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Academic literature on the topic 'Soybean root nodules'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Soybean root nodules"

1

Zhang, Rui, Cong Wang, Wenzhi Teng, Jing Wang, Xiaochen Lyu, Shoukun Dong, Shuang Kang, Zhenping Gong, and Chunmei Ma. "Accumulation and Distribution of Fertilizer Nitrogen and Nodule-Fixed Nitrogen in Soybeans with Dual Root Systems." Agronomy 10, no. 3 (March 14, 2020): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030397.

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The soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) is a crop with a high demand for nitrogen (N). The root nodules that form in soybeans can fix atmospheric N effectively, yet the goal of achieving high yields cannot be met by relying solely on nodule-fixed N. Nonetheless, the application of N fertilizer may inhibit nodule formation and biological N fixation (BNF), but the underpinning mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we grafted the roots of non-nodulated soybeans onto nodulated soybeans to generate plants with dual root system. The experiment included three treatments conducted under sand culture conditions with NO 3 − and NH 4 + as N sources. Treatment I: The non-nodulated roots on one side received 50 mg·L−1 15 NO 3 − or 15NH4+, and the nodulated roots on the other side were not treated. Treatment II: The non-nodulated roots received 50 mg·L−1 15 NO 3 − or 15 NH 4 + , and the nodulated roots received 50 mg·L−1 14 NO 3 − or 14 NH 4 + . Treatment III: Both non-nodulated and nodulated roots received 50 mg·L−1 15 NO 3 − or 15 NH 4 + . The results showed the following: (1) Up to 81.5%–87.1% of the N absorbed by the soybean roots and fixed by the root nodules was allocated to shoot growth, leaving 12.9%–18.5% for root and nodule growth. Soybeans preferentially used fertilizer N in the presence of a NO 3 − or NH 4 + supply. After the absorbed fertilizer N and nodule-fixed N was transported to the shoots, a portion of it was redistributed to the roots and nodules. The N required for root growth was primarily derived from the NO 3 − or NH 4 + assimilated by the roots and the N fixed by the nodules, with a small portion translocated from the shoots. The N required for nodule growth was primarily contributed by nodule-fixed N with a small portion translocated from the shoots, whereas the NO 3 − or NH 4 + that was assimilated by the roots was not directly supplied to the nodules. (2) Based on observations of the shoots and one side of the roots and nodules in the dual root system as an N translocation system, we proposed a method for calculating the N translocation from soybean shoots to roots and nodules during the R1–R5 stages based on the difference in the 15N abundance. Our calculations showed that when adding N at a concentration of 50 mg·L−1, the N translocated from the shoots during the R1–R5 stages accounts for 29.6%–52.3% of the N accumulation in nodulated roots (Rootn) and 9.4%–16.6% of the N accumulation in Nodulen of soybeans. Through the study of this experiment, the absorption, distribution and redistribution characteristics of fertilizer N and root nodule N fixation in soybean can be clarified, providing a theoretical reference for analyzing the mechanisms of the interaction between fertilizer N and nodule-fixed N.
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Vargas-Díaz, Arely A., Ronald Ferrera-Cerrato, Hilda V. Silva-Rojas, and Alejandro Alarcón. "Isolation and evaluation of endophytic bacteria from root nodules of Glycine max L. (Merr.) and their potential use as biofertilizers." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 17, no. 3 (November 8, 2019): e1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2019173-14220.

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Aim of study: To isolate and characterize endophytic bacteria inhabiting soybean root nodules collected from two tropical cropping systems in Mexico, and to evaluate the bacterial effects in soybean plants under controlled conditions.Area of study: The study was carried out at two locations (San Antonio Cayal and Nuevo Progreso municipalities) of Campeche State, Mexico.Material and methods: Two experimental stages were performed: 1) isolation, morphological and biochemical characterization, and molecular identification of endophytic bacteria from root-nodules of four soybean varieties grown at field conditions; and 2) evaluation of the effects of endophytic isolates on soybean growth and nodule development, and the effects of bacterial co-inoculation on soybean plants, under controlled conditions.Main results: Twenty-three endophytic bacteria were isolated from root nodules, and identified as Agrobacterium, Bradyrhizobium, Rhizobium, Ensifer, Massilia, Chryseobacterium, Enterobacter, Microbacterium, Serratia, and Xanthomonas. Under controlled conditions, Rhizobium sp. CPO4.13C or Agrobacterium tumefaciens CPO4.15C significantly increased the plant height (46% and 41%, respectively), whereas Bradyrhizobium sp. CPO4.24C promoted the nodule formation (36 nodules/plant). The co-inoculation of B. japonicum USDA110 and Bradyrhizobium sp. CPO4.24C enhanced plant growth, height (33.87 cm), root nodulation (69 nodules/plant) and N-fixation (3.10 µmol C2H4 h-1 plant-1) in comparison to the negative control.Research highlights: Results suggest that the native Bradyrhizobium sp. CPO4.24C may be used as a biofertilizer directed to developing sustainable soybean cropping at tropical regions.
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Polonenko, D. R., F. M. Scher, J. W. Kloepper, C. A. Singleton, M. Laliberte, and I. Zaleska. "Effects of root colonizing bacteria on nodulation of soybean roots by Bradyrhizobium japonicum." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m87-083.

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Eighteen strains of soybean root colonizing soil bacteria were tested for interference with nodulation of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) grown in a field soil – perlite mix or in a soil-less planting medium. Seventeen of the strains were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens or Pseudomonas putida and one as Aeromonas hydrophila. All strains colonized soybean roots at levels of log 3.9 to 5.7 cfu/g root. Although nine strains increased significantly the weights of nodules formed by Bradyrhizobium japonicum 110 on soybeans grown in the soil–perlite mix, numbers of nodules increased in only three treatments. Significant increases in nodule numbers were not observed when the soil bacteria were tested with B. japonicum 118, and only two treatments increased nodule weights when compared with the controls. One of the 18 treatments increased and 1 decreased significantly the dry weights of shoots of plants inoculated with B. japonicum 110 and grown in the soil-less mix. Only one treatment reduced the dry weights of roots. Several strains stimulated increases in the dry weights of shoots and roots of plants inoculated with B. japonicum 118, but these effects were not correlated with changes in nodule numbers or weights. The results suggest that root colonizing bacteria generally do not interfere with the ability of B. japonicum to form nodules in soybean roots and that certain strains may actually enhance nodulation and plant growth. The relevance of these results for the development of improved Bradyrhizobium inoculant products by the addition of selected plant growth promoting rhizobacteria is discussed.
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Li, Hongyu, Xiangxiang Wang, Quanxi Liang, Xiaochen Lyu, Sha Li, Zhenping Gong, Shoukun Dong, Chao Yan, and Chunmei Ma. "Regulation of Phosphorus Supply on Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean Plants with Dual-Root Systems." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 20, 2021): 2354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112354.

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Phosphorus (P) is an important nutrient affecting nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybeans. To further investigate the relationship of phosphorus with soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation, the seedling grafting technique was applied in this study to prepare dual-root soybean systems for a sand culture experiment. From the unfolded cotyledon stage to the initial flowering stage, one side of each dual-root soybean system was irrigated with nutrient solution containing 1 mg/L, 31 mg/L, or 61 mg/L of phosphorus (phosphorus-application side), and the other side was irrigated with a phosphorus-free nutrient solution (phosphorus-free side), to study the effect of local phosphorus supply on nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybean. The results are described as follows: (1) Increasing the phosphorus supply increased the nodules weight, nitrogenase activity, ureide content, number of bacteroids, number of infected cells, and relative expression levels of nodule nitrogen fixation key genes (GmEXPB2, GmSPX5, nifH, nifD, nifK, GmALN1, GmACP1, GmUR5, GmPUR5, and GmHIUH5) in root nodules on the phosphorus-application side. Although the phosphorus-application and phosphorus-free sides demonstrated similar changing trends, the phosphorus-induced increases were more prominent on the phosphorus-application side, which indicated that phosphorus supply systematically regulates nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybean. (2) When the level of phosphorus supply was increased from 1 mg/L to 31 mg/L, the increase on the P– side root was significant, and nodule phosphorus content increased by 57.14–85.71% and 68.75–75.00%, respectively; ARA and SNA were 218.64–383.33% and 11.41–16.11%, respectively, while ureide content was 118.18–156.44%. When the level of phosphorus supply was increased from 31mg/L to 61mg/L, the increase in the regulation ability of root and nodule phosphorus content, ARA, SNA, and ureide content were low for roots, and the value for nodules was lower than when the phosphorus level increased from 1 mg/L to 31 mg/L. (3) A high-concentration phosphorus supply on one side of a dual-root soybean plant significantly increased the phosphorus content in the aboveground tissues, as well as the roots and nodules on both sides. In the roots on the phosphorus-free side, the nodules were prioritized for receiving the phosphorus transported from the aboveground tissues to maintain their phosphorus content and functionality.
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Lyu, Xiaochen, Chunyan Sun, Jin Zhang, Chang Wang, Shuhong Zhao, Chunmei Ma, Sha Li, Hongyu Li, Zhenping Gong, and Chao Yan. "Integrated Proteomics and Metabolomics Analysis of Nitrogen System Regulation on Soybean Plant Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 2545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052545.

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The specific mechanisms by which nitrogen affects nodulation and nitrogen fixation in leguminous crops are still unclear. To study the relationship between nitrogen, nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybeans, dual-root soybean plants with unilateral nodulation were prepared by grafting. At the third trifoliate leaf (V3) to fourth trifoliate leaf (V4) growth stages (for 5 days), nitrogen nutrient solution was added to the non-nodulated side, while nitrogen-free nutrient solution was added to the nodulated side. The experiment was designed to study the effects of exogenous nitrogen on proteins and metabolites in root nodules and provide a theoretical reference for analyzing the physiological mechanisms of the interaction between nitrogen application and nitrogen fixation in soybean root nodules. Compared with no nitrogen treatment, exogenous nitrogen regulated the metabolic pathways of starch and sucrose metabolism, organic acid metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, among others. Additionally, exogenous nitrogen promoted the synthesis of signaling molecules, including putrescine, nitric oxide, and asparagine in root nodules, and inhibited the transformation of sucrose to malic acid; consequently, the rhizobia lacked energy for nitrogen fixation. In addition, exogenous nitrogen reduced cell wall synthesis in the root nodules, thus inhibiting root nodule growth and nitrogen fixation.
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Wang, Youning, Wei Yang, Yanyan Zuo, Lin Zhu, April H. Hastwell, Liang Chen, Yinping Tian, Chao Su, Brett J. Ferguson, and Xia Li. "GmYUC2a mediates auxin biosynthesis during root development and nodulation in soybean." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 12 (April 8, 2019): 3165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz144.

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Abstract Auxin plays central roles in rhizobial infection and nodule development in legumes. However, the sources of auxin during nodulation are unknown. In this study, we analyzed the YUCCA (YUC) gene family of soybean and identified GmYUC2a as an important regulator of auxin biosynthesis that modulates nodulation. Following rhizobial infection, GmYUC2a exhibited increased expression in various nodule tissues. Overexpression of GmYUC2a (35S::GmYUC2a) increased auxin production in soybean, resulting in severe growth defects in root hairs and root development. Upon rhizobial infection, 35S::GmYUC2a hairy roots displayed altered patterns of root hair deformation and nodule formation. Root hair deformation occurred mainly on primary roots, and nodules formed exclusively on primary roots of 35S::GmYUC2a plants. Moreover, transgenic 35S::GmYUC2a composite plants showed delayed nodule development and a reduced number of nodules. Our results suggest that GmYUC2a plays an important role in regulating both root growth and nodulation by modulating auxin balance in soybean.
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Gray, Sharon B., Reid S. Strellner, Kannan K. Puthuval, Christopher Ng, Ross E. Shulman, Matthew H. Siebers, Alistair Rogers, and Andrew D. B. Leakey. "Minirhizotron imaging reveals that nodulation of field-grown soybean is enhanced by free-air CO2 enrichment only when combined with drought stress." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 2 (2013): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12044.

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The rate of N2 fixation by a leguminous plant is a product of the activity of individual nodules and the number of nodules. Initiation of new nodules and N2 fixation per nodule are highly sensitive to environmental conditions. However, the effects of global environmental change on nodulation in the field are largely unknown. It is also unclear whether legumes regulate nodulation in response to environment solely by varying root production or also by varying nodule density per unit of root length. This study utilised minirhizotron imaging as a novel in situ method for assessing the number, size and distribution of nodules in field-grown soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 ([CO2]) and reduced precipitation. We found that nodule numbers were 134–229% greater in soybeans grown at elevated [CO2] in combination with reduced precipitation, and this response was driven by greater nodule density per unit of root length. The benefits of additional nodules were probably offset by an unfavourable distribution of nodules in shallow, dry soil in reduced precipitation treatment under elevated [CO2] but not ambient [CO2]. In fact, significant decreases in seed and leaf nitrogen concentration also occurred only in elevated [CO2] with reduced precipitation. This study demonstrates the potential of minirhizotron imaging to reveal previously uncharacterised changes in nodule production and distribution in response to global environmental change.
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Waluyo, Setiyo Hadi, Tek An Lie, and Leendert ’t Mannetje. "EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE ON NODULE PRIMORDIA OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max Merrill) IN ACID SOILS IN RHIZOTRON EXPERIMENTS." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 5, no. 2 (October 25, 2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v5n2.2004.37-44.

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To clarify whether P had a direct or indirect effect on the nodulation process of soybean grown in acid soils from Sitiung, West Sumatra, Indonesia, a series of rhizotron experiments, with special attention given to formation of nodule primordia, was conducted at Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University in 1998-2000. It was shown that Ca and P were essential nutrients for root growth, nodule formation, and growth of soybean in the acid soils (Oxisols). Ca increased root growth, number of nodule primordia, nodules, and growth of the soybean plant. This positive effect of Ca was increased considerably by the application of P. Ca and P have a synergistic effect on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) of soybean in acid soils. Ca is important for the establishment of nodules, whilst P is essential for the development and function of the formed nodules. P increased number of nodule primordia, thus it also has an important role in the initiation of nodule formation. From this study, it can be concluded that Ca and P are the most limiting nutrients for BNF of soybean in the acid soils of Sitiung, West Sumatra, Indonesia.
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Waluyo, Setiyo Hadi, Tek An Lie, and Leendert ’t Mannetje. "EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE ON NODULE PRIMORDIA OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max Merrill) IN ACID SOILS IN RHIZOTRON EXPERIMENTS." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 5, no. 2 (October 25, 2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v5n2.2004.p37-44.

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To clarify whether P had a direct or indirect effect on the nodulation process of soybean grown in acid soils from Sitiung, West Sumatra, Indonesia, a series of rhizotron experiments, with special attention given to formation of nodule primordia, was conducted at Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University in 1998-2000. It was shown that Ca and P were essential nutrients for root growth, nodule formation, and growth of soybean in the acid soils (Oxisols). Ca increased root growth, number of nodule primordia, nodules, and growth of the soybean plant. This positive effect of Ca was increased considerably by the application of P. Ca and P have a synergistic effect on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) of soybean in acid soils. Ca is important for the establishment of nodules, whilst P is essential for the development and function of the formed nodules. P increased number of nodule primordia, thus it also has an important role in the initiation of nodule formation. From this study, it can be concluded that Ca and P are the most limiting nutrients for BNF of soybean in the acid soils of Sitiung, West Sumatra, Indonesia.
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Sohn, Soo-In, Jae-Hyung Ahn, Subramani Pandian, Young-Ju Oh, Eun-Kyoung Shin, Hyeon-Jung Kang, Woo-Suk Cho, Youn-Sung Cho, and Kong-Sik Shin. "Dynamics of Bacterial Community Structure in the Rhizosphere and Root Nodule of Soybean: Impacts of Growth Stages and Varieties." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 5577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115577.

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Bacterial communities in rhizosphere and root nodules have significant contributions to the growth and productivity of the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). In this report, we analyzed the physiological properties and dynamics of bacterial community structure in rhizosphere and root nodules at different growth stages using BioLog EcoPlate and high-throughput sequencing technology, respectively. The BioLog assay found that the metabolic capability of rhizosphere is in increasing trend in the growth of soybeans as compared to the bulk soil. As a result of the Illumina sequencing analysis, the microbial community structure of rhizosphere and root nodules was found to be influenced by the variety and growth stage of the soybean. At the phylum level, Actinobacteria were the most abundant in rhizosphere at all growth stages, followed by Alphaproteobacteria and Acidobacteria, and the phylum Bacteroidetes showed the greatest change. But, in the root nodules Alphaproteobacteria were dominant. The results of the OTU analysis exhibited the dominance of Bradyrhizobium during the entire stage of growth, but the ratio of non-rhizobial bacteria showed an increasing trend as the soybean growth progressed. These findings revealed that bacterial community in the rhizosphere and root nodules changed according to both the variety and growth stages of soybean in the field.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Soybean root nodules"

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Guse, Angela von Richter. "Anaerobic metabolism in soybean root nodules." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22317.pdf.

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De, Beer Misha. "Characterisation of dark chilling effects on the functional longevity of soybean root nodules / Misha de Beer." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8664.

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A large proportion of the world’s nitrogen needs is derived from symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF), which contributes substantially to agricultural sustainability. The partnership between legumes and rhizobia result in the formation of specialised structures called root nodules. Within these nodules SNF is supported by the sucrose transported from the leaves to the nodules for respiration. The end products of SNF in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) root nodules, namely ureides, are transported to the upper parts of the plant to supply nitrogen. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation provides a vital advantage for the production of soybean compared with most grain crops in that soybean fixes the nitrogen required for its growth and for the production of the high-protein content in seed and oil. The process of SNF is dramatically affected by drought, salt, cold and heavy metal stresses. Since SNF is such an important yield-determining factor, a lack in understanding these complexes inevitably delays progress towards the genetic improvement of soybean genotypes and also complicates decisions with regard to the suitability of certain genotypes for the various soybean producing areas in South Africa. The largest soybean producing areas in South Africa are situated at high altitudes, with minimum daily temperatures which can be critically low and impeding the production of soybean. Soybean is chilling sensitive, with growth, development and yield being affected negatively at temperatures below 15°C. Dark chilling (low night temperature) stress has proved to be one of the most important restraints to soybean production in South Africa. Among the symptoms documented in dark chilling sensitive soybean genotypes are reduced growth rates, loss of photosynthetic capacity and pigment content, as well as premature leaf senescence and severely inhibited SNF. Existing knowledge about stress-induced nodule senescence is based on fragmented information in the literature obtained in numerous, and often diverse, legume species. The precise nature and sequence of events participating in nodule senescence has not yet been fully explained. The main objectives of this investigation were to characterise the natural senescence process in soybean nodules under optimal growth conditions and to characterise the alteration of the key processes of SNF in a chilling sensitive soybean genotype during dark chilling. Moreover, to establish whether recovery in nodule functionality following a long term dark chilling period occured, or whether nodule senescence was triggered, and if sensitive biochemical markers of premature nodule senescence could be identified. A known chilling sensitive soybean genotype, PAN809, was grown under controlled growth conditions in a glasshouse. To determine the baseline and change over time for key parameters involved in SNF, a study was conducted under optimal growing conditions over a period of 6 weeks commencing 4 weeks after sowing. The cluster of crown nodules were monitored weekly and analysis included nitrogenase activity, ureide content, respiration rate, leghemoglobin content, sucrose synthase (SS) activity and sucrose content. Further investigations focused on induced dark chilling effects on nodule function to determine the alterations in key parameters of SNF. Plants were subjected to dark chilling (6˚C) for 12 consecutive nights and kept at normal day temperatures (26˚C). The induced dark chilling was either only shoot (SC) exposure or whole plant chilling (WPC). These treatments were selected since, in some areas in South Africa cold nights result not only in shoot chilling (SC) but also in low soil temperatures causing direct chilling of both roots and shoots. To determine if premature nodule senescence was triggered, the recovery following 12 consecutive nights of chilling treatment was monitored for another 4 weeks. It was established that the phase of optimum nitrogenase activity under optimal growing conditions occurred during 4 to 6 weeks after sowing where after a gradual decline commenced. This decline was associated with a decline in nitrogenase protein content and an increase in ureide content. The stability of SS activity and nodule respiration showed that carbon-dependent metabolic processes were stable for a longer period than previously mentioned parameters. The negative correlation that was observed between nitrogenase activity and nodule ureide content pointed towards the possible presence of a feedback inhibition trigger on nitrogenase activity. A direct effect of dark chilling on nitrogenase activity and nodule respiration rate led to a decline in nodule ureide content that occurred without any limitations on the carbon flux of the nodules (i.e. stable sucrose synthase activity and nodule sucrose content). The effect on SC plants was much less evident but did indicate that currently unknown shoot-derived factors could be involved in the minor inhibition of SNF. It was concluded that the repressed rates of respiration might have led to increased O2 concentrations in the nodule, thereby inhibiting the nitrogenase protein and so the production of ureides. It was found that long term chilling severely disrupted nitrogenase activity and ureide synthesis in nodules. Full recovery in all treatments occurred after 2 weeks of suspension of dark chilling, however, this only occurred when control nodules already commenced senescence. This points toward reversible activation of the nitrogenase protein with no evidence in support of premature nodule senescence. An increase in intercellular air space area was induced by long term dark chilling in nodules, specifically by the direct chilling of nodules (WPC treatment). The delayed diminishment of intercellular air space area back to control levels following dark chilling may be an important factor involved in the recovery of nitrogenase activity because enlarged air spaces would have favoured gaseous diffusion, and hence deactivation of nitrogenase, in an elevated O2 environment (due to supressed nodule respiration rates). These findings revealed that dark chilling did not close the diffusion barrier, as in the case of drought and other stress factors, but instead opened it due to an increase in air space areas in all regions of the nodule. In conclusion, this study established that dark chilling did not initiate premature nodule senescence and that SNF demonstrated resilience, with full recovery possible following even an extended dark chilling period involving low soil temperatures.
Thesis(PhD (Botany))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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Li, Youzhong, and Youzhong Li@health gov au. "Respiration and nitrogen fixation by bacteroids from soybean root nodules : substrate transport and metabolism in relation to intracellular conditions." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20040630.114138.

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Bacteroids of B. japonicum from nodules of soybean roots were isolated using differential centrifugation (the standard bench method) and density gradient centrifugation methods (either sucrose- or Percoll-) under anaerobic conditions in which N2 fixation was preserved. The relationships between N2 fixation and respiration, O2 supply, O2 demand, substrate (mainly malate) transport and metabolism in bacteroids were investigated using the flow chamber system. In related experiments, the primary products of N2 fixation which leave the bacteroids were investigated using a 15N-labelling technique in a closed shaken system and other biochemical methods.¶ In the flow chamber experiments, the rates at which O2 was supplied to bacteroids in the chamber were varied by (a) changing the flow rate of reaction medium through the chamber; (b) by changing the [O2 free] in the inflowing reaction medium by using either 3-5% (v/v) or 100% air in the gas mixture above the stirred reaction medium in two reservoir flasks; (c) by successively withdrawing bacteroids from the chamber, thus increasing the supply of O2 per bacteroid to those remaining in the chamber. The results showed that the rate of O2 supply regulates respiratory demand for O2 by bacteroids rather than the O2 concentration present in the reaction system. Respiration is always coupled to N2 fixation. ¶ Uptake of malate by bacteroids withdrawn from the flow chamber was measured under microaerobic conditions. Malate uptake by these N2-fixing bacteroids was lower than that by bacteroids isolated under aerobic conditions, which eliminate N2 fixation of bacteroids, but is closely correlated with bacteroid respiration rates. When respiration was increased by an increase in O2 supply, malate uptake by bacteroids was also increased. This suggested that transport of malate through the bacteroid membrane is also regulated by O2 supply, but indirectly. Higher uptake by bacteroids under aerobic conditions was observed because respiration was enhanced by the high availability of O2, but the fast uptake of malate by bacteroids driven by the abnormal respiration rates may not reflect the reality of malate demand in vivo by bacteroids when N2 fixation by bacteroids is fully coupled. ¶ The results of 15N labelling experiments and other biochemical assays once again demonstrated that ammonia is the principal significant 15N labelled product of N2 fixation accumulated during 30 min in shaken assays with 0.008-0.01 atm O2. Alanine although sometimes found in low concentrations in the flow chamber reactions, was not labelled with 15N in shaken closed system experiments. No evidence could be obtained from the other biochemical assays, either. Therefore, it is concluded that these and earlier results were not due to contamination with host cytosolic enzymes as suggested by Waters et al. (Proc. Natl. Aca. Sci. 95, 1998, pp 12038-12042). ¶ Malate transported into bacteroids is oxidized in a modified TCA cycle present in bacteroids. The results of flow chamber experiments with a sucA mutant (lacking a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase) showed that respiratory demand for O2 by the mutant bacteroids is regulated by O2 supply in the same way as the wild-type. Despite differences in other symbiotic properties, rates of nitrogen fixation by the mutant bacteroids, based on the bacteroid dry weight, appeared to be the same as in the wild-type. Also N2 fixation was closely coupled with respiration in the same manner in both mutant bacteroids and wild type bacteroids. These results and other supporting data, strongly support the conclusion that there is an alternative pathway of the TCA cycle in bacteroids, which enables the missing step in the mutant to be by-passed with sufficient activity to support metabolism of transported malate.
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Hlokwe, Mogale Clinton. "Molecular and physiological characterization of transgenic soybean (Glycine max) over-expressing oryzacystatin-I (OCI) in their root nodules." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77827.

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Pre-mature nodule senescence is a naturally occurring process that often has a negative impact on plant growth and development. Nodule senescence is regulated by a class of enzymes known as cysteine proteases. In this study, transgenic soybean (Glycine max) were investigated in order to determine whether nodule senescence can be prolonged by reducing the activity of cysteine proteases. Transgenic lines over-expressing a cysteine protease inhibitor (oryzacystatin-I) in root nodules were characterized under different growth conditions. Differential transgene expression occurred in transgenic lines. The presence of OCI was detected by determining cysteine protease activity using a fluoremetric assay which utilizes a fluorogenic cysteine protease substrate. Under well-watered conditions, OCI did lower cysteine protease activity in transgenic plants and also improved the growth rate of trifoliate leaves. The most potent effects of OCI were observed when plants were less than 9 weeks old. This was maybe due to a spike of OCI expression in nodules. Although cysteine protease activity was also lowered under drought conditions, detectable effects of OCI on plant biology were difficult to characterize in drought-treated transgenic lines. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that organ-specific over-expression of a cysteine protease inhibitor can alter certain plant functionalities that are related to the activity of those cysteine proteases. Future work will focus on determining OCI sensitive proteases and the respectable pathways which they are involved in.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Plant Production and Soil Science
MSc
Unrestricted
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Gottlob-McHugh, Sylvia Gabriele. "Investigation of nodulin genes expressed during soybean root nodule development." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5902.

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The infection of soybean roots by the soil bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum results in the formation of specialized organs on the roots called nodules. Within the nodules, a differentiated form of the bacterium (the bacteroid) reduces atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. Nodule development involves a complex interaction requiring the coordinated expression of nodule-specific bacterial (bacteroidin) and nodule-specific plant (nodulin) genes. A number of nodulin gene products from soybean have been characterized, but the functional roles of only a few have been determined. This thesis describes the isolation and characterization of four nodule-specific cDNA clones (and a leghemoglobin clone) from a cDNA library that was derived from soybean nodule poly (A)$\sp+$ enriched RNA. mRNA corresponding to these cDNA clones, could be detected in RNA isolated from the soybean nodule; but could not be detected in RNA isolated from the root. The pattern of expression of the genes corresponding to the cDNA clones was investigated at various times following infection of the soybean Glycine max (L.) Merrill by Bradyrhizobium japonicum. It appears that these nodulin mRNAs are expressed just prior to the onset of nitrogen fixation and accumulate to their maximum levels shortly thereafter. Sequence characterization of the four clones indicated that they represented members of a previously described nodulin multi-gene family: the "Nodulin A" family (Verma and Delauney, 1988). The "Nodulin-A" family represents a group of abundantly transcribed nodulins, whose function is unknown. Three of these clones, 9-11-B, 36-1-A, and 6-9-F, support the previously published sequences of nodulin-23 (Mauro et al., 1985; Sengupta-Gopalan et al., 1986), nodulin-22 (Sandal et al., 1987), and nodulin-44 (Sengupta-Gopalan et al., 1986) respectively. A fourth clone, 15-9-A, represents a new member of this multi-gene family. Northern blot hybridization with oligo-nucleotide probes specific to this cDNA clone, indicates that 15-9-A represents an abundantly transcribed 1 kb mRNA. Our analyses suggest that 15-9-A is a member of a subfamily of three closely related genes within the larger "Nodulin-A" family. 15-9-A is related to the nodulin-20 sequence of Sandal et al. (1987), which our analyses show is also a member of this subfamily. The 15-9-A cDNA is 100% identical to nodulin-20 in the region that is 5$\sp\prime$ to the position of the nodulin-20 intron, and 89% similar in the region that is 3$\sp\prime$ to the intron. Although the region of greatest divergence between the two sequences is in the 3$\sp\prime$ coding region, each sequence codes for a proline-rich carboxy terminus. In addition, we have determined that a 0.8 kb mRNA that cross-hybridizes to 15-9-A represents a third gene within this subfamily. We have also detected the presence of "Nodulin-A"-like sequences in the DNA of alfalfa, several actinorhizal plants, spinach, and corn. This raises the possibility that "Nodulin-A" like sequences have a functional role in plants other than soybean. We have isolated four alder genomic clones which cross hybridize to the cDNA clone 9-11-B, as an approach to characterizing a "Nodulin-A" sequence from another plant. Further characterization of these clones should determine their relatedness to the soybean sequences and may provide clues as to their possible functional significance.
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Ramongolalaina, Clarissien. "Relationships between the symbiotic compatibility of Bradyrhizobium strains and root-secreted flavonoids in soybean." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232353.

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Chiduwa, Mazvita Sheila. "Improving the legume-rhizobium symbiosis in Zimbabwean agriculture: A study of rhizobia diversity & symbiotic potential focussed on soybean root nodule bacteria." Thesis, Chiduwa, Mazvita Sheila (2021) Improving the legume-rhizobium symbiosis in Zimbabwean agriculture: A study of rhizobia diversity & symbiotic potential focussed on soybean root nodule bacteria. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/61496/.

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Legumes are important components for both smallholder and commercial agriculture in Zimbabwe in relation to food and income security and improvement of soil fertility through a symbiotic association with rhizobia. The efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation is largely unknown in most situations in Zimbabwe. While rhizobia inoculant is available for many legumes, only soybean is consistently inoculated. Native soybean rhizobia have not been genetically characterized or taxonomically identified. The inoculation response of cowpea, groundnut, lablab, sunn hemp, pigeon pea and soybean was investigated under Zimbabwean field conditions, together with effects on a subsequent maize crop. Separately, soybean microsymbionts were obtained from soils with known inoculation histories from nine smallholder and three commercial farms to isolate naturalized inoculant strains and native rhizobia. Isolates were genetically characterized using partial recA gene sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of representative isolates was undertaken using recA, glnII, and 16S rDNA sequences. Symbiotic genes nifH and nodC were analysed. Isolates were screened for nitrogen fixation efficiency and the two best fixers per species were tested for compatibility with three soybean varieties under glasshouse conditions. The best isolate of each species was tested across different field sites in Zimbabwe. Inoculation generally increased grain yield, shoot biomass and nitrogen accumulation. Maize biomass was higher when succeeding inoculated legumes than when succeeding uninoculated legumes. Partial recA gene sequencing grouped the isolates into four species: Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens (13%), B. japonicum (21%), B. elkanii (61%) and B. ottawaense (5%). B. ottawaense had the widest host range across 13 legumes, followed by B. elkanii, B. diazoefficiens and B. japonicum. Phylogenetic analyses were consistent with vertical transmission of core genes and horizontal transfer of symbiotic genes. Based on symbiotic performance and edaphic competence, strains B. japonicum NAZ554 and NAZ710 and B. diazoefficiens NAZ629 were identified as potential elite inoculant strains for soybean in Zimbabwe.
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Parsons, Richard. "Physiological regulation of nitrogen fixation in soybean root nodules." Phd thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/143403.

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Karumazondo, Rumbidzai Patience. "Proteomic approaches to profiling of cysteine proteases expressed in leaves and root nodules during natural senescence of the soybean plant." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/806.

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Thesis (M.Sc. (Biochemistry)) -- University of Limpopo, 2011
Soybean is one of the most cultivated legume plants in developing countries. Nodule senescence is a major limitation in producing high yields of soybean as it coincides with the pod filling stage. Delaying nodule senescence could be a way of increasing the yield of soybean therefore determination of the role of cysteine protease in soybean is of vital importance. In this study, soybean plants were grown under controlled temperature and light conditions. Leaves and root crown nodules were collected at 4, 6, 10, 12 and 16 weeks of age. In a comparative 1-dimensional SDS-PAGE analysis of soybean nodule proteomes as the plant matured, it showed differences in proteins expressed as shown by different banding patterns with less variation between the younger soybean nodule extracts (4, 6 and 10 weeks old) as compared to the older ones (12 and 16 weeks old). As determined by azocasein assay and protease zymography, the protease activity of the nodule extracts generally decreased with an increase in the age of the nodules whereas that of the leaves increased as the plants grew older. Cysteine proteases in the soybean nodule extracts readily cleaved the Z-Arg-Arg-AMC substrate with the highest activity shown in the younger nodules as compared to the older ones. In the leaf extracts, cysteine protease activity increased with age of the leaves. DCG-04, a biotinylated irreversible inhibitor, proved to be an effective label in profiling of activity of cysteine proteases in 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional systems. The labelling was inhibited specifically by cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64. In root nodules, the DCG-04 probing demonstrated that the expression of cysteine proteases is higher in early stages of development of the soybean nodules as compared to the later stages whereas in the leaves, there is higher expression of cysteine proteases in the old leaves (16 weeks). Using 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, five cysteine protease isoforms were visualised with the size ranging from approximately 25 to 30 kDa and a pI range of 4-6. In older nodules (12 and 16 weeks old) the higher pI isoforms are down-regulated with the 26 kDa and pI 4.5 protease being the predominant isoform. Affinity precipitation of the cysteine proteases yielded a strong band with the size of about 26 kDa. All assays used show that while in leaves, the expected trend of high expression of cysteine proteases in senescing leaves is observed, in soybean nodules the expression of cysteine proteases decreases with senescence. There is, therefore, no correlation between senescence and cysteine proteases in nodules. The highly expressed cysteine protease in young nodules could play a developmental or regulatory role during the early stages of development.
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Kaneko, Yasuko. "Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies of uninfected cells in the root nodules of soybean, bean and black locust." 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/15986112.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1987.
Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.
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Books on the topic "Soybean root nodules"

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Dalton, David Andrews. Investigations into the physiology of nitrogen fixation: Part I. Nickel metabolism of plants and bacteria : Part II. Peroxide scavenging in soybean root nodules. 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Soybean root nodules"

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Thomson, R. M., B. N. Kaiser, S. Moreau, A. Puppo, P. M. Finnegan, and D. A. Day. "Cation Transport in Soybean Root Nodules." In Nitrogen Fixation: From Molecules to Crop Productivity, 342. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47615-0_186.

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Legocki, Roman P., Misuk Legocki, Thomas O. Baldwin, and Aladar A. Szalay. "Bioluminescence in Root Nodules of Soybean Controlled by Nitrogenase Promoters." In Molecular genetics of plant-microbe interactions, 282–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4482-4_71.

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Kaiser, B. N., D. A. Day, P. M. Finnegan, S. D. Tyerman, L. F. Whitehead, and M. K. Udvardi. "Identification of a Novel NH4 + Transporter from Soybean Root Nodules." In Biological Nitrogen Fixation for the 21st Century, 298. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5159-7_167.

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Whitehead, L. F., R. Holtzapffel, A. R. Hardham, and D. A. Day. "Cytoskeleton and Intracellular Organisation of Infected Cells in Soybean Root Nodules." In Biological Nitrogen Fixation for the 21st Century, 280. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5159-7_149.

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Tajima, Shigeyuki, Kenichi Takane, and Hiroshi Kouchi. "Uninfected cell specific enhancement of a nodulin-35 genomic gene expression in soybean nodules. Evidences by RT-PCR and chimeric promoter region: GUS reporter gene analysis using transgenic hairy root system of soybean." In Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment, 203–4. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0047-9_49.

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Lamb, Joseph W., Brigitte Regensburger, Hans-Martin Fisher, Michael Göttfert, Linda Meyer, Sabine Ebeling, Daniel Studer, Matthias Hahn, and Hauke Hennecke. "Bradyrhizobium Japonicum Genes Involved in Soybean Root-Nodule Development." In Recognition in Microbe-Plant Symbiotic and Pathogenic Interactions, 79–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71652-2_7.

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Hua, S. S. T., K. L. Miller, V. J. Vreeland, and W. M. Laetsch. "Probing Cell Wall Structure in the Soybean Root Nodule." In Molecular genetics of plant-microbe interactions, 138–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4482-4_31.

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Schubert, Karel R., and George T. Coker. "Carbon Metabolism in Soybean Roots and Nodules: Role of Dark CO2 Fixation." In World Soybean Research Conference III: Proceedings, 815–23. New York: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429267932-136.

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Day, David A., G. Dean Price, and Peter M. Gresshoff. "A Comparison of Mitochondria from Soybean Nodules, Roots and Cotyledons." In Plant Mitochondria, 207–10. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3517-5_34.

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Göttfert, Michael, Philipp Grob, Silvia Rossbach, Hans-Martin Fischer, Beat Thöny, Denise Anthamatten, Ines Kullik, and Hauke Hennecke. "Bacterial Genes Involved in the Communication Between Soybean and Its Root Nodule Symbiont, Bradyrhizobium Japonicum." In NATO ASI Series, 295–301. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74158-6_36.

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Conference papers on the topic "Soybean root nodules"

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Ananyeva, I. N., Z. M. Aleschenkova, P. V. Rybaltovskaya, and M. A. Chindareva. "Effect of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) treatments on the introduction capacity of endophytic bacteria." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-103.

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The goal of the work was to obtain antibiotic-resistant forms of endophytic Glycine max L. (Merill) bacteria and to study their introduction potential affected by different seed treatment methods. Rifampicin-resistant variants of endophytic soybean bacteria Rhizobium radiobacter 27c and Pseudomonas fluorescens 11E preserving valuable properties were derived. Soybean seed treatment with Bradyrhizobium japonicum BIM V-501D and endophytic nitrogen-fixing Rh. radiobacter 27c, phosphate-mobilizing Ps. fluorescens 11E bacteria under model conditions promoted accumulation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the root, stem and leaves. The number of nodules rose by 70% compared with the mono-inoculated control; plant height increased by 19%.
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Khramoy, V. K., and К. С. Бурлаков. "THE EFFECT OF SEED INOCULATION ON THE FORMATION OF THE SYMBIOTIC APPARATUS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOYBEAN PLANTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE CENTRAL REGION OF THE NON-CHERNOZEM ZONE." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house RGAU-MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-81.

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In the soils where soybeans inoculated with the factory strain of rhizobia were grown, nodule bacteria are preserved, which can subsequently form active nodules on the roots of soybeans when sown with non-inoculated seeds. At the same time, seed inoculation increased the formation of nodules by 31.7-73.5%, and the accumulation of biomass by 11,3-25,9%.
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Харчук, Олег. "Визуализация in vivo клубеньков сои в полевых условиях." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.14.

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