Academic literature on the topic 'Soybean silage'

Forage seasonality makes farmers use conservation practices. Mixing corn silage and legumes can enhance silage quality and hence animal productivity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate yield and quality of silages from intercropping between genetically modified corn and soybean for glyphosate tolerance (RR - Roundup Ready) as a function of plant spatial arrangement, soybean variety, and sowing fertilization methods. Two intercropping arrangements of RR corn and RR soybeans were tested: alternate single rows of corn and soybeans and double corn rows for each soybean row. Treatments were randomized blocks with four replications, arranged in a 2x2+1 factorial scheme. The first factor was sowing fertilization method (2): only in corn rows or in total area. The second factor was soybean variety (2): medium- and late-cycle genotypes, and an additional treatment of corn monoculture. After harvest, forage material was analyzed for agronomic characteristics and then ensiled for 60 days. Thereafter, bromatological composition, fermentation profile, and losses were analyzed during silage fermentation process. No differences were observed among treatments for total silage production. Overall, silage from intercropping treatments showed higher levels of hemicellulose, total digestible nutrients, crude protein, and ether extract, thus improving silage quality. However, lower contents of dry matter, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose were also observed in silage from intercropped treatments. In short, adding soybeans to silage can improve final roughage, reducing costs of protein and energy supplements.

This study aimed to evaluate dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition, and feed efficiency of cows fed corn grain silages with okara or raw soybean inclusion. Six Holstein cows were distributed in a double Latin square and arranged in the following treatments: concentrate formulated based on corn grain silage with 30% okara inclusion; concentrate of corn grain silage with 20% raw soybean inclusion, and concentrate based on dry corn grains. Statistical analysis was performed using Bayesian inference. Diets formulated with silages reduced dry matter intake compared to the diet of concentrate based on dry grains. High digestibility of DM, OM, NFC, and EE was observed for diets with silage inclusion. Milk presented an increase in CLA for the diet of corn grain silage diet with soybean inclusion. Rehydrated grain corn silage with soybean or okara inclusion reduced dry matter intake and increased nutrient digestibility, maintaining the same milk production, which demonstrates the higher efficiency of these diets.

Maize and soybean intercropping is a cereal-legume intercropping pattern that not only increases grain yield but also improves the nutritional value of silage. Experiments were conducted in the summer season to compare the yield and nutritional composition of the forage and silage quality of mono-cropped maize and intercropped maize-soybean harvested at two stages of maturity. The main treatments were one sole crop maize (SM) and four maize-soybean intercropping patterns (one-row maize to one-row soybean (1M1S), one-row maize to two-row soybean (1M2S), one-row maize to three-row soybean (1M3S), and two-row maize to one-row soybean (2M1S). The crops were harvested when the maize reached the milk (R3) and maturity (R6) stages. Results indicated a significant increase in the fresh biomass and dry-matter production of maize fodder alone compared with those of maize intercropped with soybean fodder. After 60 days of ensiling period, silage samples were analyzed for pH, organic acids, dry matter, crude protein (CP), ether extract, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and other mineral compositions. All intercropped silages showed higher CP values (1M1S, 12.1%; 1M2S, 12.2%; 1M3S, 12.4%; and 2M1S, 12.1%) than the SM silage (8.7%). Higher organic acids were produced in 1M3S than in the other silages. Correlation data showed that CP was highly correlated with lactic acid but negatively associated with crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and NDF. Thus, the intercropping of maize and soybean silage is recommended due its enhanced crop production, nutritional values in dairy animals, and prolific animal feedings and because it was scientifically evaluated as a feed stuff. This study indicated that 1M3S was the most preferable among intercropped silages in terms of nutrient composition.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate forage production and compare nutrient content of intercropped corn/legume silages. Forage production was determined by harvesting 3 m by 7.7 m plots (n = 4). Corn was seeded at 79,000 seeds/ha and intercropped with 408,000, 538,000, or 815,000 seeds/ha of field peas; or corn intercropped with 272,000, 359,000, or 544,000 seeds/ha of forage soybean. All forages were harvested on a common date. Subsamples of forage were utilized in a laboratory scale ensiling study. Forage samples were stored in vacuum bags for 28 d prior to determination of pH, DM, and nutrient analysis. Intercropping field peas with corn decreased forage production compared to corn alone (P = 0.007). The lower field pea seeding rate resulted in greater forage production (P = 0.002) than either of the higher seeding rates which did not differ (P = 0.65). Intercropping forage soybean with corn increased (P < 0.001) forage production over corn alone. Intercropping corn with field peas increased silage CP (5.8 vs. 4.5 ± 0.13; P < 0.001) compared to corn alone. Including field peas at the lower and higher rate increased (P < 0.001) silage CP compared to the mid-rate and corn alone. Inclusion of soybeans increased silage CP over corn alone (5.9 vs 4.5 ± 0.16; P < 0.001). The middle seeding rate of forage soybean resulted in the greatest silage CP (P < 0.001). All rates of field pea inclusion resulted in decreased (P = 0.03) silage pH (3.8 vs 3.9 ± 0.04) compared to corn alone. Intercropping soybeans resulted did not affect (P = 0.81) silage pH (3.9 ± 0.04) compared to corn alone. Lodging contributed to the decreased yield of intercropped corn and field peas. Further research is needed prior broader recommendation related to intercropping corn and legumes for silage.

A study was conducted to examine the effects of different planting structure of maize (Zea maysL.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) intercropping on fodder production and silage quality.Maize was cultivated alone and intercropped with soybean as follows;1 row maize to 1 row soybean (1M1S),1 row maize to 2 rows soybean (1M2S) and 1 row maize to 3 rows soybean (1M3S).The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four treatments and three replications.The crops were harvested when the maize reached at heading stage (at about 35% dry matter).The results indicated significant increase in fresh biomass and dry matter production of maize fodder alone as compared to maize intercropped with soybean fodder.However,no difference (p>0.05) was observed in ether extract (EE ), ash (%)and acid detergent fibre (ADF) of nutrient composition of fodder among the four treatments.After 60 days of ensiling period,silage samples were analysed for pH,dry matter (DM),crude protein (CP),ether extract (EE),neutraldetergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC).All intercropped silages had higher CP values (1M1S,12.1%;1M2S,12.1%;1M3S,12.7%) than the monocrop maize (SM,8.4%) silage.The NDF and ADF levels were higher for maize silage as compared to intercropped silages. The study showed that among all intercropped silages the IM3S (1 row maize to 3 rows soybean) was preferable according to nutrient composition than other intercropped silages.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the supply of wet brewers grain silage with and without nutrient additives in ensiling (wheat bran, soybeans hulls and ground corn), and the effect of additives on the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients as well as the efficiency, production and milk composition of Holstein cows. Four multiparous Holstein cows were used, with an average milk production of 25 liters per day. The cows were randomly assigned, via the Latin Square design (4x4), to one of four experimental diets. The experimental period was 21 days. The results obtained in the experiment were evaluated by analysis of variance, Fisher’s F test and Tukey’s test at 5 % probability. The experimental diets consisted of wet brewers grain silage alone, and this silage with the addition of wheat bran, soybean hulls or ground corn. The diets did not affect the initial body weight of the animals. Diets containing wheat bran and ground corn provided a higher intake of dry matter (21.78 and 21.50 kg day-1) and organic matter (20.42 and 20.22 kg day-1) compared to the wet brewers grain silage alone and the diet containing soybean hulls. The results observed for dry matter (636.96 and 632.96 g kg-1), organic matter (659.16 and 654.35 g kg-1 DM), crude protein (712.84 and 717.79 g kg-1 DM) and neutral detergent fiber (598.99 and 538.90 g kg-1 DM) when cows were fed diets containing soybean hulls and ground corn, respectively, were higher than other diets. The different diets did not change daily milk production, milk production corrected for 3.5 % fat or milk composition. The milk urea nitrogen from cows fed ground corn diets was a lower concentration (17.67 mg dL-1), however, it was still above the suitable range (10 to 14 mg dL-1). Providing wet brewers grain silage with soybeans hulls or ground corn to Holstein cows increased the digestibility of dry matter and nutrients. However, the use of silages with wheat bran, soybean hulls or ground corn did not alter the efficiency, production or milk composition of cows fed with these silages.

Intercropping improves land-use efficiency under conditions of limited land and resources, but no information is currently available pertaining to land-use efficiency and silage quality based on whole-plant utilization. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted with the following conditions: three maize–soybean strip intercropping patterns (SIPs), comprising two maize rows along with two, three, or four soybean rows (2M2S, 2M3S, and 2M4S, respectively); and two sole cropping patterns of maize (SM) and soybean (SS). The aim was to evaluate the biomass yield and silage quality under each condition. Our results showed that all SIPs had a land equivalent ratio (LER) of over 1.6 based on both fresh and dry matter yield, and a higher whole plant yield, compared to sole cropping. Specifically, 2M3S exhibited the highest whole crop dry matter LER (1.8–1.9) and yield (24.6–27.2 t ha−1) compared to SM and SS (20.88–21.49 and 3.48–4.79 t ha−1, respectively). Maize–soybean mixed silages also showed better fermentation quality with higher lactic acid content (1–3%) and lower ammonia-N content (2–8%) compared to SS silages, and higher crude protein content (1–1.5%) with lower ammonia-N content (1–2%) compared to SM silage. Among the intercropping patterns, 2M3S had the highest fermentation quality index V-score (92–95). Consequently, maize–soybean strip intercropping improved silage quality and biomass yield, with 2M3S being recommended, due to its highest LER and biomass yield, and most optimal silage quality.

Forage deficiency is the bottleneck that restricts the development of plateau animal husbandry. Maize (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max L.) intercropping can improve the forage biomass yield and silage quality. This experiment was conducted in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture to explore the effects of four maize varieties (M1, Rongyu Silage No. 1; M2, Yayu 04889; M3, Demeiya No. 1; M4, Zhenghong 505) on biomass yield, nutritional composition, and silage quality in maize–soybean intercropping. The results showed that M1S had the highest total dry matter yield (18.03 t ha−1), M3S had the highest crude protein (CP) content (8.46% DM), and soybeans had the highest water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content (8.55% DM). After silage, the CP content (13.44% DM) of mixed silage in M3S was higher, and the contents of neutral detergent fiber (39.42% DM) and acid detergent fiber (25.42% DM) were lower than those in maize silage alone. The WSC content (4.45% DM) of mixed silage in M3S was higher and the pH value (4.46) and ammonia–nitrogen to total nitrogen (3.97%) were lower than those of soybean silage alone. The results of membership function analysis showed that M3S was the best in fresh feeding and silage utilization, followed by M1S. Therefore, M3S (Demeiya No 1. intercropped with soybeans) is recommended in high-altitude areas.

A study was conducted to determine the effects of forage soybean cultivar on chemical composition, ensiling characteristics, and ruminal degradability of silage. Two cultivars of forage soybean (Kodiak and Mammouth) were field-grown, harvested at the R6 stage, and ensiled in mini-silos (n = 3) for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 45 d. Two ruminally fistulated cows were used to determine in situ ruminal nutrient degradabilities of the 45-d silages. Both cultivars went through slow fermentation as indicated by a gradual decline in pH up to day 45 post-ensiling. Lactic acid concentration increased throughout ensiling and was higher for Mammouth than Kodiak except at day 45 post-ensiling. Analysis of the 45-d silages showed that Mammouth contained higher neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 490 vs. 444 g kg-1), acid detergent fiber (371 vs. 353 g kg-1) and acid detergent lignin (81 vs. 64 g kg-1) than Kodiak. However, crude protein (CP) concentration was higher for Kodiak than Mammouth. Mammouth silage had lower buffer soluble protein and higher neutral and acid detergent insoluble protein concentrations than Kodiak silage. Results of the in situ study indicated that Kodiak silage had greater ruminal dry matter (606 vs. 549 g kg-1), CP (828 vs. 752 g kg -1) and NDF (272 vs. 227 g kg-1) degradabilities than Mammouth. It was concluded that chemical composition and ruminal nutrient degradabilities of forage soybean silage were significantly influenced by cultivar. Key words: Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merill.], silage, ensiling; forage quality, nutrient degradability

Availability of feedstock is one of the uncertainties impeding cellulosic biofuel production, and conservation of whole crop biomass as silage is a promising method to ensure year-round feedstock availability for biofuel production. This study investigated lignocellulose degradation and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of a 90-d sorghum silage incorporated with soybean and inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum A1 in a three (0, 25, and 50%; soybean inclusions) by two (uninoculated and inoculated) factorial experiment. The results revealed that L. plantarum A1 inoculated silages had improved fermentation characteristics. The silages’ total N and non-fiber carbohydrate increased with L. plantarum A1 and soybean inclusion (p < 0.05). Inoculation also increased the residual water-soluble carbohydrate by 33.9% (p < 0.05). Inoculation and soybean inclusion significantly hydrolyzed the biomass’ lignocellulose, altered its morphology and microstructural matrix, increased production of ferulic acid and reduced the biomass crystallinity by 15.60% (p < 0.05). L. plantarum A1 inoculation × soybean inclusion improved glucose yield and cellulose conversion during enzymatic saccharification compared to uninoculated treatments. Therefore, incorporating soybean into sorghum silage with L. plantarum A1 inoculation enhanced fermentation quality, lignocellulose degradation and enzymatic saccharification which could serve as a sure way for sustainable year-round feedstock supply for enhanced biofuel production.

PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY COWS FED SOYBEAN SILAGE The objective of this research was to determine the feeding values of forage soybean (cv. Kodiak, full pod stage) silage to lactating dairy cows. Two diets with a 50:50 forage:concentrate ratio were formulated to meet nutrient requirements of dairy cows in early lactation. Soybean silage (SS) or a fourth cut alfalfa silage (AS) comprised 72% of the forage in each diet, with corn silage comprising the remaining 28%. Twenty Holsteins cows in early lactation were used in a Switchback design to determine the effects of dietary treatments on milk yield and milk composition. Four lactating cows fitted with ruminal cannulae were used in a Switchback design to determine effects of dietary treatments on ruminal fermentation and total tract nutrient digestibilities. Cows fed SS consumed less (P < 0.05) feed and produced less (P < 0.05) milk than cows fed AS. However, energy-corrected milk and milk efficiency were similar for both dietary treatments. Milk fat percentage and milk urea nitrogen were higher (P < 0.05) in milk of cows fed SS than in milk of cows fed AS. However, milk protein and lactose concentrations were similar for both dietary treatments. Ruminal pH and NH3 N were lower (P < 0.05) in cows fed AS than in cows fed SS. However, total and molar proportions of volatile fatty acids were not influenced by dietary treatments. Total tract digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and GE were similar for dietary treatments. Results of the present study revealed the potential of forage soybean silage as a forage source of dairy cows. More research is needed to determine the optimum stage of development at harvest to improve the nutritive value of soybean silage for dairy cows.
ÉVALUATION DE LA PERFORMANCE DE VACHES LAITIÈRES ALIMENTÉES AVEC DE L'ENSILAGE DU SOYA Le but de cette recherche était de déterminer la valeur nutritive de l'ensilage de soya (cv. Kodiak, Gousses remplies) lorsque servit à des vaches laitières en lactation. Deux diètes avec un ratio fourrage : concentré 50 : 50 ont été formulées afin de rencontrer les besoins nutritifs de vaches laitières en début de lactation. De l'ensilage de soya (ES) ou de l'ensilage de quatrième coupe de luzerne (EL) représentait 72% du fourrage dans chacune de ces diètes, alors que le 28% résiduel était comblé par de l'ensilage de mais. Vingt vaches de race Holstein en début de lactation ont été utilisées sous un plan de permutation de traitements afin de déterminer les effets des deux différentes diètes sur la production et la composition du lait. Toujours à l'aide d'un plan de permutation de traitements, quatre vaches munies d'une fistule ruminale permanente ont été utilisées afin de déterminer les effets des deux différentes diètes sur la fermentation ruminale et la digestibilité totale des nutriments. Les vaches recevant une diète ES avaient une consommation volontaire moindre (P < 0.05) et produisaient moins de lait (P < 0.05) que celles recevant une diète EL. Toutefois, les valeurs du lait corrigé et d'efficacité laitière étaient comparables pour les deux diètes. Le pourcentage de gras du lait et l'urée du lait des vaches recevant une diète ES étaient plus élevés (P < 0.05) que ceux des vaches recevant une diète EL. Toutefois, les pourcentages de protéine et de lactose du lait étaient similaires pour les deux diètes. Le pH et le NH3 N au niveau du rumen étaient plus bas (P < 0.05) pour les vaches recevant une diète EL que celles recevant une diète ES. Le type de diète n'a pas eu d'influence sur les proportions totales et molaires des acides gras volatils. Des valeurs semblables ont été observées en ce qui concerne$

The overall hypothesis of this research was that silage biomass and protein yields would be higher in corn-soybean intercrops than in monocrops on the same land area. Yields, European corn borer infestation and N transfer were tested over tall and dwarf corn hybrids, nodulating and nonnodulating soybean genotypes and at 0, 60 and 120 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$. Land Equivalent Ratios ranged from 0.97 to 1.23, but most were higher than 1.10. Protein concentrations of corn-soybean silage, up to 10.76%, were on average 9.24% vs. 7.41% in corn silage. A general trend of higher protein yield ha$ sp{-1}$ in intercrops compared to corn monocrops was significant in 1986. Corn-soybean intercrops at 60 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$ and three population densities were $132 to $261 ha$ sp{-1}$ more cost effective than monocropped tall corn at 120 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$. European corn borer infestation was reduced by intercropping and was higher at 120 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$ than at 60 or 0 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$. Under normal rainfall, dwarf corn had higher protein and yield levels when intercropped with nodulating rather than nonnodulating soybean. On N-depleted soil, N transfer was detected from nodulating soybean to nonnodulating soybean and to corn by the $ sp{15}$N dilution method, and to corn by direct $ sp{15}$N labelling of nodulating soybean.

Apparent digestibility of forage soybean silage was evaluated utilizing a dual continuous flow apparatus in a Latin Square design. The fermenters were inoculated with a mixture of rumen fluid from two ruminally cannulated Angus cows. Fermenters were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) 76.1% alfalfa silage, 16.1% corn stover, 6.7% dry distiller’s grains (CON); 2) 75.1% soybean silage, 6.5% corn stover, 17.3 % soyhulls (SB); 3) 63.5% soybean pearl millet mixed silage, 15.2% corn stover, 20.2 % soyhulls (SBPM);4) 61.4 % rye grass, 14.8% corn stover, 4.8% dried distiller’s grains, 18.0 % soyhulls (RYE). All diets contained 1.1 % Purdue Heifer developer and were balanced to meet or exceed NRC requirements for a developing heifer and to contain 13.9% crude protein. Treatment had no effect (P ≥ 0.43) on the apparent ruminal digestibility of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) or crude protein (CP). The SB forage source had the greatest (P = 0.03) fat digestibility compared to SBPM but similar to CON and RYE. Data suggests that the digestibility of forage soybean silage is similar to the digestibility of alfalfa silage. Additionally, if a producer is interested in planting a mixture of forage soybeans and pearl millet silage it too is similar in digestibility when compared to forage soybean alone and alfalfa silage.

The intercropping of corn with legumes is an alternative cropping strategy to corn monocropping which may help reduce inputs into the production of silage for livestock feed. The reduction of inputs will decrease costs to producers and potential damage to the environment. Two experiments were carried out at each of two sites in 1993 and 1994. The first experiment investigated the effects on silage yield and weed control of seeding soybean or lupin alone or in combination with one of three forages (annual ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam.; perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L.; and red clover, Trifolium pratense L.). The second experiment examined the effects on silage yield and weed control of seeding date (simultaneous with corn or three weeks later) and number of rows of large-seeded legumes (one or two) seeded between the corn rows. For both experiments intercropped plots received 90 kg ha$ sp{-1}$ less nitrogen fertilizer than monocropped plots (which received 180 kg ha$ sp{-1})$. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the fermentation characteristics of silage of sugarcane mixed with soybean hulls, bacterial inoculant (L. buchneri) and urea, and their combinations. In addition, intake, milk yield and composition of lactating dairy cows were evaluated. In the first experiment, eight different silages were made using the sugarcane cultivar IAC 86-2480 with the additives: Lactobacillus plantarum/Lactobacillus buchneri (strain NCIMB 40788), urea at the level of 0.5% of the original material and soybean hulls at 10 and 20% of the original fresh material. Eight treatments were tested in mini-silos: pure sugarcane (CN); sugarcane with bacterial inoculant (CNIB); sugarcane with 0.5% urea (CNUR); CNUR + IB (CNIBUR); CNUR + 10% soybean hulls (CNUR10%CS); CNUR + 20% soybean hulls (CNUR20%CS); CNIBUR + 10% CS (CNIBUR10% CS) and CNIBUR + 20% CS (CNIBUR20%CS). The experimental design was a completely randomized with 9 opening periods (1, 2, 3, 7, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 days post-closing) with three replicates. We evaluated total, gaseous, and effluent losses as well as the percentages of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). There was no significant effect of bacterial innoculant or urea on silage characteristics: neither pH, dry matter content of silage or gaseous and effluent losses. Urea and bacterial inoculant increased the level of lactic acid and reduced ethanol level (P<0.05) of the silages. The addition of 10 or 20% of soy hulls, by the other side, led to an improvement of silage composition and reduced gaseous and effluent losses, but showed no effect on ethanol or lactic acid of the ensiled sugarcane. In the second experiment, we evaluate the performance of lactating cows fed sugarcane silages with and without soybean hulls or bacterial innoculant. Four lactating cows were randomly assigned to a 4x4 Latin Square design. The experimental treatments tested were: sugarcane silage with bacterial inoculant (CNIB), CNIB with 10% soybean hulls (CNIB10%CS) and CNIB with 20% CS (CNIB20%CS), and a control treatment without additive (CN) pure cane silage (CN). The four experimental periods, lasting 21 days, were splitted into 14 days of adaptation and the following seven days for data collection (milk yield and composition and live weight of the animals). Bacterial inoculant affected negatively dry matter, NDF and protein intake, whereas addition of soybean hulls increase intake of DM, NDF, milk yield and weight gain. The higher the level of soy hulls the higher gain in weight. The inclusion of soy hulls led to weight gain whereas CN or CNIB led to weight losses. It is recommended the addition of soy hulls to the sugarcane chopped material to be ensiled at levels from 10 to 20%.
Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o perfil fermentativo de silagem de cana-de-açúcar aditivada com casca de soja, inoculante bacteriano Lactobacillus buchneri e uréia, em diferentes combinações, além de avaliar consumo e desempenho de vacas lactantes (quantidade e composição do leite produzido). Foram confeccionadas oito silagens diferentes, utilizando a cultivar de cana-de-açúcar IAC 86-2480. Como aditivos foram utilizados: inoculante bacteriano foi o Lactobacillus buchneri (cepa NCIMB 40788), uréia na proporção de 0,5% da matéria original e casca de soja nas proporções de 10 e 20% na matéria original. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados mini-silos, com oito tratamentos: cana pura (CN); CN + inoculante bacteriano (CNIB); CN com 0.5% uréia (CNUR); CNUR + IB (CNIBUR); CNUR + 10% casca de soja (CNUR10%CS); CNUR + 20% de casca de soja (CNUR20%CS); CNIBUR + 10% CS (CNIBUR10% CS) and CNIBUR + 20% CS (CNIBUR20%CS). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 9 períodos de abertura dos silos experimentais (1, 2, 3, 7, 15, 30, 60, 120 e 180 dias pós-fechamento) e 3 repetições. Foram avaliadas as perdas totais, gasosas e por efluentes, além das porcentagens de matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido. Não foram detectados efeitos do inoculante bacteriano ou uréia sobre as características da silagem, como pH, teor de matéria seca e perdas por efluentes ou gases. Uréia e inoculante bacteriano aumentaram o teor de ácido lático e reduziu o teor de etanol das silagens (P<0,05). A adição de casca de soja, por outro lado, melhorou a composição da silagem com redução nas perdas, mas não afetou os teores de etanol ou ácido lático da cana ensilada. No segundo experimento, foram utilizadas quatro vacas para avaliação da produção de leite e sua composição. Essas foram alimentadas com silagem de cana-de-açúcar com e sem casca de soja, em delineamento experimental quadrado latino 4x4. Os tratamentos foram silagem de cana com inoculante bacteriano (CNIB), silagem de cana com inoculante bacteriano e 10% de casca de soja (CNIB+10%CS) e silagem de cana com inoculante bacteriano e 20% de casca de soja (CNIB+20%CS). O tratamento controle foi silagem de cana pura (CN). Os quatro períodos experimentais, com duração de 21 dias, foram divididos em adaptação (14 dias) e coleta de dados de produção e composição do leite, e mudanças no peso vivo. O inoculante bacteriano afetou negativamente o consumo de matéria seca, de FDN e proteína bruta, enquanto a adição de casca de soja aumentou o consumo de matéria seca, de FDN e a produção de leite. A adição de casca de soja proporcionou ganho de peso, com o nível de 20% superando o nível de 10%. Enquanto a inclusão de casca de soja proporcionou ganho de peso, os tratamentos CN e CNIB levaram a perdas de peso. Recomenda-se a adição de casca de soja a massa a ser ensilada de cana-de-açúcar em níveis entre 10 a 20%.

The livestock sector is facing different challenges, and the demand for higher sustainability seems to be one of the most urgent. This PhD project debated, in particular, the environmental impacts related to ruminant nutrition, focusing on dairy cows, since nutrition is bound tightly to two of the most important sources of impact: enteric CH4 emission and land use change (LUC). Enteric CH4 emission from ruminants represents 29-38% of the total (anthropic + natural) emission of this powerful (21 CO2 equivalent) greenhouse gas. The production of CH4 is a physiological process used by ruminants to discharge the [H] resulting from rumen fermentation. Different strategies can be implemented to mitigate this impact, and they can be roughly grouped into three main categories: animal and feed management, diet formulation, and rumen manipulation. The second issue investigated in the project is the high reliance of European livestock on soybean meal as a protein source for diet formulation. A total of 30 million tonnes of this feedstuff was imported into Europe in 2020. The main countries of origin are in South America (65% of total import), where 20% of soybean meal production was linked with deforestation (and consequently LUC) in the last decades. Clearing these areas means loss of carbon sink and emission of CO2 in the atmosphere. Other feedstuffs, like grain legumes, oilseed meals alternative to soybean, and high quality forages could be considered to provide protein feed with a lower environmental cost. In this context, the PhD project was developed as follows:  To address the problem of CH4 emission, plant essential oils, as modulators of rumen fermentation, were evaluated (Experiment 1). Furthermore, the effect on CH4 emission of different forages in the diet of dairy cows was investigated (Experiment 2). For validation of mitigation strategies and inventory computation of emissions at a national scale, country-specific equations to quantify CH4 emission were evaluated (Experiment 3).  To address the problem of soybean meal environmental impact, soybean silage and responsible soybean meal (not connected with land use change) were evaluated as protein source alternatives to soybean meal in the diet of lactating cows (Experiments 4 and 5). Enteric methane direct emission In the first experiment, Achille moschata essential oil and its main pure components, namely bornyl acetate, camphor, and eucalyptol, were evaluated in an in vitro experiment. The trial comprehended a short-term in vitro incubation (48 h), with 200 mg of compound per L of inoculum, and a long-term one by continuous fermenter (9 d), with 100 mg/L for each compound. In the first incubation, no differences due to the treatments were found for in vitro gas production (on average, 30.4 mL/200 mg DM, P = 0.772 at 24 h and 45.2 mL/200 mg DM, P = 0.545 at 48 h). Camphor and eucalyptol reduced CH4 production when expressed as % of gas production at 48 h (P < 0.05): -7.4% and -7% compared to control. In the second incubation, CH4 was reduced by eucalyptol (-18%, P < 0.05). Regarding volatile fatty acids, the main effects were a decrease of total production for camphor (-19.5%, P < 0.05) and an increase in acetate production at 9 d with bornyl acetate and camphor (+13% and 7.6%, respectively, P < 0.05) compared to control. Total protozoa count was increased compared to the control (on average: +37%, P = 0.006, at 48 h and +48%, P < 0.001, at 9 d) with all the pure compounds tested. In the short-term incubation, all the treatments reduced Bacteroidetes (30.3%, on average, vs. 37.1% of control, P = 0.014) and Firmicutes (26.3%, on average, vs. 30.7% of control, P = 0.031) abundances but increased Proteobacteria (36.0%, on average, vs. 22.5% of control, P = 0.014). In the long-term incubation, eucalyptol increased the genus Ruminococcus abundance (2.60% vs. 1.18% of control, P = 0.011). An adaptation at long time incubation was observed. In particular, considering eucalyptol addition at 9 d incubation, VFA production was reduced (26.8 vs. 33.3 mmol of control, P < 0.05) contrary to the 48 h incubation (P = 0.189). Furthermore, the treatments affected protozoa genera relative abundances at 24 h (increased abundance for Entodinium with all the treatments, P < 0.001, and reduced for Diplodinium, P = 0.001); at 9 d, instead, protozoa genera relative abundances were not affected by the treatment. The additives tested showed potential in reducing CH4 production without compromising the overall fermentation efficiency. A meta-analysis (Experiment 2) investigated the effects on lactation performance and enteric CH4 of the main forage included in the diet. In the dataset, composed of in vivo experiments, four main forage bases were evaluated: corn silage, alfalfa silage, grass silage, and green forage. Cows fed corn, and alfalfa silages had the highest DMI (21.9 and 22.0 kg/d, P < 0.05) and milk yield (29.7 and 30.4 kg/d, P < 0.05). On the opposite, NDF digestibility was highest for grass silage and green forage (67.6% and 73.1%, P < 0.05) than corn and alfalfa silages (51.8% on average). CH4 production was lower (P < 0.05) for green forage (332 g/d) than the silage diets (on average 438 g/d). Instead, corn silage and alfalfa silage gave the lowest CH4 per kg of milk yield (14.2 g/kg and 14.9 g/kg, P < 0.05). Considering CH4 per kg of DMI, the only difference was between corn silage and grass silage (19.7 g/kg vs. 21.3 g/kg respectively for corn and grass silage, P < 0.05). Finally, prediction models for CH4 production were obtained through a step-wise multi regression. In particular, the models for the prediction of: CH4 in g/d (CH4 = - 65.3(±63.7) + 11.6(±1.67) × DMI - 4.47(±1.09) × CP - 0.86(±0.33) × Starch + 2.62(±0.78) × OM digestibility + 30.8(±9.45) × Milk fat) and for CH4 in g/kg of milk yield (CH4/milk yield = - 55.5(±20.1) - 0.37(±0.13) × DMI + 0.18(±0.05) × Total forage inclusion on diet DM - 0.10(±0.04) × Inclusion of the main forage on diet DM + 0.48(±0.21) × OM + 0.14(±0.06) × NDF + 1.98(±0.86) × Milk fat +4.34(±1.66) × Milk protein) showed high precision (R2 = 95.4% and 88.6%, respectively), but the best AIC value (320) was found for the model predicting CH4 in g/kg DMI: CH4/kg DMI = 6.16(±3.89) - 0.36(±0.03) × CP + 0.12(±0.05) ×OM digestibility + 3.77(±0.56) × Milk fat - 3.94(±1.07) × Milk fat yield. A dataset (66 observations in total) of three in vivo experiments conducted in Italy on lactating cows in respiration chambers was built to evaluate IPCC Tier 2 equations to estimate enteric CH4 production (Experiment 3). In the dataset, the CH4 conversion factor (conversion of gross energy intake into enteric CH4 energy) was lowest for a diet based on grass and alfalfa silages (5.05%, P < 0.05), while the others values ranged between 5.41 and 5.92%. On average, energy digestibility was 69.0% across the dataset, but the diet based on hays had a lower value (64.8%, P < 0.05). The IPCC (2019) Tier 2 (conversion factor = 5.7% or 6.1% for diet with NDF concentration < 35% or >35%, respectively; digestible energy = 70%) gave, on average, a value of CH4 production not statistically different from the ones measured in vivo (382 vs. 388 g/d in vivo, P > 0.05). The IPCC (2006) Tier 2 (conversion factor = 6.5%, digestible energy = 70%) over-predicted CH4 emission (428 vs. 388 g/d in vivo, P < 0.05; μ = -1.05). The most precise models were the two considering digestible energy equal to 70% and average values of conversion factor for IPCC (2006) and IPCC (2019) (R = 0.630); the most accurate models was the one considering a conversion factor equal to 5.7% and energy digestibility measured in vivo (Cb = 0.995). Overall, the best performance among the predicting models tested was for the one based on a conversion factor equal to 5.7% and energy digestibility of 70% (CCC = 0.579 and RMPSE = 9.10%). Use of alternative protein source to conventional soybean meal The dietary inclusion of soybean silage in partial replacement of soybean meal for dairy cows was evaluated in vivo in lactating cow diets (Experiment 4). Cows were fed two diets, one with 12.4% of DM from soybean silage in substitution of 35% of the soybean meal of the control diet. The treatment did not affect DMI and milk yield (on average, 23.7 kg/d, P = 0.659, and 33.0 kg/d, P = 0.377, respectively). Cows fed the soybean silage diet had lower milk protein concentration (3.43% vs. 3.55% of the control, P < 0.001) and higher milk urea (30.5 vs. 28.7 mg/dL, P = 0.002). The soybean silage had lower nutrient digestibility than the control: DMD 65.2% vs. 68.6%, OMD 66.4% vs. 69.8%, NDFD 31.5% vs. 38.8% (respectively for soybean silage and control diet; P < 0.001 for all of them). Regarding N balance, cows fed soybean silage excreted more nitrogen in the urines (32.3 % of N intake vs. 28.9%, P = 0.005) and less in the milk (31.3% vs. 32.7%, P =0.003) than the control. When used as a protein source alternative to soybean meal, soybean silage sustained comparable milk production, but NDF digestibility and N use efficiency should be improved. The environmental impact of the use of soybean silage in comparison to a control diet with soybean meal as the main protein source was evaluated through an LCA approach (Experiment 5). In addition, two scenarios were included in the study, considering the two diets mentioned before, but with soybean meal not connected to LUC (responsible soybean meal). Regarding the single forages, soybean silage had higher global warming potential than alfalfa hay (477 vs. 201 kg CO2eq/ton DM), also when this was expressed per tonnes of protein production (2439 and 1034 kg CO2eq/ton CP, respectively), probably due to the lower contribution of the cultivation phase for alfalfa, being a multi-year crop. The scenario with soybean silage reduced the global warming potential per kg of fat and protein corrected milk (1.17 kg CO2eq) compared to the control (1.38 kg CO2eq). Responsible soybean meal reduced the global warming potential per kg of fat and protein corrected milk (1.13 kg CO2eq/kg vs. 1.38 of the scenario with the control diet). Overall, the best result per kg of fat and protein corrected milk was obtained when responsible soybean meal and soybean silage were used in combination (1.01 kg CO2eq). Also, when global warming potential was evaluated per daily fed TMR, the impact was lowest for the scenario with responsible soybean meal (13.4 kg CO2eq/d) due to the lower contribution of soybean meal to the total impact (11% vs. 43% of the control). Therefore, the two alternative protein sources tested should be preferred when considering environmental impact compared to conventional soybean meals.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the forage and the silage fermentation profile made exclusively from Luziânia, Sambaíba, Tucunaré and UFV 16 cultivars. This profile was also made from UFVS 2003 of 10 intersections obtained from these cultivars and from the lineages TMG 801, tolerant to rust, UFVTN 105 AP, with high protein, and Vx 05-3027, Vx 05-3166 and Vx 05-3600, which are resistant to the Glyphosate herbicide action. The crosses were obtained from a complete diallel design, with fixed models and with the inclusion of parents and Fn s (method 2), as well carried out to the current generation.Two experiments were assembled with plants of F7 and F8 generations, in the years 2011/12 and 2012/13, respectively. Each selected plant in generation F7 consisted of a F8 generation line. The harvest occurred when the plants achieved the R6 stage for their silage, with the opening of the silos 60 days later. Forage chemical analyses before the silage were made at the Animal Nutrition Laboratory, in the Animal Science Department of the Federal University in Viçosa. Plant high and fresh mass were measured in generation F7, and the productivity of the dry mass was calculated per hectare. Dry and organic matter, ash, ethereal extract, crude protein, soluble carbohydrates, fiber in neutral and in acid detergent, and lignin in samples before and after the silage, are some of the things that were analyzed by the study.Ammonia nitrogen, pH and organic acids were analyzed just at the silage. As done in the generation F7, plant high and fresh mass were also measured in generation F8. The productivity of the dry mass was as well calculated. The variables were submitted to variance and diallelical analyzes, besides of the phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlations between them. It was possible to obtain the populations that were favorable to the silage production and, consequently, to probable soybean cultivars, which are appropriated for this silage development. An example is the crossing between Sambaíba X Tucunaré, which brought together the most favorable characteristics, and showed that it is capable of generating increases in the CHOS tenor, and also of reducing the LIG, pH, N-NH3/NTotal, ACE tenors. At the same time this crossing is capable of raising the LAT and the UFV 16 X UFVS 2003 crossing conciliated a reduced tenor of EE and N-NH3/NTotal, with elevated CHOS tenor.UFV-TN 105 and Vx 05-3166 lineages conciliated elevated MS, PB, CHOS tenor and reduced RR tenor, showing that they are capable of being included in breeding programs, aiming the selection of soybean forage.
Procurou-se avaliar a qualidade de forragem e o perfil fermentativo da silagem exclusiva feita a partir dos cultivares Luziânia, Sambaíba, Tucunaré, UFV 16, UFVS 2003 dos 10cruzamentos obtidos a partir desses cultivarese das linhagens TMG 801 (tolerante à ferrugem), UFVTN 105 AP (alta proteína), Vx 05-3027(RR),Vx 05-3166(RR) e Vx 05-3600(RR), estes últimos resistentes à ação do herbicida Glyphosate. Os cruzamentos foram obtidos a partir de dialelo completo, com modelos fixos e a inclusão dos genitores e F1s(método 2), e realizados até a atual geração. Foram montados dois experimentos, com plantasdas gerações F7 e F8,nos anos agrícolas 2011/12 e 2012/13, respectivamente. Cada planta selecionada na geração F7 consistiu em uma linha da geração F8. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Cada parcela foi constituída de duas fileiras de 5 m, distantes entre si 0,7 m. A colheita ocorreuno estádio R6, para realização da ensilagem das plantas e posterior abertura dos silos 60 dias após. As análises bromatológicas da forragem antes daensilagem e da silagem foram realizadas no Laboratório de Nutrição Animal do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Na geração F7 foram medidas a altura de plantas e massa frescacalculada a produtividade de massa seca por hectare. Foram analisados teores de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, cinzas, extrato etéreo, proteína bruta, carboidratos solúveis, fibras em detergente neutro, fibras em detergente ácido e lignina, tanto na silagem quanto na forragem. Nitrogênio amoniacal, pH e ácidos orgânicos foram analisados apenas na silagem. Na geração F8 foram medidas a altura de plantas e a massa fresca e calculada a produtividade de massa seca.As variáveis foram submetidas às análises de variância e análise dialélica,além da análise de correlações fenotípica, genotípica e ambiental entre elas. Foi possível a obtenção de populações favoráveis à produção de silagem e, consequentemente, de prováveis cultivares de soja apropriadas à produção de silagem, a exemplo dos cruzamentos Sambaíba x Tucunaré, que reuniram maior número de características favoráveis, mostrando-se capazes de gerar incrementos no teor de CHOS e reduzir os teores de LIG, pH, N-NH3/ NTotal, ACE e, ao mesmo tempo, elevar o teor de LAT; e UFV 16 x UFVS 2003 conciliou reduzido teor de EE e N-NH3/ NTotal, com alto teor de CHOS. As linhagens UFV-TN 105 e Vx 05-3166 conciliaram elevado teor de MS, PB, CHOs e reduzido teor de EE, mostrando-se passíveis de serem incluídos em programas de melhoramento visando à seleção de soja forrageira.

A fim de avaliar formas de associações do resíduo úmido de cervejaria com uso de aditivos no processo de ensilagem ; e desempenho e digestibilidade de cordeiros a partir a das associações, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiram ente casualizado 5 tratamentos com 4 repetições: C: ensilagem de 100% resíduo de cervejaria; PC15: 15% de polpa cítrica; PC30: 30% de polpa cítrica; CS15: 15% de casca de soja; CS30: 30% de casca de soja, adicionados com base na matéria fresca do resíduo de cervejaria. Das silagens foram coletadas amostras para as análises bromatológicas, pH, poder tampão, nitrogênio amoniacal, DIVMS e determinação de ácidos orgânicos (ácidos lático, acético, propiônico, butírico) e perfil microbiológico. Os dados da silagem foram analisados por meio da Eficiência Biológica Relativa (EBR), através da técnica do \"slope ratio\". Para análise in vivo foi verificado o desempenho dos animais e digestibilidade. Os dados foram analisados através do programa computacional Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2008), considerando efeitos fixos a inclusão de aditivos e os níveis. As médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas por contrastes ortogonais. Houve aumento do teor de MS, carboidratos e poder tampão para os níveis de inclusão; aumento da digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca; aumento na relação desejável/indesejável de ácido lático/ acético e butírico; aumento da população de bactérias ácido lática, e clostrídeos da silagem. Houve melhora no desempenho com a adição de casca de soja e polpa cítrica e na digestibilidade in vivo de MS, sendo os melhores resultados encontrados, em conjunto, para o tratamento da silagem com inclusão de 30% de polpa cítrica.
In order to evaluate the production of silage and the use of additives in the process of silage of brewery residue, they were distributed in a completely randomized design treatments 5 and 4 repetitions: C: silage 100% brewery residue; PC15: 15% of citrus pulp; PC30: 30% of citrus pulp; CS15: 15% of soybean hulls; CS30 mice: 30% of soybean hulls- added on the basis of the fresh of the residue of brewery. The silage samples were collected for the qualitative analysis, pH, buffer, ammoniacal nitrogen, IVDMD and determination of organic acids (Lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic, butyric) and microbiological profile. The Relative Biological Efficiency (RBE) was calculated by the slope ratio technique For in vivo analysis was verified the performance of the animals and digestibility.The data were analyzed by the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2008), whereas fixed effects the inclusion of additives and levels. The treatment average was compared by orthogonal contrasts There was an increase in the content of MS, carbohydrates and power buffer from the inclusion; increase in vivo digestibility of DM and increase of the population of lactic acid bacteria, clostridium; IVDMD, and the best results, together, for the treatment of silage with inclusion of 30% of citrus pulp.

Natural resource scientists, concerned citizens, and government officials are interested in reconstructing disturbed environments for reforestation and agricultural productivity. We examined Clearfield County in Pennsylvania, USA, to develop a predictive model to reconstruct the landscape for seven agronomic crops (corn, corn silage, oats, alfalfa hay, red clover, bluegrass, and soybeans) and thirteen woody plants (white cedar, lilac, highbush cranberry, Amur maple, gray dogwood, peashrub, white spruce, white pine, red maple, red pine, jack pine, nannyberry, and white ash). A significant predictive model (p ≤ 0.001) was generated explaining 96.94% of the variance, with percent clay, bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, available water capacity, pH, percent organic matter, percent rock fragments, slope, topographic position, and electrical conductivity explored as main effect terms, plus squared terms, and first order interaction terms. The model is not over-specified and each predictor is significant (p ≤ 0.05). The modeling effort suggests that there are at least several clusters of vegetation preference dimensions based upon the terrain of the landscape. The model provides insight into how to reconstruct the disturbed environment for vegetation in the study area.