Journal articles: 'Soybean maturity'

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Park, Myoung Ryoul, Inhye Lee, Min-Jung Seo, and Hong-Tae Yun. "Development of High-Resolution Simple Sequence Repeat Markers through Expression Profiling of Genes Associated with Pod Maturity of Soybean." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 12, 2020): 6363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186363.

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In soybeans (Glycine max L.), the time required to attain maturity is a quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL), which enable soybean cultivars to adapt to various regions with diverse day lengths. In this study, depending on the days to maturity, 100 soybean varieties were classified into eight maturity groups numbered from 0 to VII. The maturity groups were further sorted into three maturity ecotypes: early, middle, and late maturity. The analysis of 55,589 soybean genes revealed a total of 1147 related to the growth and development of soybean pods, including 211 genes with simple sequence repeats (SSRs). We further identified 42 SSR markers that amplified over two alleles in three different ecotypes, including six genes that were up- or downregulated in pods of more than one ecotype. The agglomerative hierarchical tree constructed for the newly identified SSR markers had three clusters. Clusters B-I, B-II, and B-III were found to be strongly related with the early, middle, and late maturity ecotypes, respectively. Therefore, the newly identified set of SSR markers can serve as an effective high-resolution tool for the genotyping and QTL mapping of soybean pod maturity.

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Bundy, C. Scott, and R. M. McPherson. "Cropping Preferences of Common Lepidopteran Pests in a Cotton/Soybean Cropping System." Journal of Entomological Science 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-42.1.105.

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Two soybean varieties (an early-maturing Group V and a later-maturing Group VII) and two cotton varieties (a conventional and a transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner [Bt]) were grown in adjacent replicated large field plots at two locations for 3 growing seasons. The abundance of commonly-observed lepidopteran pests within these two crops was observed weekly throughout each growing season. The green cloverworm, Hypena scabra (F.); soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and; velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, preferred soybeans over cotton at all six test sites. The bollworm complex, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens (F.), preferred soybeans at one site, cotton at two sites, and no crop preference at three sites. There was no difference in the seasonal mean abundance of the pests between the two soybean maturity groups. A few varietal differences were noted on soybeans on specific sampling dates; however, they occurred when insect numbers were low. Population densities approached economic injury levels on both the early and later-maturing soybean varieties. In cotton, the bollworm complex was significantly more abundant in conventional cotton than in Bt cotton. Although soybean loopers are a pest of both crops, soybeans are preferred when they are planted adjacent to cotton. Given this behavioral response, soybeans might serve as a trap crop to attract soybean loopers into a small planting of soybeans and out of the major planting of cotton.

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PARK, S. J., and N. R. BRADNER. "KG 30 SOYBEAN." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-023.

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KG 30 is an early-maturing, high-yielding soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar which has similar maturity and is 4–5% higher in seed yield than its two parents Maple Arrow and McCall. Its main advantage is its yield performance as an early-maturing cultivar.Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean, cultivar description

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BRADNER, N. R., R. D. SIMPSON, and A. A. HADLOCK. "KG 40 SOYBEAN." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 1133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-136.

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KG 40 is an early-maturing soybean (Glycine max) cultivar which has similar maturity and 4% higher yield than the cultivar Maple Arrow. Its main advantage is its yield performance and a high degree of phytophthora tolerance.Key words: Glycine max, soybean cultivar

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PARK, S. J., N. R. BRADNER, and F. SCOTT-PEARSE. "KG 20 SOYBEAN." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-022.

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KG 20 is an early-maturing, high-yielding soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar with similar maturity and higher yield than Maple Amber and Baron in the western, central and maritime regions in Canada. It is about 8 d later than Maple Presto and outyields it by 33% in western Canada and by 27% in Ontario. The main advantage of KG 20 is its yield performance as an early-maturing cultivar.Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean, cultivar description

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Gebregziabher, Berhane Sibhatu, Shengrui Zhang, Suprio Ghosh, Abdulwahab S. Shaibu, Muhammad Azam, Ahmed M. Abdelghany, Jie Qi, et al. "Origin, Maturity Group and Seed Coat Color Influence Carotenoid and Chlorophyll Concentrations in Soybean Seeds." Plants 11, no. 7 (March 23, 2022): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11070848.

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Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) seeds are abundant in physiologically active metabolites, including carotenoids and chlorophylls, and are used as an affordable source of functional foods that promote and maintain human health. The distribution and variation of soybean seed metabolites are influenced by plant genetic characteristics and environmental factors. Here, we investigated the effects of germplasm origin, genotype, seed coat color and maturity group (MG) on the concentration variation of carotenoid and chlorophyll components in 408 soybean germplasm accessions collected from China, Japan, the USA and Russia. The results showed that genotype, germplasm origin, seed color, and MG were significant variation sources of carotenoid and chlorophyll contents in soybean seeds. The total carotenoids showed about a 25-fold variation among the soybean germplasms, with an overall mean of 12.04 µg g−1. Russian soybeans yielded 1.3-fold higher total carotenoids compared with Chinese and Japanese soybeans. Similarly, the total chlorophylls were substantially increased in Russian soybeans compared to the others. Soybeans with black seed coat color contained abundant concentrations of carotenoids, with mainly lutein (19.98 µg g−1), β-carotene (0.64 µg g−1) and total carotenoids (21.04 µg g−1). Concentrations of lutein, total carotenoids and chlorophylls generally decreased in late MG soybeans. Overall, our results demonstrate that soybean is an excellent dietary source of carotenoids, which strongly depend on genetic factors, germplasm origin, MG and seed coat color. Thus, this study suggests that soybean breeders should consider these factors along with environmental factors in developing carotenoid-rich cultivars and related functional food resources.

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Rose, IA, KS McWhirter, and RA Spurway. "Identification of drought tolerance in early-maturing indeterminate soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 3 (1992): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9920645.

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Drought escape through earliness is a potential strategy for the expansion of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production into marginal rainfall areas that has not been fully evaluated. In this study, early-maturing (Maturity Groups II to IV), indeterminate inbred lines of soybeans were developed from six single cross populations and evaluated under naturally occurring terminal drought stress at a latitude normally associated with maturity adaptation corresponding to Groups V to VII. Parallel evaluation under a high yield irrigation regime provided the basis for evaluation of genotypic response to moisture stress. All lines were early enough to exhibit drought escape, but there was an additional response in some genotypes. While all genotypes showed premature senescence under drought stress some genotypes, in the WilliamsxCalland population, continued growth for significantly longer than the parents or the population average under the terminal drought stress. A stress index for maturity was devised to describe the degree of premature senescence, and this index was shown to be a heritable trait not correlated with maturity per se. It is concluded that these lines represent a previously unreported source of tolerance to drought stress and, when used in conjunction with early maturity drought escape, they provide an additional trait for improving soybean tolerance to moisture stress.

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Sedivy, Eric J., Abraham Akpertey, Angela Vela, Sandra Abadir, Awais Khan, and Yoshie Hanzawa. "Identification of Non-Pleiotropic Loci in Flowering and Maturity Control in Soybean." Agronomy 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081204.

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Pleiotropy is considered to have a significant impact on multi-trait evolution, but its roles in the evolution of domestication-related traits in crop species have been unclear. In soybean, several known quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling maturity, called the maturity loci, are known to have major effects on both flowering and maturity in a highly correlated pleiotropic manner. Aiming at the identification of non-pleiotropic QTLs that independently control flowering and maturity and dissecting the effects of pleiotropy in these important agronomic traits, we conducted a QTL mapping experiment by creating a population from a cross between domesticated soybean G. max and its wild ancestor G. soja that underwent stringent selection for non-pleiotropy in flowering and maturity. Our QTL mapping analyses using the experimental population revealed novel loci that acted in a non-pleiotropic manner: R1-1 controlled primarily flowering and R8-1 and R8-2 controlled maturity, while R1-1 overlapped with QTL, affecting other agronomic traits. Our results suggest that pleiotropy in flowering and maturity can be genetically separated, while artificial selection during soybean domestication and diversification may have favored pleiotropic loci such as E loci that control both flowering and maturity. The non-pleiotropic loci identified in this study will help to identify valuable novel genes to optimize soybean’s life history traits and to improve soybean’s yield potential under diverse environments and cultivation schemes.

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Tasma, I. Made, Dani Satyawan, Ahmad Warsun, Muhamad Yunus, and Budi Santosa. "Phylogenetic and Maturity Analyses of Sixty Soybean Genotypes Used for DNA Marker Development of Early Maturity Quantitative Trait Loci in Soybean." Jurnal AgroBiogen 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2011): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v7n1.2011.p37-46.

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Phylogenetic and Maturity Analyses of Sixty Soybean Genotypes Used for DNA Marker Development of Early Maturity Quantitative Trait Loci in Soybean. I Made Tasma, Dani Satyawan, Ahmad Warsun, Muhamad Yunus, and Budi Santosa. The Indonesian soybean productivity is still very low with the national average of 1.3 t/ha. One means to improve national soybean productivity is by manipulating harvest index by cultivating very early maturing soybean cultivars. Development of early maturing soybean cultivars can be expedited by using marker-aided selection. The objective of this study was to select parental lines having contrasted maturity traits and selected parents must be genetically distance. The parents then were used to develop F2 populations for detecting early maturity QTL in soybean. Maturity tests of 60 soybean genotypes were conducted at two locations, Cikeumeuh (Bogor) and Pacet (Cianjur) using a randomized block design with three replications. Genomic DNA of the 60 genotypes were analyzed using 18 SSR markers and genetic relationship was constructed using the Unweighted Pair-Group Method Arithmatic through Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate System program version 2.1-pc. Results showed that the 60 genotypes demonstrated normal distribution in both locations for days to R1 (32-48d), days to R3 (35-55d), days to R7 (75-92d), and days to R8 (78-99d). Four early maturing genotypes and three late genotypes were obtained. Total SSR alleles observed were 237 with average allele per locus of 12.6 (3-29), and average PIC value of 0.78 (0.55-0.89). Genetic similarity among genotypes ranges from 74.8-95%. At similarity level 77% divided the genotypes into six clusters (the four selected early maturing genotypes located in clusters III and IV, while the three late genotypes located in cluster II). Based on maturity data, pubescent color, and phygenetic analysis seven parents were selected (four early maturing genotypes B1430, B2973, B3611, B4433 and three late genotypes B1635, B1658, and B3570). Twelve F2 populations were developed with the aid of SSR markers Satt300 dan Satt516. Two of the populations will be used to develop DNA markers for earliness in soybean.

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Rhainds, Marc, Michèle Roy, Gaétan Daigle, and Jacques Brodeur. "Toward management guidelines for the soybean aphid in Quebec. I. Feeding damage in relationship to seasonality of infestation and incidence of native predators." Canadian Entomologist 139, no. 5 (October 2007): 728–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n06-095.

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AbstractA study was conducted in 2004 and 2005 to test the hypotheses that the severity of damage caused by the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is minimized by the activity of predators and declines with the maturity of soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae), at the time of infestation. In caged subplots where predators were excluded, aphids attained a high density following experimental infestation of soybeans, resulting in severe reductions of yield, particularly when plants were infested early in the season. A guild of generalist predators consisting predominantly of ladybird beetles colonized plants in uncaged subplots, resulting in a low rate of population growth following infestation of soybeans with aphids and a relatively weak impact on the soybean yield. The soybean yield declined as the density of aphids (number per plant), and the maturity of soybeans at the time of infestation, increased. Our results suggest that A. glycines represents an occasional pest of soybean in Quebec, because of (i) temporal asynchrony between the late-season infestation by aphids and the most susceptible phenological stage of soybeans (vegetative or flowering) and (ii) biological control by natural enemies.

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Nordby, Dawn E., Dustin L. Alderks, and Emerson D. Nafziger. "Competitiveness with Weeds of Soybean Cultivars with Different Maturity and Canopy Width Characteristics." Weed Technology 21, no. 4 (December 2007): 1082–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-06-190.1.

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Field studies were conducted in 2005 at five locations throughout Illinois to determine the effect of maturity date and canopy width characteristics of selected glyphosate-resistant soybean cultivars on competitive ability against weeds. Natural weed populations at all sites were allowed to compete with the soybean cultivars until the V1, V3, V5, or V7 growth stage and then removed with an application of glyphosate. Light-interception readings, weed control ratings, and soybean yield were all measured to compare cultivars. Cultivars of later maturities tended to withstand early season weed competition better and attained higher yields when weeds were removed at later timings than those of earlier maturity. Although canopy width differed moderately among cultivars in some cases, canopy width had no effect on the ability of soybeans to compete with weeds. Thus, choosing soybean cultivars of later maturity might provide more flexibility in weed management and might reduce losses due to weeds, but that benefit needs to be balanced with yield potential.

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Page, Eric R., Sydney Meloche, and Jamie Larsen. "Evaluating the potential for double cropping in Canada: effect of seeding date and relative maturity on the development and yield of maize, white bean, and soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 99, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 751–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2019-0076.

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Double cropping is not presently a common practice in Canada. The long-term climate averages, however, suggest that the practice should be possible in the most southern portions of the country. The study described herein represents the first simultaneous evaluation of three crops—maize, soybean, and white bean—seeded at five seeding dates spanning late June through early August in the most southern region of Canada. Germplasm was chosen such that physiological maturity could theoretically be reached if seeded following winter wheat. Results indicate that, following summer seeding, development in all three crops was primarily driven by thermal requirements. Only the pod filling stage of soybean was influenced by the declining daylengths of autumn, and this effect was most pronounced in germplasm of longer relative maturity. Yields of white bean and maturity group 00 soybean were unaffected by seeding up to the third week of July, whereas yield of maize and higher maturity group soybeans declined from June onward. For the latter, declining yields were primarily attributable to the interaction of seeding date and relative maturity and their effect on season length. These results clearly demonstrate that with the appropriate selection of germplasm, there is a seeding date window where maize, soybean, or white bean can be expected to reach physiological maturity as a double crop in Canada.

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Kandel, Hans J., Dulan P. Samarappuli, Kory L. Johnson, and Marisol T. Berti. "Soybean Relative Maturity, Not Row Spacing, Affected Interseeded Cover Crops Biomass." Agriculture 11, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050441.

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Adoption of cover crop interseeding in the northwestern Corn Belt in the USA is limited due to inadequate fall moisture for establishment, short growing season, additional costs, and need for adapted winter-hardy species. This study evaluated three cover crop treatments—no cover crop, winter rye (Secale cereale L.), and winter camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz)—which were interseeded at the R6 soybean growth stage, using two different soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) maturity groups (0.5 vs. 0.9) and two row spacings (30.5 vs. 61 cm). The objective was to evaluate these treatments on cover crop biomass, soil cover, plant density, and soybean yield. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield was also measured the following year. The early-maturing soybean cultivar (0.5 maturity) resulted in increased cover crop biomass and soil cover, with winter rye outperforming winter camelina. However, the early-maturing soybean yielded 2308 kg·ha−1, significantly less compared with the later maturing cultivar (2445 kg·ha−1). Narrow row spacing had higher soybean yield, but row spacing did not affect cover crop growth. Spring wheat should not follow winter rye if rye is terminated right before seeding the wheat. However, wheat planted after winter camelina was no different than when no cover crop was interseeded in soybean. Interseeding cover crops into established soybean is possible, however, cover crop biomass accumulation and soil cover are limited.

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Zhang, Shanxin, Hao Feng, Shaoyu Han, Zhengkai Shi, Haoran Xu, Yang Liu, Haikuan Feng, Chengquan Zhou, and Jibo Yue. "Monitoring of Soybean Maturity Using UAV Remote Sensing and Deep Learning." Agriculture 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010110.

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Soybean breeders must develop early-maturing, standard, and late-maturing varieties for planting at different latitudes to ensure that soybean plants fully utilize solar radiation. Therefore, timely monitoring of soybean breeding line maturity is crucial for soybean harvesting management and yield measurement. Currently, the widely used deep learning models focus more on extracting deep image features, whereas shallow image feature information is ignored. In this study, we designed a new convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture, called DS-SoybeanNet, to improve the performance of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based soybean maturity information monitoring. DS-SoybeanNet can extract and utilize both shallow and deep image features. We used a high-definition digital camera on board a UAV to collect high-definition soybean canopy digital images. A total of 2662 soybean canopy digital images were obtained from two soybean breeding fields (fields F1 and F2). We compared the soybean maturity classification accuracies of (i) conventional machine learning methods (support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF)), (ii) current deep learning methods (InceptionResNetV2, MobileNetV2, and ResNet50), and (iii) our proposed DS-SoybeanNet method. Our results show the following: (1) The conventional machine learning methods (SVM and RF) had faster calculation times than the deep learning methods (InceptionResNetV2, MobileNetV2, and ResNet50) and our proposed DS-SoybeanNet method. For example, the computation speed of RF was 0.03 s per 1000 images. However, the conventional machine learning methods had lower overall accuracies (field F2: 63.37–65.38%) than the proposed DS-SoybeanNet (Field F2: 86.26%). (2) The performances of the current deep learning and conventional machine learning methods notably decreased when tested on a new dataset. For example, the overall accuracies of MobileNetV2 for fields F1 and F2 were 97.52% and 52.75%, respectively. (3) The proposed DS-SoybeanNet model can provide high-performance soybean maturity classification results. It showed a computation speed of 11.770 s per 1000 images and overall accuracies for fields F1 and F2 of 99.19% and 86.26%, respectively.

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He, Yingbin, Yanmin Yao, Huajun Tang, Youqi Chen, Jianping Li, Peng Yang, Zhongxin Chen, et al. "Using an Integrated Response-Function Method to Explore Agro-Climatic Suitability for Spring Soybean Growth in North China." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50, no. 6 (June 2011): 1354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jamc2577.1.

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AbstractTo understand agro-climatic suitability for spring soybean growth in north China, an integrated crop-response-function method was developed. This method includes crop-response functions for temperature, precipitation, and sunshine and is assessed by a weighting method based on the coefficient of determination. The results show that the most suitable area (S1) for spring soybean growth occupied approximately 21.35% of the total area of north China. Among three types of spring soybeans of early maturity, middle maturity, and late maturity, middle maturity was the most suitable variety to grow in the study area, covering nearly 1.133 × 106 km2 or about 99.75% of the total area of S1. As a result of this study, the authors suggest that breeders pay more attention to middle-maturity cultivars in north China. The findings from this study may provide useful information for policy makers issuing guidelines for agricultural production.

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Marcillo, Guillermo S., Nicolas F. Martin, Brian W. Diers, Michelle Da Fonseca Santos, Erica Pontes Leles, Godfree Chigeza, and Josy H. Francischini. "Implementation of a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) for Soybean Maturity Prediction in African Environments." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (May 22, 2021): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061043.

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Time to maturity (TTM) is an important trait in soybean breeding programs. However, soybeans are a relatively new crop in Africa. As such, TTM information for soybeans is not yet as well defined as in other major producing areas. Multi-environment trials (METs) allow breeders to analyze crop performance across diverse conditions, but also pose statistical challenges (e.g., unbalanced data). Modern statistical methods, e.g., generalized additive models (GAMs), can flexibly smooth a range of responses while retaining observations that could be lost under other approaches. We leveraged 5 years of data from an MET breeding program in Africa to identify the best geographical and seasonal variables to explain site and genotypic differences in soybean TTM. Using soybean cycle features (e.g., minimum temperature, daylength) along with trial geolocation (longitude, latitude), a GAM predicted soybean TTM within 10 days of the average observed TTM (RMSE = 10.3; x = 109 days post-planting). Furthermore, we found significant differences between cultivars (p < 0.05) in TTM sensitivity to minimum temperature and daylength. Our results show potential to advance the design of maturity systems that enhance soybean planting and breeding decisions in Africa.

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Buzzell, R. I., G. Saindon, B. A. McBlain, and R. L. Bernard. "Maturity Genotype of ‘Mukden’ Soybean." Crop Science 30, no. 5 (1990): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183x003000050040x.

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Bradner, N. R., R. D. Simpson, and A. A. Hadlock. "Nattoking K86 soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 855–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-120.

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NattoKing K86 is a Maturity Group 00 soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar having higher yield performance, smaller seed size, and later maturity than Canatto. Key words: Glycine max, NattoKing K86 cultivar, cultivar description, soybean

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BRADNER, N. R., R. D. SIMPSON, and A. A. HADLOCK. "PS 80 SOYBEAN." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 1137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-138.

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PS 80 is a Maturity Group I soybean (Glycine max) cultivar which is 2 d later in maturity and slightly higher yielding than the cultivar Pioneer 1677. Its main advantage is superior export seed quality.Key words: Glycine max, Soybean cultivar

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Beversdorf, W. D., J. W. Tanner, P. Gostovic, W. Montminy, and D. J. Hume. "OAC Talbot soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-026.

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OAC Talbot is an early Maturity Group II soybean (Glycine max [L.] Men.) cultivar with equivalent yield, slightly earlier maturity, more height and better lodging resistance than the best check cultivars with which it was compared. Key words: Soybean, cultivar description

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Ye, Heng, Li Song, William T. Schapaugh, Md Liakat Ali, Thomas R. Sinclair, Mandeep K. Riar, Raymond N. Mutava, et al. "The importance of slow canopy wilting in drought tolerance in soybean." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 2 (April 13, 2019): 642–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz150.

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Lee, Scott T., Chaoyang Li, and Jeffrey A. Davis. "Predator-Pest Dynamics of Arthropods Residing in Louisiana Soybean Agroecosystems." Insects 13, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13020154.

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Over the past two decades, management practices within Louisiana soybean production have shifted. Successful application of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy requires an understanding of how these changes have affected predator-pest dynamics. Surveys monitoring foliage-foraging arthropod populations in soybean took place across six locations within Louisiana over six years (2012–2014 and 2015–2018). Temporal associations of pest groups, defoliating and piercing-sucking, and predator groups relating to soybean phenology were observed. Additionally, soybean maturity groups (III, IV, and V) were also evaluated to delineate potential differences. Results indicated higher abundances of piercing-sucking pests compared to defoliating pests across both datasets (2012–2014 and 2015–2018). Pest groups were more abundant in later soybean reproductive periods, mainly attributed to Chrysodeixis includens and Piezodorus guildinii. Predator populations were mainly comprised of Araneae and Geocoridae throughout the survey periods. From 2015 to 2018, soybean growth had a significant effect on total predator abundance with more predators present at the pod-fill and soybean maturity stage. Correlations between total pest abundance and total predators exhibited a moderate positive linear relationship. Soybean maturity groups only influenced piercing-sucking pest abundance, with later maturing groups (IV and V) having higher numbers. Thus, control tools and tactics aimed at controlling late season pests should be modified to avoid reducing predator populations.

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BRADNER, N. R., R. D. SIMPSON, and A. A. HADLOCK. "PS 72 SOYBEAN." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 1269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-152.

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PS 72 is a Maturity Group I soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar which is the same maturity and 2.3% higher yielding than the cultivar Hodgson. Its main advantage is its yield performance, lodging tolerance and phytophthora tolerance.Key words: Glycine max, PS 72 cultivar, soybean

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Ribeiro, Flaviane O., Adriano T. Bruzi, Mariane C. Bianchi, Igor O. Soares, and Karina B. Silva. "Genotypic Selection for Soybean Earliness." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 11 (October 15, 2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n11p169.

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Obtaining early-maturing soybean cultivars with high yield performance has long been the focus of breeding programs. Obtaining the estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters can assist breeders at selecting the superior genotypes. Therefore, the aim was to estimate the genetic and phenotypic parameters of progenies throughout the recurrent selection for early maturity in soybeans and to select progenies with superior agronomic traits. S0:1 progenies were evaluated in one site during the 2015/2016 harvest using a 12 × 12 lattice design, with one 2-meter row plot with two replicates. The S0:2 progenies were evaluated during the 2016/2017 harvest using an 8 × 8 lattice design, with one 3-meter row plot with three replicates. The S0:3 progenies were evaluated during the 2017/2018 harvest using a 5 × 5 lattice design, with two 3-meter rows plots with three replicates. Both S0:2 and S0:3 progenies were evaluated in three different sites. The days to flowering, full maturity, first pod insertion height, plant height, lodging index and grain yield traits was evaluated. The data were analyzed using a mixed model approach. The genetic and phenotypic parameters, expected gain with selection, realized heritability, correlated response and the frequency distributions of the adjusted means were estimated. The estimates of the variance components have evidenced variability among the progenies, enabling the selection of superior genotypes. All the evaluated progenies showed good agronomic performance, combining early maturity and productive performance. When early-maturing progenies were selected, there was a reduction in days to flowering, plant height, first pod insertion height, lodging and yield.

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Mejaya, I. Made J., Ayda Krisnawati, and Heru Kuswantoro. "Identifikasi Plasma Nutfah Kedelai Berumur Genjah dan Berdaya Hasil Tinggi." Buletin Plasma Nutfah 16, no. 2 (October 10, 2016): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/blpn.v16n2.2010.p113-117.

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Identification of Early Maturing and High Yielding Soybean Germplasm. Preference to early maturing soybeans is higher than the late ones, since early maturing soybean can improve planting index and able to escape from fail of harvest due to drought stress. To identify accessions of soybean germplasm which will be used as gene resources in developing of early maturing and high yielding varieties, a numbers of 203 soybean germplasm accessions were evaluated at Jambegede Research Station on dry season 2006. Observation primarily conducted on physiological maturity and flowering date. Beside, observation also conducted on plant height, number of branches, 100 seeds weight and seed yield. Result showed that accession of MLGG 0751 and MLGG 0753 identified having early maturity (70 days). The early maturing accessions had lower yield than the late maturing ones. There was no accession having both of early maturing and high yielding traits. Accessions of MLGG 0751 and MLGG 0753 can be used as gene resources in developing of early maturing varieties. AbstrakPreferensi terhadap kedelai berumur genjah lebih tinggi daripada berumur dalam karena kedelai berumur genjah dapat meningkatkan indeks pertanaman dan dapat menghindari kegagalan panen akibat cekaman kekeringan. Untuk mengidentifikasi aksesi plasma nutfah yang akan digunakan sebagai sumber gen dalam perakitan varietas kedelai berumur genjah dan berdaya hasil tinggi, sebanyak 203 aksesi plasma nutfah kedelai dievaluasi di Kebun Percobaan Jambegede pada musim kemarau 2006. Pengamatan terutama dilakukan terhadap umur masak fisiologis dan umur berbunga. Pengamatan juga dilakukan terhadap tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang, bobot 100 biji, dan hasil biji tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aksesi MLGG 0751 dan MLGG 0753 teridentifikasi berumur genjah (70 hari). Aksesi berumur genjah memiliki hasil biji lebih rendah daripada aksesi berumur dalam. Tidak diperoleh aksesi kedelai berumur genjah yang sekaligus berdaya hasil tinggi. Aksesi MLGG 0751 dan MLGG 0753 dapat digunakan sebagai sumber gen dalam perakitan varietas kedelai berumur genjah.

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Torabi, S., B. T. Stirling, J. Kobler, and M. Eskandari. "OAC Bruton soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 98, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 1389–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0131.

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OAC Bruton is an indeterminate large-seeded food-grade soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar with high yield potential, high seed protein concentration, and resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN). OAC Bruton is developed and recommended for soybean growing areas in southwestern Ontario with 2950 or greater crop heat units. OAC Bruton is classified as a maturity group 1 (MG1) cultivar with a relative maturity of 1.8.

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McPherson, R. M., R. C. Layton, W. J. McLaurin, and W. A. Mills. "Influence of Irrigation and Maturity Group on the Seasonal Abundance of Soybean Arthropods." Journal of Entomological Science 33, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 378–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-33.4.378.

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The effects of irrigation and soybean maturity group (Group V ‘Forrest’ variety vs Group VII ‘Braxton’ variety) on the seasonal abundance of arthropod pest and beneficial population densities were examined in large-plot field tests at the Attapulgus Research Center in Attapulgus, GA, in 1987 through 1990. In general, soybean plant growth was more abundant, yields were higher, and canopy closure indices were lower in irrigated than in non-irrigated plots for both varieties. Irrigation and the resultant increased soybean vegetation supported a greater overall seasonal abundance of all five of the insect pests monitored: stink bugs, primarily Nezara viridula (L.), velvetbean caterpillars, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, soybean loopers, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), threecornered alfalfa hoppers, Spississtilus festinus (Say), and green cloverworms, Plathypena scabra (F.). No overall varietal effects were noted for N. viridula; however, each year, population densities were higher in the early-maturing ‘Forrest’ up to julian day 250 then densities were higher in the later-maturing ‘Braxton’ for the remainder of the grown season. Mean estimates of the seasonal abundance of A. gemmatalis and P. scabra populations were similar between the two varieties; however, P. includens and S. festinus were more abundant on Forrest than on Braxton. Total arthropod predators, including Nabis spp., Geocoris spp., and spiders, also were more abundant on irrigated soybeans, while overall varietal means were similar. Yearly analyses revealed significant irrigation and variety effects for most of the species sampled.

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Zima, D. E. "Influence of the elements of cultivation technology on the protein content in seeds and a relation between yield and protein content." Oil Crops 186, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2021-2-186-60-67.

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The studies were carried out in 2018–2020 at the breeding plot of LLC Company “SOKO” in the central natural and climatic zone of the Krasnodar region. We studied five soybean cultivars of different maturity groups: ultra-early maturing – SK Farta; early-early maturing – Arleta, Sparta, SK Agra; early maturing – SK Optima. The purpose of the research was to establish the influence of agro-technical methods on the protein content in the seeds of soybean, as well as to conduct a correlation analysis of its relation with yield. The wide-row method of soybean sowing has an advantage over the ordinary one, both in terms of seed yield (on average by 0.4 t/ha) and protein yield (on average by 187.6 kg/ha). The late (summer) date of soybean sowing caused an increase of the protein content in seeds by 2.9% (abs.) on average for cultivars. Irrigation for growing soybeans contributes to a significant increase in yield on average by 0.9 t/ha. The protein content in seeds was higher in irrigated areas and averaged 40.1% for cultivars. Correlation analysis of protein content and yield showed that the relation between these traits varies both from the growing area and the genotypic characteristics of the cultivar.

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Rasool, Ghulam, Gulshan Mahajan, Rajpaul Yadav, Zarka Hanif, and Bhagirath Singh Chauhan. "Row spacing is more important than seeding rate for increasing Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) control and grain yield in soybean (Glycine max)." Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 7 (2017): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17229.

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In Australia, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is planted at a low density in wide rows, and weeds substantially reduce yield because of opportunities for their growth in the wide rows. Field studies were conducted over 2 years at the University of Queensland farm, Gatton, Australia, to assess the effect of row spacing and seeding rate on the competitiveness of soybeans with a model weed, Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth). The experiment was conducted in a split-split plot design, replicated three times. Main plots comprised two seeding rates (40 and 80 kg ha–1), subplots two row spacings (25 and 75 cm), and sub-subplots four Rhodes grass infestation periods (weedy from planting to maturity, weedy from 3 weeks after planting (WAP) to maturity, weedy from 6 WAP to maturity, and weed-free from planting to maturity). The results showed that seed rate did not influence Rhodes grass biomass or soybean yield. Soybean yield was greater and Rhodes grass biomass was less in the 25-cm rows than the 75-cm rows. For the 25-cm rows, Rhodes grass biomass in the plots infested beyond 3 WAP was 81–89% less than in the season-long weedy plots, whereas for the wider row crop, this reduction was only 60–75%. For the 25-cm rows, soybean yield in the plots infested with Rhodes grass beyond 3 WAP was 30–36% less than under weed-free condition. However, for the 75-cm rows, this reduction was 56–65%. The results suggest that planting soybean in wider rows caused greater reduction in yield and required an earlier weed management program than planting in narrow rows. The study also suggested that narrowing row spacing was more important than increasing seeding rates for improving weed control and soybean grain yield.

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Popp, M., J. Edwards, L. Purcell, and P. Manning. "Early-Maturity Soybean in a Late-Maturity Environment: Economic Considerations." Agronomy Journal 96, no. 6 (November 2004): 1711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.1711.

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Ablett, G. R., B. T. Stirling, and J. D. Fischer. "AYR soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 465–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-079.

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Nagy, Nikoletta Edit, and Péter Pepó. "Comparative study of different soybean genotypes in irrigation technology." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/2377.

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In many places in Hungary, early maturity soybean can be successfully grown. The earlier maturity group of soy which ripened in 110–125 days in most crop areas in Hungary. However, to achieve excellent results, the selection of proper varieties is important too. Successful cultivation is largely dependent on the macro and microclimate of the production area, the nutrient supply of the soil and the cultivation technology. Soybean can be produced in places where the amount of precipitation is right, as the lack of water results in lower yields and deteriorated oil and protein concentrations. In the following study, 2 years (2016 and 2017) are compared to the yield, protein and oil content of the soybeans of the early maturation group in irrigated and non-irrigated treatments. Based on our experiment, it can be stated that, during the irrigation of soybean, oil and protein content and yields did not always change.

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LOISELLE, F., C. A. ST-PIERRE, H. D. VOLDENG, and P. TURCOTTE. "ANALYSIS OF AGRONOMIC CHARACTERS FOR AN ELEVEN-PARENT DIALLEL OF EARLY-MATURING SOYBEAN GENOTYPES IN EASTERN CANADA." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-013.

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Information on the genetic behavior of early-maturing soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in northern latitudes is important for the formulation of appropriate selection schemes. The Gardner-Eberhart diallel model was used to study genetic effects and combining abilities of 11 early-maturing genotypes (maturity Groups 00 and 000) of soybean grown in Quebec and eastern Ontario. Agronomic characters were measured on spaced F1 plants at one site, and on F2 populations in replicated row plots at three sites. Cultivar (additive) effects were predominant for all characters. Three of eleven lines had positive but unstable varietal parameters for seed yield. Average heterosis was significant for seed yield and plant height at every location. Contrary to other reports, significant negative heterosis for oil content was observed at two locations. Varietal and specific heterosis were significant for most characters.Key words: Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., diallel, Gardner-Eberhart, yield, oil, protein

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Fu, Yong-Bi, Elroy R. Cober, Malcolm J. Morrison, Frédéric Marsolais, Rong Zhou, Ning Xu, A. Claire Gahagan, and Carolee Horbach. "Variability in Maturity, Oil and Protein Concentration, and Genetic Distinctness among Soybean Accessions Conserved at Plant Gene Resources of Canada." Plants 11, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 3525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11243525.

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Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is one of the important crops in Canada and has the potential to expand its production further north into the Canadian Prairies. Such expansion, however, requires the search for adapted soybean germplasm useful for the development of productive cultivars with earlier maturity and increased protein concentration. We initiated several research activities to characterize 848 accessions of the soybean collection conserved at Plant Gene Resources of Canada (PGRC) for maturity, oil and protein concentration, and genetic distinctness. The characterization revealed a wide range of variations present in each assessed trait among the PGRC soybean accessions. The trait variabilities allowed for the identification of four core subsets of 35 PGRC soybean accessions, each specifically targeted for early maturity for growing in Saskatoon and Ottawa, and for high oil and protein concentration. The two early maturity core subsets for Saskatoon and Ottawa displayed days to maturity ranging from 103 to 126 days and 94 to 102 days, respectively. The two core subsets for high oil and protein concentration showed the highest oil and protein concentration from 25.0 to 22.7% and from 52.8 to 46.7%, respectively. However, these core subsets did not differ significantly in genetic distinctness (as measured with 19,898 SNP markers across 20 soybean chromosomes) from the whole PGRC soybean collection. These findings are useful, particularly for the management and utilization of the conserved soybean germplasm.

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35

Helms, Theodore C. "Greenhouse and field evaluation of pod dehiscence in soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 699–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-126.

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A greenhouse procedure to evaluate differences among soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes for pod dehiscence (shattering) susceptibility permits evaluation under controlled environments. Suitable environmental conditions do not always exist in the field. The objectives of this study were to develop a greenhouse method to screen for shattering susceptibility and to compare genotypes for shattering resistance under both greenhouse and field conditions. Eight genotypes were evaluated in both the field and the greenhouse. A split-plot treatment design in the greenhouse included watering plants after physiological maturity versus no watering after maturity as a whole-plot factor, with genotypes assigned to split plots. In the greenhouse, shattering susceptibility was not reduced by watering after physiological maturity. The genotypes most susceptible to shattering were identified on the basis of the greenhouse and field evaluation. Among the specific genotypes evaluated, the earliest maturing genotypes were not the most suscpetible to shattering. Key words: Soybean, shattering, greenhouse

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36

Thai, Tram T. N., Francis J. Larney, James E. Thomas, Manjula S. Bandara, and Doon G. Pauly. "Westward expansion of soybean: adaptability of maturity group 00 genotypes to row spacing and seeding density under irrigation in southern Alberta." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 99, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 715–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2019-0016.

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Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production has moved rapidly westward on the Canadian prairies, most recently arriving in southern Alberta. Adjusting row spacing (RS) and seeding density (SD) to maximize soybean productivity is well-documented for rainfed conditions but not where irrigation is obligatory. A 3 yr study was conducted at two irrigated locations in southern Alberta using two early-maturity [maturity group 00] soybean genotypes planted at two RSs and three SDs. Soybean reached 95% maturity in 114–132 d and only one of six growing environments experienced a killing frost prior to maturity. Wide rows led to 1 d earlier maturity for one genotype in all six environments and increased grain yield (5%–20%) in four out of six environments compared with narrow rows. Increasing SD from 30 to 80 seeds m−2 generally led to increased pod clearance (from 5.0 to 8.4 cm in one environment) and grain (mean increase of 33%, from 2100 to 2800 kg ha−1) and straw yield, but decreased seeds plant−1 (from 94 to 46). Notwithstanding 9% lower cumulative corn heat units during the study, and an average 5 d longer maturity requirement at Lethbridge, soybean performance was equal to Bow Island in many parameters including grain yield. Our findings will help develop recommendations for new soybean growers in the irrigated region of southern Alberta.

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Hiebsch, C. K., F. Tetio‐Kagho, A. M. Chirembo, and F. P. Gardner. "Plant Density and Soybean Maturity in a Soybean‐Maize Intercrop." Agronomy Journal 87, no. 5 (September 1995): 965–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700050032x.

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38

Murphy, S. E., E. A. Lee, L. Woodrow, P. Seguin, J. Kumar, I. Rajcan, and G. R. Ablett. "Association of seed and agronomic traits with isoflavone levels in soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08148.

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Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., seeds contain isoflavones, compounds with potential human health benefits. This study investigated the association of seed and agronomic traits with isoflavone level in a genetically diverse group of soybean genotypes to provide more information for cultivar development. F4:7 lines derived from several crosses were grown in four locations in 2005 and six locations in 2006 across Ontario and Quebec. Seed protein, oil and isoflavone contents were measured using near-infrared reflectance (NIR) on a plot basis. Seed yield was determined at 13% moisture and days to maturity (R8) were recorded. GGE genotype-by-trait biplots were generated to describe the relationships among all variables. Isoflavone content was not correlated with yield, indicating that potential exists for development of high or low isoflavone cultivars without sacrificing yield. Isoflavone content was negatively correlated with protein content; however, high isoflavone lines were identified with moderate protein content. Isoflavone content was correlated with maturity, suggesting that delayed planting and/or the use of later maturing varieties could be a successful strategy to increase isoflavone content. The results of this study support the potential for the development of either high or low isoflavone soybean cultivars with acceptable agronomic and seed quality traits.Key words: Soybean, isoflavone, protein, oil, yield, maturity

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BEVERSDORF, W. D., D. J. HUME, J. C. MUSCAT, P. GOSTOVIC, and Q. VAN DE VRIE. "BICENTENNIAL SOYBEAN." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 1005–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-125.

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Bicentennial is a soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar which is 2 d later in maturity than Maple Arrow, but 3–5% higher yielding and more resistant to shattering loss.Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean, cultivar description

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40

Aper, J., H. De Clercq, and J. Baert. "Agronomic characteristics of early-maturing soybean and implications for breeding in Belgium." Plant Genetic Resources 14, no. 2 (July 2, 2015): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262115000180.

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Belgian agriculture could decrease its heavy dependency on imported protein crops by a local production of soybean. Unfortunately, soybean production is hampered by Belgium's short and cold growing season. We evaluated 409 varieties, breeding lines and genebank accessions planted at two planting dates in a row-plot experiment to explore the genotypes that are suitable for growing in Belgium. The current MG000 varieties may require additional crossings with very early-maturing genotypes to guarantee an optimal and safe harvest. Within such crossings, care must be taken to maintain the indeterminate or semi-determinate growth habit. Vegetative development was negatively correlated with flowering date and maturity date, but positively correlated with cold tolerance. Seed quality was mainly affected by mould infection (associated with strong lodging and late maturity) and mottling caused by soybean mosaic virus. Planting 3 weeks earlier resulted in 8 d earlier flowering and 7 d earlier maturing, without significant losses in seed yield per plant. The results of this row-plot experiment hold promise to select for genotypes adapted to the Belgian conditions.

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Zhou, Jing, Dennis Yungbluth, Chin Nee Vong, Andrew Scaboo, and Jianfeng Zhou. "Estimation of the Maturity Date of Soybean Breeding Lines Using UAV-Based Multispectral Imagery." Remote Sensing 11, no. 18 (September 4, 2019): 2075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11182075.

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Physiological maturity date is a critical parameter for the selection of breeding lines in soybean breeding programs. The conventional method to estimate the maturity dates of breeding lines uses visual ratings based on pod senescence by experts, which is subjective by human estimation, labor-intensive and time-consuming. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based phenotyping systems provide a high-throughput and powerful tool of capturing crop traits using remote sensing, image processing and machine learning technologies. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential of predicting maturity dates of soybean breeding lines using UAV-based multispectral imagery. Maturity dates of 326 soybean breeding lines were taken using visual ratings from the beginning maturity stage (R7) to full maturity stage (R8), and the aerial multispectral images were taken during this period on 27 August, 14 September and 27 September, 2018. One hundred and thirty features were extracted from the five-band multispectral images. The maturity dates of the soybean lines were predicted and evaluated using partial least square regression (PLSR) models with 10-fold cross-validation. Twenty image features with importance to the estimation were selected and their changing rates between each two of the data collection days were calculated. The best prediction (R2 = 0.81, RMSE = 1.4 days) was made by the PLSR model using image features taken on 14 September and their changing rates between 14 September and 27 September with five components, leading to the conclusion that the UAV-based multispectral imagery is promising and practical in estimating maturity dates of soybean breeding lines.

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Moreira, E. N., F. X. R. Vale, P. A. Paul, F. A. Rodrigues, and W. C. Jesus Júnior. "Temporal Dynamics of Soybean Rust Associated With Leaf Area Index in Soybean Cultivars of different Maturity Groups." Plant Disease 99, no. 9 (September 2015): 1216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-14-1029-re.

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Experiments were conducted in Mato Grosso, Brazil, from 2009 to 2011 to evaluate the effects of planting date (October, November, December, and January) on soybean rust (SBR) and leaf area index (LAI) in SBR-susceptible soybean cultivars of different maturity groups (early-maturing, midseason, and late-maturing). Mean relative area under the LAI progress curve (RAULAIPC) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for the late-maturing than early-maturing and midseason cultivars. The October planting date had significantly higher (P < 0.05) mean RAULAIPC than the December and January planting dates. Mean relative area under the SBR progress curve was significantly lower (P < 0.05) for the late-maturing than the midseason and early-maturing cultivars, and significantly higher (P < 0.05) for the December and January than the October and November planting dates. Based on the logistic population growth model, SBR severity increased over time at a significantly higher mean rate for the early-maturing than the midseason and late-maturing cultivars. It took longer for SBR to reach a certain severity level for the late-maturing cultivar planted in January than the early-maturing cultivar planted in October. This implies that fungicides would need to be applied early to the early-maturing cultivar planted in October to minimize yield loss.

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Ablett, G. R., and J. W. Tanner. "Brock soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-024.

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Brock is a mid-Maturity Group I soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar with excellent yield potential and lodging tolerance and with resistance to most races of phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea (PMG) found in Ontario. Key words: Soybean, cultivar description

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Ablett, G. R., B. T. Stirling, and J. D. Fischer. "PRO 280 Soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-069.

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NEGREA, Adrian, Teodor RUSU, Raluca REZI, Camelia URDĂ, and Vasilena SUCIU. "Study Regarding Growing and Development Stages at Soybean Genotypes." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 77, no. 2 (November 20, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:2020.0028.

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Soybean is one of the most important sources of vegetable oil and protein. The aim of this study is to evaluate the behavior of 75 European soybean genotypes from four maturity groups regarding the influence of climatic conditions of 2020 on soybean main growing and development stages. The experiment was conducted at the ARDS Turda in 2020, using a complete randomized block design with three replications. Dates of emergence (VE) and beginning of flowering (R1), were recorded for all 75 soybean cultivars from each of the four maturity groups (000 to I). Results obtained show that growing, and development stages of the studied soybean genotypes are according both with: thermal units and daily period from sunrise to sunset. Effects of daylength and temperature on soybean development were estimated. The rate of development to flowering was fastest for the very early genotypes than for genotypes in the semi-early maturity group (MG).

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Duppong, Lisa M., and Harlene Hatterman-Valenti. "Yield and Quality of Vegetable Soybean Cultivars for Production in North Dakota." HortTechnology 15, no. 4 (January 2005): 896–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.4.0896.

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Vegetable soybeans (Glycine max), the same species as field-dried soybeans, have similar production requirements and good market potential for commercial producers in upper midwestern United States. Five vegetable soybean cultivars were tested for yield and quality characteristics and to assess the necessity of field irrigation during 2003 and 2004 in North Dakota. Cultivars of different maturity dates were evaluated for stand densities, pod production, seed weight, and marketable yield. Total marketable yields varied between the years, ranging from 5773 to 10,118 lb/acre. Lower yields in 2003 were attributed to significantly lower population stands caused by poor germination conditions. `Envy', the earliest maturing cultivar, produced a significantly smaller seed size, while `Sayamusume' produced a greater seed size than the other cultivars both years. `Butterbean', `IA1010', and `IA2062' yielded greater percentages of three-bean pods than the other two cultivars each growing season. Irrigation did not increase the marketable pod yield or the quality variables examined each season; thus it appears that rainfall during the growing season may be adequate for vegetable soybean production in this region.

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Asadi, Asadi. "Pemuliaan Mutasi untuk Perbaikan terhadap Umur dan Produktivitas pada Kedelai." Jurnal AgroBiogen 9, no. 3 (August 23, 2016): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v9n3.2013.p135-142.

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To support the government policy in improving soybean production, it is suggested to plant early maturing (<80 days), drought tolerant and high yielding varieties to be applied in the cropping system of rice-ricesoybean and rice-rice-rice-soybean in lowland, and in dryland cropping system of rice-soybean or rice-other palawija crops. Mutation breeding in soybean for early maturity and high productivity in soybean can be applied to obtain some new varieties. The breeding procedures included selection using bulk method for M1 population, followed by the pedigree method for M2-M5 generations. Evaluation of uniformity (homozygous) of lines is done on the M4 generation. Yield and adaption testing are conducted during M5-M8 generations. Through mutation breeding early maturity soybean varieties were released elsewhere. In national research institutes such as The National Nuclear Energy Agency (Batan) Indonesia, soybean mutation breeding activities were begun since 1972, while in Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD), it was started in 2009. Batan has released two early maturing soybean varieties through seed irradiation such as Tengger in 1991 and Meratus in 1998. While in 2011 ICABIOGRAD through irradiation of calli-derived embryo zygotic has selected 50 early maturing and potentially yielding soybean mutant lines. While through seed irradiation in 2012, 15 soybean advanced lines that matured earlier and demontrated higher yield were also obtained.

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Ghosh, Suprio, Shengrui Zhang, Muhammad Azam, Berhane S. Gebregziabher, Ahmed M. Abdelghany, Abdulwahab S. Shaibu, Jie Qi, et al. "Natural Variation of Seed Tocopherol Composition in Diverse World Soybean Accessions from Maturity Group 0 to VI Grown in China." Plants 11, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11020206.

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Tocopherols are natural antioxidants that increase the stability of fat-containing foods and are well known for their health benefits. To investigate the variation in seed tocopherol composition of soybeans from different origins, 493 soybean accessions from different countries (China, USA, Japan, and Russia) belonging to 7 maturity groups (MG 0–VI) were grown in 2 locations (Beijing and Hainan Provinces of China) for 2 years (2017 and 2018). The results showed that significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed among the accessions and origins for individual and total tocopherol contents. The total tocopherol content ranged from 118.92 μg g−1 to 344.02 μg g−1. Accessions from the USA had the highest average concentration of γ- and total tocopherols (152.92 and 238.21 μg g−1, respectively), whereas a higher level of α-tocopherol (12.82 μg g−1) was observed in the Russian accessions. The maturity group of the accession significantly (p < 0.001) influenced all tocopherol components, and higher levels of α-, γ-, and total tocopherols were observed in early maturing accessions, while late-maturing accessions exhibited higher levels of δ-tocopherol. The inclination of tocopherol concentrations with various MGs provided further evidence of the significance of MG in soybean breeding for seed tocopherol components. Furthermore, the correlation between the seed tocopherol components and geographical factors revealed that α-, γ-, and total tocopherols had significant positive correlations with latitude, while δ-tocopherol showed an opposite trend. The elite accessions with high and stable tocopherol concentrations determined could be used to develop functional foods, industrial materials, and breeding lines to improve tocopherol composition in soybean seeds.

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Ablett, G. R., B. T. Stirling, and J. D. Fischer. "Westag 97 Soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 371–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-082.

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Beversdorf, W. D., J. W. Tanner, W. Montminy, P. Gostovic, and D. J. Hume. "OAC Eclipse soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-028.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Soybean maturity'

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