan. "INCOME OVER FEED COST (IOFC) PENGGEMUKAN SAPI PERANAKAN ONGOLE (PO) BERBASIS LIMBAH KEDELAI." Jurnal Sains Terapan 12, no. 1 (July 29, 2022): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jstsv.12.1.74-80.
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The use of soy bean waste is an alternative roughage feed for local cattle fattening based on concentrate, particularly in the dry season. This study aimed to examine the productivity and income over feed cost of PO cattle fattened using ration containing soybeans pod for 100 days. Twelve male PO cattle with an average age of 18 months and an initial live weight of 160,11±19,1 kg were used in this study. They were allotted to four different ration treatments, including R1 (30% native grass +70% concentrate ration), R2 (15% native grass + 15% soybean pod + 70% concentrate ration), R3 (30% soybean pod + 70% concentrate ration) and R4 (30% soybean pod silage + 70% concentrate ration). The observed parameters comprised feed cost, cattle revenue, and IOFC. The results showed that the PO cattle fattening on 70% concentrate + 30% soybean pod silage (R4) gave the highest IOFC since they had the highest productivity during fattening.
ABSTRAKAmpas kedelai dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan alternatif penggemukan sapi lokal berbasis konsentrat terutama pada musim kemarau. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui produktivitas dan nilai pendapatan berdasarkan biaya pakan atau IOFC sapi PO yang digemukan menggunakan ransum yang mengandung polong kedelai selama 100 hari. Dua belas ekor sapi PO jenis kelamin jantan dengan umur 18 bulan dan bobot hidup bakalan awal 160,11±19,1 kg digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Sapi PO ini diberikan empat perlakuan ransum yang berbeda, antara lain R1 (30% rumput +70% ransum konsentrat), R2 (15% rumput + 15% polong kedelai + 70% konsentrat ransum), R3 (30% polong kedelai + 70% ransum konsentrat) dan R4 (30% silase polong kedelai + 70% konsentrat ransum). Peubah yang diamati pada penelitian ini meliputi biaya pakan, pendapatan ternak dan IOFC. Hasil yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini bahwa penggemukan sapi PO pada perlakuan penggunaan konsentrat 70% + silase polong kedelai (R4) 30% memberikan IOFC tertinggi karena memiliki produktivitas tertinggi selama penggemukan.
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Amanlou, H., N. Sis, S. Bassiri, No author No author, A. Aghazadeh, R. Salamatdust, and A. Karimi. "Nutritional value of raw soybeans, extruded soybeans, roasted soybeans and tallow as fat sources in early lactating dairy cows." Open Veterinary Journal 5, no. 2 (2012): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2012.v2.i0.p88.
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Thirty multiparous Holstein cows (29.8 ± 4.01days in milk; 671.6 ± 31.47 kg of body weight) were used in a completely randomized design to compare nutritional value of four fat sources including tallow, raw soybeans, extruded soybeans and roasted soybeans for 8 weeks. Experimental diets were a control containing 27.4 % alfalfa silage, 22.5% corn silage, and 50.1% concentrate, and four diets with either tallow, raw soybean, extruded soybean, or roasted soybean added to provide 1.93% supplemental fat. Dry matter and NEL intakes were similar among treatments, while cows fed fat diets had significantly (P<0.05) high NEL intakes when compared to control with no fat. Supplemental fat, whether tallow or full fat soybeans increased milk production (1.89-2.45 kg/d; P<0.01) and FCM production (1.05-2.79; P<0.01). Milk fat yield and percentage of cows fed fat-supplemented diets were significantly (P<0.01 and P<0.05 respectively) higher than control. Between fat-supplemented diets, roasted soybean caused highest milk fat yield and extruded soybean caused lowest milk fat yield. There was no significant effect of supplemental fat on the milk protein and lactose content and yield. Feed efficiency of fat-supplemented diets was significantly (P<0.01) higher than control. Body weight, body weight change and BCS (body condition score) of cows, as well as energy balance and energy efficiency were similar between treatments. In conclusion, while there was no significant effect of fat sources on production response of cows, fat originating from heat-treated soybean help to minimize imported RUP (rumen undegradable protein) sources level as fish meal in comparison with tallow and raw soybean oil. In the Current study, there was no statistical significance among nutritional values of oil from extruded soybeans and roasted soybeans.
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LIMA-OROZCO, R., I. VAN DAELE, U. ÁLVAREZ-HERNÁNDEZ, and V. FIEVEZ. "Combined conservation of jack bean and velvet bean with sorghum: evaluation of lab-scale silages and in vitro assessment of their nutritive value." Journal of Agricultural Science 152, no. 6 (April 15, 2014): 967–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859614000148.
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SUMMARYThe potential of ensiled sorghum–soybean as a ruminant feed has already been demonstrated; however, alternatives for soybean should be considered because other legumes such as jack bean (JB; Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) and velvet bean (VB; Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC) might produce better yields under tropical conditions. First, the possibility for a qualitative conservation of these legumes in combination with sorghum was studied using lab-scale silages. Furthermore, the potential of additional molasses as a source of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and a microbial inoculant (BIOPRANAL) to improve silage quality were assessed. As sorghum or legume tannins may influence the silage nutritive value, their importance was assessed through the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG), which reduces tannin activity. Therefore, 25 treatments per legume–sorghum combination were created according to a central composite design. An acceptable silage quality was reached when at least half of the fresh biomass consisted of sorghum in combination with at least 15 g of additional WSC/kg fresh material. The nutritive value of mixed silages as well as pure sorghum silage in combination with dry jack beans was determined through in vitro digestibility in the rumen and small intestine. Polyethylene glycol increased the in vitro production of short-chain fatty acids, ammonia (NH3) concentrations and effective rumen dry matter and crude protein degradability for both mixed silages, indicating that tannins reduced rumen degradability. The latter action could be positive as the amount of digestible bypass protein increased when no PEG was added in the silo. Propionate and valerate proportions were increased through PEG addition to sorghum–JB and sorghum–VB silages, respectively, suggesting that the nature of the tannins differ between these legumes.
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Djordjevic, Nenad, Goran Grubic, Bora Dinic, and Dragan Negovanovic. "The influence of inoculation on chemical composition and quality of silages made from soybean and entire maize plant." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 20, no. 1-2 (2004): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0402141d.
Full textAbstract:
The ensiling of soybean and entire maize plant was done in experimental siloses with or without inoculant Sill-All (produced by Alltech inc). The experiment was organized as two-factorial (2 ? 3, n = 3), where factor A was inoculant (a1 = without inoculant, a2 = with inoculant), and factor B was soybean and entire maize plant ratio (b1 = 1: 0; b2 = 2: 1 and b3 = 1 2). Inoculated silages at average had more lactic acid, lower pH values and higher content of ammonia nitrogen, nonsoluble nitrogen and NFE (P < 0.05). The included of entire maize plant in mixture produces high effect on reduction proteolysis. With the increase of entire maize plant share the decrease of pH values and amount of butyric acid, ammonia nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, crude protein and crude fiber was observed. According to the DLG method for silage quality evaluation, silages without inoculant had second class, and silages with inoculant had first class. Improvement in silage quality with the included entire maize plant from fourth to first class, was achieved.
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Santana, Juliana Caroline Santos, Jucileia Aparecida da Silva Morais, Gelson Dos Santos Difante, Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo, Antonio Leandro Chaves Gurgel, Vinicius Da Silva Oliveira, and Maria Juciara Silva Teles Rodrigues. "In vitro digestion characteristics of various combinations of elephant grass hay, gliricidia hay or silage, soybean meal and corn meal in rations for sheep." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 8, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(8)147-152.
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This study examined fermentation rates and kinetics of sheep rations based on combinations of elephant grass hay, gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) hay or silage, soybean meal and corn meal using in vitro techniques. Three rations were prepared, namely: Control (elephant grass hay + soybean meal + corn meal); gliricidia hay (elephant grass hay + soybean meal + corn meal + gliricidia hay); and gliricidia silage (elephant grass hay + soybean meal + corn meal + gliricidia silage). A fixed ratio of roughage:concentrate of 55:45 was maintained for all rations, which were isocaloric and designed to support sheep gains of 200 g/day. The gliricidia replaced 57.6% of the soybean meal in the rations containing gliricidia and 81.8% of the elephant grass hay. Fermentation rates and kinetics, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and degradability of the rations were evaluated. Rations containing gliricidia as both hay and silage had higher (P<0.05) IVDMD than the Control ration (67.8 and 66.2 vs. 59.8%). The degradability of the ration containing gliricidia hay was higher (P<0.05) than that of the gliricidia silage ration (57.8 vs. 50.5%), whereas the Control showed an intermediate value (54.4%). The ration containing gliricidia hay and the Control produced more gas in the first 24 h than the ration containing gliricidia silage, and the gliricidia hay ration showed the shortest colonization time. Peak gas production occurred for the ration with gliricidia silage later than for the other rations. The study showed that substituting soybean meal with preserved gliricidia can result in higher digestibility of sheep rations. Feeding studies with animals are now warranted to verify these laboratory findings.
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Monteiro, India Joelma Gatass, Joadil Gonçalves de Abreu, Luciano Da Silva Cabral, Roberto Giolo de Almeida, Rafael Henrique Pereira dos Reis, Arthur Behling Neto, Carlos Eduardo Avelino Cabral, Livia Vieira de Barros, Anne Caroline Dallabrida Avelino, and Sarah Penso. "Ensiling of elephant grass with soybean hulls or rice bran." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 6 (December 14, 2016): 4203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n6p4203.
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The goal was to evaluate the chemical composition and fermentation pattern of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Roxo) silage with different levels of soybean hulls or rice bran. Two trials were conducted, comprising of a completely randomized design, with four replicates each. Treatments consisted on the addition of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of soybean hulls or rice bran to unwilted green elephant grass forage. Large PVC silos were used adopting a density of 600 kg of green mass m-3. The silos were opened 40 days after ensiling. The results revealed that the inclusion of 10% soybean hulls increased elephant grass forage dry matter (DM) content to 31%, but did not alter the water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content or buffering capacity. The resultant silages exhibited good fermentation patterns in terms of pH (less than 3.97) and NH3-N (4.07% total N) levels. The inclusion of rice bran increased both DM and WSC content in the forage, improving the fermentation pattern of silages (P < 0.05). This too was verified by a pH lower than 3.92 and a maximum NH3-N of 4.23% of the total N. The inclusion of 10% rice bran to the elephant grass improved the nutritional value of the forage to be ensiled and, hence, of the produced silage.
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Abreu, D. C., A. K. Hoshide, E. B. Mallory, E. H. Roche, A. S. Oliveira, R. J. Kersbergen, R. P. Lana, and M. A. Fonseca. "Economic and environmental implications of wheat-crop sequences on organic dairy-farm simulations." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 11 (2016): 1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15250.
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The market for high-quality organic bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is increasing in New England, USA, providing opportunities for organic dairy farmers to grow this alternative cash crop. Our objective was to determine the sustainability of eight 3-year crop sequences compared with a perennial forage baseline in long-term (25-year), well-managed, medium-sized organic dairy farm simulations. Systems included wheat (spring or winter) preceded by maize (Zea mays L.) silage, a 1-year-old perennial forage grass, or soybean as well as maize silage followed by maize silage or soybean. Farm net return was highest for the entirely grass-based system (US$742.15 cow–1). Higher winter wheat yields for soybean–wheat–grass resulted in 7% more income from feed sales ($1027) than spring wheat. Soybean followed by wheat reduced soil nutrient accumulation by 0.8 kg ha–1 year–1 for phosphorus runoff and leachate losses and for potassium accumulation (–17%); there was also a 4% reduction in water footprint (kg kg–1 fat- and protein-corrected milk). Growing winter wheat provides long-term environmental and economic benefits, although for spring wheat, much of this benefit is lost. Use of maize silage in place of grass, winter or spring wheat, or soybean was less profitable. Most cropping system scenarios were less economically favourable than producing and feeding exclusively grass silage. However, inclusion of soybean increased economic benefits.
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STERK, A., A. M. VAN VUUREN, W. H. HENDRIKS, and J. DIJKSTRA. "Effects of different fat sources, technological forms and characteristics of the basal diet on milk fatty acid profile in lactating dairy cows – a meta-analysis." Journal of Agricultural Science 150, no. 4 (March 2, 2012): 495–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859611000979.
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SUMMARYA meta-analysis was conducted to study milk fatty acid (FA) profile in dairy cows in response to changes in dietary nutrient composition in relation to supplementation of fat sources, their technological form, addition of fish oil and main forage type in the basal diet. Data comprised 151 treatment means from 50 experiments, which were included in the database when diet composition, nutrient composition, FA composition, dry matter (DM) intake, milk yield, milk composition and milk FA profile were reported. Mixed model regression analysis including a random experiment effect and unequal variances among experiments was used. Least squares means were obtained for the different fat sources (unsupplemented, rapeseed, soybean+sunflower, linseed, or fish oil), technological form including addition of fish oil (oil, seed, protected and added fish oil), and main forage type (lucerne silage, barley silage, maize silage, grass silage, maize silage combined with haylage, or haylage) in the basal diet. Results showed that the technological form of supplemental rapeseed, soybean, sunflower, or linseed significantly influenced the effect of dietary nutrient composition on milk fat content and milk FA profile resulting in significant differences between technological forms within the different fat sources. Protected rapeseed and linseed increased C18:2n6 and C18:3n3 proportions in milk fat, respectively, whereas soybean and sunflower seed increased transfer efficiencies for C18:2n6 and C18:3n3 and their proportions in milk fat. Soybean, sunflower, or linseed supplied as oil increasedtrans-11-C18:1 proportions in milk fat, whereas the addition of fish oil to a diet containing soybean or sunflower decreased C18:0 andcis-9-C18:1 proportions in milk fat. The main forage type in the diet also significantly influenced the effect of dietary nutrient composition on milk fat content and milk FA profile, resulting in significant differences between main forage types in the diet within the different fat sources. Maize silage as the main forage type increasedtrans-11-C18:1 in unsupplemented diets or diets supplemented with a source of soybean or sunflower. For rapeseed supplemented diets, barley silage increased transfer efficiency and milk fat proportion of C18:2n6, whereas grass silage increased proportion of C18:3n3 in milk fat. For soybean or sunflower supplemented diets, haylage increased proportions of saturated FA,cis-9-C18:1 and C18:2n6, whereas the combination of maize silage and haylage increased transfer efficiency and milk fat proportion of C18:3n3. For linseed supplemented diets, grass silage as the main forage type resulted in the highest C18:3n3 proportion, whereascis-9-C18:1 proportion was comparable for grass silage, lucerne silage and maize silage as the main forage type. This meta-analysis confirmed that the effect of dietary nutrient composition on several milk FA proportions depends on the type and form of fat supplementation, addition of fish oil, and main forage type in the basal diet.
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Santos Neta, Ernestina Ribeiro, Daiany Iris Gomes, Luis Rennan Sampaio Oliveira, Rafael Mezzomo, Janaina Barros Luz, Glenda Neves Bentes, Williâne Ferreira Oliveira, and Kaliandra Souza Alves. "Use of babassu cake and pineapple byproduct silage in the diets of feedlot sheep." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, no. 2 (February 24, 2021): 795–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n2p795.
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This study evaluated the use of babassu cake as a replacement for soybean meal and pineapple byproduct silage as roughage in the diets of feedlot sheep. Ten rumen-fistulated sheep were used and distributed in an experimental design consisting of two 5 x 5 Latin squares. Babassu cake replaced soybean meal at four concentration levels (0, 26.66, 53.33, and 80%), and pineapple byproduct silage was used as roughage. A treatment was also evaluated in which elephant grass silage was used as roughage and corn and soybean meal were used as the concentrate. No effect of babassu cake as a replacement for soybean meal on dry matter intake, neutral detergent fiber, or crude protein was observed. Higher babassu cake replacement levels in the diets resulted in linear reductions in the digestibility of the dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, organic matter, nonfiber carbohydrates and total carbohydrates. For the digestibility of the crude protein, no effect was observed after the addition of babassu cake. The replacement levels of the babassu cake had no effect on the intake and retention of the daily nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and ruminal pH. Babassu cake could replace soybean meal at concentrations of up to 80% when the roughage source was pineapple byproduct silage. Compared with elephant grass silage, pineapple byproduct silage improves nutrient intake and digestibility and nitrogen intake, retention, and absorption without compromising the ruminal pH or ammonia nitrogen of feedlot sheep.
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Mosimanyana, B. M., and D. N. Mowat. "Roasted, steeped soybeans for growing steers fed alfalfa–grass silage." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 74, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas94-017.
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A 56-d growth trial was conducted to evaluate performance and plasma amino acid (AA) responses of 63 Charolais-crossed steer calves fed alfalfa–grass silage diets. The basal diet was supplemented with either high-moisture corn (control), roasted, flaked, steeped (1 h) soybeans or a 60:40 (dry basis) mixture of corn gluten and blood meal (CG–BM). All diets were balanced for net energy, while the steeped soybeans and CG–BM diets were balanced for rumen-undegradable protein (RUP). Dry matter intake was similar across diets (2.39% of BW). Weight gains were higher (P < 0.01) for the steers fed with CG–BM (12.6%) and soybean (6.9%) supplemented rations than control steers. Digestibilities of neutral and acid detergent fibre were not adversely affected by roasted, steeped soybeans. Plasma glucose was lower (P < 0.05) and plasma urea was higher (P < 0.05) in the soybean- and CG–BM-supplemented steers than in control steers. Supplementation with steeped soybeans or CG–BM increased (P < 0.001) total plasma essential AA, branched-chain AA (BCAA) and BCAA/glycine ratio and lowered the total nonessential AA (NEAA) to essential AA (EAA) ratio. Plasma AA parameters were directly related to the rumen undegradability of the protein supplements. A lower plasma NEAA/EAA ratio indicated improved protein nutrition. These results showed that roasted, steeped soybeans delivered needed protein to the small intestine of rapidly growing steers fed alfalfa–grass silage. Key words: Roasting, steeped, soybeans, protein
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Ferro, Mariane Moreno, Luciano da Silva Cabral, Livia Vieira de Barros, Claudio Vieira de Araujo, and Nelcino Francisco de Paula. "Effect of sample size on kinetic parameters of roughage and concentrated feeds by a semi-automated in vitro gas production system." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n1p257.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different amounts of incubated samples on the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation of roughage and concentrated food used for feeding ruminants. Samples were prepared using 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg of air-dried roughage and concentrated sample, ground to 1 mm, and placed in 120 mL glass flasks. Next, inoculum and McDougal solution were added, and the readings were obtained using a semi-automated pressure transducer up to 96 h after the beginning of the incubations. Gas production of the non-fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, dried brewer’s yeast, bean residue, wet brewer’s grains, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage and cottonseed meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for castor meal and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the non-fibrous fraction reduced linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Napier grass silage, and castor meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Marandu grass silage; and cubically (P < 0.05) for corn silage, soybean meal, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, bean residue, and cottonseed meal. Gas production of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, bean residue, wet brewer’s grain, cottonseed meal, and sunflower meal; quadratically ( < 0.05) for Jatropha meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, castor meal, and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, dried brewer’s yeast, wet brewer’s grains; quadratically (P < 0.05) for corn silage and castor meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, and bean residue. The lag time reduced linearly (P < 0.05) for castor meal and dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, soybean meal, bean residue, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal. Thus, our findings suggest that the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation were affected as a function of the amount of incubated sample.
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Ferro, Mariane Moreno, Luciano da Silva Cabral, Livia Vieira de Barros, Claudio Vieira de Araujo, and Nelcino Francisco de Paula. "Effect of sample size on kinetic parameters of roughage and concentrated feeds by a semi-automated in vitro gas production system." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n1p255.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different amounts of incubated samples on the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation of roughage and concentrated food used for feeding ruminants. Samples were prepared using 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg of air-dried roughage and concentrated sample, ground to 1 mm, and placed in 120 mL glass flasks. Next, inoculum and McDougal solution were added, and the readings were obtained using a semi-automated pressure transducer up to 96 h after the beginning of the incubations. Gas production of the non-fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, dried brewer’s yeast, bean residue, wet brewer’s grains, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage and cottonseed meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for castor meal and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the non-fibrous fraction reduced linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Napier grass silage, and castor meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Marandu grass silage; and cubically (P < 0.05) for corn silage, soybean meal, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, bean residue, and cottonseed meal. Gas production of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, bean residue, wet brewer’s grain, cottonseed meal, and sunflower meal; quadratically ( < 0.05) for Jatropha meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, castor meal, and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, dried brewer’s yeast, wet brewer’s grains; quadratically (P < 0.05) for corn silage and castor meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, and bean residue. The lag time reduced linearly (P < 0.05) for castor meal and dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, soybean meal, bean residue, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal. Thus, our findings suggest that the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation were affected as a function of the amount of incubated sample.
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Batista, Vanderson Vieira, Paulo Fernando Adami, Laercio Ricardo Sartor, Magali Floriano Da Silveira, André Brugnara Soares, Karine Fuschter Oligini, Diego Kwiecinski, et al. "Forage Yield and Silage Quality of Intercropped Maize+Soybean With Different Relative Maturity Cycle." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 12 (November 15, 2018): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n12p249.
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The success of maize+soybean intercrop depends on the correct synchronism between species phenological stages at the silage point. Due to it, the experiment was carried out to evaluate maize+soybean intercrop forage yield and silage quality using crops with different maturity cycle combination. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 3 factorial scheme. Treatments consisted of two maize hybrids (1: P1630YHR-early cycle and 2: middle cycle P30F53VYHR) and two soybean cultivars (P95R51-maturity cycle of 5.1; TMG7062-maturity cycle of 6.2) and one control represented by maize monocrop. Silage harvesting was performed when maize had reached 2/3 milk line stage. Intercropping soybean into maize did not affect its biomass yield. Both soybean cultivars present compatible cycles for ensiling together with maize hybrids, since they were in phenological stages from R5.3 to R7 by the time maize was at its optimum stage for ensiling. There was interaction between species for the soybean biomass yield. Maize hybrid P30F53 produced higher biomass yield than P1630 what also resulted in higher amount of total crude protein yield. Intercrop P1630-P95R51 produced 458 Kg ha-1 of crude protein more than maize monocrop. Maize+soybean intercropping system results in higher silage crude protein percentage and yield per area (Kg of CP ha-1).
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Batista, Vanderson Vieira, Paulo Fernando Adami, Karine Fuschter Oligini, Carlos Andre Barhy, Laércio Ricardo Sartor, and Pedro Valério Dutra de Moraes. "Maize-soybean intercrop silage yield and quality with different nitrogen levels and plant population." June 2021, no. 15(06):2021 (June 10, 2021): 851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.21.15.06.p2986.
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This study hypothesizes that maize-soybean intercrop with lower maize plant population and nitrogen levels can allow better soybean development and yield, which may offset lower maize biomass and silage crude protein yield. Experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, with three replications. Treatments consisted of two different maize-soybean plant stand (40,000 and 60,000 plants ha-1) and five nitrogen fertilization levels (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1). As a result, soybean biomass yield increased at the lower maize plant stand, although, maize and total (maize + soybean) biomass yield were higher at the greater maize plant stand. Thus, individual maize plants and total dry matter yield increased as nitrogen levels were increased. However, there was no effect of the studied factors on the silage crude protein yield per area, indicating a great potential of soybean to offset biomass yield reduction trough silage quality improvement. Moreover, since there was no difference on total silage crude protein yield per hectare, it is suggested that the adoption of maize-soybean intercrop with lower maize plant stand (40 thousand maize plants ha-1) and with lower nitrogen values is a more environmentally friendly approach to increase farmland sustainability while decreasing environmental and productivity costs. Intermediate levels may be evaluated in future studies
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Marocco, Daison Henrique, Patrick Favero, Rodrigo Guralski, Clovisnei Basi, Wilson Zacaron, Gabriela Solivo, and Claiton André Zotti. "Use of by-products in a total mixed ration silage." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, no. 6supl2 (November 6, 2020): 3473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6supl2p3473.
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The objective of this study was to evaluated fermentation losses and silage quality with the addition of different by-products in TMR. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments: Control (CTL, with hay, corn silage, cracked corn, soybean meal, wheat bran and minerals); CTL plus the addition of fresh orange pulp (FOP); CTL plus soybean hulls (SBH) or CTL plus wet brewery wastes (WBW), with six replicates. The ingredients were mixed and ensiled in 24 PVC experimental silos. After 56 days of ensiling, fermentation losses (effluents, dry matter and gases), and the TMR silage pH and chemical composition were analyzed; aerobic stability was evaluated over seven days after the silos were opened. Lower dry matter (P ? 0.0001) was observed in TMR ensiled with wet (WBW and FOP) compared to dry (SBH) by-products. Greater ADF (P = 0.031) was observed in SBH when compared to others by-products. WBW and FOP increased dry matter (P ? 0.0001) and effluent losses (P ? 0.0001) when compared to CTL and SBH. SBH treatment remained stable after 176-hour, which differ (P = 0.0015) compared with the other treatments (range from 94.5 to 99 hours of exposure to air). The density (kg DM/m3) changed (P ? 0.0001) among treatments. The inclusion of SBH in TMR silages had the greatest density, followed by CTL, WBW and FOP. The density was negatively correlated with DM losses ( r= - 0,81; P ? 0.0001). The pH differ (P = 0.003) among treatments. Highest pH of TMR silage was observed for SBH (3,67) and the lowest (3,56) for FOP. Soybean hulls successful improved aerobic stability and density, whereas aerobic stability and density were decreased and fermentation losses increased when fresh orange pulp and wet brewery were used. Little effects on chemical composition were observed, thereby agro-industrial by-products can be used in TMR silages as long as there is adequate product availability and pricing.
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Undersander, Dan, Kevin Jarek, Tom Anderson, Nick Schneider, and Lee Milligan. "A Guide to Making Soybean Silage." Forage & Grazinglands 5, no. 1 (2007): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/fg-2007-0119-01-mg.
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Silva, Ana Rebeca Pires da, Fabio Jacobs Dias, Ewerton de Souza Tanaka, Maycom Marinho Lopes, Rodrigo Rener dos Santos Martins, and João Paulo Ferreira Rufino. "Soybean hulls inclusion on silage of wet brewery waste." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 43 (October 11, 2021): e53268. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.53268.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soybean hulls inclusion in the silage of wet brewery waste. The experimental design was randomized in block, where the treatments were constituted by four levels of soybean hulls on the silage (0, 15, 25, and 35%), with three (silos) replicates per treatment. All data collected were subjected to ANOVA and subsequent polynomial regression at 5%. Soybean hulls inclusion caused a linear increase (p < 0.05) in the pH, dry matter, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and total carbohydrates content of the silage. This inclusion also caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the effluent losses and percentages of crude protein, fats, hemicellulose, non-fibrous carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients. Thus, it was concluded that soybean hulls can be used as an additive in the silage of wet brewery waste. Up to 35% of inclusion, there was a significant reduction in the effluent losses, a little increase on pH and enrichment of nutritional content, especially in the dry matter.
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VEIRA, D. M., J. G. PROULX, and J. R. SEOANE. "PERFORMANCE OF BEEF STEERS FED GRASS SILAGE WITH OR WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTS OF SOYBEAN MEAL, FISH MEAL AND BARLEY." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 70, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas90-038.
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Forty crossbred beef steers were used in a 112-d experiment to study the effect of fish meal (FM, 300 g d−1), soybean meal (SBM, 320 g d−1), barley (B, 2 kg d−1) and B plus FM (2 kg + 300 g d−1) supplementation of grass silage on the performance of growing cattle. The growth rate of steers fed silage was 0.83 kg d−1 and this was increased by 0.15, 0.12, 0.27 and 0.36 kg d−1 by supplements of FM, SBM, B and B + FM. Silage dry matter (DM) intake averaged 2.13% of body weight. Protein supplementation had no effect on silage intake. B and B + FM supplementation increased total DM intake (P < 0.01), but decreased silage consumption by 14% (P < 0.05). Key words: Cattle, grass silage, soybean meal, barley, growth, fish meal
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Taylor, E. G., P. J. Gunn, L. A. Horstman, R. L. Atkinson, K. Herron, K. D. Johnson, and R. P. Lemenager. "Evaluation of forage soybean, with and without pearl millet, as an alternative for beef replacement heifers1." Translational Animal Science 1, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/tas2017.0022.
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Abstract Apparent ruminal digestibility of forage soybean-based silages, with and without pearl millet, was determined along with evaluation of silages on heifer performance and reproductive function. Fermenters were utilized in a Latin square design and randomly assigned to 1 of the following treatments: 1) control diet of alfalfa haylage (CON), 2) soybean silage (SB) or 3) soybean and pearl millet silage (SB×PM). All diets were formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements of replacement beef heifers targeted to gain 0.79 kg/d. These same diets were fed to 90 Angus-Simmental beef replacement heifers [body weight (BW) = 366 kg; body condition score (BCS) = 5.53; age = 377 ± 11 d] 65 d prior to timed artificial insemination (TAI). Heifers were randomly allotted by breed, BCS and BW to 1 of the 3 treatments, with 3 reps/treatment. Diets were terminated 21 d post-TAI and heifers were commingled and placed on a common diet. Pubertal status was determined by progesterone concentrations of 2 blood samples taken 10 d apart prior to both trial initiation as well as initiation of estrous synchronization. Ovulatory follicle diameter was determined at time of breeding by ultrasonography. Pregnancy diagnosis was accomplished 35 and 66 d post-TAI, respectively, to calculate TAI and end of season pregnancy rates. Neither SB nor SB×PM had an effect (P > 0.37) on apparent ruminal digestion of nutrients compared to the CON. Final BW (414 kg; P ≥ 0.10) and BCS (5.28; P ≥ 0.26) for the heifers were similar among treatments. Likewise, there were no differences in TAI (48%; P > 0.43) or overall breeding season (93%; P > 0.99) pregnancy rates. Ovulatory follicle diameters (11.7 mm) was not different (P > 0.19) among treatments. In summary, forage soybean-based silages, with and without pearl millet, was an acceptable alternative forage for developing replacement beef heifers.
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Nicholson, J. W. G., and D. A. Johnson. "Herring silage as a protein supplement for young cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 1187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-140.
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Fish silage made by grinding herring and adding formic acid, β-hydroxytoluene and potassium sorbate was evaluated as a protein supplement for young cattle. Only about 15% of the crude protein in the herring silage was true protein. Ammonia N accounted for 8% of the crude protein and most of the rest was peptides and free amino acids. The crude protein of herring silage was as resistant as fish meal to deamination when fermented in rumen fluid, and more resistant than soybean or casein. The herring silage was readily accepted by Holstein heifers fed hay or grass–legume silage with potatoes (7 kg d−1) and a supplement (1.5 kg d−1). Feed intake and weight gain were similar when the heifers were fed hay with either soybean meal or herring silage but were higher when forage silage replaced the hay. Rumen fluid NH3-N and blood urea levels were normal, even for cattle fed the high non-protein N diet of forage silage with herring silage. The herring silage depressed rumen fluid acetate levels and increased propionate in the heifers fed hay + potatoes, probably because of the unsaturated fatty acids in the herring. Well-made herring silage was a suitable protein supplement for young cattle fed forage and potato diets. Key words: Herring silage, fish silage, potatoes, cattle, protein degradation
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FLIPOT, PAUL M., J. L. DIONNE, G. LALANDE, and J. M. GIRARD. "EFFET DE DIFFERENTS TRAITEMENTS ALIMENTAIRES SUR LA CROISSANCE ET L'EFFICACITE ALIMENTAIRE DES TAURILLONS DE RACE HOLSTEIN." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-077.
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This study was conducted to evaluate different feeding systems for young Holstein bulls grown from 140 to 525 kg liveweight. In phase I, which lasted 134 d, 184 bulls were assigned to five treatments involving either pasture or silage with different levels of concentrate. In phase II, which lasted until the animals weighed 400 kg, 48 bulls from one pasture treatment and all 96 bulls fed silage in phase I were reassigned, within previous treatments, to subtreatments in which corn silage was supplemented with 0, 250 and 500 g head−1 d−1 of soybean meal. In phase III, which concluded the study, bulls were maintained on corn silage but reassigned, as in phase II, to treatments involving a restricted (5 kg) or ad libitum supplement of barley. In phase I, increasing the level of concentrates up to 3 kg head−1 d−1 for bulls on pasture increased their growth rate but was not associated with improved dry matter intake or feed efficiency. Bulls gained weight faster and were more efficient on pasture than on silage, when their diet was supplemented with 1 kg concentrate. In phase II, gain and feed efficiency were improved by 50 and 28% respectively, by supplementing corn silage with 500 g of soybean meal per head and per day. In phase III, an improvement of 17% in feed efficiency was recorded for bulls fed barley ad libitum rather than at a restricted level. Generally, superior performance in phases II and III was made by bulls whose performance had been restricted in the previous phase. Bulls started on pasture, supplemented with 1 kg concentrate daily, then fed corn silage, supplemented with 500 g soybean meal head−1day−1 in phase II, gained between 920 and 960 g daily over the entire study and this performance was comparable to bulls started on grass-legume silage provided with a concentrate supplemented ad libitum in phase I, regardless of treatment applied with corn silage in phases II or III. Key words: Young bulls, pasture, grass-legume silage, corn silage, soybean meal, barley
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Martin, R. C., T. Astatkie, and J. M. Cooper. "The effect of soybean variety on corn-soybean intercrop biomass and protein yields." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-030.
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Soybean intercropped with corn can produce a high-quality silage, but pods of early maturing soybean varieties usually shatter when harvested, thus reducing the silage protein potential. In 1991 and 1992, an experiment was conducted in Truro, Nova Scotia, and Sussex, New Brunswick, to determine whether later soybean varieties can provide sufficient biomass and protein in intercrops and escape pod losses at harvest. Early, early high protein, medium, late and very late maturing varieties of soybean were grown as monocrops and intercrops with corn. Eight response variables were measured: soybean shoot biomass yield, intercrop shoot biomass yield, soybean shoot protein concentration, intercrop shoot protein concentration, soybean shoot protein yield, intercrop shoot protein yield, soybean seed biomass yield and soybean seed protein concentration. The two later soybean varieties had higher yields than the two early varieties, contributing to higher protein yields in the later varieties than in the early varieties, under both monocropping and intercropping. In contrast to the corn monocrop, intercrops with all soybean varieties produced higher protein concentrations. Under intercropping, only the late variety produced significantly higher protein yields than the corn monocrop; however, none of the varieties resulted in significantly lower biomass yields than the corn monocrop. With the late soybean variety, land equivalent ratios of the intercrop shoot biomass yield and the intercrop shoot protein yield revealed yield advantages of intercrops over monocrops of 21% and 10%, respectively. The late variety resulted in an increased intercrop shoot protein concentration without reducing the intercrop shoot biomass yield, because it was still green enough to be harvested with minimal pod shattering. Key words: Soybean variety, corn-soybean intercrop, biomass, silage protein
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Xu, Chun Cheng, Hui Li Wang, Fu Yu Yang, and Jian Guo Zhang. "Fermentation Quality and Nutritive Value of Total Mixed Ration Silage of Green Tea Grounds." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.285.
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Six wethers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square to study the fermentation quality and nutritive value of total mixed ration (TMR) silages which included wet green tea grounds (WGTG). The TMR silages were prepared using compound feed, corn, soybean meal, timothy hay, alfalfa hay, dried beet pulp and vitamin-mineral supplement, with soybean meal and alfalfa hay being replaced by WGTG at 0, 10 or 20% on dar matter (DM) basis. All TMR silages, irrespective of WGTG addition, were well preserved with low pH and ammonia-N content, and high lactic acid content. Increasing concentrations of WGTG in the rations decreased the digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein and energy (P < 0.05). The total digestibility nutrients and digestible energy contents of TMR silages at 0% and 10% WGTG were similar, however, the TMR silage at 20% WGTG was lower (P < 0.05). With progressive increases in WGTG concentrations, intake nitrogen, urinary nitrogen and retained nitrogen did not differ, but the fecal nitrogen increased (P < 0.01). This study demonstrated that the proportion of WGTG to be incorporated into TMR silages should not exceed 10% of the DM.
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Paschoaloto, Josimari R., Laissa A. Guimarães, Ellem Maria A. Matos, and Severino D. Junqueira Villela. "PSXII-22 Performance of Nellore bulls fed with rehydrated corn silage or rehydrated sorghum silage or sorghum grain in substitution of corn grain." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.831.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the corn grain cracked substitution by sorghum grain, rehydrated corn silage, or rehydrated sorghum silage on animal performance. Thirty-two Nellore bulls initially weighing 324.76 ± 36.0 were used in a completely randomized design distributed in four treatments: corn grain (CG), sorghum grain (SG), rehydrated corn silage (RCS) and rehydrated sorghum silage (RSS). Pen was considered the experimental unit. Response variables included: final body weight (FBW) and dry matter intake (DMI). The basal diet consisted of (DM basis) of 30% sorghum silage as roughage, and 70% of concentrate, consisted of corn grain or sorghum grain or rehydrated corn silage, or rehydrated sorghum silage, soybean hulls, soybean meal, and mineral supplement. The data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS and means were compared by Tukey test. Feeding sorghum grain, rehydrated corn silage or rehydrated sorghum silage did not affect the DMI and, consequently, did not affect significantly the final body weight (FBW). The FBW means of each treatment were 444.38, 434.69, 464.22, 443.44, and the DMI were 9.57, 9.23, 9.06, 9.19, respectively to corn grain (CG), sorghum grain (SG), rehydrated corn silage (RCS) and rehydrated sorghum silage (RSS) treatments. It was concluded that diets based on corn grain or sorghum grain, rehydrated or not, can support a similar performance of Nellore bulls finished in feedlot.
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Nicholson, J. W. G., R. E. McQueen, E. Charmley, and R. S. Bush. "Forage conservation in round bales or silage bags: effect on ensiling characteristics and animal performance." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 1167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-138.
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In the first of two experiments to determine the ensiling characteristics of big bale silage, forage was ensiled in round bales (1.2 m diameter × 1.2 m length) at 350–400 (wetter) or 450–500 (drier) g kg−1 dry matter (DM) content by wrapping in plastic. Initial fermentation was more rapid in the wetter bales, as shown by a more rapid and extensive drop in pH and increase in concentration of lactic and acetic acids. The initial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) log counts ranged from 105 and 107 units and were higher for the wetter bales through day 9. By day 58, counts had declined and there were no differences due to moisture level. Water soluble carbohydrate content was higher (P < 0.01) for the drier bales. Ammonia N was higher (P < 0.01) in the wetter bales. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) did not differ (P > 0.05) due to moisture level at day 9 or day 58. In the second experiment, bales ensiled at (mean ± SE) 390 ± 90 g kg−1 DM content (bale silage) were compared for ensiling characteristics and nutritive value with similar forage chopped and packed in a plastic bag (bag silage). The bag silage had a faster and more extensive drop in pH and increase in concentrations of lactic and acetic acids. Temperatures were approximately 6 °C higher in the bag than in the bale silages over the first 30 d. LAB counts increased faster in the bag silage and then declined and were lower (P < 0.05) than in the bale silage at day 60. Clostridia counts were low in the bag silage and in some bales but exceeded 106 viable spores in other bales. There were no differences between the two silages in digestibility by sheep. However, beef calves fed the bag silage gained more weight with better feed efficiency than those fed bale silage (P < 0.01). Calves fed the bale silage responded to protein (soybean meal) supplementation with increased gain and improved feed conversion, but there was no response with the bag silage. The bag silage had, on average, less NPN (468 vs. 585 g kg−1 total N) than the bale silage. Key words: Silage, big round bales, bag, protein supplementation, cattle performance
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Negrão, Fagton, Clayton Dantas, Anderson Zanine, Daniele Ferreira, Marinaldo Ribeiro, Alexandre Souza, Michelle Parente, et al. "Digestive Potential of Soybean Agro-Industry Byproducts." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050911.
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This study aimed to determine the protein and carbohydrate fractions as well as the in situ rumen degradability of Brachiaria decumbens silage (BDS) supplemented with soybean hulls. Five soybean hull inclusion levels were used: 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% of the fresh matter of B. decumbens grass, distributed into a completely randomized design with five replications. The inclusion of soybean hulls caused a linear decrease (p < 0.001) in carbohydrate fractions A + B1 and a linear increase (p < 0.001) in carbohydrate fraction C. The percentage of non-protein nitrogen fraction increased linearly (p < 0.001), but the nitrogen fractions B1 + B2 and B3 presented a negative quadratic effect (p < 0.01) with soybean hull level and fraction C presented a linear decrease (p < 0.001). The dry matter (DM) degradability of soluble fraction (A) and the undigestible DM decreased linearly (p < 0.01) with the soybean hull level. The potentially degradable water-insoluble portion (DM fraction B) and degradability rate (c) of the DM fraction B increased linearly (p < 0.001) with soybean hull level. The crude protein (CP) fraction A presented a linear increase (p < 0.001) with soybean hull inclusion; however, soybean hull levels caused a linear decrease (p < 0.001) in the CP level of fraction B. The degradable insoluble fraction of NDF (D) of the silage increased linearly (p < 0.001) and the indigestible NDF fraction of the silage was linearly decreased with the soybean hull level (p < 0.001). The inclusion of intermediate levels (20–30%) of soybean hulls provided better protein and carbohydrate fractions and better quality of BDS.
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Avellaneda-Cevallos, Juan, Edwin Tapia-Moreno, Denisse Arana-Sánchez, Rocío Herrera-Herrera, Edgar Pinargote-Mendoza, and Juan Avellaneda-Vázquez. "CARACTERÍSTICAS FERMENTATIVAS DE SILAJES DE FORRAJE DE MAÍZ CON LA INCLUSIÓN DE GALLINAZA Y FORRAJE DE SOYA." REVISTA ESPAMCIENCIA 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51260/revista_espamciencia.v13i1.308.
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The objective of this research was to quantify the fermentation capacity and nutritional quality of corn silage with the inclusion of nitrogen sources such as chicken manure and soybean forage (Glicine max (L.) Merr.). The treatments were: corn forage alone or control (FM); Corn with inclusion of 10% soybean forage (FS10); Corn with 20% soybean forage (FS20); T4, Corn with 30% soybean forage (FS30); T5, Corn with 5% chicken manure (G5); T6, Corn with 10% chicken manure (G10) and T7, Corn with 15% chicken manure (G15). It was evidenced that the addition of poultry manure significantly increased the content of dry matter (DM), while the soybean forage (FS) presented similarity with the control. The total protein content (TP), due to the effect of the addition of FS, was higher than the other treatments studied. The nitrogen sources used did not affect the total fiber content (TF). The ash concentration value (C) was strongly affected by the addition of chicken manure. The content of ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) increased with the inclusion of chicken manure in the silage process. The pH value, the concentration of lactic and butyric acid was significantly higher with the addition of chicken manure. In conclusion, it can be indicated that the addition of both chicken manure and soybean forage improve the nutritional content of corn silage, however, the inclusion of soybean forage is much more favorable in terms of fermentative variables.
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Tres, Tamara Tais, Clóves Cabreira Jobim, Tatiana Garcia Diaz, João Luiz Pratti Daniel, and Fernando Alberto Jacovaci. "Okara or soybean grain added to the rehydrated corn grain silage for cattle: digestibility, degradability and ruminal parameters." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 42 (June 8, 2020): e48586. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.48586.
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The experiment was carried out to evaluate total and partial digestibility of nutrients, the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, in situ degradability and ruminal parameters in cattle fed diets with rehydrated corn grain silages, okara or soybean grain. Three Holstein steers were distributed in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. The treatments evaluated were: SO (corn grain silage + 30% okara), SSG (corn grain silage + 20% soybean grain) and CG (dry corn grains). The ruminal digestibility of non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) increased in SO (88.34%) and SSG treatments (87.87%), compared to the CG treatment (63.48%). The minimum ruminal pH value was 6.01, observed 4.13 hours after feeding a diet with SO. The highest ammonia-N contents were 15.25 and 15.07 mg dL-1 observed in SSG and SO, respectively, 2.45 and 2.61 hours after feeding. Treatments SO and SSG showed higher fraction A content (readily degradable fraction) and C (constant rate of degradability of fraction B). The effective degradability (ED) of dry matter (DM) was higher for the diets SO and DE of CP was higher for treatments SO and SSG. SSG and SO result in better utilization of nutrients by animals.
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Batista, Vanderson Vieira, Paulo Fernando Adami, Pedro Valério Dutra de Moraes, Karine Fuschter Oligini, Cleverson Luiz Giacomel, and Lucas Link. "Row Arrangements of Maize and Soybean Intercrop on Silage Quality and Grain Yield." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n2p286.
Full textAbstract:
The success of maize + soybean intercrop depends on the plant arrangement. An experiment was carried out to evaluate different row arrangements on intercrop forage yield, silage quality and maize grain yield in relation to maize as a sole crop. The experiment was set up with a randomized complete block design with eight row arrangements between maize and Soybean. Maize biomass yield among crop arrangements were similar, although, lower than the maize sole crop. On the other hand, these treatments showed higher soybean biomass yield, which in turn increased silage crude protein and crude protein yield per unit area. Maize thousand grain weight, grain yield per plant and per area was affected by the intercrop arrangements. The use of two corn rows + two soybean rows (2M+2S-30 cm) and four corn rows + four soybean rows (4M+4S-30 cm) showed higher crude protein yield per area associated with similar maize grain yield in relation to the sole maize crop. In conclusion, alternating four maize rows with four soybean rows was the optimum row ratio in maize + soybean intercrop, though this needs to be further confirmed by more trials.
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Baba, M., A. Nasir, A. Kabiru, M. V, and G. A. Umar. "Effects of additives and their levels of inclusion on nutritive value of silage made from elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum)." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45, no. 2 (December 25, 2020): 352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i2.521.
Full textAbstract:
The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of three additives (molasses, cracked corn and corn-soybean) and inclusion levels (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 %) on nutritive value of elephant grass (Pennistum purpureum) silage. The experimental design was a 3×5 factorial in a completely randomized design with each treatment replicated three times. Samples were obtained from Pasture Museum. Elephant grass stands at late vegetative stage were randomly selected and harvested at 7 cm stubble height. Grass was chopped into 2-3 cm length. Five hundred gram of the sample was weighed in each case; additives were added separately at the designated inclusion levels and mixed thoroughly. Materials were then tightly packed into laboratory silos compressed and sealed tightly and left for a fermentation period of 21 days. The results indicated crude protein (CP) was significantly greater (10.92%) in silage treated with corn-soybean additive compared with other additives. Crude fiber (CF) was observed to be lower in molasses treated elephant grass silage (27.74 %). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were both lower in molasses treated silage (24.76 and 43.26 % respectively). The CP was observed to increase with increased inclusion level of the additive while CF decreased. Values for digestible dry matter (DDM), dry matter intake (DMI)as a percentage of body weight and relative feed value (RFV) were greater (P<0.05) in molasses treated silage compared to corn and corn-soybean. The DDM, DMI and RFV values were higher (P<0.05) at 7.5 and 10 % inclusion levels. Significant interactions were observed between additives and inclusion levels in most parameters measured. It was concluded that molasses additive could be used in elephant grass silage during ensiling at 7.5-10 % levels of inclusion.
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Ramírez Ramírez, José Carmen, José Inés Ibarra Espain, Ranferi Gutiérrez Leyva, José Armando Ulloa, and Petra Rosas Ulloa. "Use of biological fish silage in broilers feed: Effect on growth performance and meat quality." Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 27.3 (February 1, 2016): 4293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/janmplsci.v27-3.4.
Full textAbstract:
This study was conducted to investigate if the nutritional value of fish silage could improve the growth performance, feed utilization, carcass yield and sensory quality of the meat of broilers. An oven-dried fish silage: soybean meal mixture (1:1 w/w) was used to prepare four diets with different levels of inclusion (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%), which were tested in a randomized design for triplicate with 120 broilers in natural conditions of production. The inclusion of fish silage: soybean mixture on diets did not adversely affect the productive parameters of growth, feed intake and feed conversion ratio after 28 experimental days (P>0.05) than those obtained on control diets. No significant effects were observed on carcass yield, chemical composition and sensory quality attributes of broilers meat between different treatments (P>0.05). It is concluded that fish silage could offer a good alternative for fish by-products utilization and that the production process is an economical and environmentally friendly form of processing wastes from local fish markets of Mexico.
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Batista, V. V., P. F. Adami, E. S. Lemes, K. F. Oligini, C. L. Giacomel, D. A. Smaniotto, D. Camana, and A. C. Fonseca. "Can soybean biomass addition optimize corn silage quality?" Revista Brasileira de Ciências Agrárias - Brazilian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 15, no. 3 (August 28, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5039/agraria.v15i3a7156.
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