Journal articles on the topic 'Soybean root nodules'
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Zhang, Rui, Cong Wang, Wenzhi Teng, Jing Wang, Xiaochen Lyu, Shoukun Dong, Shuang Kang, Zhenping Gong, and Chunmei Ma. "Accumulation and Distribution of Fertilizer Nitrogen and Nodule-Fixed Nitrogen in Soybeans with Dual Root Systems." Agronomy 10, no. 3 (March 14, 2020): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030397.
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The soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) is a crop with a high demand for nitrogen (N). The root nodules that form in soybeans can fix atmospheric N effectively, yet the goal of achieving high yields cannot be met by relying solely on nodule-fixed N. Nonetheless, the application of N fertilizer may inhibit nodule formation and biological N fixation (BNF), but the underpinning mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we grafted the roots of non-nodulated soybeans onto nodulated soybeans to generate plants with dual root system. The experiment included three treatments conducted under sand culture conditions with NO 3 − and NH 4 + as N sources. Treatment I: The non-nodulated roots on one side received 50 mg·L−1 15 NO 3 − or 15NH4+, and the nodulated roots on the other side were not treated. Treatment II: The non-nodulated roots received 50 mg·L−1 15 NO 3 − or 15 NH 4 + , and the nodulated roots received 50 mg·L−1 14 NO 3 − or 14 NH 4 + . Treatment III: Both non-nodulated and nodulated roots received 50 mg·L−1 15 NO 3 − or 15 NH 4 + . The results showed the following: (1) Up to 81.5%–87.1% of the N absorbed by the soybean roots and fixed by the root nodules was allocated to shoot growth, leaving 12.9%–18.5% for root and nodule growth. Soybeans preferentially used fertilizer N in the presence of a NO 3 − or NH 4 + supply. After the absorbed fertilizer N and nodule-fixed N was transported to the shoots, a portion of it was redistributed to the roots and nodules. The N required for root growth was primarily derived from the NO 3 − or NH 4 + assimilated by the roots and the N fixed by the nodules, with a small portion translocated from the shoots. The N required for nodule growth was primarily contributed by nodule-fixed N with a small portion translocated from the shoots, whereas the NO 3 − or NH 4 + that was assimilated by the roots was not directly supplied to the nodules. (2) Based on observations of the shoots and one side of the roots and nodules in the dual root system as an N translocation system, we proposed a method for calculating the N translocation from soybean shoots to roots and nodules during the R1–R5 stages based on the difference in the 15N abundance. Our calculations showed that when adding N at a concentration of 50 mg·L−1, the N translocated from the shoots during the R1–R5 stages accounts for 29.6%–52.3% of the N accumulation in nodulated roots (Rootn) and 9.4%–16.6% of the N accumulation in Nodulen of soybeans. Through the study of this experiment, the absorption, distribution and redistribution characteristics of fertilizer N and root nodule N fixation in soybean can be clarified, providing a theoretical reference for analyzing the mechanisms of the interaction between fertilizer N and nodule-fixed N.
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Vargas-Díaz, Arely A., Ronald Ferrera-Cerrato, Hilda V. Silva-Rojas, and Alejandro Alarcón. "Isolation and evaluation of endophytic bacteria from root nodules of Glycine max L. (Merr.) and their potential use as biofertilizers." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 17, no. 3 (November 8, 2019): e1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2019173-14220.
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Aim of study: To isolate and characterize endophytic bacteria inhabiting soybean root nodules collected from two tropical cropping systems in Mexico, and to evaluate the bacterial effects in soybean plants under controlled conditions.Area of study: The study was carried out at two locations (San Antonio Cayal and Nuevo Progreso municipalities) of Campeche State, Mexico.Material and methods: Two experimental stages were performed: 1) isolation, morphological and biochemical characterization, and molecular identification of endophytic bacteria from root-nodules of four soybean varieties grown at field conditions; and 2) evaluation of the effects of endophytic isolates on soybean growth and nodule development, and the effects of bacterial co-inoculation on soybean plants, under controlled conditions.Main results: Twenty-three endophytic bacteria were isolated from root nodules, and identified as Agrobacterium, Bradyrhizobium, Rhizobium, Ensifer, Massilia, Chryseobacterium, Enterobacter, Microbacterium, Serratia, and Xanthomonas. Under controlled conditions, Rhizobium sp. CPO4.13C or Agrobacterium tumefaciens CPO4.15C significantly increased the plant height (46% and 41%, respectively), whereas Bradyrhizobium sp. CPO4.24C promoted the nodule formation (36 nodules/plant). The co-inoculation of B. japonicum USDA110 and Bradyrhizobium sp. CPO4.24C enhanced plant growth, height (33.87 cm), root nodulation (69 nodules/plant) and N-fixation (3.10 µmol C2H4 h-1 plant-1) in comparison to the negative control.Research highlights: Results suggest that the native Bradyrhizobium sp. CPO4.24C may be used as a biofertilizer directed to developing sustainable soybean cropping at tropical regions.
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Polonenko, D. R., F. M. Scher, J. W. Kloepper, C. A. Singleton, M. Laliberte, and I. Zaleska. "Effects of root colonizing bacteria on nodulation of soybean roots by Bradyrhizobium japonicum." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m87-083.
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Eighteen strains of soybean root colonizing soil bacteria were tested for interference with nodulation of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) grown in a field soil – perlite mix or in a soil-less planting medium. Seventeen of the strains were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens or Pseudomonas putida and one as Aeromonas hydrophila. All strains colonized soybean roots at levels of log 3.9 to 5.7 cfu/g root. Although nine strains increased significantly the weights of nodules formed by Bradyrhizobium japonicum 110 on soybeans grown in the soil–perlite mix, numbers of nodules increased in only three treatments. Significant increases in nodule numbers were not observed when the soil bacteria were tested with B. japonicum 118, and only two treatments increased nodule weights when compared with the controls. One of the 18 treatments increased and 1 decreased significantly the dry weights of shoots of plants inoculated with B. japonicum 110 and grown in the soil-less mix. Only one treatment reduced the dry weights of roots. Several strains stimulated increases in the dry weights of shoots and roots of plants inoculated with B. japonicum 118, but these effects were not correlated with changes in nodule numbers or weights. The results suggest that root colonizing bacteria generally do not interfere with the ability of B. japonicum to form nodules in soybean roots and that certain strains may actually enhance nodulation and plant growth. The relevance of these results for the development of improved Bradyrhizobium inoculant products by the addition of selected plant growth promoting rhizobacteria is discussed.
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Li, Hongyu, Xiangxiang Wang, Quanxi Liang, Xiaochen Lyu, Sha Li, Zhenping Gong, Shoukun Dong, Chao Yan, and Chunmei Ma. "Regulation of Phosphorus Supply on Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean Plants with Dual-Root Systems." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 20, 2021): 2354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112354.
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Phosphorus (P) is an important nutrient affecting nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybeans. To further investigate the relationship of phosphorus with soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation, the seedling grafting technique was applied in this study to prepare dual-root soybean systems for a sand culture experiment. From the unfolded cotyledon stage to the initial flowering stage, one side of each dual-root soybean system was irrigated with nutrient solution containing 1 mg/L, 31 mg/L, or 61 mg/L of phosphorus (phosphorus-application side), and the other side was irrigated with a phosphorus-free nutrient solution (phosphorus-free side), to study the effect of local phosphorus supply on nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybean. The results are described as follows: (1) Increasing the phosphorus supply increased the nodules weight, nitrogenase activity, ureide content, number of bacteroids, number of infected cells, and relative expression levels of nodule nitrogen fixation key genes (GmEXPB2, GmSPX5, nifH, nifD, nifK, GmALN1, GmACP1, GmUR5, GmPUR5, and GmHIUH5) in root nodules on the phosphorus-application side. Although the phosphorus-application and phosphorus-free sides demonstrated similar changing trends, the phosphorus-induced increases were more prominent on the phosphorus-application side, which indicated that phosphorus supply systematically regulates nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybean. (2) When the level of phosphorus supply was increased from 1 mg/L to 31 mg/L, the increase on the P– side root was significant, and nodule phosphorus content increased by 57.14–85.71% and 68.75–75.00%, respectively; ARA and SNA were 218.64–383.33% and 11.41–16.11%, respectively, while ureide content was 118.18–156.44%. When the level of phosphorus supply was increased from 31mg/L to 61mg/L, the increase in the regulation ability of root and nodule phosphorus content, ARA, SNA, and ureide content were low for roots, and the value for nodules was lower than when the phosphorus level increased from 1 mg/L to 31 mg/L. (3) A high-concentration phosphorus supply on one side of a dual-root soybean plant significantly increased the phosphorus content in the aboveground tissues, as well as the roots and nodules on both sides. In the roots on the phosphorus-free side, the nodules were prioritized for receiving the phosphorus transported from the aboveground tissues to maintain their phosphorus content and functionality.
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Lyu, Xiaochen, Chunyan Sun, Jin Zhang, Chang Wang, Shuhong Zhao, Chunmei Ma, Sha Li, Hongyu Li, Zhenping Gong, and Chao Yan. "Integrated Proteomics and Metabolomics Analysis of Nitrogen System Regulation on Soybean Plant Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 2545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052545.
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The specific mechanisms by which nitrogen affects nodulation and nitrogen fixation in leguminous crops are still unclear. To study the relationship between nitrogen, nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybeans, dual-root soybean plants with unilateral nodulation were prepared by grafting. At the third trifoliate leaf (V3) to fourth trifoliate leaf (V4) growth stages (for 5 days), nitrogen nutrient solution was added to the non-nodulated side, while nitrogen-free nutrient solution was added to the nodulated side. The experiment was designed to study the effects of exogenous nitrogen on proteins and metabolites in root nodules and provide a theoretical reference for analyzing the physiological mechanisms of the interaction between nitrogen application and nitrogen fixation in soybean root nodules. Compared with no nitrogen treatment, exogenous nitrogen regulated the metabolic pathways of starch and sucrose metabolism, organic acid metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, among others. Additionally, exogenous nitrogen promoted the synthesis of signaling molecules, including putrescine, nitric oxide, and asparagine in root nodules, and inhibited the transformation of sucrose to malic acid; consequently, the rhizobia lacked energy for nitrogen fixation. In addition, exogenous nitrogen reduced cell wall synthesis in the root nodules, thus inhibiting root nodule growth and nitrogen fixation.
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Wang, Youning, Wei Yang, Yanyan Zuo, Lin Zhu, April H. Hastwell, Liang Chen, Yinping Tian, Chao Su, Brett J. Ferguson, and Xia Li. "GmYUC2a mediates auxin biosynthesis during root development and nodulation in soybean." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 12 (April 8, 2019): 3165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz144.
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Abstract Auxin plays central roles in rhizobial infection and nodule development in legumes. However, the sources of auxin during nodulation are unknown. In this study, we analyzed the YUCCA (YUC) gene family of soybean and identified GmYUC2a as an important regulator of auxin biosynthesis that modulates nodulation. Following rhizobial infection, GmYUC2a exhibited increased expression in various nodule tissues. Overexpression of GmYUC2a (35S::GmYUC2a) increased auxin production in soybean, resulting in severe growth defects in root hairs and root development. Upon rhizobial infection, 35S::GmYUC2a hairy roots displayed altered patterns of root hair deformation and nodule formation. Root hair deformation occurred mainly on primary roots, and nodules formed exclusively on primary roots of 35S::GmYUC2a plants. Moreover, transgenic 35S::GmYUC2a composite plants showed delayed nodule development and a reduced number of nodules. Our results suggest that GmYUC2a plays an important role in regulating both root growth and nodulation by modulating auxin balance in soybean.
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Gray, Sharon B., Reid S. Strellner, Kannan K. Puthuval, Christopher Ng, Ross E. Shulman, Matthew H. Siebers, Alistair Rogers, and Andrew D. B. Leakey. "Minirhizotron imaging reveals that nodulation of field-grown soybean is enhanced by free-air CO2 enrichment only when combined with drought stress." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 2 (2013): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12044.
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The rate of N2 fixation by a leguminous plant is a product of the activity of individual nodules and the number of nodules. Initiation of new nodules and N2 fixation per nodule are highly sensitive to environmental conditions. However, the effects of global environmental change on nodulation in the field are largely unknown. It is also unclear whether legumes regulate nodulation in response to environment solely by varying root production or also by varying nodule density per unit of root length. This study utilised minirhizotron imaging as a novel in situ method for assessing the number, size and distribution of nodules in field-grown soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 ([CO2]) and reduced precipitation. We found that nodule numbers were 134–229% greater in soybeans grown at elevated [CO2] in combination with reduced precipitation, and this response was driven by greater nodule density per unit of root length. The benefits of additional nodules were probably offset by an unfavourable distribution of nodules in shallow, dry soil in reduced precipitation treatment under elevated [CO2] but not ambient [CO2]. In fact, significant decreases in seed and leaf nitrogen concentration also occurred only in elevated [CO2] with reduced precipitation. This study demonstrates the potential of minirhizotron imaging to reveal previously uncharacterised changes in nodule production and distribution in response to global environmental change.
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Waluyo, Setiyo Hadi, Tek An Lie, and Leendert ’t Mannetje. "EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE ON NODULE PRIMORDIA OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max Merrill) IN ACID SOILS IN RHIZOTRON EXPERIMENTS." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 5, no. 2 (October 25, 2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v5n2.2004.37-44.
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To clarify whether P had a direct or indirect effect on the nodulation process of soybean grown in acid soils from Sitiung, West Sumatra, Indonesia, a series of rhizotron experiments, with special attention given to formation of nodule primordia, was conducted at Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University in 1998-2000. It was shown that Ca and P were essential nutrients for root growth, nodule formation, and growth of soybean in the acid soils (Oxisols). Ca increased root growth, number of nodule primordia, nodules, and growth of the soybean plant. This positive effect of Ca was increased considerably by the application of P. Ca and P have a synergistic effect on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) of soybean in acid soils. Ca is important for the establishment of nodules, whilst P is essential for the development and function of the formed nodules. P increased number of nodule primordia, thus it also has an important role in the initiation of nodule formation. From this study, it can be concluded that Ca and P are the most limiting nutrients for BNF of soybean in the acid soils of Sitiung, West Sumatra, Indonesia.
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Waluyo, Setiyo Hadi, Tek An Lie, and Leendert ’t Mannetje. "EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE ON NODULE PRIMORDIA OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max Merrill) IN ACID SOILS IN RHIZOTRON EXPERIMENTS." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 5, no. 2 (October 25, 2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v5n2.2004.p37-44.
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To clarify whether P had a direct or indirect effect on the nodulation process of soybean grown in acid soils from Sitiung, West Sumatra, Indonesia, a series of rhizotron experiments, with special attention given to formation of nodule primordia, was conducted at Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University in 1998-2000. It was shown that Ca and P were essential nutrients for root growth, nodule formation, and growth of soybean in the acid soils (Oxisols). Ca increased root growth, number of nodule primordia, nodules, and growth of the soybean plant. This positive effect of Ca was increased considerably by the application of P. Ca and P have a synergistic effect on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) of soybean in acid soils. Ca is important for the establishment of nodules, whilst P is essential for the development and function of the formed nodules. P increased number of nodule primordia, thus it also has an important role in the initiation of nodule formation. From this study, it can be concluded that Ca and P are the most limiting nutrients for BNF of soybean in the acid soils of Sitiung, West Sumatra, Indonesia.
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Sohn, Soo-In, Jae-Hyung Ahn, Subramani Pandian, Young-Ju Oh, Eun-Kyoung Shin, Hyeon-Jung Kang, Woo-Suk Cho, Youn-Sung Cho, and Kong-Sik Shin. "Dynamics of Bacterial Community Structure in the Rhizosphere and Root Nodule of Soybean: Impacts of Growth Stages and Varieties." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 5577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115577.
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Bacterial communities in rhizosphere and root nodules have significant contributions to the growth and productivity of the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). In this report, we analyzed the physiological properties and dynamics of bacterial community structure in rhizosphere and root nodules at different growth stages using BioLog EcoPlate and high-throughput sequencing technology, respectively. The BioLog assay found that the metabolic capability of rhizosphere is in increasing trend in the growth of soybeans as compared to the bulk soil. As a result of the Illumina sequencing analysis, the microbial community structure of rhizosphere and root nodules was found to be influenced by the variety and growth stage of the soybean. At the phylum level, Actinobacteria were the most abundant in rhizosphere at all growth stages, followed by Alphaproteobacteria and Acidobacteria, and the phylum Bacteroidetes showed the greatest change. But, in the root nodules Alphaproteobacteria were dominant. The results of the OTU analysis exhibited the dominance of Bradyrhizobium during the entire stage of growth, but the ratio of non-rhizobial bacteria showed an increasing trend as the soybean growth progressed. These findings revealed that bacterial community in the rhizosphere and root nodules changed according to both the variety and growth stages of soybean in the field.
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Junghans, Tatiana Góes, Maria Goreti de Almeida Oliveira, and Maurilio Alves Moreira. "Lipoxygenase activities during development of root and nodule of soybean." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 39, no. 7 (July 2004): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2004000700002.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate root and nodule soybean lipoxygenases in Doko cultivar and in a near isogenic line lacking seed lipoxygenases, inoculated and uninoculated with Bradyrhizobium elkanii. The lipoxygenase activities from roots collected at 3, 5, 9, 13, 18 and 28 days post-inoculation and from nodules collected at 13, 18 and 28 days post-inoculation were measured. The pH-activity profiles from root and nodules suggested that the lipoxygenases pool expressed in these organs from Doko cultivar and triple-null near isogenic lines are similar. The root lipoxygenase activity of Doko and triple-null lines, inoculated and uninoculated, reduced over time. The highest lipoxygenase activity observed at the beginning of root formation suggests the involvement of this enzyme in growth and development of this organ. However, for nodules an expressive increase of lipoxygenase activity was noticed 28 days post-inoculation. Root and nodule showed, at least, two mobility groups for lipoxygenases in immunoblottings, with approximately 94 and 97 kDa.
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Miljakovic, Dragana, Jelena Marinković, Maja Ignjatov, Dragana Milosević, Zorica Nikolić, Branislava Tintor, and Vojin Đukić. "Competitiveness of Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation strain for soybean nodule occupancy." Plant, Soil and Environment 68, No. 1 (January 12, 2022): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/430/2021-pse.
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The competitiveness of Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation strain against indigenous rhizobia was examined in a soil pot experiment. The effect of inoculation strain was evaluated under different soil conditions: with or without previously grown soybean and applied commercial inoculant. Molecular identification of inoculation strain and investigated rhizobial isolates, obtained from nodules representing inoculated treatments, was performed based on 16S rDNA and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequencing. Inoculation strain showed a significant effect on the investigated parameters in both soils. Higher nodule occupancy (45% vs. 18%), nodule number (111% vs. 5%), nodule dry weight (49% vs. 9%), shoot length (15% vs. 7%), root length (31% vs. 13%), shoot dry weight (34% vs. 11%), shoot nitrogen content (27% vs. 2%), and nodule nitrogen content (9% vs. 5%) was detected in soil without previously grown soybean and applied commercial inoculant. Soil had a significant effect on the shoot, root and nodule nitrogen content, while interaction of experimental factors significantly altered dry weight and nitrogen content of shoots, roots and nodules, as well as number of nodules. Nodulation parameters were significantly related with shoot dry weight, shoot and nodule nitrogen content. Symbiotic performance of inoculation strains in the field could be improved through co-selection for their competitiveness and effectiveness.
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Shearer, G., and DH Kohl. "Natural 15N Abundance of NH4+, Amide N, and Total N in Various Fractions of Nodules of Peas, Soybeans and Lupins." Functional Plant Biology 16, no. 4 (1989): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9890305.
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Nodules of certain N2-fixing root nodules are substantially enriched in 15N compared with non-nodular tissues. This enrichment usually resides largely within bacteroids. Isotope discrimination associated with export of ammonia(um) from the bacteroid would result in 15N enrichment of NH4+ within bac- teroids. Bacteroid protein synthesis from this pool of 15N enriched NH4+ would then account for enrichment of the bacteroids. Measurements of 15N abundances of total N and free NH4+ in nodule fractions from lupins (Lupinus luteus), soybeans (Glycine max) and peas (Pisum sativum) showed this was not the case. With the inocula used in experiments reported here, lupin and soybean nodules were enriched in 15N, while pea nodules were not. There was no correlation between 15N abundances of NH4+ and total N in the nodule fractions (r= 0.445, P> 0.2). We conclude that isotope discrimination associated with ammonia(um) transport does not explain the 15N elevation of lupin and soybean nodules. We also conclude, on the basis of the large isotope effect for the equilibrium between NH4+ and NH3, that most of the ammonia(um) is exported from bacteroids as NH4+ rather than NH3. We also measured the 15N abundance of free amide N. There was a strong correlation between 15N abundances of free amide N and total N in nodule fractions (r=0.924, P<0,001), suggesting that amide N is a significant source of N to the amino acid pools from which proteins are synthesised.
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Kavroulakis, Nektarios, Emanouil Flemetakis, Georgios Aivalakis, and Panagiotis Katinakis. "Carbon Metabolism in Developing Soybean Root Nodules: The Role of Carbonic Anhydrase." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 13, no. 1 (January 2000): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.1.14.
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A full-length cDNA clone encoding carbonic anhydrase (CA) was isolated from a soybean nodule cDNA library. In situ hybridization and immunolocalization were performed in order to assess the location of CA transcripts and protein in developing soybean nodules. CA transcripts and protein were present at high levels in all cell types of young nodules, whereas in mature nodules they were absent from the central tissue and were concentrated in cortical cells. The results suggested that, in the earlier stages of nodule development, CA might facilitate the recycling of CO2 while at later stages it may facilitate the diffusion of CO2 out of the nodule system. In parallel, sucrose metabolism was investigated by examination of the temporal and spatial transcript accumulation of sucrose synthase (SS) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) genes, with in situ hybridization. In young nodules, high levels of SS gene transcripts were found in the central tissue as well as in the parenchymateous cells and the vascular bundles, while in mature nodules the levels of SS gene transcripts were much lower, with the majority of the transcripts located in the parenchyma and the pericycle cells of the vascular bundles. High levels of expression of PEPC gene transcripts were found in mature nodules, in almost all cell types, while in young nodules lower levels of transcripts were detected, with the majority of them located in parenchymateous cells as well as in the vascular bundles. These data suggest that breakdown of sucrose may take place in different sites during nodule development.
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Ali, Mohammed, Long Miao, Fathia A. Soudy, Doaa Bahaa Eldin Darwish, Salma Saleh Alrdahe, Dikhnah Alshehri, Vagner A. Benedito, Million Tadege, Xiaobo Wang, and Jian Zhao. "Overexpression of Terpenoid Biosynthesis Genes Modifies Root Growth and Nodulation in Soybean (Glycine max)." Cells 11, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 2622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11172622.
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Root nodule formation in many leguminous plants is known to be affected by endogen ous and exogenous factors that affect formation, development, and longevity of nodules in roots. Therefore, it is important to understand the role of the genes which are involved in the regulation of the nodulation signaling pathway. This study aimed to investigate the effect of terpenoids and terpene biosynthesis genes on root nodule formation in Glycine max. The study aimed to clarify not only the impact of over-expressing five terpene synthesis genes isolated from G. max and Salvia guaranitica on soybean nodulation signaling pathway, but also on the strigolactones pathway. The obtained results revealed that the over expression of GmFDPS, GmGGPPS, SgGPS, SgFPPS, and SgLINS genes enhanced the root nodule numbers, fresh weight of nodules, root, and root length. Moreover, the terpene content in the transgenic G.max hairy roots was estimated. The results explored that the monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes were significantly increased in transgenic soybean hairy roots in comparison with the control. Our results indicate the potential effects of terpenoids and terpene synthesis genes on soybean root growth and nodulation. The study provides novel insights for understanding the epistatic relationship between terpenoids, root development, and nodulation in soybean.
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Panter, S., R. Thomson, G. de Bruxelles, D. Laver, B. Trevaskis, and M. Udvardi. "Identification with Proteomics of Novel Proteins Associated with the Peribacteroid Membrane of Soybean Root Nodules." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 13, no. 3 (March 2000): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.3.325.
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Soybean peribacteroid membrane (PBM) proteins were isolated from nitrogen-fixing root nodules and subjected to N-terminal sequencing. Sequence data from 17 putative PBM proteins were obtained. Six of these proteins are homologous to proteins of known function. These include three chaperones (HSP60, BiP [HSP70], and PDI) and two proteases (a serine and a thiol protease), all of which are involved in some aspect of protein processing in plants. The PBM homologs of these proteins may play roles in protein translocation, folding, maturation, or degradation in symbiosomes. Two proteins are homologous to known, nodule-specific proteins from soybean, nodulin 53b and nodulin 26B. Although the function of these nodulins is unknown, nodulin 53b has independently been shown to be associated with the PBM. All of the eight proteins with identifiable homologs are likely to be peripheral rather than integral membrane proteins. Possible reasons for this apparent bias are discussed. The identification of homologs of HSP70 and HSP60 associated with the PBM is the first evidence that the molecular machinery for co- or post-translational import of cytoplasmic proteins is present in symbiosomes. This has important implications for the biogenesis of this unique, nitrogen-fixing organelle.
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Rehman, Naveed, Fahim Ullah Khan, Muhammad Imran, Shahid Ali Rajput, Yiming Li, Ihteram Ullah, Rana waseem Akhtar, et al. "Knockdown of GmD53a confers strigolactones mediated rhizobia interaction and promotes nodulation in soybean." PeerJ 10 (January 20, 2022): e12815. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12815.
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Background Strigolactones (SLs) play a key role in modulating plant root growth, shoot branching, and plant-symbiont interaction. However, despite their significance, the components of SL biosynthesis and signaling in soybean and their role in soybean-rhizobia interaction is unknown. Methods In this study, we identified and functionally characterized the GmD53a from soybean. The GmD53a ORFs were amplified from root cDNA using primers for GmD53a RNA interference. To induce transgenic hairy roots of soybean, electric shock was used to transform pB7WG1WG2 vectors containing GmD53a knockdown and GUS into K599 strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The hairy roots and nodules were collected and examined for root nodules ratio and RNA was extracted after 4 weeks of rhizobia inoculation. Results A tissue-specific expression assay showed that GmD53a was differentially expressed in plant parts, predominantly in the stem and nodule. Furthermore, its expression was significantly up-regulated during rhizobia infection and varied with nodule formation. The GmD53a-knockdown chimerical plants were produced to further check its role in soybean nodulation in comparison with control GUS. In knockdown lines, the GmD53a (suppressor of strigolactone MAX2) has a higher number of nodules compared to control lines. Furthermore, the expression levels of several nodulation genes essential for initiation and formation of nodules were altered in GmD53a-knockdown lines. Conclusion The results revealed that SL biosynthesis and signaling are not conserved but also have close interaction between SL and legume rhizobia.
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Heckmann, M. O., and J. J. Drevon. "Nitrate metabolism in soybean root nodules." Physiologia Plantarum 69, no. 4 (April 1987): 721–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1987.tb01991.x.
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Chatfield, M., and D. A. Dalton. "Ascorbate Peroxidase from Soybean Root Nodules." Plant Physiology 103, no. 2 (October 1, 1993): 661–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.103.2.661.
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Reynolds, Paul H. S., and Dale G. Blevins. "Phosphoserine Aminotransferase in Soybean Root Nodules." Plant Physiology 81, no. 1 (May 1, 1986): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.81.1.293.
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Mitchell, Michelle K., Paul H. S. Reynolds, and Dale G. Blevins. "Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase from Soybean Root Nodules." Plant Physiology 81, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.81.2.553.
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Mohammadi, Mojtaba, and Arthur L. Karr. "Induced lipoxygenases in soybean root nodules." Plant Science 164, no. 4 (April 2003): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(02)00431-4.
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Dennis, Stanley, and Ivan R. Kennedy. "Aldrin epoxidase from soybean root nodules." Phytochemistry 24, no. 4 (January 1985): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)84875-x.
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Brown, S. M., K. J. Oparka, J. I. Sprent, and K. B. Walsh. "Symplastic transport in soybean root nodules." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27, no. 4-5 (April 1995): 387–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(95)98609-r.
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Lestari, Puji, Kyujung Van, Moon Young Kim, Byun-Woo Lee, and Suk-Ha Lee. "Newly featured infection events in a supernodulating soybean mutant SS2-2 by Bradyrhizobium japonicum." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w05-127.
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Supernodulating soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) mutant SS2-2 and its wild-type counterpart, Sinpaldalkong 2, were examined for the microstructural events associated with nodule formation and development. SS2-2 produced a substantially higher percentage of curled root hairs than the wild type, especially at 14 days after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. In addition, there was new evidence that in SS2-2, B. japonicum also entered through fissures created by the emerging adventitious root primordia. Early steps of nodule ontogeny were faster in SS2-2, and continued development of initiated nodules was more frequent and occurred at a higher frequency than in the wild type. These data suggest that the early expression of autoregulation is facilitated by decreasing the speed of cortical cell development, leading to the subsequent termination of less-developed nodules. The nodules of SS2-2 developed into spherical nodules like those formed on the wild type. In both the wild type and supernodulating mutant, vascular bundles bifurcate from root stele and branch off in the nodule cortex to surround the central infected zone. These findings indicate that SS2-2 has complete endosymbiosis and forms completely developed nodule vascular bundles like the wild type, but that the speed of nodule ontogeny differs between the wild type and SS2-2. Thus, SS2-2 has a novel symbiotic phenotype with regard to nodule organogenesis.Key words: Bradyrhizobium japonicum, early nodule development, Glycine max, root hair curling, supernodulation.
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Adhikari, Sajag, Suresh Damodaran, and Senthil Subramanian. "Lateral Root and Nodule Transcriptomes of Soybean." Data 4, no. 2 (May 8, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data4020064.
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Symbiotic legume nodules and lateral roots arise away from the root meristem via dedifferentiation events. While these organs share some morphological and developmental similarities, whether legume nodules are modified lateral roots is an open question. We dissected emerging nodules, mature nodules, emerging lateral roots and young lateral roots, and constructed strand-specific RNA sequencing (RNAseq) libraries using polyA-enriched RNA preparations. Root sections above and below these organs, devoid of any lateral organs, were used to construct respective control tissue libraries. High sequence quality, predominant mapping to coding sequences, and consistency between replicates indicated that the RNAseq libraries were of a very high quality. We identified genes enriched in emerging nodules, mature nodules, emerging lateral roots and young lateral roots in soybean by comparing global gene expression profiles between each of these organs and adjacent root segments. Potential uses for this high quality transcriptome data set include generation of global gene regulatory networks to identify key regulators; metabolic pathway analyses and comparative analyses of key gene families to discover organ-specific biological processes; and identification of organ-specific alternate spliced transcripts. When combined with other similar datasets, especially from leguminous plants, these analyses can help answer questions on the evolutionary origins of root nodules and relationships between the development of different plant lateral organs.
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Morgun, V. V., S. Y. Kots, T. P. Mamenko, L. I. Rybachenko, and P. P. Pukhtaievych. "Regulation of superoxide dismutase activity in soybean plants by inoculating seeds with rhizobia containing nanoparticles of metal carboxylates under conditions of different water supply." Biosystems Diversity 29, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012105.
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Soybean is one of the most profitable advanced crops in agricultural production in Ukraine and the world as a whole. Therefore, studies of means of regulation and increase in the adaptive capacity of soybeans in symbiosis with nodule bacteria under the action of unfavourable environmental factors are relevant and should be aimed at the use of complex bacterial compositions involving modern nanotechnological approaches. Nanocarboxylates of ferrum, molybdenum and germanium metals were used as components of rhizobia inoculation suspension for soybean seed treatment to study the effectiveness of their complex effect on the regulation of the activity of the key antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase in plants under drought. Various symbiotic systems were used, which included soybean plants and inoculation suspensions based on the active, virulent Tn5-mutant Bradyrhizobium japonicum B1-20 by adding nanoparticles of ferrum, germanium and molybdenum carboxylates to the culture medium in a ratio of 1: 1000. Citric acid was the chelator. A model drought lasting 14 days was created during the period of active fixation of atmospheric molecular nitrogen by root nodules of soybeans in the budding and flowering stages, by means of controlled watering of plants to 30% of the total moisture content. In the stage of bean formation, watering of plants was resumed to the optimal level – 60% of the total moisture content. The control was soybean plants, the seeds of which were inoculated with a suspension of rhizobia without the addition of chelated metals. The following research methods were used in the work – microbiological, physiological and biochemical. According to the results, it was found that when nanoparticles of carboxylates of ferrum, molybdenum and germanium were added to the inoculation suspension of rhizobia, there was an increase in superoxide dismutase activity in root nodules and a decrease in soybean leaves under optimal water supply conditions of plants. This indicates the initial changes in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme in these symbiotic systems, induced by the influence of chelated metals in combination with the rhizobia of the active Tn5-mutant B. japonicum B1-20. Prolonged drought induced an increase in the overall level of superoxide dismutase activity in soybean nodules and leaves, compared to plants grown under optimal watering conditions. The symbiotic system formed by soybeans and B. japonicum with molybdenum carboxylate nanoparticles was the most sensitive to long-term drought exposure, compared to two other soybean-rhizobial symbioses using ferrum and germanium nanocarboxylates. This was manifested in the unstable reaction of the enzyme to the action of drought – suppression or intensification of the level of its activity in the root nodules and leaves of soybeans inoculated with rhizobia containing molybdenum carboxylate nanoparticles. In symbiotic systems with the participation of germanium and ferrum nanocarboxylates, slight changes were revealed in superoxide dismutase activity in root nodules and leaves of plants during drought and restoration of enzyme activity to the level of plants with optimal watering after water stress. It is concluded that the addition to the culture medium of rhizobia Tn5-mutant B1-20 of nanocarboxylates of germanium or ferrum is an effective means of regulating the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase in soybean root nodules and leaves, which can contribute to an increase in the protective properties and adaptation of plants to the action of dehydration.
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Prasetyani, Clara Emanuela, Yulia Nuraini, and Didik Sucahyono. "PENGARUH MEDIA DENGAN KRITERIA SALINITAS TANAH SALIN DAN NON SALIN TERHADAP EFEKTIVITAS DAN INFEKTIVITAS ISOLAT BAKTERI Rhizobium sp TOLERAN SALINITAS PADA TANAMAN KEDELAI (Glycine max L. Merril)." Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2021.008.1.31.
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Demand for the consumption of soybeans in 2014 was very high amounting to 10.91 kg capita-1 year-1 while soybean production was only 955 thousand tons. Soybean production can be increased by expanding the planting area including saline land areas. The use of soil microbes Rhizobium sp can help overcome this because Rhizobium sp can find symbiosis with soybean plants so that it allows the absorption of nitrogen nutrients for the growth of soybean plants. This study was aimed to determine and analyze the effect of saline soil on the effectiveness and infectivity of Rhizobium sp. inoculated to soybean plants on soil chemical and biological properties and plant growth. The study was conducted using a randomized block design consisting of 10 treatments and 3 replications. The results showed that the bacterial inoculation gave better plant growth than the control treatment on saline and non-saline soils. The high number of colonies was able to increase the number of effective root nodules and N-plant uptake and produced good plant growth with the best results. The inoculation treatment of isolate 12 on non-saline soil yielded N absorption value of 0.32 g plant-1, effective root nodules of 87.67 g plant-1, effective root nodule dry weight of 0.74 g plant-1, and plant height of 134.3 cm. On the biological properties of isolate 12 inoculation treatment on non-saline soil had the highest yield for the number of isolate colonies of 305.45 × 105 CFU mL-1.
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Takane, Ken-ichi, Shigeyuki Tajima, and Hiroshi Kouchi. "Two Distinct Uricase II (Nodulin 35) Genes Are Differentially Expressed in Soybean Plants." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 10, no. 6 (August 1997): 735–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1997.10.6.735.
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Nodule-specific uricase (uricase II) is a homotetramer of a 33-kDa polypeptide, nodulin 35, and plays a key role in the assimilation of nitrogen fixed by microsymbionts in most legumes that have determinate nodules. We have isolated two distinct genes, UR2 and UR9, that encode for nodulin 35 from a soybean genomic library. Their corresponding cDNAs were also isolated from a nodule cDNA library. UR2 and UR9 both encode for 309 amino acid proteins with 12 amino acid differences. The expression of these two genes in various organs of soybean was examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with primers specific to each cDNA sequences. Expression of UR9 was almost specific in root nodules, although it was expressed in roots, primary leaves, and developing seed at very low levels. In contrast, the UR2 transcripts were present in almost all plant organs at low levels, but no enhancement of the expression was observed in nodules. Thus, UR9 behaves as a nodulin gene, whereas UR2 is a nonsymbiotic uricase II gene. The sequences of their potential promoter regions share high homology within regions up to about 400 bp upstream from the translation initiation sites. These results suggest that symbiotic and nonsymbiotic uricase II genes diverged by gene duplication and that relatively small alterations in the promoter sequence enable the nodule-specific expression.
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Balatti, Pedro A., Hari B. Krishnan, and Steven G. Pueppke. "Calcium regulates growth of Rhizobium fredii and its ability to nodulate soybean cv. Peking." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 37, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 542–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m91-091.
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We investigated the role of calcium in growth of Rhizobium fredii USDA208 and its influence on nodulation of cv. Peking soybean. The placement and numbers of nodules on soybean roots in growth pouches is relatively insensitive to levels of Ca2+ in the root zone. In contrast, adequate Ca2+ in the Rhizobium culture media is essential for induction of a normal distribution of nodules on the taproot and lateral roots. Ca2+-deprived rhizobia attach in reduced numbers to soybean roots, do not initiate nodules in the most infectible region of the taproot, and induce nodules almost exclusively on lateral roots. Ca2+ starvation also greatly reduces growth of USDA208 in culture, but it has little effect on exopolysaccharide production. Strain USDA208 produces two detectable 45Ca2+-binding proteins in culture. A major 38-kDa bacterial protein is regulated by the availability of Ca2+, but this protein does not itself bind 45Ca2+. Key words: autoregulation, nodule regulation, nodule initiation.
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Hutianskyi, R. A. "THE EFFECT OF SOIL HERBICIDES ON NODULE-FORMING ABILITY AND OTHER CONDITIONS FOR SOYBEAN YIELD." Agriciltural microbiology 27 (July 6, 2018): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.27.24-30.
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The effect of soil herbicides on nodule-forming ability and other conditions for soybean yield isgiven. It has been established that modern soil herbicides, especially Fabian and Prymekstra TZ 500Gold SC were inferior than herbicide Harnes by the efficiency of control of annual cereals and bilobatedshort-living weeds soybean crops. Harnes had a greater negative effect on the formation of the amountand weight of nitrogen-fixing nodules on soybean root than other herbicides. At the same time, the use ofHarnes produced the highest yield of soybeans. Morphological signs of plants and signs of soybeanproductivity depended on the effectiveness of soil herbicides and tolerance of culture to them. There wasno significant effect of soil herbicides on the quality of the cultivated soybean seeds.
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Gottlob-McHugh, Sylvia G., and Douglas A. Johnson. "Detection of a subfamily of genes within the soybean nodulin-A multigene family." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-334.
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A soybean cDNA clone, 15-9-A, corresponding to a new nodule-specific gene was isolated. 15-9-A corresponds to an abundantly transcribed 1.0-kb mRNA that could first be detected in root nodules at about 10 days following inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. This clone was found to be very closely related to, but distinct from, Ngm-20, a member of a soybean nodulin multigene family. We have used oligonucleotide probes to detect an additional closely related gene, Ngm-20r, which is expressed as a 0.8-kb mRNA. 15-9-A, Ngm-20, and Ngm-20r appear to form a subfamily within the larger nodulin multigene family. Results derived from sequence analysis and hybridization experiments suggest that gene conversion may have played a role in the evolution of this subfamily. Key words: cDNA clone, gene conversion, multigene family, nodule specific, soybean.
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Lundgren, Jonathan G., and Walter E. Riedell. "Soybean Nitrogen Relations and Root Characteristics after Cerotoma trifurcata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Larval Feeding Injury." Journal of Entomological Science 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-43.1.107.
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Bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Förster), is a pest of economic importance to soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) production in the U.S. This greenhouse study was conducted to characterize larval feeding damage effects on nitrogen (N) assimilation and root system characteristics in soybean. Pots containing individual plants (n = 15) were exposed to 1 of 3 treatment levels that varied in infestation intensity: high intensity (19 larvae per pot), low intensity (5 larvae), and an uninfested control group. After 3 wk, the plants were dissected, and the fresh and dry weights of the roots and shoots were recorded. Also, the number of nodules, number of damaged nodules, and the volume of nodules were compared among the treatments. Leaf and pod chlorophyll, nitrate-N, ureide-N, amino-N, and total N concentrations were measured and compared among the treatments. Nodules were the only organs on the root system that were visibly damaged by larval feeding. External nodule surfaces were scarred, and frequently the internal matrices of the nodules were completely excavated by the larvae. Significantly more nodules per plant were found in the infested treatments, and damaged nodules were significantly more abundant on plants in the high infestation compared with those in the low infestation treatment. Also, plants from the highly infested treatment had significantly smaller nodules than the uninfested control, suggesting that the infested plants responded to larval damage by producing additional nodules. Leaf and pod ureide-N and total N concentrations were significantly lower in infested plants. Thus, feeding by C. trifurcata larvae affects the characteristics of nodules as well as the concentrations of N assimilates within soybean plants.
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Xue, Yingbin, Qingli Zhuang, Shengnan Zhu, Bixian Xiao, Cuiyue Liang, Hong Liao, and Jiang Tian. "Genome Wide Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Complex Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying Phosphate Homeostasis in Soybean Nodules." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (September 26, 2018): 2924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19102924.
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Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a major limitation for legume crop production. Although overall adaptations of plant roots to P deficiency have been extensively studied, only fragmentary information is available in regard to root nodule responses to P deficiency. In this study, genome wide transcriptome analysis was conducted using RNA-seq analysis in soybean nodules grown under P-sufficient (500 μM KH2PO4) and P-deficient (25 μM KH2PO4) conditions to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying soybean (Glycine max) nodule adaptation to phosphate (Pi) starvation. Phosphorus deficiency significantly decreased soybean nodule growth and nitrogenase activity. Nodule Pi concentrations declined by 49% in response to P deficiency, but this was well below the 87% and 88% decreases observed in shoots and roots, respectively. Nodule transcript profiling revealed that a total of 2055 genes exhibited differential expression patterns between Pi sufficient and deficient conditions. A set of (differentially expressed genes) DEGs appeared to be involved in maintaining Pi homeostasis in soybean nodules, including eight Pi transporters (PTs), eight genes coding proteins containing the SYG1/PHO81/XPR1 domain (SPXs), and 16 purple acid phosphatases (PAPs). The results suggest that a complex transcriptional regulatory network participates in soybean nodule adaption to Pi starvation, most notable a Pi signaling pathway, are involved in maintaining Pi homeostasis in nodules.
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Forrest, Sharon I., Desh Pal S. Verma, and Rajinder S. Dhindsa. "Starch content and activities of starch-metabolizing enzymes in effective and ineffective root nodules of soybean." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-094.
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Starch content and activities of some enzymes of starch metabolism were determined in wild-type, N2-fixing (fix+) nodules and in two non-N2-fixing (fix−) nodules induced by Bradyrhizobium japonicum mutant strains, T5-95 and T8-1, on soybean (Glycine max L.) roots. The T5-95 nodules are similar to wild type in ultrastructure, but the T8-1 nodules are different in that the bacteroids are not released from the infection thread. After initial accumulation to relatively high concentration, starch was depleted during nitrogen fixation in fix+ nodules. However, in fix− nodules, the accumulated starch was not metabolized. The activity of starch-bound starch synthase (EC 2.4.1.21) declined in fix+ nodules but remained high in fix− nodules. The activity of α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) was only slightly higher than wild type in T5-95 but was four times higher than wild type in T8-1 nodules. The activity of starch phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) increased in all nodule types from 14 to 21 days postinfection. A positive correlation was observed between the capacity of nodules to fix N2 and their capacity to degrade starch. Collectively, these results support the concept that starch accumulated during early stages of nodule development is metabolized to supply energy for nitrogen fixation and to meet the metabolic demands of bacteroids. Key words: nitrogen fixation, starch content, effective and ineffective nodules, starch synthase, starch phosphorylase, α-amylase.
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Damodaran, Suresh, Amélie Dubois, Juan Xie, Qin Ma, Valérie Hindié, and Senthil Subramanian. "GmZPR3d Interacts with GmHD-ZIP III Proteins and Regulates Soybean Root and Nodule Vascular Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 4 (February 14, 2019): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040827.
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Fabaceans produce two major classes of symbiotic nodules: the indeterminate type characterized by a persistent meristem, and the determinate type that lacks a persistent meristem. The class III homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-ZIP III) transcription factor family influence development of multiple lateral organs and meristem maintenance, but their role in determinate nodule development is not known. HD-ZIP III protein activity is post-translationally regulated by members of the small leucine zipper protein (ZPR) family in arabidopsis. We characterized the ZPR gene family in soybean and evaluated their ability to interact with two key members of GmHD-ZIP III family through yeast two-hybrid assays. GmZPR3d displayed the strongest interaction with GmHD-ZIP III-2 among the different pairs evaluated. GmHD-ZIP III-1, -2, and GmZPR3d showed overlapping expression patterns in the root stele and in nodule parenchyma tissues. Over-expression of GmZPR3d resulted in ectopic root secondary xylem formation, and enhanced expression of vessel-specific master switch genes in soybean. The nodules in ZPR3d over-expressing roots were larger in size, had a relatively larger central zone and displayed increased nodule vascular branching. The results from this study point to a key role for GmZPR3d in soybean root and nodule development.
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Bai, Yuming, Frederic D'Aoust, Donald L. Smith, and Brian T. Driscoll. "Isolation of plant-growth-promotingBacillusstrains from soybean root nodules." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w02-014.
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Endophytic bacteria reside within plant tissues and have often been found to promote plant growth. Fourteen strains of putative endophytic bacteria, not including endosymbiotic Bradyrhizobium strains, were isolated from surface-sterilized soybean (Glycine max. (L.) Merr.) root nodules. These isolates were designated as non-Bradyrhizobium endophytic bacteria (NEB). Three isolates (NEB4, NEB5, and NEB17) were found to increase soybean weight when plants were co-inoculated with one of the isolates and Bradyrhizobium japonicum under nitrogen-free conditions, compared with plants inoculated with B. japonicum alone. In the absence of B. japonicum, these isolates neither nodulated soybean, nor did they affect soybean growth. All three isolates were Gram-positive spore-forming rods. While Biolog tests indicated that the three isolates belonged to the genus Bacillus, it was not possible to determine the species. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene hypervariant region sequences demonstrated that both NEB4 and NEB5 are Bacillus subtilis strains, and that NEB17 is a Bacillus thuringiensis strain.Key words: root nodule, endophytic bacteria, plant-growth-promoting bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis.
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Giraud, Eric, Lei Xu, Clémence Chaintreuil, Daniel Gargani, Djamel Gully, and Michael J. Sadowsky. "Photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium sp. Strain ORS285 Is Capable of Forming Nitrogen-Fixing Root Nodules on Soybeans (Glycine max)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 7 (January 25, 2013): 2459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03735-12.
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ABSTRACTThe ability of photosyntheticBradyrhizobiumstrains ORS285 and ORS278 to nodulate soybeans was investigated. While thenodgene-deficient ORS278 strain induced bumps only on soybean roots, thenodgene-containing ORS285 strain formed nitrogen-fixing nodules. However, symbiotic efficiencies differed drastically depending on both the soybean genotype used and the culture conditions tested.
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Tortosa, Germán, Sergio Parejo, Juan J. Cabrera, Eulogio J. Bedmar, and Socorro Mesa. "Oxidative Stress Produced by Paraquat Reduces Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean-Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens Symbiosis by Decreasing Nodule Functionality." Nitrogen 2, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen2010003.
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Soybean (Glycine max.) is one of the most important legumes cultivated worldwide. Its productivity can be altered by some biotic and abiotic stresses like global warming, soil metal pollution or over-application of herbicides like paraquat (1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridinium dichloride). In this study, the effect of oxidative stress produced by paraquat addition (0, 20, 50 and 100 µM) during plant growth on symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) and functionality of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens-elicited soybean nodules were evaluated. Results showed that the 50 µM was the threshold that B. diazoefficiens can tolerate under free-living conditions. In symbiosis with soybean, the paraquat addition statistically reduced the shoot and root dry weight of soybean plants, and number and development of the nodules. SNF was negatively affected by paraquat, which reduced total nitrogen content and fixed nitrogen close to 50% when 100 µM was added. These effects were due to the impairment of nodule functionality and the increased oxidative status of the nodules, as revealed by the lower leghaemoglobin content and the higher lipid peroxidation in soybean nodules from paraquat-treated plants.
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Hayashi, Satomi, Peter M. Gresshoff, and Mark Kinkema. "Molecular Analysis of Lipoxygenases Associated with Nodule Development in Soybean." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, no. 6 (June 2008): 843–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-6-0843.
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We utilized transcriptional profiling to identify genes associated with nodule development in soybean. Many of the candidate genes were predicted to be involved in processes such as defense, metabolism, transcriptional regulation, oxidation, or iron storage. Here, we describe the detailed characterization of one specific class of genes that encode the enzyme lipoxygenase (LOX). The LOX9 and LOX10 genes identified by microarray analysis represent novel soybean LOXs expressed in developing nodules. LOX expression during nodulation was relatively complex, with at least eight different LOX genes expressed in soybean nodules. Histochemical analyses utilizing LOX9 promoter∷β-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion constructs in transgenic soybean hairy roots suggest that this gene is involved in the growth and development of specific cells within the root and nodules. In soybean roots, LOX9 was expressed specifically in the developing phloem. In nodules, the expression of LOX9 was correlated with the development of cells in the vasculature and lenticels. The use of RNAi in transgenic hairy roots reduced LOX expression by approximately 95%. Despite this significant reduction in LOX expression, there was no detectable effect on the development of roots or nodules. Our findings are discussed with respect to the potential function of LOXs in nodulation.
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Hu, Yue, Jian Jiao, Li Xue Liu, Yan Wei Sun, Wen Feng Chen, Xin Hua Sui, Wen Xin Chen, and Chang Fu Tian. "Evidence for Phosphate Starvation of Rhizobia without Terminal Differentiation in Legume Nodules." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 31, no. 10 (October 2018): 1060–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-02-18-0031-r.
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Phosphate homeostasis is tightly modulated in all organisms, including bacteria, which harbor both high- and low-affinity transporters acting under conditions of fluctuating phosphate levels. It was thought that nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, named bacteroids, inhabiting root nodules of legumes are not phosphate limited. Here, we show that the high-affinity phosphate transporter PstSCAB, rather than the low-affinity phosphate transporter Pit, is essential for effective nitrogen fixation of Sinorhizobium fredii in soybean nodules. Symbiotic and growth defects of the pst mutant can be effectively restored by knocking out PhoB, the transcriptional repressor of pit. The pst homologs of representative rhizobia were actively transcribed in bacteroids without terminal differentiation in nodules of diverse legumes (soybean, pigeonpea, cowpea, common bean, and Sophora flavescens) but exhibited a basal expression level in terminally differentiated bacteroids (alfalfa, pea, and peanut). Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae Rlv3841 undergoes characteristic nonterminal and terminal differentiations in nodules of S. flavescens and pea, respectively. The pst mutant of Rlv3841 showed impaired adaptation to the nodule environment of S. flavescens but was indistinguishable from the wild-type strain in pea nodules. Taken together, root nodule rhizobia can be either phosphate limited or nonlimited regarding the rhizobial differentiation fate, which is a host-dependent feature.
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Umarie, Iskandar, Wiwit Widiarti, Oktarina Oktarina, Ika Isnaini Rahayu, and Muharromatul Hikmah. "Effect Of Weeding and Pest Control on Root Dynamics of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) on Sugarcane-Soybean Intercropping System." International Applied Science 1, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32528/ias.v1i1.17.
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Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) is one of the important commodities in the provision of food, feed, and industrial materials, so it has become a major commodity in international trade. The need for global soybeans increases every year, along with population growth, improvement in per capita income, and the development of a food industry that is made from soybeans. This research was conducted in the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Muhammadiyah University, Jember, Jember, East Java, Indonesia. The research was conducted in the form of factorial field experiments. The First Factor is F1: Weed Weeding Frequency, as many as 3 levels, yi: F1: Weeding once (15 hst), F2: Weeding 2 times (15, 30 hst), F3: Weeding 3 times (15, 30, and 45 days after) ) and and the second factor is Pest Control by 4 levels: I1 = Chemical Insecticide (Decis 25 EC), I2 = Vegetable Insecticide, I3 = Vegetable Insecticide Soursop Extract, I4 = Vegetable Insecticide of Neem Extract. The treatments above were arranged using a Complete Randomized Block Design (RCBD) which was repeated three times. The results of the study of weed frequency treatment significantly affected the growth of root nodules and the development of the roots of soybean plants. The best weed weeding frequency is weeding three times in one growing season. Treatment of pest control significantly affects the growth of root nodules and the development of the roots of soybean plants. The best pest control is pest control with chemical insecticides. The interaction of weed weeding frequency with pest control significantly influences the growth of root nodules and the root growth of soybean plants. The best interaction in this study is the interaction between the frequency of weeding three times sugar with pest control using chemical insecticides
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Dhami, Namraj, and Braj Nandan Prasad. "Increase in root nodulation and crop yield of soybean by native Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains." Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science 6 (March 15, 2010): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v6i0.2902.
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Native strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum were tested for their effectiveness on nodulation, crop yield and nitrogen fixation in soybean (Glycine max). B. japonicum strains were isolated from soybean root nodules collected from different agro-climatic regions of Far Western Nepal, viz. Dipayal (607 m asl), Dadeldhura (1097 m asl), Silgadhi (1209 m asl) and Bajura (1524 m asl). The strains were characterized by studying colony characteristics, growth response with Congo red and Bromothymol blue, and Gram staining. The native bradyrhizobial strains were authenticated by performing infection test on soybean seedlings. All the four strains were found compatible and effective on root nodulation, crop yield and soil nitrogen (N) content. Inoculation of these strains increased soybean root nodulation by 247-343% and crop yield by 45-204%. There was strong positive correlation (r = 0.982) between number of root nodules and crop yield, which suggest that optimization of root nodulation by inoculating compatible and effective B. japonicum strains significantly increase the soybean crop yield. Soil N content of inoculated experimental pots was increased by 13-33%. However, variability among different strains was observed in their effect on root nodulation and yield performance. B. japonicum strain collected from Silgadhi was found to be the most effective in increasing nodule number and crop yield by 343% and 204% respectively. Key-words: Glycine max; gram staining; inoculation; nitrogen fixationDOI: 10.3126/botor.v6i0.2902 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 1-3
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Van den Bosch, K. A., and E. H. Newcomb. "Immunogold localization of nodule-specific uricase in developing soybean root nodules." Planta 167, no. 4 (April 1986): 425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00391217.
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Tsvetkova, Yulia Vladislavovna, Marina Ustimovna Lyashko, and Inna Ivanovna Strazhnikova. "Affect of Rhizotorphin on chlorophyll content and productivity of introduced soybean cultivars." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 15, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2020-15-1-7-18.
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Biotic nitrogen fi is a phenomenon mainly depended on mutualistic interrelation between host plant and root nodule bacteria. This interrelation affects photosynthesis and productivity of biological N-fixation and requires studies of biological particularities of grown legume cultivars and effectiveness of Bradyrhizobium strains used for seed inoculation. A field experiment was conducted on the territory of Nesvizhskaya Crop Testing Station (Minsk region, Republic of Belarus). Based on chlorophyll and nitrogen content in soybean leaves, number of nodules on roots of cultivars grown, and on quantity of nitrogen accumulated in plants, four soybean cultivars were assessed. The cultivar Pripyat (control) has poorly responded on inoculation, whereas cultivars Slavyankа an Sobrini responded well by increase of chlorophyll and nitrogen content in leaves and by larger number of root nodules. As a result, they produced unusually high seed yields. Therefore, these soybean cultivars may be recommended for wide use in regions of Belarus.
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Zambiazzi, Everton Vinicius, Adriano Teodoro Bruzi, Frederico Dellano Souza Silva, Eric Vinicius Vieira Silva, Alan Mario Zuffo, Scheila Roberta Guilherme, Fiorita Faria Monteiro, Alan Eduardo Seglin Mendes, Antonio Henrique Fonseca de Carvalho, and Maria Laene Moreira de Carvalho. "Development of Plants in Combination of Products Associated with the Inoculation in the Soybeans Seeds Treatment." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 9 (August 15, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n9p123.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different combinations of products applied through seed treatment, associated with the inoculation, in the development of soybean plants. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Federal University of Lavras (UFLA). The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with four repetitions in a factorial 4 × 11, being four soybean cultivars and 11 combinations of products associated with the inoculation in the treatment of seeds. At the stage (R1) it was evaluated: plant height, leaf area, foliar chlorophyll content, number of trifoliate leaves, dry shoot mass, dry root mass, root length, root volume, nodules total number, viable nodules total number, nodules dry mass and foliar nitrogen content. The combination of products in the treatment of seeds, do not present phytotoxic effects in the characters related to the development, except for dry matter of aerial part and root volume. The combination of products in treatment of seeds influences negatively the nodulation, especially in the treatments with presence of nematicide. The inoculation performed in isolation or combined with fungicide and insecticide (I+FI) maintains nodule levels.
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Bongiovanni, M. D., G. A. Cerioni, A. Gonzalez Giorgi, and E. Dobla. "Efecto De La Fertilizacion Fosforo Azufrada Sobre El Sistema Radical Y El Rendimiento De Soja En El Centro De Argentina." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 27 (September 30, 2016): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n27p18.
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The objective was to evaluate grain the effect of sulfur and phosphorus fertilization on root growth, nodules and soybean yield. The test was performed at 25 km west of Coronel Baigorria department Río Cuarto; Córdoba, Argentina on a Haplustol entic from the series Alpa Corral. Treatments applied were made different doses of single superphosphate (21% P205 y 12% de S).TO: control treatment, no fertilizerT1: 5,5 Kg ha-1de P y 7,2 Kg ha-1de S; T2: 10,9 Kg ha-1de P y 14,4 Kg ha-1 de S y T3: 16,48 Kg ha-1 de P y 21 Kg ha-1.During crop cycle the following observations and measurements: emerged seedlings, root dry weight, number of nodules, primary root diameter, root length density (DLR), and determine harvest, crop yield (kg/ha) and levels of available soil phosphorus at harvest. In this research project the application of phosphorus-sulfur fertilizer produced changes in soybean root system, by increasing dry weight of roots, generating lateral growth, improving the symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria which result in more number of nodules per root. Fertilization also modified rooting patterns increasing DLR in most fertilizer treatments, effects that resulted in an increase in soybeans yield.
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Ledermann, Raphael, Ilka Bartsch, Mitja N. Remus-Emsermann, Julia A. Vorholt, and Hans-Martin Fischer. "Stable Fluorescent and Enzymatic Tagging of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens to Analyze Host-Plant Infection and Colonization." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 28, no. 9 (September 2015): 959–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-03-15-0054-ta.
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Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110 (formerly named Bradyrhizobium japonicum) can fix dinitrogen when living as an endosymbiont in root nodules of soybean and some other legumes. Formation of a functional symbiosis relies on a defined developmental program mediated by controlled gene expression in both symbiotic partners. In contrast to other well-studied Rhizobium-legume model systems that have been thoroughly examined by means of genetically tagged strains, analysis of B. diazoefficiens host infection has been impaired due to the lack of suitable tagging systems. Here, we describe the construction of B. diazoefficiens strains constitutively expressing single-copy genes for fluorescent proteins (eBFP2, mTurquoise2, GFP+, sYFP2, mCherry, HcRed) and enzymes (GusA, LacZ). For stable inheritance, the constructs were recombined into the chromosome. Effectiveness and versatility of the tagged strains was demonstrated in plant infection assays. (i) The infection process was followed from root-hair attachment to colonization of nodule cells with epifluorescent microscopy. (ii) Monitoring mixed infections with two strains producing different fluorescent proteins allowed rapid analysis of nodule occupancy and revealed that the majority of nodules contained clonal populations. (iii) Microscopic analysis of nodules induced by fluorescent strains provided evidence for host-dependent control of B. diazoefficiens bacteroid morphology in nodules of Aeschynomene afraspera and Arachis hypogaea (peanut), as deduced from their altered morphology compared with bacteroids in soybean nodules.
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Steiner, Fábio, Alan Mario Zuffo, Aécio Bush, and Diego Muniz da Silva Santos. "Silicate fertilization potentiates the nodule formation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybean1." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 48, no. 3 (December 2018): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632018v4851472.
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ABSTRACT The application of silicon (Si) to the soil can increase the grain yield of the soybean crop by improving the nitrogen biological fixation, due to its beneficial effect on the Bradyrhizobium-soybean symbiosis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of fertilization with calcium and magnesium silicate on plant growth, root nodulation and nitrogen (N) uptake, in two soybean cultivars [BRS 1074 IPRO (transgenic) and BRS-MG 800A (conventional)], under greenhouse conditions. The application of silicate significantly increased the number of root nodules only for the BRS-MG 800A, while the positive effects of the silicate addition on nodule size, chlorophyll level and leaf N concentration were observed in both cultivars. The soybean cultivars show distinct responses to the silicate application, with respect to growth and dry matter yield, being the BRS 1074 IPRO more responsive than the BRS-MG 800A. Therefore, Si may induce the formation of root nodules in soybean plants and lead to significant increases in the nitrogen biological fixation and plant growth. These results highlight that Si is not only involved in the improvement of plant growth, but it can be also considered a crucial element to improve the symbiotic performance of soybean plants. However, the physiological basis of how and where silicate exerts its influence on nodulation and nitrogen biological fixation still remains unknown.
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Mamenko, T. P., S. Ya Kots, L. M. Mykhalkiv, and Yu A. Homenko. "Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Enzyme Activity in the Symbiotic System Glycine max – Bradyrhizobium japonicum by Seed Inoculation Different in Activity and Virulation Strain and Treatment with Fungicides." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 83, no. 4 (August 17, 2021): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj83.04.063.
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Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a key enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway and provides precursors for the synthesis of many secondary metabolites, which are necessary for the development and protection of plants from external factors of various natures, in particular plays an important role in the formation and development of their symbiosis with microorganisms. Aim. To study the activity of PAL in soybean plants in the early stages of legume-rhizobial symbiosis under the influence of seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains with different symbiotic properties on the background of fungicide treatment. Methods. Microbiology (bacterial culture growing, seeds inoculation), physiological (pot experiment), biochemical (determining the PAL enzyme activity). Results. Inoculation of soybean seeds with active virulent rhizobia induces a significant decrease in PAL activity in the roots at the primordial leaf stage and a significant increase in its activity level at the first true leaf stage, compared to inactive symbiosis. At the stage of third true leaf, the activity of PAL increased more significantly in soybean root nodules formed by inactive rhizobia, compared to active symbiosis. However, at the stage of third true leaves, the activity of PAL in soybean root nodules formed by inactive rhizobia increased significantly compared to active symbiosis. The use of fungicides for pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds induces changes in the level of PAL activity in roots and nodules, which do not affect the overall dynamics of enzyme activity in different effective symbiotic systems Glycine max - Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Conclusions. The activity of PAL in the roots and especially in the root nodules of soybeans in the early stage of plant development in the case of fungicides using and bacterization is primarily due to the action of the inoculation factor, and is determined by the symbiotic properties of rhizobia strains, in particular, their virulence and nitrogen fixation activity.