Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Soy bean'

Using both single and vector processes, we fitted the Box-Jenkin’s ARIMA model and the Vector Autoregressive model following the Johansen approach, to forecast soy bean and green bean prices on the Chinese futures markets. The results are encouraging and provide empirical evidence that the vector processes perform better than the single series. The co-integration test indicated that the null hypothesis of no co-integration among the relevant variables could be rejected. This is one of the most important findings in this paper. The purposes for analyzing and modeling the series jointly are to understand the dynamic relationships over time among the series and improve the accuracy of forecasts for individuals series by utilizing the additional information available from the related series in the forecasts for each series.

Drought causes considerable reduction of legume productivity and significantly threatens the food security, and this situation is expected to be aggravated due to climate change. In soybean and common bean, water resource capturing through plant root architectural plasticity and the role of symbiotic nitrogen fixation have not been investigated in greater detail yet. This study was therefore conducted to identify and apply useful morphological and physiological performance markers (traits) for selection of drought-tolerant common bean and soybean cultivars under both controlled phytotron and field conditions that might be applicable as markers in future legume breeding programs. In soybean, traits related to above ground performance, such as photosynthesis, biomasses, and stomatal conductance, were related to parameters for nitrogen acquisition in nodules. The ability to maintain vigorous shoot growth under drought-induced nitrogen limitation was identified as an important trait that can be used to select for improved drought tolerance. Further, experiments carried out growing different common bean inbred lines under controlled phytotron conditions revealed the importance of growth and gas exchange parameters as well as nitrogen fixing ability as performance markers to select superior performing bean lines for growth under drought. As a further result, the strong association of symbiotic nitrogen fixation with CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance was also ascertained. In field experiments the effective use of water through enhanced lateral root development and maintaining the water status of the plant was found to be crucial for enhanced productivity under drought, with root morphology traits (root length, area and volume) as well as root architectural traits (first whorl angle, basal root number and adventitious root branching density) significantly related to seed yield. Measurement of these traits might be added to future bean varietal improvement programs. Further, a direct relationship between both water use efficiency (WUE) estimated using carbon isotope discrimination (CID) and nitrogen fixation (15N abundance) with root morphological and architectural traits (root length, area and volume, basal root number, 1st as well as 2nd whorl angles) was identified. CID (WUE) and 15N abundance (SNF ability) had a direct relationship with each other and also with productivity traits (seed yield and pod harvest index). Soybean field experiments verified the importance of root system architecture and morphology for providing drought tolerance with root architectural traits, tap and lateral roots (diameter and branching density) and morphological traits (root length, surface area and volume) contributing to better performance under drought. Moreover, the strong association of CID (WUE) with ä15N (SNF), root traits as well as seed yield in soybean exposed to drought was ascertained. Findings suggested that higher performance in CID under drought stress may be due to higher CO2 assimilation and better N2 fixation resulting in better root system architecture and morphology of the drought-tolerant cultivar through maintenance of the water status of the plant for efficient biological activity. Overall the study has generated new knowledge about the use of physiological markers (traits) that can be used widely for legume evaluation under drought suitable for both phytotron and field studies.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Plant Science
unrestricted

Vietnamese soy sauce has been made for centuries using traditional methods, in villages in Northern Vietnam. This sauce differs from other Asian products not only in its raw materials but also in its flavour characteristics. Presently small scale Vietnamese soy sauce is produced mostly with a standardised inoculum of Aspergillus oryzae under natural conditions. This usually gives rise to a product of variable and inconsistent quality. The aim of this study was to standardise the fermentation condition for the production of Vietnamese soy sauce, so as to obtain a product of more consistently good quality. Aspergillus flavus var columnaris was used as the inoculum. The inoculum was prepared by growing the organism on sticky rice at 20 and 37 degrees centigrade under aerobic conditions. At 20C, a high protease activity was recorded in the inoculum while at 37C, a high amylase activity was observed. The two different inocula prepared at 20C and 37C were then used in the preparation of soy sauce in the normal manner. The inocula were mixed with cooked roasted soy beans and salt water, left to age for 1 month at 30C, followed by ageing at 20C for 2 months. The products obtained were subjected to sensory evaluation and analysed for glucose, fructose, amino acids, nitrogen, ethanol and NaCI. Both inocula produced products of acceptable quality. The inoculum produced at 20C had a higher sensory evaluation score. It also contained a higher level of protein (14.5% compared to 11%), and a higher sensory evaluation score (6.9 compared to 3.2) when compared to a commercial Vietnamese sauce, Hanoi soy sauce. This valuable information will now enable small scale producers to produce this product throughout the year by controlling the temperature, and not be limited to the summer season, as has been the case with the traditional method of production.
Master of Science (Hons)

The goal of this thesis was to design thermally responsive polyol resins that would be compatible with isocyanates. Two approaches were made to reach this goal, the first involved functionalizing soybean oil and the second involved post-polymerization modification of a methacrylate based resin. A soybean based coating with thermally responsive Diels-Alder linkages has been prepared following an automotive two-component formulation. The resulting coatings displayed the capability to be healed following physical deformation by a thermal stimulus, and such a material has significant potential for end users. Various curing agents were employed, and resulted in variation of scratch resistance and re-healablity. Different thermally responsive soybean resins were synthesized to have varying amounts of reversible and nonreversible linkages when incorporated into the coating. Additionally, different isocyanates were added at differing ratios of NCO:OH in search of the optimum coating. It was found through the analysis of re-healabilty, hardness, gloss, and adhesion that the optimal combination was an acetylated resin (no irreversible crosslinks) with 54% reversible Diels Alder linkages at an NCO:OH ratio of 5:1 using isophorone diiscocyanate. Materials were evaluated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scratch resistance, Koenig hardness, gloss measurements, and topographical analysis. In the second project, copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate via free radical polymerization was done to synthesize a polymer with pendant isocyanates. The isocyanate was used as a chemical handle to incorporate Diels-Alder linkages into the PMMA resin. The PMMA resin with Diels-Alder linkages was successfully synthesized and incorporated into a polyurethane gel as proven via 1H NMR and IR. The gel showed thermal reversibility at 120°C due to retro-DA reaction via DSC as well as thermally reversible bulk properties.

Orientador: Jaime Amaya-Farfan
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Dada a importância que os feijões secos têm na dieta tradicional brasileira, a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) tem desenvolvido novos cultivares de feijão-comum (P. vulgaris), por meio melhoramento genético, para atender os altos padrões agronômicos e culinários do mercado interno. Entretanto, as características nutricionais destas novas cultivares estão documentadas de maneira incompleta, tanto em termos de conteúdo de macro/micro nutrientes, como também de seus valores biológicos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o valor nutritivo de sete novas cultivares de feijão: Jalo Precoce, Radiante, Vereda, Pérola, Timbó, Valente e Ouro Branco, da EMBRAPA do Centro de Pesquisa Arroz-Feijão, Goiás. Após análise centesimal de rotina, foram determinados o perfil aminoacídico e alguns importantes componentes minerais (cálcio, ferro, magnésio, cobre e zinco). Os resultados mostram que variações significativas (P<0,05) ocorreram no conteúdo protéico e de carboidratos totais entre todas as cultivares. O teor de proteína variou entre 21 e 28%, com destaque para Radiante, Jalo Precoce e Ouro Branco que tiveram as maiores concentrações. O teor de carboidratos foi de 55,4 (Radiante) a 62,1% (Valente), entretanto, os lipídios permaneceram constantes, variando de 2,4 a 2,8%. As proteínas de todas as novas cultivares alcançaram os padrões internacionais para os requerimento de histidina, valina, isoleucina, leucina, fenilalanina e tirosina. Com destaque para as cultivares Vereda e Ouro Branco, que alcançaram os requerimentos de lisina e treonina. Por outro lado, todas as cultivares apresentaram baixo conteúdo de aminoácidos sulfurados, metionina e cistina. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas significativas entre as cultivares em termos de Mg, Fe e Zn, mas as concentrações de Ca e Cu variaram significativamente (P<0,0001). O conteúdo de ferro foi de 4,7 (Ouro Branco) a 5,5mg/100g (Vereda e Valente), enquanto que o cobre foi de 0,5 (Ouro Branco) a 0,9mg/100g (Radiante), e o conteúdo de zinco foi de 2,4 (Ouro Branco e Pérola) a 3,1mg/100g (Jalo Precoce). Pelos altos teores de Ca se destacaram as variedades Pérola (486), Vereda (428) e Valente (387mg/100g), enquanto que Jalo Precoce, Pérola e Valente apresentaram os maiores teores de Mg (129-117mg/100g). Considerando o fato de que todas as variedades foram cultivadas sob condições estritamente controladas de solo, água e práticas agrícolas, estes resultados podem ser altamente representativos com relação às características individuais de composição, onde as variedades Jalo Precoce, Ouro Branco e Valente apresentaram-se mais vantajosas em termos de composição de nutrientes. A partir destes resultados, três novas cultivares de feijão-comum (P. vulgaris) foram selecionadas, por causa do seu conteúdo de nutrientes, para avaliação da biodisponibilidade mineral e comparar com um cultivar clássico de soja (Glycine Max), var. Conquista. As três cultivares foram: feijão branco ¿Ouro Branco¿, feijão preto ¿Valente¿ e Carioca ¿Pérola¿ e os minerais testados foram os previamente estudados: cálcio, magnésio, cobre e zinco. O balanço metabólico, coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) e a taxa de retenção e absorção (R/A) para estes minerais foram os parâmetros determinados, usando ratos Wistars recém-desmamados. Os animais receberam por doze dias dietas contendo exclusivamente os feijões cozidos ou farinha integral de soja tostada. Os níveis de fitatos foram determinados pelo método colorimétrico de Latta & Eskin e os minerais por absorção atômica nas dietas, fezes, urina e fêmur. Além disso e com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto das dietas no crescimento do osso cortical das tíbias, foram feitas medidas histomorfométricas da altura e espessura da cartilagem. Os resultados mostraram que as dietas à base de leguminosas diferiram estatisticamente uma das outras em termos de cálcio (275-480mg/100g), magnésio (108-262mg/100g), cobre (0,5-1,06mg/100g) e zinco (2,4-5,0mg/100g), e que as dietas à base de feijão Carioca ¿Pérola¿ e feijão preto ¿Valente¿, bem como a soja foram as que maior conteúdo mineral apresentaram. As dietas à base de feijão mostraram baixos teores de fitatos (3,1-3,9mg/g), especialmente com relação à soja (6,5mg/g). A análise estatística do balanço mineral detectou diferenças significativas entre os índices biológicos obtidos para os tratamentos de feijão e soja. As dietas ¿Valente¿ e ¿Pérola¿ mostraram alto balanço de cálcio (22-25mg/d), em comparação com as dietas ¿Ouro Branco¿ (12,8mg/d) e soja (14,4mg/d). A taxa de retenção e absorção (R/A), entretanto, foi maior para a dieta soja (99,0%), seguida pela dieta ¿Valente¿ (96,7%). Com relação ao CDA para cálcio, a dieta ¿Pérola¿ se destacou (92,5%) entre todos os tratamentos à base de leguminosas e Controle (AIN-93G). Os índices de avaliação revelaram que a soja teve maior balanço de magnésio (4,7mg/d) entre todas as dietas è base de feijão, entretanto o CDA foi melhor para a dieta ¿Pérola¿ (82%), apesar da taxa R/A ter sido melhor para ¿Valente¿ (7,1%) e soja (6,8%), enquanto que ¿Ouro Branco¿ e Controle (AIN-93G) tiveram índices negativos (valores de balanço e R/A). Com relação ao cobre, todas as dietas à base de leguminosas tiveram resultados negativos de balanço e CDA, de maneira similar ao que foi observado para o zinco. A dieta à base de soja, entretanto, mostrou balanço e CDA positivos para cobre e zinco. Por outro lado, somente a dieta Controle teve resposta positiva no teste de balanço de zinco, apesar da taxa de R/A para as dietas ¿Ouro Branco¿ e ¿Pérola¿ ter sido alta. Juntando estes dados, os índices sugerem que a biodisponibilidade de cálcio e magnésio não foi afetada pelos fitatos presentes nestas fontes alimentares, porém, para o zinco e o cobre este efeito foi evidente. As medidas histomorfométricasm, entretanto, não detectaram nenhuma diferença entre os diversos tratamentos à base de feijão e soja. Além disso, pode ser concluído que a baixa ingestão de cálcio dos grupos alimentados com leguminosas, acarretou alterações no sistema esquelético, tais como alta redução do platô da cartilagem de crescimento e na espessura do osso em si, mesmo que a retenção de cálcio no fêmur dos animais tratados com as dietas ¿Pérola¿ e soja tenham sido significativa
Abstract: Given the importance that dry beans have in the traditional Brazilian diet, the Brazilian Agency for Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA) has developed new cultivars of common beans (P. vulgaris) by means of classical breeding expecting to meet higher agronomic and culinary standards for the domestic market. Nevertheless, the nutritional characteristics of these new cultivars are incompletely documented, both in terms of macro/micro nutrient contents and biological value. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the nutritive value of seven new dry bean cultivars: Jalo Precoce, Radiante, Vereda, Pérola, Timbó, Valente e Ouro, from the Embrapa Rice and Bean Research Center in Goiás. After routine proximal composition, their amino acid profiles and key mineral components (calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc and copper) were determined. The results show that substantial and significant (P<0,05) variations occur in protein and carbohydrates among all the cultivars. Protein contents varied between 21 and 28%; Radiante, Jalo Precoce and Ouro Branco having the highest contents. In turn, the total carbohydrate contents ranged between 55,4 for Radiante, to 62.1%, for Valente, whereas the lipids remained rather constant, varying from 2.4 to 2.8%. The proteins of all these new cultivars met the international standard requirements for histidine, valine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine plus tyrosine. Additionally, the cultivars Valente and Ouro Branco stood out because of their contents for lysine and threonine that also met the requirements. As in the case of all leguminous seeds, all the cultivars were low in the sulfurcontaining amino acids, methionine and cysteine. No statistical differences were noticed among the cultivars in terms of Mg, Fe and Zn, but the concentrations of Ca and Cu did vary significantly (P<0.0001). Iron contents varied from 4.7 in Ouro Branco, to 5.5mg/100g in Vereda and Valente, while copper ranged from 0.5 in Ouro Branco, to 0.9mg/100g, in Radiante, and the zinc contents went from 2.4 (Ouro Branco and Pérola) to 3.1mg/100g (Jalo Precoce). Insofar as calcium is concerned, Pérola (486), Vereda (428) and Valente (387mg/100g) were the richest, whereas Jalo Precoce, Pérola and Valente stood out because of their high contents of magnesium (129 ¿ 117mg/100g). Considering the fact that all the cultivars were grown under strictly controlled conditions of soil, weather and agricultural practices, these results can be taken as highly representative of the individual compositional characteristics and could be concluded that among the new cultivars, the Jalo Precoce, Ouro Branco and Valente are the most advantageous in terms of nutrient composition. Then, three of those new Brazilian dry bean (P. vulgaris) cultivars were selected because of their nutrient content for mineral bioavailability evaluation, and compared with the classical soybean (Glycine max) cultivar Conquista. The three cultivars were the white bean ¿Ouro Branco¿, a black bean ¿Valente¿ and the Carioca type ¿Pérola¿ and the minerals tested were the least commonly studied: calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc. The metabolic balance, apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) and the ratio of retention to absorption (R/A) for these minerals were the parameters determined using young Wistar rats (21d). The animals received for twelve days diets consisting exclusively of the cooked beans or the roasted soybean flour. The phytate levels of the diets were determined by the colorimetric method of Latta & Eskin and the minerals by atomic absorption in the diets, feces, urine and femur. Additionally and in order to evaluate the impact of the diets on the cortical bone growth of the tibias, histomorphometric measurements of the height and thickness of the cartilage were made. The results showed that the legume-based diets statistically differed from each other in terms of calcium (275 ¿ 480 mg/100g), magnesium (108 ¿ 262 mg/100g), copper (0.50 ¿ 1.06 mg/100g) and zinc (2.4 ¿ 5.0mg/100g), and that the diets made up of the Carioca ¿Pérola¿ and the Black ¿Valente¿, as well as soy bean were those with the highest mineral contents. The dry bean diets exhibited low concentrations of phytates (3.1 ¿ 3.9mg/g), especially with respect to the soybean (6.5mg/g). Statistical analysis of the mineral balance detected significant differences between the biological indices obtained by the dry-bean and the soybean treatments. The dry bean diets ¿Valente¿ and ¿Pérola¿ exhibited higher balance for calcium (22 ¿ 25mg/d), in comparison to ¿Ouro Branco¿ (12.8mg/d) and the soybean (14.4mg/d) diets. The ratio of retention to absorption (R/A), however, was greatest for the soybean (99.0%), followed by the ¿Valente¿ (96.7%) diet. With regard to the ADC for calcium, in turn, the ¿Pérola¿ ranked first (92.5%) among all treatments and the Control. The evaluation indices revealed that the soybean had the highest magnesium balance (4.7mg/d) among all the dry bean diets, whereas the ADC was best for the ¿Pérola¿ (82%) diet, although the R/A ratios were better for the ¿Valente¿ (7.1%) and soybean (6.8%), while the ¿Ouro Branco¿ and Control gave negative indices (balance and R/A values). With regard to copper, all the dry bean diets gave negative balance and ADC indices, something similar to what was observed for zinc. The soy bean diet, however, showed positive balance and ADCs for both copper and zinc. On the other hand, only the Control diet gave a positive response in the balance test for zinc, although the R/A ratios of the ¿Ouro Branco¿ and ¿Pérola¿ diets were the highest. Taken together, these indices suggest that the little studied calcium and magnesium bioavailability from dry beans is not affected by the phytates present in this staple food, but a suppressive effect on zinc and copper was clear. Histomorphometric measurements, however, did not detect any differences between the various dry bean treatments or the soybean. In addition, it could be concluded that the low calcium intake by dry bean-fed groups had profound consequences to the skeleton system of the animals, such as the height reduction of the cartilaginous grow plates and the thickness of the bone itself, in spite of the femur calcium retention having been significant in the ¿Pérola¿ and soybean diets
Doutorado
Nutrição Básica Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos
Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

O emprego de óleos vegetais como combustível em motores ciclo diesel tem se demonstrado viável após diversos estudos de desempenho já desenvolvidos em diversos motores e configurações, porém apresentando algumas restrições quanto ao seu uso contínuo, dentre as quais se destacam a ocorrência de quebras do motor devido ao excesso de carbonização no cabeçote. No Brasil, a abundância de óleos de origem vegetal constitui um incentivo para a realização de estudos visando ao aproveitamento desses combustíveis alternativos, neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta um estudo das características macroestruturais da formação de sprays de óleo vegetal de soja in natura em um atomizador utilizado em motores diesel em condições de pressão semelhantes às de um motor. Para isso foi montada uma bancada que é constituída de uma câmara pressurizada projetada e fabricada para simular as mesmas condições de massa específica do ar obtidas dentro da câmara de combustão do motor ciclo diesel no instante do início da injeção do combustível. Também é dotada de um sistema de injeção de combustível projetado para que as pressões de funcionamento do conjunto porta injetor mecânico utilizado fosse atingido. O registro da formação do spray é realizado por meio de uma câmara de alta velocidade e alta taxa de aquisição de imagens, como o qual é possível avaliar o comportamento dos jatos de óleo de soja e óleo diesel quanto a distância de quebra, penetração da ponta, velocidade e ângulo de abertura de spray. Das propriedades físico-químicas do óleo vegetal de soja, a que mais se destaca com relação às propriedades do óleo diesel é a viscosidade, que para os líquidos utilizados nesse trabalho foi verificado que é aproximadamente 15 vezes maior que a viscosidade do óleo diesel. Essa grande diferença nas mesmas condições de temperatura produziram resultados de atomização bem distinta entre os líquidos e verifica-se a necessidade de modificação de mais parâmetros do que somente a densidade do gás para que a atomização seja mais próxima do óleo diesel e o óleo vegetal in natura possa ser utilizado nos motores, pois os regimes de atomização observados condizem com o previsto considerando as propriedades dos dois óleos nas condições testadas.
The use of vegetable oils as fuel in diesel engines has proven to be viable after several performance studies already developed in several engines and settings, but presenting some restrictions on its continued use, among which stand out the occurrence of engine failures due to over-charred on the head. In Brazil, plenty of vegetable oils is an incentive to carry out studies for the use of these alternative fuels, in this context, this work presents a study of macro-structural characteristics of the formation of vegetable oil sprays soy in kind in an atomizer used in diesel engines into pressure conditions similar to those of an engine. To this it was mounted on a stand which consists of a pressure chamber designed and manufactured to simulate the same conditions of air density obtained within the combustion chamber of the diesel engine cycle at the time of start of fuel injection. It is also equipped with a fuel injection system designed for operating pressures of the whole mechanical door gun used was reached. The record of the formation of the spray is carried out by means of a camera high speed and high rate of image acquisition, as which it is possible to evaluate the behavior of soybean oil jets and diesel oil as the distance break, tip penetration , speed and spray opening angle. From the physico-chemical properties of vegetable soybean oil, which excels in respect of diesel fuel properties is viscosity, as for liquids used in this work was found that it is approximately 15 times greater than the viscosity of diesel oil. This great difference in the same conditions of temperature produced very different atomization results between the liquid and there is a need for more parameters change than just the density of the gas for atomization is closer to diesel oil and vegetable oil in nature can be used in engines, because atomization schemes observed consistent with the expected considering the properties of both oils under the conditions tested.

A soja (Glycine max) contém uma variedade de compostos com comprovada atividade biológica, tais como as isoflavonas, que estão presentes em diferentes formas, glicosiladas e agliconas. Além disso, a soja contém uma grande quantidade de proteínas, que são consideradas fontes de peptídeos bioativos. As isoflavonas agliconas, daidzeína e genisteína, possuem maior atividade antioxidante que as glicosiladas, daidzina e genistina. No entanto, os grãos de soja são ricos nas formas glicosiladas das isoflavonas. Estudos mostram que a biotransformação da soja, por micro-organismos e enzimas, leva ao aumento dos teores das isoflavonas agliconas, as quais são liberadas pela ação de enzimas -glicosidases, que clivam as ligações -glicosídicas das isoflavonas glicosiladas, e também pode possibilitar a hidrólise das proteínas da soja. Além disso, pesquisadores têm demonstrado aumento na atividade antioxidante e na prevenção e/ou supressão de certos cânceres após biotransformação da soja. Neste contexto, foi realizada a biotransformação da soja pelo fungo A. awamori, e por uma mistura enzimática, proveniente do processo fermentativo deste fungo na soja. Os extratos da soja biotransformada, não biotransformada, e o extrato comercial isoflavin beta®, rico em isoflavonas, foram avaliados quanto aos perfis cromatográficos, teores de daidzeína, genisteína, proteínas, aminoácidos e/ou peptídeos, potencial antioxidante e atividade citotóxica frente a células de fibroblasto e melanoma. O modo de morte celular das células de melanoma, necrose ou apoptose, também foi avaliado. A biotransformação da soja, pelos dois processos, resultou em extratos enriquecidos com isoflavonas agliconas e aminoácidos e/ou peptídeos, e com maior atividade antioxidante que o extrato da soja não biotransformada. Os dois processos de biotransformação da soja resultaram em extratos com características químicas e biológicas diferentes. O conteúdo de daidzeína, proteínas, aminoácidos e/ou peptídeos encontrados no extrato da soja biotransformada pelo fungo foram 6%, 56% e 357%, respectivamente, superiores ao extrato da soja biotransformada pela mistura enzimática. Ao contrário do observado para o teor de genisteína que foi 48% maior no extrato da soja biotransformada pela mistura enzimática. O extrato da soja biotransformada pelo fungo apresentou maior atividade antioxidante que o extrato da soja biotransformada pela mistura enzimática, além disso, foi o único dos extratos aqui estudados que apresentou citotoxicidade seletiva para as células de melanoma, induzindo morte celular por apoptose destas células cancerosas. Sendo assim, os resultados obtidos pelo extrato da soja biotransformada pelo fungo A. awamori fornecem boas perspectivas para futura utilização deste extrato como antitumoral.
Soybean (Glycine max) contains a variety of compounds with proven biological activity, such as isoflavones, which are present in different forms, glycosides and aglycones. In addition, soybean contains a lot of proteins, which are considered sources of bioactive peptides. The aglycone isoflavones, daidzein and genistein, have higher antioxidant activity than the glucoside ones, daidzin and genistin. However, soybean grains are rich in the glycosylated forms of isoflavones. Studies have shown that the soybean biotransformation, by microorganisms and enzymes, lead to increased levels of aglycone isoflavones, which are released by the action of -glycosidase enzymes, which cleave the -glycosidic bonds of isoflavone glucosides, and can also allow the hydrolysis of soybean proteins. Additionally, researchers have shown an increase in the antioxidant activity and in the prevention and/or suppression of certain cancers after soybean biotransformation. In this context, it was performed the biotransformation of soybeans with the fungus A. awamori, and with an enzyme mixture, from the fermentation process of the fungus in soybean. The biotransformed, the non biotransformed soybean extracts and the marketed isoflavin beta® extract rich in isoflavones, were evaluated regarding their chromatographic profiles, levels of daidzein, genistein, proteins, amino acids and/or peptides, the antioxidant potential and the cytotoxic activity against melanoma cells and fibroblasts. The mode of cell death of melanoma cells, necrosis or apoptosis, was also evaluated. The biotransformation of soybean by the two processes resulted in extracts enriched with aglycone isoflavones and aminoacids and/or peptides, and with antioxidant activity higher than the non biotransformed soybean extract. The two processes of soybean biotransformation resulted in extracts with different chemical and biological characteristics. The contents of daidzein, proteins, aminoacids and/or peptides found in soybean extract biotransformed by the fungus were 6%, 56% and 357%, respectively, higher than the soybeam extract biotransformed by the enzyme mixture. Contrary to what was observed with the genistein content that was 48% higher in the soybean extract biotransformed by the enzyme mixture. The soybean extract biotransformed by the fungus had a higher antioxidant activity than the soybean extract biotransformed by the enzyme mixture, moreover, it was the unique extract among the ones studied in this work that showed selective cytotoxicity to melanoma cells, inducing cell death by apoptosis of these cancer cells. Thus, the obtained results of the soybean extract biotransformed by the fungus A. awamori provide good prospects for future use of this extract as antitumoral.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de três fontes energéticas sobre a produção de metano em bovinos utilizando-se a técnica do gás traçador hexafluoreto de enxofre (SF6), sobre os parâmetros da fermentação ruminal, a digestibilidade aparente total e a excreção de nutrientes da dieta. Seis vacas (730 ± 70 kg) canuladas no rúmen foram utilizadas e distribuídas a três dietas, que diferiram quanto à fonte energética, seguindo-se delineamento experimental em quadrado latino 3x3 replicado (n= 18 unidades experimentais): Controle (CON): Dieta de baixo extrato etéreo (3,50% de EE); Soja (SOJ): Dieta de alto extrato etéreo (5,30% de EE) com inclusão de 15% de soja grão; e Polpa Cítrica (POL): Dieta de baixo extrato etéreo (3,00% de EE) e alta participação de pectina com inclusão de 15% de polpa cítrica. Cada período experimental foi constituído de 21 dias, sendo que, entre o dia 5 e o dia 15, 2 g do marcador óxido crômico por kg de MS de alimento consumido foi administrado via cânula ruminal, para determinação da digestibilidade aparente total da MS e suas frações, bem como da excreção dos nutrientes da dieta. O ensaio de digestibilidade foi constituído por duas fases, sendo os cinco primeiros dias para adaptação ao marcador e os cinco últimos para coleta de fezes. A excreção da MS e dos nutrientes, bem como a excreção de Nitrogênio, foi calculada a partir dos dados de coeficiente de digestibilidade da MS e suas frações. Para cada período experimental, os últimos 6 dias foram destinados para coleta de dados da produção de metano (CH4) e do consumo de matéria seca (CMS). No dia 21 coletou-se líquido ruminal para determinação da concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), contagem total e diferencial de protozoários e pH ruminal, avaliados antes, 3, 6, 9 e 12 h após a alimentação matinal. As concentrações de CH4, SF4 e AGCC foram determinadas por cromatografia gasosa. O pH de cada amostra foi determinado com potenciômetro digital portátil e as contagens diferenciais dos protozoários foram avaliadas através de microscopia direta. Não houve diferenças significativas (P0,05) entre os tratamentos para o CMS expresso em quilograma por dia (kg/dia), porcentagem do peso vivo (% PV) ou por unidade de peso metabólico (g/kg de PV0, 75). Não houve efeito de fonte energética sobre o consumo de energia bruta (CEB), nem de fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN). O tratamento com grãos de soja reduziu (P<0,05) o consumo de proteína bruta (CPB), de extrativo não nitrogenado (CENN) e de matéria orgânica (CMO). O consumo de extrato etéreo (CEE) foi maior (P<0,05) para os animais que consumiram o tratamento com grãos de soja. Não foi observado efeito (P<0,05) de fonte energética para os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, PB, EB, FDN, EE, ENN ou MO. A digestibilidade da FDA foi mais elevada (P<0,05) para o tratamento com polpa cítrica, enquanto que o valor de NDT foi maior (P<0,05) para o tratamento com grãos de soja. Não houve diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos para a excreção de energia bruta (ExEB), nem de fibra em detergente neutro (ExFDN). A excreção de MS, ENN e de MO foram menores (P<0,05) para o tratamento com grãos de soja. Todas as fontes energéticas testadas influenciaram (P<0,05) a excreção de proteína bruta (ExPB), diferindo todos os tratamentos entre si. As excreções de FDA e de EE foram mais elevadas (P<0,05) para o tratamento com grãos de soja. Houve efeito (P<0,05) de fonte energética para a excreção de nitrogênio, sendo mais elevada para o tratamento com polpa cítrica em relação ao tratamento com grãos de soja. A emissão de CH4 pelos bovinos foi de 286,22 a 344,22 g/d; 103,71 a 125,64 kg/ano; 17,41 a 22,03 g/kg de matéria seca ingerida; 5,17 a 6,58% da EB perdida na forma de metano e 3,77 a 4,53 Mcal/Ani/d. Não houve diferença significativa para as emissões de metano entre os tratamentos quando avaliadas a 5% de probabilidade. As fontes energéticas testadas não influenciaram (P<0,05) os valores de pH ruminal, a concentração média do ácido propiônico, nem a relação acético/propiônico. A concentração total de AGCC, a concentração de ácido acético, de ácido butírico, bem como a contagem total de protozoários, foram maiores (P<0,05) para o tratamento com polpa cítrica. Fonte alta em pectina, como a polpa cítrica, ou em ácidos graxos insaturados, como a soja grão, não prejudicaram a digestibilidade das dietas. Neste sentido, são indicadas como fontes de elevado potencial de utilização em dietas para bovinos. Entretanto, sua inclusão resultou em mudanças no ambiente ruminal pela alteração do perfil fermentativo, porém, não foi possível demostrar alterações na produção de metano.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three energy sources on methane production in cattle using the tracer sulfur hexafluoride technique (SF6) on rumen fermentation parameters, total apparent digestibility and excretion of nutrients of diet. Six cows (730 ± 70 kg) ruminally cannulated were used and allocated to three diets that differed in energy source, followed by the replicated 3x3 Latin square design (n = 18 experimental units): Control (CON): Low ether extract diet (3.50% EE); Soybean (SOJ): High ether extract diet (5.30% EE) with inclusion of 15% of soybean seeds; Citrus pulp (POL): Low ether extract (3.00% EE) and high pectin diet with inclusion of 15% of citrus pulp. Each experimental period consisted of 21 days. From day 5 to day 15, 2 g of the marker chromic oxide per kg DM of feed consumed were administered, through rumen cannula, to determine the apparent digestibility of total MS and its fractions as well as excretion of nutrients. Digestibility trial consisted of two phases: the first five days for marker adaptation and the last five for feces collection. The excretion of DM and nutrients, as well as, nitrogen excretion was calculated from digestibility data of DM and its fractions. For each experimental period, the last 6 days were used to collect data from methane (CH4) production and dry matter intake (DMI). At day 21, rumen fluid was collected for short chain fatty acids concentration determination (SCFA), total and differential counts of protozoa and ruminal pH measured before, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h after morning feeding. The concentrations of CH4, SF6 and SCFA were determined by gas chromatography. The pH of each sample was determined with a digital portable pH meter and differential counts of protozoa were evaluated by direct microscopy. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) among treatments for DMI expressed as kilograms per day (kg/day), percentage of body weight (% BW) or per unit of metabolic weight (g/kg PV0, 75). There was no effect of energy source on gross energy (GEI) or neutral detergent fiber (NDFI) intake. Soybeans treatment decreased (P<0.05) crude protein (CPI), nitrogen free extract (NFEI) and organic matter (OMI) intake. Ether extract (EEI) intake as higher lower (P <0.05) for cows fed the soy beans treatment. There was no effect (P<0.05) of energy source on digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, GE, NDF, EE, NFE or OM. The digestibility of ADF was higher (P<0.05) for citrus pulp treatment, while TDN value was higher (P<0.05) for soybeans treatment. There were no significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments for gross energy (GEEx) or neutral detergent fiber (NDFEx) excretion. The excretion of DM, NFE and OM were lower (P<0.05) for treatment with soybeans. All energy sources influenced (P<0.05) crude protein excretion (CPEx) and all treatments differed from each other. The excretions of ADF and EE were higher (P<0.05) for treatment with soybeans. A significant effect (P<0.05) of energy source was observed for nitrogen excretion, where the highest values were observed for citrus pulp compared to soybeans treatment. The emission of CH4 by cattle was 286.22 to 344.22 g/d, 103.71 to 125.64 kg/year; 17.41 to 22.03 g/kg of dry matter ingested, 5.17 to 6.58% GE lost in the form of methane and 3.77 to 4.53 Mcal/Ani/d. There was no significant difference in methane emissions between treatments when evaluated at 5% probability. Energy sources tested did not influence (P<0.05) pH values, propionic acid concentration or acetate:propionate ratio. Total concentration of SCFA, acetic acid and butyric acid concentration, as well as total count of protozoa, were higher (P<0.05) in citrus pulp treatment. Pectin high source, such as citrus pulp, or unsaturated fatty acids, such as soy beans, did not affect diets digestibility. In this sense, they are indicated as sources of high potential for use in cattle diets. However, their inclusion in diets resulted in changes in rumen environment by changes in fermentation pattern, but it was not possible to demonstrate changes in methane production.

Orientador: Pedro Ramos
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: A região Centro-Oeste do país se destaca como um pólo produtor de soja, constituindo-se em um exemplo típico de região de fronteira. A expansão para a área de fronteira agrícola foi incentivada pelo governo, entre os anos 60-70, amparada por uma base infra-estrutural de transportes rodoviários. A partir dos anos 80, pela crise fiscal do Estado, o setor agrícola perde o apoio que tinha e a malha rodoviária brasileira perde participação nos recursos públicos para investimentos em sua ampliação, conservação e restauração. A escassez de investimentos nas rodovias brasileiras tem reflexos sobre a competitividade internacional da soja dos cerrados, uma vez que o principal modal utilizado para o escoamento dessa produção para os portos das Regiões Sul e Sudeste, onde se concentra o seu escoamento é o modal rodoviário cujas vias estão em estado precário de conservação, com destaque para trechos das rodovias BR 163 e BR 364 que são vias importantes na região do Centro-Oeste para a movimentação da produção de soja. Por conta disso, 25% da receita de vendas desta produção está comprometida com os custos internos de transportes, em decorrência da inadequação desse modal às características do produto e às longas distâncias percorridas aliado ao estado precário de conservação da malha rodoviária do país. O objetivo dessa dissertação é demonstrar o problema do transporte da soja produzida na Região Centro-Oeste do país concentrado no modal rodoviário, identificando a ineficiência desse modal. Apontam-se perspectivas e possíveis soluções pela alternativa de concessões rodoviárias e de Parcerias Público-Privadas (PPP) para reverter o estado precário das rodovias brasileiras, além de analisar o uso de modais mais eficientes para o escoamento dessa produção. Concluí-se que os modais hidroviários e ferroviários são mais eficientes para o escoamento da soja do Centro-Oeste do país, em relação ao uso isolado da rodovia, em razão da maior eficiência energética e da maior produtividade para a movimentação de cargas de maior densidade ?maiores distâncias, o que conferiria custos menores de circulação. É o momento de se pensar na matriz de transportes de cargas do pais de forma a desenvolver a intermodalidade com uma oferta maior dos transportes hidroviários e ferroviários além de revitalizar a malha rodoviária para positivas contribuições à economia do país
Abstract: The Center-Western region of the country is known to be a soy production center, being a typical example of frontier region. The agriculture frontier expansion had been encouraged by the government between the 60's and 70's, based on a road transportation infra-structure. At the beginning of the 80's, because of a governmental fiscal crises, the agricultural sector lost its support, and the road infra-structure and conservation lost its investment, due to the lost of participation on public resources. The lack of investment on Brazilian roads reflected on the soy international competition, since the main transportation used to deliver this product to the ports at the South and South-Eastern regions of the country, is made by road¿s, which are in poor states of conservation, highlighting some parts of BR 163 and BR 364, which are very important roads to distribute the soy production at the Center-Western region. For this reason, 25% of this products sales are already accounted for internal transportation costs, due to the inadequacy of the roads to the characteristics of this product and the long distances that have to be filled and the bad conservation state of the Brazilian roads. The objective of this dissertation is to show the soy production transportation problems at the Center-Western region of the country, due to the concentration of this transportation on the road modal, identifying the inefficiency of such modal. There are a few alternatives appointed, such as road concessions and Public-Private Partnership (PPP), the reverse the offal state of the Brazilian roads and to analyze the use of more efficient transportation modals. Concluding that the use of river and rail-road transportation modals are more efficient to transport the soy from the Center-Western region of the country, in relation to exclusive use of roads. This is due to a higher energetic and transportation efficiency due to the movement of higher density cargo at higher distances, what would reduce circulation costs. This is the moment to reflect on the cargo transportation matrix in the country, in such a form to develop a higher river and rail-road offer and to revitalize the roads for positive contributions to the countries economy
Mestrado
Economia Agricola e Agraria
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Esta tese discute as duas novas regiões brasileiras de fronteira agrícola, Balsas no Maranhão e Barreiras na Bahia, onde se produz soja. A discussão se dá entorno da cultura da soja, agindo como vetor da formação sócio-espacial de novas regiões de produção agrícola. As particularidades desta tese e o novo, estão no fato que a formação dessas duas regiões ocorre no período técnico-científico e informacional, inserindo-as no processo de globalização de forma competitiva. As duas regiões são competitivas, do ponto de vista da produção agrícola, pois tem tido a possibilidade de manter e aumentar sua produção de soja, tanto domesticamente quanto internacionalmente, melhorando cada vez mais sua performance técnica e econômica. Essas hipóteses são provadas, além de se propor um sistema de comparação de competitividade inter-regional, baseado em critérios definidos, que possibilta graduar qual região é mais competitiva que a outra.
This thesis discusses two new Brazilian agricultural frontiers. These frontiers, where soy-bean is produced are: Balsas in Maranhão and Barreiras in Bahia. The discussion takes place around the soy-bean crop, that acts as a vector of the socio-spatial formation of new crop producing regions. The particularities of this thesis and the novelty relay on the fact that the formation of these two regions occurs in the technical-scientific period. These regions are inserted in the globalization process in a competitive way. Both regions are competitive from the point of view of the crop production, as they have had the possibility to keep up with the production and even enhance it. The markets in which the product are sold are domestic and international, with a growing performance in the technical and economical fields. These hypothesis are proved and besides that it is proposed a comparative inter-regional competitiveness system based on defined criteria, which permits define which region is more competitive.

Avaliou-se o efeito isolado e associado de pós de origem vegetal e de genótipos de feijoeiro sobre o comportamento, biologia e danos de Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh.) e Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say). Inicialmente, foi avaliado o efeito dos pós obtidos de 18 plantas sobre a atratividade e mortalidade dos adultos, e oviposição. A seguir, foi testado o efeito de 12 genótipos de feijoeiro incluindo materiais melhorados contendo arcelina (Arc1, Arc2, Arc3 e Arc4) e sem essa proteína (IAC Carioca Aruã, IAC Carioca Pyatã, IAC Carioca Akytã, IAC Maravilha, IAC Una, IAC Bico de Ouro, Porrillo 70 e Goiano Precoce) sobre a oviposição (com e sem chance de escolha) e biologia dos insetos. Com base nestes resultados, foram selecionados, para cada espécie de inseto, quatro genótipos (três resistentes e um suscetível) e quatro pós vegetais, para os quais foi avaliado o efeito associado sobre a atratividade e mortalidade dos adultos, preferência para oviposição, biologia e danos causados pelos insetos. Concluiu-se que: a) os pós obtidos da parte aérea de Chenopodium ambrosioides (erva-de-santa-maria), f. (forma) 1 e f.2; de folhas de Eucalyptus citriodora (eucalipto cheiroso), de Mentha pulegium (poejo) e de Ruta graveolens (arruda), e de cascas de frutos de Citrus reticulata (laranja cv. Murcote) são repelentes aos adultos das duas pragas; b) os pós obtidos de folhas de Ocimum basilicum (alfavaca) e de O. minimum (manjericão) são repelentes apenas para Z. subfasciatus, enquanto os pós de cascas de frutos de Citrus sinensis (laranja cv. Pêra) e de frutos de Lafoensia glyptocarpa (mirindiba) apresentam efeito repelente apenas em relação a A. obtectus; c) o pó de folhas de L. glyptocarpa apresenta atratividade a Z. subfasciatus; d) os pós de C. ambrosioides (f.2), M. pulegium, O. basilicum e R. graveolens apresentam efeito altamente tóxico aos adultos de Z. subfasciatus, causando 100% de mortalidade e impedindo a oviposição; e) em relação a A. obtectus, há total mortalidade de adultos e ausência de oviposição, com o uso de pós de C. ambrosioides (f.2) e de folhas de Coriandrum sativum (coentro); f) em teste sem chance de escolha, o genótipo Arc3 é menos ovipositado por Z. subfasciatus que 'IAC Carioca Pyatã' e 'IAC Bico de Ouro', enquanto, em relação a A. obtectus os materiais são igualmente preferidos para oviposição; g) os materiais contendo arcelina (Arc1, 2, 3 e 4) apresentam resistência do tipo não-preferência para alimentação e/ou antibiose a Z. subfasciatus, alongando o período de desenvolvimento (ovo-adulto) e reduzindo o peso dos adultos, a longevidade e a fecundidade; h) em relação a A. obtectus, a resistência do tipo não-preferência para alimentação e/ou antibiose só ocorre com o Arc1, genótipo em que há alongamento do período de desenvolvimento e menor peso dos adultos; i) 'Goiano Precoce' é o material mais adequado ao desenvolvimento dos dois insetos; j) com o emprego associado de pós vegetais e genótipos resistentes de feijoeiro, ocorre apenas efeito aditivo (e não sinérgico) das duas técnicas de controle para ambas as espécies de insetos; k) o peso consumido de grãos de feijão por Z. subfasciatus e A. obtectus não é afetado pelos pós inseticidas; esse peso, entretanto, é menor nos genótipos contendo arcelina para os dois insetos.
It was evaluated the isolated and associated effects of powders from different vegetal and bean genotypes on the behaviour, biology and damage of Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh.) and Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say). Initially, it was evaluated the effect of powders of 18 plants on the attractivity and mortality of the adults, and oviposition. Then, the effect of 12 bean genotypes was tested including materials with arcelin (Arc1, Arc2,Arc3 and Arc4) and without this protein (IAC Carioca Aruã, IAC Carioca Pyatã, IAC Carioca Akytã, IAC Maravilha, IAC Una, IAC Bico de Ouro, Porrillo 70 and Goiano Precoce) on the oviposition (free-choice and no-choice tests) and biology of the insects. Based on these results, four genotypes (three resistant and one susceptible) and four powders were selected for each insect species. It was evaluated the associated effect on the attractivity and mortality of the adults, preference for oviposition, biology and damage caused by the insects. It was concluded that: powders of the aerial part from Chenopodium ambrosioides f. (form) 1 and f.2; leaves from Eucalyptus citriodora, from Mentha pulegium and from Ruta graveolens, and rinds of fruits from Citrus reticulata (cv. Murcote) are repellents to the adults of the two pests; b) powders of leaves from Ocimum basilicum and O. minimum are repellent only for Z. subfasciatus, while powders of rinds of fruits from Citrus sinensis (cv. Pêra) and fruits from Lafoensia glyptocarpa shows repellent effect only on A. obtectus; c) powder of leaves from L. glyptocarpa shows attractivity on Z. subfasciatus; d) powders from C. ambrosioides (f.2), M. pulegium, O. basilicum and R. graveolens show high toxicity on adults of Z. subfasciatus, causing 100% mortality and inhibiting the oviposition; e) in relation to A. obtectus, total mortality of adults and no oviposition is observed with the use of powders from C. ambrosioides (f.2) and leaves from Coriandrum sativum; f) in no-choice test, Arc3 was less oviposited by Z. subfasciatus than IAC Carioca Pyatã and IAC Bico de Ouro, while in relation to A. obtectus the materials are equally preferred for oviposition; g) the materials with arcelin (Arc1, 2, 3 and 4) show non-preference resistance for feeding and/or antibiose to the Z. subfasciatus, prolonging the time for insect development (egg-adult) and reducing the adult weight, longevity and fecundity; h) in relation to A. obtectus, non-preference resistance for feeding and/or antibiose only occurs with Arc1, genotype that prolongs the development period and reduces the adult weight; i) Goiano Precoce is the most suitable material for the development of both insects; j) with the association of vegeta powders and resistant bean genotypes, only additive effect (and not syhngistic) is observed with the two control tactics for both insect species; k) the weight of consumed bean grains for Z. subfasciatus and A. obtectus was not affected by insecticide powders; however the weight, however, was lower in the genotypes with arcelin for both insects.

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O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a relação entre o processo de metropolização e a criação de unidades regionais no Brasil. Os elementos que motivaram a pesquisa foram os resultados do estudo Caracterização e Tendências da Rede Urbana do Brasil, que determinou a existência e a espacialidade de uma aglomeração urbana composta, basicamente, por Cascavel, Toledo e Santa Tereza do Oeste, na Mesorregião Oeste Paranaense, e a apresentação, à Assembléia Legislativa do Paraná, dos projetos de lei complementar n. 110 de 2003 e 235 de 2003, que visavam a instituição de unidades regionais polarizadas, respectivamente, por Cascavel e Toledo, duas cidades médias contíguas. Em virtude da generalização de Caracterização e Tendências da Rede Urbana do Brasil, decidiu-se aprofundar tal pesquisa, utilizando-se novos elementos para caracterizar a existência e mapear a espacialidade de aglomerações urbanas, como dados e informações referentes ao transporte coletivo intermunicipal e dados do Censo Demográfico de 2000, mensurando-se os movimentos pendulares exercidos pela população. Dessa forma, apontou-se a existência de pelo menos uma aglomeração urbana na Mesorregião Oeste Paranaense, a aglomeração urbana da soja, composta por dois núcleos, ou seja, bipolarizada por Cascavel e Toledo, agregando, ainda, em se tratando dos distritos, Corbélia, Ouro Verde do Oeste, Santa Tereza do Oeste e Sede Alvorada, com áreas de expansão configuradas por Cafelândia, Ibema, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Quatro Pontes, Rio do Salto, São José das Palmeiras, São Pedro do Iguaçu e Vera Cruz do Oeste. Tendo em vista as características da reestruturação socioespacial no Brasil, pode-se dizer que as problemáticas metropolitanas da aglomeração urbana da soja tendem a se aprofundar, ampliando-se, assim, os níveis de complementaridade entre os distritos que a compõem e, em corolário, a complexidade da rede urbana regional. Portanto, existe um processo de metropolização entre Cascavel, Toledo e cidades adjacentes. Como resultado, pode-se assegurar que o processo de metropolização se encontra bastante afastado da arena parlamentar. Paralelamente, também se pode afirmar que a institucionalização de unidades regionais está repleta de interesses corporativos e político-partidários.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tem grande expressão no cenário econômico e social do Brasil, pois além de ser um alimento básico da população brasileira, faz parte da renda do pequeno e médio produtor rural. A hipótese deste trabalho é que a supressão do fornecimento de água em alguma fase ou em algumas fases do desenvolvimento do feijoeiro irrigado sempre resulta em redução de produtividade de, pelo menos, 20%. O objetivo foi de analisar a influência do uso da irrigação em diferentes estádios fenológicos do feijoeiro sobre o desempenho dos componentes de produção do feijão do grupo Carioca, cultivar IAC Alvorada. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Experimental Lageado / Departamento de Engenharia Rural, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, campus de Botucatu. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 16 tratamentos e oito repetições, sendo cada parcela de 2,0 m x 4,5 m (Experimento I – campo) e 32 tratamentos e 4 repetições em vasos de 9 litros (Experimento II – casa de vegetação). Os tratamentos foram baseados em diferentes épocas de aplicação de lâminas de água em períodos críticos na cultura do feijão. No Experimento I – campo, as fases críticas consideradas foram: fase vegetativa, floração, enchimento de grãos e maturação...
Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is widespread in the social and economic scene in Brazil, as well as being a staple of Brazilian population, helps small and medium-income farmers. The hypothesis is that if the water supply is suppressed in just one of the five development stages or in some phases of development of irrigated beans, it can result in reduction productivity of, at least, 20%, allowing water economy. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of bean Carioca group IAC Alvorada yield components, with irrigation suppression in each of the phenological phases and no irrigation and irrigated in all stages. The study was conducted at Agronomical Sciences College, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil. The statistical design was the randomized block with sixteen treatments and eight replications, each plot was 2.0m X 4.5m (Experiment I – Field) and thirty-two treatments and four replications in vase of 9l (Experiment II – Greenhouse). Treatments were based on different application times water depth at critical periods in the bean crop. In Experiment I – Field, the critical phases were: vegetative stage, flowering, grain filling and maturation. In Experiment II – Greenhouse, the critical phases were: VI (V1 – V3), VII (V4 – flowering), flowering, pod formation and filling grain. Irrigations were performed to increase the water soil content to the field capacity using a class A Pan (Experiment I) and using tensiometers (Experiment II). Variables evaluated were: average number of pods per plant, pods of average size, average number of grains per pods, weight of 100 grains and productivity. Data were analyzed using SAS statistical program, subjected to analysis of variance and “t” test at 5% probability, as well as study of orthogonal contrasts. In Experiment I – Field, the yield components were higher affected when it occurred irrigation’s... (Complete abstract click electroni

Orientador: João Carlos Cury Saad
Coorientador: Rogério Peres Soratto
Banca: Jarbas Honorio de Miranda
Resumo: O feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tem grande expressão no cenário econômico e social do Brasil, pois além de ser um alimento básico da população brasileira, faz parte da renda do pequeno e médio produtor rural. A hipótese deste trabalho é que a supressão do fornecimento de água em alguma fase ou em algumas fases do desenvolvimento do feijoeiro irrigado sempre resulta em redução de produtividade de, pelo menos, 20%. O objetivo foi de analisar a influência do uso da irrigação em diferentes estádios fenológicos do feijoeiro sobre o desempenho dos componentes de produção do feijão do grupo Carioca, cultivar IAC Alvorada. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Experimental Lageado / Departamento de Engenharia Rural, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, campus de Botucatu. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 16 tratamentos e oito repetições, sendo cada parcela de 2,0 m x 4,5 m (Experimento I - campo) e 32 tratamentos e 4 repetições em vasos de 9 litros (Experimento II - casa de vegetação). Os tratamentos foram baseados em diferentes épocas de aplicação de lâminas de água em períodos críticos na cultura do feijão. No Experimento I - campo, as fases críticas consideradas foram: fase vegetativa, floração, enchimento de grãos e maturação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is widespread in the social and economic scene in Brazil, as well as being a staple of Brazilian population, helps small and medium-income farmers. The hypothesis is that if the water supply is suppressed in just one of the five development stages or in some phases of development of irrigated beans, it can result in reduction productivity of, at least, 20%, allowing water economy. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of bean Carioca group IAC Alvorada yield components, with irrigation suppression in each of the phenological phases and no irrigation and irrigated in all stages. The study was conducted at Agronomical Sciences College, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil. The statistical design was the randomized block with sixteen treatments and eight replications, each plot was 2.0m X 4.5m (Experiment I - Field) and thirty-two treatments and four replications in vase of 9l (Experiment II - Greenhouse). Treatments were based on different application times water depth at critical periods in the bean crop. In Experiment I - Field, the critical phases were: vegetative stage, flowering, grain filling and maturation. In Experiment II - Greenhouse, the critical phases were: VI (V1 - V3), VII (V4 - flowering), flowering, pod formation and filling grain. Irrigations were performed to increase the water soil content to the field capacity using a class A Pan (Experiment I) and using tensiometers (Experiment II). Variables evaluated were: average number of pods per plant, pods of average size, average number of grains per pods, weight of 100 grains and productivity. Data were analyzed using SAS statistical program, subjected to analysis of variance and "t" test at 5% probability, as well as study of orthogonal contrasts. In Experiment I - Field, the yield components were higher affected when it occurred irrigation's... (Complete abstract click electroni
Mestre

L'objectif de ce travail est identifier les principales sources de croissance des exportations brésiliennes du complexe soja, vérifier si le pays présente des Avantages Comparatifs Révélés pour les exportations du grain, du son et de l'huile de soja ainsi qu'analyser si les exportations de ces commodities sont guidées pour quelques marchés consommateurs. Dans ce travail, s'est adopté comme méthodologie le modèle Constant-Market-Share, et les Indices d'Avantages Comparatifs Révélés (IVCR) et d'Orientation Régionale (IOR). Les données pour le calcul du modèle Constant-Market-Share et des indices d'Avantages Comparatifs Révélés et de l'Orientation Régionaux ont été rassemblées près du Système d'Analyse des Informations de Commerce Extérieur (ALICE), de Département de Commerce Extérieur (SECEX), qui possède les données d'exportations brésiliennes Free on Board (FOB) en dollars, au Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) et à l'Organisation Mondiale de Commerce (OMC). Les résultats ont indiqué que le pays a présenté des Avantages Comparatifs Révélés, tant pour le grain, que pour l’huile et le son dans tout la période analysée. Dans que concerne aux sources de croissance, tant pour le grain, le son et l'huile de soja, dans la première période, l'effet compétitivité a été ce qui plus a collaboré pour les exportations et, dans la seconde période, l'effet croissance du commerce mondial a été prépondérante. Les exportations du grain sont guidées pour l'Union européenne et Chine, ce du son pour l'Union européenne et Thaïlande et ce de l'huile de soja pour la Chine, Iran et Inde.
Lo scopo di questo lavoro è identificare le principali fonti di crescita delle esportazioni brasiliane del complesso soja, verificare se il paese presenta Vantaggi Comparativi Rivelati con le esportazioni di chicchi, crusca ed olio di soja, così come analizzare se le esportazioni di queste commodities sono orientate verso alcuni mercati consumatori. In questa indagine si adottò come metodologia il modello Constant-Market-Share, l’Índice di Vantaggi Comparativi Rivelati (IVCR) e l’Indice dell’Orientamento Regionale (IOR). I dati per il calcolo del modello Constant-Market Share e degli Indici di Vantaggi Comparativi Rivelati e dell’Orientamento Regionale furono raccolti dal Sistema di Analisi delle Informazioni del Commercio Estero (ALICE), della Segreteria del Comercio Estero (SECEX), che possiede i dati delle esportazioni brasiliane Free on Bord (FOB), in dollari, alla Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) ed alla Organizzazione Mondiale del Commercio (OMC). I risultati indicarono che il paese presentò Vantaggi Comparativi Rivelati tanto per i chicchi come per l’ólio e per la crusca, in tutto il periodo analizzato. In riferimento alle fonti di crescita, tanto per i chicchi come per la crusca e l’olio de soja, nel primo periodo, l’effetto competitività fu quello che più collaborò alle esportazioni e, nel secondo periodo, l’effetto crescita del commercio mondiale fu prevalente. Le esportazioni di chicchi è orientata verso l’Unione Europea e la Cina; quella della crusca verso l’Unione Europea e la Thailandia e quella dell’olio di soja verso la Cina, l’Iran e l’Índia.
O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar as principais fontes de crescimento das exportações brasileiras do complexo soja, verificar se o país apresenta Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas para as exportações do grão, farelo e óleo de soja bem como analisar se as exportações dessas commodities estão orientadas para alguns mercados consumidores. Neste trabalho, adotou-se como metodologia o modelo Constant-Market-Share e os Índices de Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas (IVCR) e de Orientação Regional (IOR). Os dados para cálculo do modelo Constant-Market-Share e dos índices de Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas e Orientação Regional foram coletados junto ao Sistema de Análise das Informações de Comércio Exterior (ALICE), da Secretaria de Comércio Exterior (SECEX), que possui os dados de exportações brasileiras Free on Board (FOB) em dólares, à Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) e à Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Os resultados indicaram que o país apresentou Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas, tanto para grão, como para óleo e farelo em todo o período analisado. No que tange às fontes de crescimento, tanto para o grão, farelo e o óleo de soja, no primeiro período, o efeito competitividade foi o que mais colaborou para as exportações e, no segundo período, o efeito crescimento do comércio mundial foi preponderante. A exportação do grão está orientada para a União Européia e China, a do farelo para a União Européia e Tailândia e a do óleo de soja para a China, Irã e Índia.
The aim of this study is to identify the main sources of growth of brazilian export soy-bean industrial complex, to verify if the country has Revealed Comparative Advantages for soy grain, bran and oil as well as to analyze if the export of these commodities are oriented to some consumer markets. In this study, the Constant-Market-Share model, Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCAI), and the Regional Orientation Index (ROI) were used as methodology. The data for calculation of the Constant-Market-Share model, Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, and the Regional Orientation Index were collected from system analysis of the International Trade Information (ALICE), International Trade Secretariat (SECEX) which is responsible for brazilian export data Free on Board in dollars, also from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and from World Trade Organization (WTO). The results showed that the country presented Revealed Comparative Advantages either for the grain or the oil as well as for the bran across the entire period analyzed. Regarding the sources of growth as much as for soy grain, bran and oil in the first period, the Competitiveness Effect revealed to be the main driver for the export while in the second period the Growth Effect was more predominant. The grain export is more oriented to European Union and China while the bran is towards European Union and Thailand and ultimately soy-bean oil export is directed to China, Iran and India.
El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las principales fuentes de crecimiento de las exportaciones brasileñas del complejo soja, verificar si el país presenta Ventajas Comparativas Reveladas para las exportaciones de grano, salvado y aceite de soja, bien como analizar si las exportaciones de esas commodities están orientadas para algunos mercados consumidores. En este trabajo se adoptó como metodología el modelo Constant-Market-Share y los Índices de Ventajas Comparativas Reveladas (IVCR) y de Orientación Regional (IOR). Los datos para cálculo del modelo Constant-Market-Share y de los índices de Ventajas Comparativas Reveladas y Orientación Regional fueron cosechadas en Comercio Exterior (SECEX), que posee los datos de las exportaciones brasileñas Free on Board (FOB) en dólares, en Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) y en la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC). Los resultados indicaron que el país presentó Ventajas Comparativas Reveladas, tanto para el grano como aceite y salvado en todo el período analizado. Con respecto a las fuentes de crecimiento, tanto para el grano, el salvado y el aceite de soja, en el primer período, el efecto competitividad fue el que más colaboró para las exportaciones y, en el segundo período, el efecto crecimiento del comercio mundial fue preponderante. La exportación de grano está orientada para la Unión Europea y China, la de salvado para Unión Europea y Tailandia y la de aceite de soja, para China, Irán e India.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A mamona é uma cultura de grande importância econômica para o Brasil, porém a produtividade nacional é baixa, devido principalmente a reduzida tecnologia utilizada no cultivo. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a resposta de híbridos do Programa de Melhoramento de Mamona da UNESP-FCA e de cultivares de mamona a níveis de adubação. O experimento foi conduzido durante o ano agrícola 2009/ 2010 utilizando dois híbridos (A e B), e duas cultivares (FCA-PB e IAC 2028). Os genótipos foram cultivados em três níveis de adubação: 0, 50 e 100% da dose recomendada com base na análise de solo. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4x3, com quatro repetições. De acordo com a análise dos resultados as cultivares apresentaram médias maiores para as variáveis vegetativas altura total, altura de inserção do racemo primário, número de nós até o racemo primário, diâmetro do colmo e comprimento do internódio. Em relação aos níveis de adubação, com exceção do número de nós em que não houve diferença, todas as variáveis vegetativas apresentaram médias maiores no nível 100% em relação aos níveis 0 e 50%. As cultivares apresentaram maior contribuição do racemo primário na produção total do que os híbridos. Já estes obtiveram mais racemos por plantas que as cultivares, e consequentemente, tiveram maior contribuição dos racemos de ordem superior na produção total. Isso ocorreu porque os híbridos emitiram o racemo primário em época de grande incidência de chuvas, ocorrendo ataque de mofo-cinzento (Amphobotrys ricini). Com relação à produtividade, dentre os genótipos, o híbrido B foi superior às cultivares e, dentro dos níveis de adubação, o nível 100% foi superior aos níveis 0 e 50%. Na avaliação da resposta de cada genótipo aos níveis de adubação o híbrido B não apresentou resposta à adubação...
Castor bean is a crop of great economic importance for Brazil, but national productivity is low, mainly due to low technology applied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of hybrids Castor Bean Breeding Program of UNESP and castor bean cultivars to fertilizer levels. The experiment was conducted in 2010 season using two hybrids (A and B) and two cultivars (FCA-PB and IAC 2028). The genotypes were applied three fertilization levels 0, 50 and 100% rates recommended by soil analysis. The design was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 4x3, with four replications. The results show higher values for vegetative variables height, insertion height of raceme primary, stem diameter and internode length for 100% level of fertilization, but no response these factors to number of nodes until insertion of primary raceme. The cultivars showed higher contribution of the primary raceme in total production than hybrids. Hybrids had more racemes per plant than cultivars, and consequently had greater contribution of racemes of order higher in total production. This occurred because hybrids issued primary raceme in time of great rainfall, occurring gray mold (Amphobotrys ricini). The productivity of hybrid B was higher than others cultivars and genotypes in 100% of rate, only. In estimate of agronomic efficiency (AE), the hybrid B was higher efficient at level 0% than cultivars and not showed response to fertilization. Other genotypes had answers positively to fertilization, but the hybrid A had major yield in level of 100%. Concluded that hybrids have great characteristics for mechanized harvesting and great yields, that allows its use in crops technicality

Orientador: Maurício Dutra Zanotto
Banca: Rogério Peres Soratto
Banca: Tammy Aparecida Manabe Kiihl
Resumo: A mamona é uma cultura de grande importância econômica para o Brasil, porém a produtividade nacional é baixa, devido principalmente a reduzida tecnologia utilizada no cultivo. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a resposta de híbridos do Programa de Melhoramento de Mamona da UNESP-FCA e de cultivares de mamona a níveis de adubação. O experimento foi conduzido durante o ano agrícola 2009/ 2010 utilizando dois híbridos (A e B), e duas cultivares (FCA-PB e IAC 2028). Os genótipos foram cultivados em três níveis de adubação: 0, 50 e 100% da dose recomendada com base na análise de solo. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4x3, com quatro repetições. De acordo com a análise dos resultados as cultivares apresentaram médias maiores para as variáveis vegetativas altura total, altura de inserção do racemo primário, número de nós até o racemo primário, diâmetro do colmo e comprimento do internódio. Em relação aos níveis de adubação, com exceção do número de nós em que não houve diferença, todas as variáveis vegetativas apresentaram médias maiores no nível 100% em relação aos níveis 0 e 50%. As cultivares apresentaram maior contribuição do racemo primário na produção total do que os híbridos. Já estes obtiveram mais racemos por plantas que as cultivares, e consequentemente, tiveram maior contribuição dos racemos de ordem superior na produção total. Isso ocorreu porque os híbridos emitiram o racemo primário em época de grande incidência de chuvas, ocorrendo ataque de mofo-cinzento (Amphobotrys ricini). Com relação à produtividade, dentre os genótipos, o híbrido B foi superior às cultivares e, dentro dos níveis de adubação, o nível 100% foi superior aos níveis 0 e 50%. Na avaliação da resposta de cada genótipo aos níveis de adubação o híbrido B não apresentou resposta à adubação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Castor bean is a crop of great economic importance for Brazil, but national productivity is low, mainly due to low technology applied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of hybrids Castor Bean Breeding Program of UNESP and castor bean cultivars to fertilizer levels. The experiment was conducted in 2010 season using two hybrids (A and B) and two cultivars (FCA-PB and IAC 2028). The genotypes were applied three fertilization levels 0, 50 and 100% rates recommended by soil analysis. The design was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 4x3, with four replications. The results show higher values for vegetative variables height, insertion height of raceme primary, stem diameter and internode length for 100% level of fertilization, but no response these factors to number of nodes until insertion of primary raceme. The cultivars showed higher contribution of the primary raceme in total production than hybrids. Hybrids had more racemes per plant than cultivars, and consequently had greater contribution of racemes of order higher in total production. This occurred because hybrids issued primary raceme in time of great rainfall, occurring gray mold (Amphobotrys ricini). The productivity of hybrid B was higher than others cultivars and genotypes in 100% of rate, only. In estimate of agronomic efficiency (AE), the hybrid B was higher efficient at level 0% than cultivars and not showed response to fertilization. Other genotypes had answers positively to fertilization, but the hybrid A had major yield in level of 100%. Concluded that hybrids have great characteristics for mechanized harvesting and great yields, that allows its use in crops technicality
Mestre

La recomposition familiale débute lorsqu'une personne qui a des enfants nés d'un premier mariage ou concubinage fonde un nouveau foyer. Son conjoint ou concubin est appelé beau-parent. Il joue parfois un rôle parental auprès de l'enfant. Cependant le droit positif ne lui attribue aucun droit et devoir spécifiques à l'égard de l'enfant. L'examen des différents mécanismes juridiques existant a toutefois permis de constater que la prise en charge de l'enfant par son beau-parent entre dans certaines circonstance dans la sphère juridique. Néanmoins les règles sont parfois insuffisantes et le rôle particulier du beau-parent n'est pas spécifiquement reconnu par la législation. Il est donc apparu opportun d'essayer de proposer des aménagements du droit positif. La question d'un statut juridique du beau-parent a été envisagée. Mais il est apparu impossible à mettre en place étant donné la difficulté à trouver un fondement juridique. Néanmoins certains aménagements du droit positif seraient judicieux de reconnaî le rôle d'assistant du beau-parent pendnat la vie commune et son rôle de suppléant en cas de défaillances parentales après la désunion

Abstract The value of cold press soya bean oil cake (CPSBOC) as the source of protein in beef cattle was evaluated. CPSBOC was included in the diets of beef weaners at different levels i.e. 0%, 6%, 13% and 20%. The control diet contained cotton seed oil cake (CSOC) as a protein source. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous. A total of 40 weaners (20 heifers and 20 steers) at an average weight of 192.3 ± 20 kg were used. The experiment was a randomized block design with ten replicates per treatment and was conducted over 98 days. The group mass of the steers (700 ± 7.80 kg) was significantly heavier when compared with the heifers (6480 ± 7.80 kg). The average daily gain (ADG) (1.5 ± 2.72) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (5.5 ± 0.051) of the steers was significantly better than the heifers (1.35 ± 2.72 and 5.7 ± 0.051, respectively) while the steers consume more feed (8.2 ± 14.4 kg) per day as compared to the 7.4 ± 14.4 kg consumed by heifers. The weaners that were fed the diet containing 6% and 13% inclusion of CPSBOC grew significantly better than the other treatments. According to this study, an inclusion level of CPSBOC of between 6 and 13% will yield suitable growth in feedlot cattle. More research is needed to determine the optimum inclusion level of CPSBOC.

Examensarbetet behandlar ett brotvärsnitt som inte entydigt kan betraktas som ett balktvärsnitt eller plattvärsnitt. Med de måttdefinitioner som används vid broprojektering ska en plattkonstruktion ha en bredd som är fem gånger höjden, annars ska konstruktionen ses som en balk där även balkens längd definieras att vara större än tre gånger höjden. Brotvärsnittet som studeras i detta examensarbete kan alltså definieras både som ett plattvärsnitt och som ett balktvärsnitt. Målet med arbetet är att undersöka om det är möjligt att finna en metod att konstruera denna typ av tvärsnitt som befinner sig i gränslandet mellan två definitioner. Skillnaderna mellan en plattas och en balks verkningssätt ligger i att plattan antas bära last i två riktningar medan en balk enbart bär last i en riktning. Examensarbetet är genomfört i sammarbete med WSP Bro- och vattenbyggnad i Örebro, som konstruerade en bro med just detta tvärsnitt. Bro 344 över parkstråk i trafikplats Rinkeby å ramp mot Ärvinge, är 181 m lång bro i 9 spann och finns belägen vid trafikplats Rinkeby som är en del utav Trafikverkets projekt, E18 Hjulsta – Kista. Lasterna som används i analyserna är betongens egentyngd, utbredd last av beläggning och vertikala trafiklaster. I ett första skede i arbetet analyseras modellerna med rörliga trafiklaster. Det framkom dock under arbetets gång att förenklingar vad gäller trafiklasterna måste göras då arbetet skulle bli för omfattande annars. En statisk boggilast placeras ut i ett spann mitt i mellan dess tredjedelspunkt och halva spannlängden. Beräkningar utförs i en mjukvara där modellen både byggs upp av skalelement som en långsträckt platta där snittkrafter kommer ut som enhet per meter och med balkelement som en halvinspänd balk där snittkrafter kommer ut i enhet per balk. Mjukvaran som används är ett tredimensionellt finit element program, SOFISTIK, som likt många andra FE-program erbjuder användarvänliga modelleringsmiljöer, hanterar rörliga laster och har en mängd inbyggda moduler och funktioner. Beräkningarna som sedan utvärderas och jämförs är dels SOFISTIKs olika resultat för skalmodellen och balkmodellen. Där dimensionerande armeringsmängder beräknas för max fältmoment och max stödmoment. Dessa resultat från SOFISTIKs skalmodell respektive balkmodell jämförs också med resultat från de mjukvaror som användes vid dimensioneringen från början, vilket var för skalmodellanalysen Brigade Standard och för balkanalysen Strip Step 3. Armeringsmängderna jämförs slutligen genom att studera tre fall: •   Skalmodell SOFISTIK - Brigade Standard •   Balkmodell SOFISTIK - Strip Step 3 •   SOFISTIK skalmodell – balkmodell Jämförelserna visar att både skalmodellerna från de olika programmen (SOFISTIK – Brigade Standard) och balkmodellerna från de olika programmen (SOFISTIK – Strip Step 3) ger likvärdiga armeringsmängder vilket ger en trygg verifiering av modellerna. Vidare visar jämförelse mellan skal- och balkmodell i SOFISTIK att balkmodellen ger avsevärt högre armeringsmängder, både i fält och över stöd. ar
The aim of this Master thesis is to study a cross section of a bridge that cannot be unambiguously considered to be defined as a beam cross-section or a slab cross-section. With the given definitions used in bridge engineering, a slab construction has to have a width wider than five times the height, otherwise it should be regarded as a beam construction. The length of a beam construction is also defined to be three times longer than the height. The cross section in this thesis can thus be treated as both a slab cross-section and as a beam cross-section. The aim of this work is to investigate whether it is possible to find a method to construct this type of cross-section that falls within both these two definitions. The difference in mode of action between a plate and a beam is that the plate is assumed to carry loads in two directions while a beam only carries load in one direction. The work done in this report has been performed in cooperation with the consulting company WSP Bridge & Hydraulic Design in Örebro who has constructed a bridge with the studied section, Bro 344 över parkstråk i trafikplats Rinkeby å ramp mot Ärvinge. This bridge is 181 m long in 9 spans and are located at the traffic interchange Rinkeby which is part of the Swedish Transport Administration project, E18 Hjulsta - Kista. The loads, which are discussed and analyzed are the deadweight of the concrete, distributed load of road surface and vertical traffic loads. In the first stage of the work the models are being analyzed with moving traffic loads, it appears, however, during the process that simplifications in terms of the moving traffic loads must be made, when the work would be too wide otherwise. A static bogie-load is deployed in one of the spans, in between the third point and half the span length. Calculations are performed using a computer software, in which the bridge is modeled both by shell elements and by beam elements. The shell-model is created as an elongated plate section in which the force comes out as unit per meter. The beam-model is considered as a semi-restrained beam in which the section forces come out in unit for the whole beam. Software used is a three-dimensional finite element program, SOFISTIK. As many other FEprograms SOFISTIK provide a user-friendly modeling workspace, it handles variable and moving loads and has a variety of embedded modules and functions. The calculations which are being evaluated and compared, is at the first hand the different results in between the shell-model and the beam-model from the models made in SOFISTIK. The amounts of designing reinforcement are calculated for the maximum bending moment and for the minimum bending moment. Those results, also compares with results from other software, the software used in the design from the beginning, which for the shell-analyze the software Brigade Standard and for the beam-analyze the software Strip Step 3. The amounts of design reinforcement are finally compared by studying three cases: •   The Shell-model from SOFISTIK - Brigade Standard •   Beam-model from SOFISTIK - Strip Step 3 •   SOFISTIK the shell-model – the beam-model The comparisons show that both the shell-models from the two different programs (SOFISTIK and Brigade Standard) and the beam-models from the different two programs (SOFISTIK - Strip Step 3) give equivalent amounts of reinforcement which provides a secure verification of the models. Furthermore the comparison between the shell-model and the beam-model, in SOFISTIK , shows that the beam-model provides significantly higher amounts of reinforcement in both the field and at the support.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Paraffin, also called kerosene is used by small-scale soya bean farmers in some parts of Africa as a pest repellent. The repellent action is claimed to be effective against parasites during seed germination and development of the seedlings. Seeds are immersed in commercial paraffin for a few seconds and sown in the soil immediately. This method raised some questions about possible negative effects on the seed after the imbibition process but also on humans and animals consuming the plants and seeds. Experiments were designed to investigate whether this practice would have negative effects on seed germination and vigour of the resulting seedlings of seven selected crop species. A trial was also carried out to test the effectiveness of paraffin as a pest repellent on canola in a field situation. The collected data were analyzed using STATISTICA, software version 11. Wherever the experiments showed significant interaction or differences within main factors, the means were separated making use of Fischer’s LSD post-hoc analysis at p = 0.05. The first series of experiments was done in the laboratory. It was carried out on seeds of seven crop species: canola (Brassica napus L.), common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), ground nuts (Arachis hypogea L.), maize (Zea mays L.), soya bean (Glycine max L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In the germination trial, seeds were subjected to a 7X5X4 factorial design treatment with factors Crop species (CS) (see above), Paraffin concentration (PC) (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of commercial paraffin diluted with distilled water) and Time of immersion (TOI) (1, 5, 10, and 30 minutes). Treatments were repeated four times. After immersion seeds were dried with water absorbent paper and immediately germinated in 90 mm diameter petri dishes containing two filter papers and 5 ml of distilled water. Germination tests included 10 seeds per replicate and were incubated at a constant temperature of 20°C under dark conditions in an incubator. Findings showed that canola, sunflower and soya bean are paraffin tolerant (>70 % germination), wheat and groundnuts are less tolerant (30% – 70% germination) and beans and maize are intolerant (< 30 % germination). The paraffin had a negative influence on the rate of germination but there were no statistically significant differences between the 25% to 100% paraffin concentrations. Measurements of the quantity of water and of paraffin absorbed were done after seeds of the seven crop species were immersed in 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% paraffin concentrations for 30 minutes. Beans absorbed more water at 100% water and more paraffin at 25% paraffin than the other crop species. The paraffin uptake decreased with the increase of paraffin concentration while water uptake increased with the increase in water percentage. In both cases canola had the lowest uptake. Differential uptake of water and paraffin did not explain the results of the germination test. Seeds of the seven crop species immersed in different paraffin concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) for thirty minutes were dried and then soaked in distilled water for 20 hours. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the liquid was determined by means of an EC meter after 20 hours of soaking. This was done to investigate whether paraffin treatment influenced leaking of electrolytes, which would indicate damage to the cell membranes in the seed. Results showed that sunflower leaked more electrolytes than any other seed, while wheat and maize had lower electrolyte leakage than the other species. This showed that the negative effect of paraffin on the germination of some crop species was unlikely to be due to membrane damage because sunflower seeds that leaked most electrolytes had a high germination percentage while the maize and wheat seeds that leaked little electrolytes, had poor germination after paraffin treatments. The second experiment was conducted in a glasshouse. Seeds of the seven crop species were subjected to the same PC and TOI treatments as described in the germination experiment above but instead of being placed in an incubator to germinate, they were planted in 8cm x 8 cm plastic pots (10 seeds in each) in coarse sand in a glasshouse that was running at approximately 20ºC. The establishment of the seedlings was monitored daily in the glasshouse. The final percentage of establishment was calculated. Three weeks after planting, the seedlings were thinned to one plant per pot. The mean root and stem lengths as well as dry mass of the seedlings was recorded when the seedlings were thinned. The one plant per pot that was retained was harvested six weeks after establishment. Root and stem length and dry mass were determined. Establishment percentage and tolerance indices were calculated. Maize and beans showed the lowest establishment percentages and sunflower scored the highest establishment percentage after treatment with paraffin. The root and stem lengths of the crops were generally unaffected by paraffin treatments. In terms of dry mass paraffin had a significant negative effect on groundnut at three weeks but at six weeks no effect of paraffin on any of the vegetative growth parameters could be observed. The third experiment was run in the microscope laboratory. A test using a confocal and fluorescence microscope was carried out to determine if residues of paraffin could be found in germinating soya bean seeds and seedlings. Specimens collected from the germinating soya bean seed and seedlings were mounted on the fluorescent microscope and stained with a solution of 100 μg.ml-1 Nile Red and observed with LD Plan-Neofluar 60X/0.6. Results showed that paraffin did penetrate the soya bean seed and was translocated within the plant system (endodermis) as the plant grows. The concentrations of paraffin in the tissue were however quite low. The fourth experiment was run on the Langgewens Experimental Farm near Moorreesburg in the Western Cape Province. Forty blocks were spatially grouped into two separate groups. Twenty blocks received the five paraffin treatments replicated four times and the other twenty blocks received the five water treatments also replicated four times. Within each group the treatments were allocated randomly to the plots. The experimental design was a 2X5 Factorial experiment with factors Treatment liquid (distilled water and paraffin) and Time of immersion (0, 1, 5, 10 and 30 minutes) replicated four times. No pesticides were applied to the canola crop. Stand density, leaf area and dry mass were recorded at the first harvest at 12 weeks, and then dry mass was determined at 21weeks. Final yield was determined after 27 weeks when the plots were harvested by means of a combine plot harvester. The stand density, leaf area and dry mass were significantly increased by paraffin treatments at the time of the first harvest. After 21 weeks paraffin treatment had no significant effect on the dry mass production of the canola and the same was true of the final seed yield. . Even though there was no serious attack by pests, the little feeding damage that occurred in the water treated plots and not in the paraffin treated plots, indicate that paraffin may have a repellent effect. Paraffin had no negative effects whatsoever on the growth and yield of canola in this experiment. This study indicates that different crops react differently to seed treatment with paraffin. The results of the fourth experiment indicate that paraffin might be used as pest repellent on certain selected crops but more research is needed on the subject.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Paraffien, ook genoem keroseen, word deur kleinskaalse boere in sekere dele van Afrika gebruik as ‘n pesafweermiddel. Dit word beweer dat die afweeraksie suksesvol is teen parasiete tydens saadontkieming en vroeë saailinggroei. Saad word in kommersiële paraffien gedoop vir ‘n paar sekondes en dan onmiddelik daarna geplant. Die metode skep vrae oor die moontlike negatiewe gevolge op die saad na die imbiberingsproses maar ook op mense en diere wat die plante en sade benut. Eksperimente is beplan om vas te stel of die praktyk negatiewe gevolge op die saadontkieming en groeikragtigheid van die daaropvolgende saailinge van sewe geselekteerde gewasspesies sal hê. ‘n Eksperiment is ook uitgevoer om die effektiwiteit van paraffien as pesafweermiddel op kanola in ‘n veldsituasie te toets. Die data wat ingesamel is is ontleed deur gebruik te maak van STATISTICA, sagteware, uitgawe 11. Waar betekenisvolle interaksies of verskille binne hooffaktore voorgekom het, is die gemiddeldes geskei deur middel van Fischer se LSD post-hoc ontleding by p = 0.05. Die eerste reeks eksperimente is uitgevoer in ‘n laboratorium. Dit is uitgevoer op sade van sewe gewasspesies naamlik . kanola (Brassica napus L.), gewone bone (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), grondbone (Arachis hypogea L.), mielies (Zea mays L.), sojabone (Glycine max L.), sonneblom (Helianthus annuus L.) en koring (Triticum aestivum L.). In die ontkiemingsproef is die sade onderwerp aan ‘n 7X5X4 ewekansige blokontwerp wat faktoriaal gerangskik is met faktore Gewasspesies (CS) (sien hierbo), Paraffien konsentrasie (PC) (0, 25, 50, 75 en 100% van kommersiële paraffien verdun met gedistilleerde water) en Tyd van indompeling (TOI) (1, 5, 10, en 30 minute). Behandelings is vier keer herhaal. Na indompeling is die sade met waterabsorberende papier gedroog en onmiddelik daarna in 90 mm deursneë petribakkies wat twee filtreerpapiere en 5 ml gedistilleerde water bevat het, ontkiem. Tien sade per petribakkie is gebruik en die petribakkies is geïnkubeer by ‘n konstante temperatuur van 20ºC in die donker in ‘n inkubasiekas. Resultate het getoon dat kanola, sonneblom en sojaboon bestand is teen paraffienbehandelings (>70% ontkieming), koring en grondboon is minder bestand (30-70% ontkieming) en mielies en gewone bone is sensitief vir paraffienbehandeling (<30% ontkieming). Die paraffien het oor die algemeen ‘n negatiewe effek op ontkiemingstempo gehad maar daar was geen statisties betekenisvolle verskille tussen die 25% en 100% paraffienbehandelings nie. Die hoeveelheid water en paraffien wat opgeneem is deur sade van die sewe gewasspesies nadat dit in paraffienkonsentrasies van 0, 25, 50, 75 en 100% ingedompel is vir 30 minute, is bepaal. Gewone bone het meer water by die 100% water behandeling en meer paraffien by die 25% paraffien behandeling opgeneem as die ander spesies. Die paraffienopname het afgeneem met toename in paraffienkonsentrasie terwyl wateropname toegeneem het met toenemende waterkonsentrasies. Beide in geval van wateropname en paraffienopname het kanola die minste water opgeneem. Differensiële opname van water en paraffien het nie die resultate van die ontkiemingstoets verklaar nie. Sade van die sewe gewasspesies is in verskillende paraffienkonsentrasies (0, 25, 50, 75 en 100%) gedompel vir 30 minute, gedroog en daarna in gedistilleerde water geweek vir 20 uur. Aan die einde van die 20 uur wekingsperiode is die elektriese konduktiwiteit (EC) van die wekingsvloeistof bepaal deur middel van ‘n EC meter. Dit is gedoen om vas te stel of paraffienbehandeling die uitlek van elektroliete vanuit die saad, wat ‘n aanduiding van beskadigde selmembrane van die saad kan wees, beïnvloed. Resultate het aangedui dat sonneblom die meeste elektroliete vrygestel het en koring en mielies die minste. Dit dui aan dat die negatiewe invloed van paraffien op sommige gewasspesies waarskynlik nie deur membraanbeskadiging veroorsaak is nie omdat sonneblom, wat die meeste elektroliete vrygestel het, die hoogste ontkiemingspersentasie na behandeling met praffien gehad het terwyl mielies en koring, wat die minste elektroliete vrygestel het, baie swak ontkieming gehad het na paraffienbehandeling. Die tweede eksperiment is in ‘n glashuis uitgevoer. Sade van die sewe gewasspesies is onderwerp aan dieselfde paraffienkonsentrasies en tye van indompeling as in die ontkiemingseksperiment hierbo maar in plaas van om die sade in ‘n inkubasiekas te ontkiem, is dit in 8 cm x 8 cm plastiekpotte wat gevul is met growwe sand geplant (10 sade per pot) in ‘n glashuis wat by ‘n konstante temperatuur van ongeveer 20ºC geloop het. Die vestiging van die saailinge in die glashuis is daagliks gemonitor en die finale persentasie van vestiging is bereken. Drie weke na plant is die saailinge uitgedun sodat een per pot oorgebly het. Die uitgedunde saailinge se gemiddelde wortel- en stamlengtes is bepaal asook die gemiddelde droëmassas. Die een plant wat per pot oorgebly het is na ses weke ge-oes en weer is wortel- en stamlengtes bepaal asook die droëmassas. Vestigingspersentasies en toleransie indekse is bereken. Mielies en gewone bone het die laagste vestigingspersentasies getoon en sonneblom die hoogste nadat die gewasse met paraffien behandel is. Die wortel- en stamlengtes van die gewasse was oor die algemeen nie deur paraffienbehandelings beïnvloed nie. In terme van droëmassa het paraffien ‘n negatiewe effek op grondbone gehad drie weke na plant maar na ses weke kon geen invloed van paraffienbehandelings op enige van die vegetatiewe groeiparameters waargeneem word nie. Die derde eksperiment is in ‘n mikroskooplaboratorium uitgevoer. ‘n Konfokale en fluoreserende mikroskoop is gebruik om te bepaal of oorblyfsels van paraffien gevind kan word in ontkiemende sojaboonsade en saailinge. Monsters wat geneem is van die ontkiemende sojaboonsade saailinge is gemonteer op die fluoreserende mikroskoop en gekleur met ‘n oplossing van 100 μg.ml-1 Nile Red oplossing en ge-evalueer met LD Plan-Neofluar 60X/0.6. Resultate het getoon dat paraffien wel die sojaboonsaad kon infiltreer en dat dit ook in die saailinge se endodermis vervoer kon word en opspoorbaar was. Die konsentrasies van paraffien in die weefsel was egter laag. Die vierde eksperiment is uitgevoer op die Langgewens Proefplaas naby Moorreesburg in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie. Veertig blokke is ruimtelik in twee groepe van twintig elk grangskik. Twintig blokke het die vyf paraffienbehandelings ontvang en twintig die vyf gedistilleerde waterbehandelings. Die behandelings is vier keer herhaal. Binne elke blok is die behandelings ewekansig toegeken aan persele. Die proefontwerp was ‘n 2X5 ewekansige geneste blokontwerp (split plot) wat faktoriaal gerangskik is met faktore Behandelingsvloeistof (gedistilleerde water en paraffien) en indompelingstyd (0, 1, 5, 10 and 30 minute). Geen insekdoders is op die kanola toegedien nie. Plantdigtheid, blaaroppervlakte en droëmassa is bepaal tydens die eerste monsterneming 12 weke na plant en daarna is slegs droëmassa bepaal na 21 weke. Na 27 weke is finale oesopbrengs bepaal deur die persele met ‘n perseelstroper te stroop. Plantdigtheid, blaaroppervlakte en droëmassa is betekenisvol verhoog deur paraffienbehandelings na 12 weke. Na 21 weke het die paraffienbehandelings egter geen betekenisvolle invloed op die droëmassa van die plante gehad nie en daar was ook nie verskille ten opsigte van finale oesopbrengs nie. Alhoewel daar nie ernstige insekskade waargeneem is nie, was dit tog duidelik dat die bietjie vreetskade wat in die waterbehandelings voorgekom het, nie in die paraffienbehandelings voorgekom het nie. Dit dui aan dat die paraffien moontlik ‘n afwerende invloed gehad het. Paraffien het geen negatiewe invloed enigsins gehad op die groei en produksie van kanola in hierdie eksperiment nie. Hierdie studie dui aan dat verskillende gewasse verskillend reageer op saadbehandeling met paraffien. Die resultate van die vierde eksperiment dui aan dat paraffien moontlik as ‘n pesafweermiddel op sekere geselekteerde gewasse gebruik kan word maar meer navorsing word benodig op die onderwerp.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Castor bean (Ricinus communis L. - Euphorbiaceae) is an oilseed metabolism of C3, rustic, resistant to drought, probably originated in Ethiopia, cultivated in a wide latitude because it has good adaptative capacity. The commercial application of culture is broad in agriculture and industry, being the oil and intake its main products. Given the environmental changes underway, aggravated by increased consumption of fossil fuels, many biochemical and physiological impacts may affect the productivity of important crops, such as castor bean. So, the main goal of this project was to evaluate biochemical and physiological impacts on castor bean in response to high temperature and increased CO2. The experiment was conducted in Phytotron located at Embrapa Algodão, in 2010. We adopted a experiment completely randomized experimental design with four treatments in a factorial combination of two temperatures (30 and 37ºC) and two levels of CO2 (400 and 800 ppm), with four replicates, obtained in five surveys over the cycle, comprising 80 sample units. The growth analysis proceeded as well as the quantification of photosynthetic rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance, electrolyte leakage, accumulation of solutes in symplasm, photosynthetic pigments and soluble carbohydrates. The increase concentration of atmospheric CO2 and temperature elevation benefited to cultivate in the early stages of growth, however, as the phenological cycle progressed both factors, independently of the majority of variables, they acted negatively on the biochemistry and physiology of the castor bean, which showed a reduction in growth rate, decrease in net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and levels of chlorophyll a, b, and total; accumulation of solutes in simplasma, reducing the osmotic potential, and soluble carbohydrates in the roots.
A mamoneira (Ricinus communis L. - Euphorbiaceae) é uma oleaginosa de metabolismo C3, rústica, resistente à seca, de provável origem na Etiópia, cultivada numa ampla latitude por apresentar boa capacidade adaptativa. A aplicação comercial da cultura é vasta na agropecuária e indústria, sendo a torta e o óleo seus principais produtos. Diante as mudanças ambientais em curso, agravadas pelo aumento do consumo de combustíveis fósseis, muitos impactos bioquímicos e fisiológicos podem interferir na produtividade de culturas importantes, como a mamona. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar impactos bioquímicos e fisiológicos na mamoneira em resposta à alta temperatura e incremento de CO2. O experimento foi conduzido em Fitotron localizado na Embrapa Algodão, no ano de 2010. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, em combinação fatorial de duas temperaturas (30 e 37ºC) e dois níveis de CO2 (400 e 800 ppm), com quatro repetições, obtidas em cinco coletas ao longo do ciclo, totalizando 80 unidades amostrais. Procedeu-se à análise de crescimento, quantificação da taxa fotossintética, transpiratória, condutância estomática, extravasamento de eletrólitos, acúmulo de solutos no simplasma, pigmentos fotossintetizantes e carboidratos solúveis. O aumento da concentração de CO2 atmosférico e a elevação da temperatura beneficiou a cultivar nas fases iniciais do crescimento, contudo, à medida que o ciclo fenológico avançou ambos os fatores, de maneira independente na maioria das variáveis, atuou negativamente na bioquímica e fisiologia da mamoneira, que apresentou redução na taxa de crescimento, queda na fotossíntese líquida, na transpiração, na condutância estomática e nos teores de clorofila a, b, e total; acúmulo de solutos no simplasma, reduzindo o potencial osmótico, e de carboidratos solúveis nas raízes.

Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka vilka bedömningsformer högstadielärare använder i sitt eget ämne när de arbetar ämnesintegrerat. Det finns även en redogörelse för hur lärare arbetar med ämnesintegrerad undervisning för att på sätt kunna finna ett samband med arbetssätt och bedömningsform. De frågeställningar som står som utgångspunkt för undersökningen är Hur bedömer lärare eleven i sitt eget ämne i ett ämnesintegrerat arbetssätt?och Vad använder lärare för bedömningsverktyg?. Undersökningens metod är av kvalitativ karaktär och består av ett webbaserat frågeformulär som skickas ut till högstadielärare runt om i landet. Frågeformuläret består av sju öppna frågor där lärares ställningstagande till ämnesintegration och redogörelse för bedömningssätt besvaras. Respondenterna har generellt sätt ett positivt synsätt till ämnesintegration och beskriver att det ger en helhetsbild för eleverna. Dock ser flertalet respondenter ett hinder i tidsbrist, ekonomi och samarbetssvårigheter mellan kollegor. Respondenternas arbetssätt gällande ämnesintegration jämförs med Fogarty & Petes (2009) tio modeller för ämnesintegration och med dessa som bakgrund dras paralleller till de bedömningssmetoder som respondenterna använder och som litteraturen beskriver. Resultatet är tvetydigt eftersom det inte går att generalisera utifrån de svar och det antal respondenter som har medverkat i undersökningen. Dock går det att utlösa att flertalet respondenter arbetar tematiskt och de använder sig av bedömningsmatriser för att underlätta bedömningsarbetet. Andra bedömningsformer som används av respondenterna är sambedömning, formativ och summativ bedömning samt autentisk bedömning.

Den här studien visar hur ben från vilda djur, i kombination med benlim, kan tas till vara och användas som ett material för produktdesign. Studier visar även hur användare sannolikt kommer reagera på det. Detta genom att materialet som utvecklats utvärderades genom dels tekniska experiment, men också användarstudier. I studien används Material Driven Design som huvudsaklig metod där materialet är utgångspunkten för designprocessen. Det ledde till att ett produktkoncept också utvecklats för att visa materialets möjligheter och begränsningar. Resultatet blev två olika fullt fungerande klädgalgar, vilka skapades i det framtagna materialet. Formval baserades delvis på teorier kopplade till Emotional design. Utgångspunkten för studien var att problematisera resursåtgång, delvis av anledningen att global befolkningsökning kraftigt ökar efterfrågan på resurser i allmänhet, men även för att slöseri med resurser har en negativ påverkan på miljön. Studien visar också hur ben har använts som material av människor historiskt, och att den moderna människan sannolikt distanserat sig från naturen och sin animaliemateriella historia.
This study shows how bones from wild animals, in combination with bone adhesive, can be utilized and used as a material for product design. The study also show how users are likely to respond to it. This is because the material that was developed was evaluated through technical experiments as well as user studies. In the study, Material Driven Design is used as the main method where the material is the starting point for the design process. As a result, a product concept was also developed to show the possibilities and limitations of the material. The result was two different fully functioning coat hangers, which were created in the invented material. The design of the coat hangers was based in part on theories linked to Emotional design. The starting point for the study was to problematize resource use, partly because global population growth greatly increases the demand for resources in general, but also because waste of resources has a negative impact on the environment. The study also shows how bones have been used as material by humans historically, and that modern humans are likely have distanced themselves from nature and their animal-based material history.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A competição entre as plantas é uma concorrência constante entre as espécies que vivem em comunidades, porém a capacidade de certas espécies interferirem na germinação de sementes e desenvolvimento de plantas por meio dos efeitos alelopáticos provenientes de substâncias que liberam na atmosfera ou, quase sempre, no solo, ainda é pouco compreendida no meio agronômico. Muitas destas espécies vegetais podem influenciar a vegetação de um local, sucessão de plantas, indução de dormência, preservação e germinação de sementes, atividade microbiana, produtividade de culturas, entre outros fatores. Visando melhor entender possíveis interferências de restos vegetais nos cultivos subseqüentes, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os possíveis efeitos alelopáticos de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown) e soja (Glycine max L.), como cobertura vegetal, sobre a emergência, micorrização, atividade microbiana e crescimento de milho (Zea mays L.), soja (G. max L.) e feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Os experimentos foram conduzidos nas dependências da fazenda experimental da UNESP/Campus de Ilha Solteira. Foram avaliadas a emergência de plântulas e sua taxa de crescimento, população final da cultura, ocorrência, identificação e quantificação de plantas daninhas nas áreas, produção de grãos, colonização micorrízica e número de esporos, carbono de CO2 liberado. Os compostos alelopáticos liberados na decomposição das coberturas de milheto, sorgo e soja, interferirem positivamente na COL micorrízica em milho e negativamente em feijão e soja. As coberturas vegetais testadas liberam aleloquímicos que desestabilizam o meio, proporcionado um aumento na esporulação micorrízica nas culturas testadas. Os agentes aleloquímicos liberados pelas coberturas vegetais...
The competition between plants species that lives in the same community is constant. However some species can interfere in the seed germination and plant development through allelophatic effects that occurs because plants release substances in atmosphere or in the soil. This capacity that certain species have is not well understood in the agricultural area. Many of those species can influence the local vegetation, ensuing plantations, dormancy, preservation and seed germination of seeds, microbial activity, cultures productivity and other factors. To a better understanding of possible interferences of vegetable rests in ensuing croop, this work aims to evaluate possible allelophatic effects of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown) and soy (Glycine max L.) when used as vegetable covers under mycorrhization, microbial activity and the growth of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The experiments were carried out in the experimental farm of UNESP/Campus de Ilha Solteira and could evaluate the seedling emergence and its growth rate, final population of croop; occurrence, identification and quantification of weed plants in the area, seed production, mycorrhizal colonization, spore number and carbon of CO2 released. In the decomposition of the covers millet, sorghum and soy some allelophatic compounds were released and interfered positively in the mycorrhizal harvest of corn but interfered negatively for bean and soy. The vegetable covers that were tested released allelochemics that destabilized the environment providing an increase of mycorrhizal fungi in tested cultures. The allelochemic agents released by the vegetable covers interfered negatively in the carbon of CO2 released. When used as a dead cover sorghum interferes negatively... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Phytoestrogens are very intensively studied in recent years because they show different pharmacological effects on human health. For example, it was demonstrated that phytoestrogens reduce the risk of certain cancers (breast, prostate or colon), act as antioxidants in the body and affect the activity of certain enzymes. In addition, also it was demonstrated number of positive effects of soybean phytoestrogens on the health status of women in the menopause, such as reducing the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or osteoporosis. Various technologically processed soy beans are important part of the feed rations mainly for high-lactating dairy cows, because they are a valuable source of the energy and high-quality protein, despite their negative effect on reproductive performance. Phytoestrogens consumed from the feed rations are hydrolyzed in the rumen of dairy cow and together with their metabolites are absorbed in the small intestine into the blood. They can be excreted from the body in urine or milk. From this perspective, cow's milk may become a source of phytoestrogens substances, especially equol in the human nutrition. On the other hand, some research results suggest possible potential risks associated with phytoestrogens intake in the diet on human health. At the some age (infants and young children) and group (vegetarians) categories may be dietary intake of phytoestrogens undiserable. According to most experts, a beneficial effect on human health prevail the potential risks. However, the risks associated with phytoestrogens intake in food can not be ignored and therefore phytoestrogens are still actual problem in the field of scientific research.

The Xilinx Multiprocessor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) is a complex device that uses 16nm FinFET technology to combine multiple processors, a large amount of FPGA resources, and many I/O interfaces on a single chip die. These features make the MPSoC a high-performance and architecturally flexible device. The potential computing power makes the MPSoC ideal for many embedded applications including terrestrial and space applications. The MPSoC, however, does not have extensive radiation history as many other devices have. The extent of the effect that ionized particles may have on the MPSoC is not well established. To solve this problem, neutron radiation testing can be used to determine the device's susceptibility to single-event upsets (SEUs). Though this thesis is not intended to qualify the MPSoC for space, this work does provide useful neutron radiation test data that helps to characterize the susceptible nature of the device. This thesis summarizes the SEU results obtained from neutron testing on the UltraScale+ MPSoC ZU9EG device. A series of three neutron beam tests were performed on the MPSoC ZU9EG at Los Alamos National Laboratories (LANL). Testing was performed using a novel testing methodology to collect SEU counts on the programmable logic and the processing system simultaneously. These results show a 10.1× improvement of the programmable logic CRAM over the previous Xilinx UltraScale device series.

Studies of internal gravity waves in the earth's upper atmosphere are of considerable interest. These waves play a very important role in the dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (ML T) region where they can transfer large amounts of energy and momentum from the lower atmosphere via wave saturation and dissipation. In particular, small-scale short-period (50ms"1) . Another unusual characteristic of "frontal events" is an apparent reversal in contrast of the wave structures as imaged in the hydroxyl (OH) emission (peak altitude- 87 km) when compared with the oxygen (OJ) "green line" (557.7 nm) emission (peak altitude -96 km) that can sometimes occur. In one isolated case, observed from Haleakala, Hawaii, the bright wave crests in the OH emission appeared to propagated through a dark structureless sky, whereas in the OI emission the same waves appeared to propagate into a bright sky, leaving an apparently depleted emission in its wake. Recent theoretical studies based on noble measurements have shown that frontal events may be due to a "bore-like" intrusion that raises the OJ (557. 7 nm) layer by a few km and at the same time depresses the OH layer by a similar amount. However, studies of fronts and bores in the ML T region are exceptionally rare. I have discovered and analyzed 16 frontal events from image data recorded at Bear Lake Observatory, Utah ( 41.6°N, 111.6°W), over the past four years. I have investigated some of their properties such as their horizontal wavelengths, horizontal phase speeds, observed periods, and their directions of motion. In addition, I have made comparative measurements of their relative intensities in the OH and OI emissions. These studies provide the first "extensive" data set on such events detailing their morphology and dynamics and should provide important information necessary for a deeper understanding of their occurrence frequency and properties.

Em função da elevada relação C/N da palhada da cultura do milho, esta mobiliza uma maior quantidade de nitrogênio para a sua decomposição. Este é um problema quando se cultiva em sucessão uma cultura também exigente em adubação nitrogenada, tal qual a cultura do trigo. Algumas espécies vegetais tais como o nabo forrageiro, a ervilhaca comum, o tremoço, o feijoeiro comum e a ervilha forrageira podem ser utilizadas como culturas intercalares no período outonal, entre a colheita do milho e a semeadura do trigo. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do cultivo do nabo forrageiro, da ervilhaca comum, do tremoço, da ervilha forrageira e do feijoeiro comum, utilizados como culturas intercalares entre a colheita do milho e a semeadura do trigo, comparados com o pousio, sobre o rendimento de grãos da cultura do trigo, cultivada com diferentes doses de adubação nitrogenada. O experimento foi conduzido em duas safras agrícolas (2009 e 2010) no município de Pato Branco-PR, instalado em sistema de semeadura direta, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com três repetições, num esquema fatorial, com a seguinte combinação de fatores: a) espécies intercalares; b) doses de nitrogênio (0, 40, 80 e 120 kg ha-1), aplicadas sobre a cultura do trigo. No momento em que as espécies nabo forrageiro, ervilhaca, tremoço e ervilha forrageira estavam para serem manejadas, foi feita a determinação de matéria seca. As amostras utilizadas para a determinação de matéria seca foram moídas e submetidas à análise para determinações das concentrações de carbono orgânico, nitrogênio total, fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio. Após a determinação da matéria seca, foi avaliada a velocidade de decomposição da matéria seca e liberação de nutrientes da palhada do milho, nabo forrageiro, ervilha forrageira, tremoço, ervilhaca e feijão através da coleta de Litter bags. O rendimento de grãos de trigo em kg ha-1 foi obtido através da colheita das 8 linhas centrais das subparcelas, ajustado a 13% de umidade. Os cultivos da ervilha forrageira, do tremoço e do nabo forrageiro proporcionaram as maiores produções de matéria seca entre as espécies de cobertura. A relação C/N da palhada de milho e do feijoeiro comum não permitiu manter um equilíbrio adequado entre a mineralização e a imobilização do nitrogênio, diferentemente das demais espécies onde a mineralização foi superior a imobilização. Os maiores acúmulos de nitrogênio foram observados para a ervilha forrageira, tremoço e ervilhaca comum, enquanto o feijoeiro comum foi o tratamento que proporcionou os menores acúmulos de fósforo. O nabo forrageiro e o tremoço acumularam as maiores quantidades de potássio e cálcio e, juntamente com a ervilha forrageira, os maiores acúmulos de magnésio. O cultivo do trigo em sucessão a ervilha forrageira, nabo forrageiro e ervilhaca comum sem adubação nitrogenada proporcionou rendimentos equivalentes ao cultivo em sucessão a palhada de milho com no mínimo 40 kg ha-1 de N, em função do sincronismo da liberação de nitrogênio com as fases do trigo em que o nitrogênio é requerido em maiores quantidades. A ervilha forrageira e o nabo forrageiro, devido à elevada produção de matéria seca e liberação gradativa de nitrogênio, são alternativas promissoras para cultivo em sucessão ao milho e antecedendo a cultura do trigo.
High corn C/N straw ratio mobilizes a large amount of nitrogen for its decomposition being this a problem to the wheat cultivated in sequence once this crop also demand a significative nitrogen availability. Some plant species such as radish, common vetch, lupine, common bean and pea may be used as an alternative of catch crops at autumn, between corn harvest and wheat sowing. In this way, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of cultivation of radish, common vetch, lupine, pea, and the common bean, used as catch crops between corn harvest and wheat sowing, compared with fallow over the grain yield of wheat, grown under different nitrogen fertilization levels. Experiment was carried out along 2009 and 2010 growing season at Pato Branco-PR on a no-tillage system management and laid out as randomized blocks with three replications with a factorial scheme: a) cover crops; b) nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80 e 120 kg ha-1). Dry matter determination was done at the time that the species turnip, vetch, lupine and pea were able to be managed. Dry matter samples were ground and subjected to chemical analysis to determinate the concentrations of organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. After determining the dry matter was measured the decomposition rate of dry matter and nutrient release from corn straw, turnip, pea, lupine, vetch and beans through the Litter bags technique. Wheat grain yield in kg ha-1 was obtained by harvesting eight central rows of the subplots, adjusted to 13% of moisture. Forage pea, lupine and wild radish were the most productive crops among the cover crop species. Corn straw and common bean C/N ratio did not maintain a proper balance between nitrogen mineralization and immobilization, unlike other species where mineralization was higher than immobilization. The highest nitrogen accumulations were observed for forage pea, lupine and vetch, while the common bean was the treatment that showed the smallest accumulation of phosphorus. Radish and lupine accumulated the largest amounts of potassium and calcium and along with forage pea, the highest accumulation of magnesium. Wheat cultivation in succession to forage pea, turnip and common vetch without N fertilizer provided equivalent yields to the cultivation in succession to the corn straw with at least 40 kg of N ha-1, due to the synchronism between nitrogen releases from these species with the stage of wheat in which the nitrogen is required in greater quantities.

This study investigates how the development of the agro-food processing industry could support the structural transformation of the Zambian economy. This is set against a backdrop of improved food systems coupled with increased demand for processed foods domestically and regionally, as well as income growth, urbanization, and regional integration. Developing the agro-processing sector will involve the building of dynamic industrial capabilities along with product certification and standards, packaging, logistics, and access to formal markets. Using the value chain of soya beans, the study explains how the development of such a value chain could support structural transformation. Findings suggest that there are numerous opportunities, currently underexploited, for processing soya beans into diversified products. Insights from the study reveal further opportunities to accumulate productive capabilities, both downstream and upstream to stimulate value-addition and export-led growth. Harnessing these opportunities will require specific policy support for soya beans particularly aimed at growing smallholder entry, upgrading agricultural efficiency, engaging government and non-state actors to build capacity to improve processing technologies, food testing, packaging, meeting standards and certification schemes, as well as harmonisation of regional standards.

Blodtrycksmätning innehåller många olika moment och studiens syfte var att belysa aktuell forskning kring tre faktorer som kan påverka resultatet vid blodtrycksmätning. Faktorerna delades in i kategorierna kläder (med/utan), arm (höger/vänster), och korsade ben eller ej. För att uppnå studiens syfte ställdes tre frågor; Blir det någon skillnad om blodtrycket mäts med eller utan kläder under blodtrycksmanschetten? Spelar det någon roll om blodtrycket mäts i höger eller vänster arm? Hur påverkar korsade ben resultatet vid blodtrycksmätning? Svaren söktes i 12 vetenskapliga artiklar som granskades, analyserades och värderades vetenskapligt. Inom kategorin kläder påvisades inte resultatet någon skillnad i uppmätt blodtryck beroende på om armen var klädd eller ej. Resultatet visade att det fanns viss skillnad i uppmätt blodtryck mellan höger och vänster arm och därför bör blodtrycket mätas i båda. Resultatet visar även att blodtrycket ska mätas med icke korsade ben i knähöjd. En studie visade att blodtrycket inte steg med benen korsade i ankelhöjd. 

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The use of phytase enzymes to liberate phosphorus and other phytate bound nutrients in monogastric animal diets are becoming common practice and several commercial phytase enzymes are available on the market. Phytase manufacturers supply nutritionists with matrix values for the specific phytase, enabling nutritionists to effectively decrease the dietary concentrations of phosphorus and nutrients during diet formulation. A 32 day experiment was conducted with 5120 broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with different commercial phytase enzymes (1000 FYT or 1500 FYT HiPhos/kg diet, 1500 FYT Ronozyme/kg diet, 500 FTU Natuphos/kg diet or 500 FTU Phyzyme/kg diet) at levels recommended by the manufacturers and with similar phosphorus equivalence. The nutrient content of the diets supplemented with 500 FTU Natuphos, 500 FTU Phyzyme 1500 Ronozyme and 1000 FYT HiPhos were reduced according to the matrix values of 1000 FYT/kg HiPhos, whilst the diet supplemented with 1500 FYT HiPhos /kg diet was reduced according to the matrix values 1500 FYT HiPhos. The objectives of this study were threefold: (i) to confirm the matrix value for a newly developed phytase (HiPhos, DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland), at two different inclusion levels, using weight gain and bone parameters of broilers as response criteria; (ii) to compare production and bone parameters of broilers reared on three different commercial phytases to broilers reared on HiPhos (iii) to investigate the effect that supplementation of these four phytases has on water intake, carcass characteristics, organ weights and gastrointestinal tract morphology of broilers. The matrix values for 1500 FYT HiPhos were confirmed by using live weight gain as response criteria, but results for bone parameters were insufficient in confirming the matrix values. The matrix values for 1000 FYT HiPhos were confirmed by the results for tibia weight and tibia strength, but results for weight gain were insufficient to confirm the values. The matrix values for 1000 FYT HiPhos and 1500 FYT HiPhos could not be confirmed nor disproved, nevertheless results from the current trial proved diets supplemented with HiPhos to be more economically viable when compared to the standard commercial broiler diet. Total feed and water intake were not influenced by phytase supplementation. Production parameters (live weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, European production efficiency factor and average daily gain) and bone parameters (tibia strength, fat free tibia weight, fat free tibia ash and mineral content) did not differ between phytase treatments and therefore all the commercial phytases were equally effective to the HiPhos phytase. Furthermore, results indicate that the investigated phytases had no effect on internal organ weight or gastrointestinal tract morphology in broilers. Overall the results obtained from the study indicate that the use of phytase as feed additive has no negative effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics or bone parameters. No major differences for the production and bone parameters were observed between broilers supplemented with different phytases. Therefore the costs of these phytases can be the determining factor when nutritionists decide which commercial phytase to use.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die gebruik van fitase ensieme in die diëte van enkelmaagdiere om fitaat-gebonde fosfor en voedingstowwe vry te stel, word al hoe meer algemeen in die bedryf en verskeie kommersiële fitase ensieme is in die mark beskikbaar. Die ensiemvervaardigers verskaf die fitases se matryswaardes aan voedingskundiges wat hul in staat stel om die fosfor- en nutrientvlakke in die dieet effektief te verminder. ´n Studie met 5120 braaikuikens was vir 32 dae uitgevoer. Die braaikuiken diëte was met verskillende kommersiële fitase ensieme (1000 FYT & 1500 FYT HiPhos/kg dieet, 1500 FYT Ronozyme/kg dieet, 500 FTU Natuphos/kg dieet of 500 FTU Phyzyme/kg dieet) aangevul. Die nutrientvlakke van die diëte wat met fitase aangevul was, was verminder volgens die matryswaardes van 1000 FYT of 1500 FYT HiPhos fitase. Die doelstellings van hierdie studie was drievoudig: (i) om die matryswaardes van ´n nuwe fitase (HiPhos, DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland) by twee verskillende insluitingsvlakke te bevestig deur massa toename en been parameters as reaksie maatstawwe te gebruik (ii) om produksie- en been parameters van braaikuikens, wat een van drie kommersiële fitase ensieme as voerbymiddel ontvang het, met dié van braaikuikens wat die nuwe ensiem gevoer was te vergelyk (iii) om die effek wat fitase op water inname, karkaseienskappe, orgaan massas en spysverteringskanaal morfologie het te bestudeer. Die matryswaardes vir 1500 FYT HiPhos was bevestig deur lewendige massa toename as respons kriteria te gebruik, maar resultate vir die been parameters was onvoldoende om die matryswaardes te bevestig. Die matryswaardes vir 1000 FYT HiPhos was slegs bevestig deur die resultate vir die breeksterktes van die tibias, maar resultate vir massa toename was onvoldoende om die matryswaardes te bevestig. Dus kon die matryswaardes vir die HiPhos fitase nie bevestig of verkeerd bewys word nie. Desondanks het die resultate in die huidige proef bewys dat diëte wat met HiPhos aangevul was meer ekonomies as die kommersiële braaikuiken dieet is. Totale voer- en water-inname was nie deur die aanvulling van fitase beïnvloed nie. Produksie parameters (lewendige massa, voeromset, die Europese produksie doeltreffendheids faktor, gemiddelde daaglikse toename) en been parameters (tibia breeksterkte, vet vrye tibia massa, vet vrye tibia as en mineraal-inhoud) het nie verskil tussen die fitase behandelings nie en dus was al die kommersiële fitases ewe effektief. Vanuit die studie is getoon dat die gebruik van fitase as ´n voerbymiddels geen negatiewe effek op groei, karkas eienskappe of been parameters het nie en dat fitase ook nie die orgaan gewigte of die spysverteringskanaal morfologie van braaikuikens beïnvloed nie. Geen groot verskille in produksieen been parameters was waargeneem tussen hoenders wat verskillende fitases as voerbymiddel ontvang het nie, daarom kan die koste van die ensiem die bepalende faktor wees as voedingkundiges die keuse maak tussen hierdie kommersiele fitases.

The cowpea culture has a huge alimentary importance; it is one of the most cultivated by the rural zone population of North/Northeastern of Brazil. Abiotic stress such as droughts can reduce the crop yield. Therefore, the identification and understanding of the drought tolerance mechanisms are fundamental when selecting cultivars more tolerant to water deficit. This paperwork had as objective the study of ecophysiological and biochemical responses showed by the cultivation of cowpea ´BRS-xiquexique´ when submitted to different water regimes. The studies of the ecophysilogical responses and biochemical analyses were realized in the agricultural greenhouse and in the Botany Department of Biology applied laboratory at the Federal University of Sergipe, located in São Cristóvão-SE. For the cultivation were used vases with 10 litres containing soil composed of vegetal land and washed sand in a proportion of 2:1. There were sown 4 seeds by vase but after 15 days the 2 more vigorous were chosen. By the 46th day of cultivation the irrigation was suspended. The trial design was made with three treatments and five repetitions (T0 = 100% repositioning of the daily lost water by the plant, T1 = 50% repositioning of the daily lost water by the plant, T2 = 25% repositioning of the daily lost water by the plant). Always in the interval of 8am to 8:30am the vases were weighed and the water lost in the last 24 hours was the answer for the established proportions for each treatment. During the experiments, ecophysiological analyses were done every two days and the biochemical analyses, every four days. The ecophysiological studied variables were transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), liquid photosynthesis (A), leaf water potential (ψ), CO2 concentration (Ci) and total chlorophyll. Establishing the ratio of photosynthesis and transpiration it was determined the efficiency of water use (A/E). For the biochemical studies, the variables were the soluble sugar content, level of proline, level of proteins, level of chlorophylls a and b. Every cophsyological and biochemical data was submitted to variance analyses and the averages were compared through Tukey test, by the level of 5% significance with the aid of the statistical programme GraphPad Prism. Version 4.0. Through the results analysis it was possible to identify correlation between water abolition and the ecophysiological responses presented. There was decline in the following values: water potential, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, liquid photosynthesis and efficient use of water. There was increase in: internal concentration of CO2 and leaf temperature. For the stomatal conductance there was no significant differences between the plants of the treatments T1 and T2, however, there were differences among them and treatment T0 (witness). For the other variables, it could be observed important differences even though in isolated days. Concerning to the biochemical responses, in general there were no changes in levels of the studied variables, susceptible to correlation to the water disability.
A cultura do feijão-caupi é de grande importância alimentar, destacando-se como uma das mais cultivadas pelas populações da zona rural do Norte/Nordeste do Brasil. Estresses abióticos como a seca podem reduzir os rendimentos das lavouras. Portanto, a identificação e a compreensão dos mecanismos de tolerância à seca são fundamentais para a seleção de cultivares mais tolerantes ao déficit hídrico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo das respostas ecofisiológicas e bioquímicas apresentadas pela cultivar de feijão-caupi BRSXiquexique quando submetida a diferentes regimes hídricos. Os estudos das respostas ecofisiológicas e bioquímicas foram conduzidos na estufa agrícola e no Laboratório de Botânica Aplicada do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, localizada no município de São Cristóvão-SE. Para o cultivo foram usados vasos com capacidade de 10 litros contendo solo composto de terra vegetal e arei lavada na proporção de 2:1. Foram semeadas 4 sementes por vaso e após 15 dias foi feito desbaste deixando-se apena as duas plantas mais desenvolvidas. O cultivo seguiu em condições semi-controladas até o 46º dia quando foram suspensas a irrigações. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e cinco repetições (T0 = reposição de 100% da quantidade de água perdida diariamente pela planta; T1 = reposição de 50% da quantidade de água perdida diariamente pela planta e T2 = reposição de 25% da quantidade de água perdida diariamente pela planta). Sempre das 08h00min às 08h30min os vasos foram pesados e reposta a água perdida nas 24 horas anteriores nas proporções estabelecidas por cada tratamento. Durante os experimentos foram feitas análises ecofisiológicas, a cada dois dias, e bioquímicas, a cada quatro dias. As variáveis ecofisiológicas estudadas foram transpiração (E), condutância estomática (gs), fotossíntese líquida (A), potencial hídrico foliar (Ψ), concentração interna de CO2 (Ci) e clorofila total. Estabelecendo a razão entre fotossíntese e transpiração determinou-se a eficiência do uso da água (A/E). Já as variáveis bioquímicas estudadas foram teor de açúcares solúveis, teor de prolina, teor de proteína e teores das clorofilas a e b. Todos os dados ecofisiológicos e bioquímicos obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas mediante teste de Tukey, ao nível de 5% de significância com auxílio do programa estatístico GraphPad Prism. Versão 4.0. Por meio das análises dos resultados foi possível identificar correlação entre a supressão hídrica e as respostas ecofisiológicas apresentadas. Houve quedas nos potenciais hídricos, nas taxas de transpiração, condutância estomática, fotossíntese líquida, uso eficiente da água e aumentos nas concentrações internas de CO2 e nas temperaturas foliares. Não houve diferenças significativas entres as plantas dos tratamentos T1 e T2 para a variável Condutância estomática enquanto que nas outras puderam ser observadas diferenças mesmo que em dias isolados. Em relação às respostas bioquímicas no geral não houve mudanças nos teores das variáveis estudadas passíveis de correlação com a deficiência hídrica.

As an ecological disturbance agent, wildfire is highly responsive to spatial and temporal variables. At the landscape scale, the spatiotemporal characteristics of fire are influenced by climate, which is non-stable and subject to oscillations, and by weather, which affects the intensity of burning and the severity of fire effects over short time periods. Like wildfire, vegetation communities and fuels are similarly influenced and modified by climate and weather, which configure not only the type of burning possible at any given time, but also the fire effects produced by burning. Furthermore, ignition sources, both natural and anthropogenic, vary over space and time, whether they are from natural ignitions in response to weather and climate factors, and anthropogenic ignitions, which are much less constrained. Within a given physiographic setting, the spatiotemporal conditions of wildfire can be understood as fire regimes, which can be expressed in terms of typical fire frequency, season of burning, ignition source, duration, fire size, patch size, fire rotation, and return interval. As a dynamic assemblage, vegetation communities, combustible fuels, ignition sources, and fire regimes are arrayed over topographic features at landscape scales. Humans are able to affect various and multiple components of this dynamic assemblage. Humans have the most direct control over ignitions, both in terms of adding ignitions to the weather and climate-modulated background of natural ignitions, or by suppressing anthropogenic ignitions and suppressing fires that do start. Humans can also manipulate vegetation communities and fuel complexes, either promoting or diminishing the chance for fires to burn and spread. Humans have far less control over weather and climate, although the enhanced greenhouse effect is beginning to be expressed in terms of climate change and unusually extreme weather, including weather variables that drive fire growth and spread, including low humidity, high temperatures, and increased winds. The objectives of this dissertation were to: (1) investigate the influences of several waves of human occupation on temporal fire regime characteristics in the Chiricahua Mountains across major topographic settings and forest types, and to detect cessation of widespread, low-intensity wildfire in specific locations; (2) account for the mechanisms by which the U.S. state has managed fires by managing anthropogenic ignitions, which has contributed to long-term deviation in formerly frequent fire regimes; (3) examine the effects from the return of large and severe wildfire following decades of fire prevention and suppression by categorizing the ecological trajectories of montane forests following mixed-severity reburning; and (4) understand how the post-disturbance recovery of burned areas is influenced by the response of shrub species to variations in fire severity, with the post-fire regeneration strategies of shrub species driving differences in patch structure and total cover. Major findings and contributions of this research include identifying distinct anthropogenic influences on temporal fire regime characteristics in several forest types in an Arizona Sky Island, including shortened fire frequencies during times of conflict between Apaches and colonizing forces. We found that periods of conflict with Spanish and later American militaries exerted an influence on fire frequencies, with higher-elevation forests burning more frequently than pre-Apache periods or during episodes of peacetime. We also find that single-tree fires, which are likeliest to express anthropogenic ignitions, do not significantly correspond to multi-year patterns in climate (Appendix A). We found that the U.S. state used Smokey Bear and other wildfire prevention media as a pyropolitical instrument aimed at simultaneously managing people, landscapes, and flammable forests, in the process binding proper fire behavior to notions of citizenship, territory, and ecology. The wildfire prevention campaign, with Smokey Bear as its avatar, was successful because it remained flexible in the face of social, economic, and environmental change within the United States, but the ultimate result of this success is an environmental feedback loop by which fire prevention and suppression produce the need for ever-greater state response (Appendix B). We found that mixed-severity reburning has differential effects on various structural and demographic components of vegetation communities, with trees, shrubs, and regeneration responding differently according to plant functional traits. Although the effects of recent disturbance tend to overwrite prior disturbance, mixed severity fire produces different response in plant communities than single events. Repeated high and moderate severity fire suppress tree regeneration and shift the community to shrub dominance, with recovery in pine-oak vegetation types dominated by resprouting species and by resprouting species in mixed conifer. Unburned areas contain different vegetation communities, with pine-oak forests increasing the proportions of fire-intolerant species typical of mixed conifer, as well as oaks and other potentially shrubby species growing as trees (Appendix C). Finally, we found that the proportion of the landscape dominated by shrub cover and the structure of shrub patches is influenced strongly by fire severity, with high severity burns producing the largest shrub patches as well greater area:stem ratios. Unburned areas have the lowest amount of shrub cover, and shrub patches tend to be single-stemmed, indicating that sufficiently long fire-free periods can produce monopodial trees that would otherwise grow in shrub form. The effects of antecedent disturbance can be seen in shrub patch structure, suggesting that the organizing effects of fire can persist for decades (Appendix D). Together, this body of work underscores the means by which human activities interact with the natural world to produce historic fire regimes, and the ecological communities that arise following long periods of fire regime disruption.

Bakgrund: Varje år examineras över 4000 sjuksköterskor i Sverige. De blivande sjuksköterskorna beskriver rädsla och stress relaterat till den kommande yrkesrollen, men känner sig ändå redo för yrkeslivet. Syfte: Att beskriva nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskors upplevelser under första året som yrkesverksamma. Metod: Allmän litteraturstudie utförd på ett systematiskt sätt. Resultatet bygger på en manifest innehållsanalys baserat på tjugo vetenskapliga artiklar samt två doktorsavhandlingar. Resultat: Övergången från student till yrkesverksam upplevs ofta som traumatisk och de nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskorna känner sig dåligt förberedda för verkligheten som legitimerad sjuksköterska. De finner att ansvaret är större än de tidigare uppfattat, en konstant tidsbrist samt att det var svårt att bli socialt accepterad på avdelningen. Diskussion: De centrala fynd som diskuterades är verklighetschocken, svårigheterna med att passa in på avdelningen samt den ifrågasatta kompetensen. Slutsats: Det första året upplevdes som påfrestande och det blev tydligt för författarna att något bör göras för att underlätta övergången.
Background: Every year over 4000 new registered nurses graduates in Sweden. The nurses to-be describe fear and stress related to the upcoming role, but still they feel ready for the nursing profession. Aim: To describe new graduate nurses experiences during first year of practice. Method: Literature review done systematically. The result is based on twenty scientific articles and two dissertations and interpreted with a manifest content analysis. Result: The transition from student to registered nurse is often perceived as traumatic and the new graduated nurses feel inadequately prepared for the reality as a registered nurse. They found the responsibility to be greater then they previously had perceived, a constant lack of time and it´s hard to be socially accepted on the ward. Discussion: Central key findings that were discussed are reality shock, difficulties to fit in on the wards and the questioned competence. Conclusion: The first year was experienced as stressful and it became clearly to the authors that something should be done to facilitate the transition.

Bakgrund: Blodtrycksmätning är en av sjuksköterskans arbetsuppgifter och hon/han ska genom den kunna identifiera patientens hälsostatus. Det finns brister hos sjukvårdspersonal runt om i världen om hur korrekt blodtryckemätning ska genomföras. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka hur 3 olika faktorer påverkar blodtrycksresultatet vid manuell blodtrycksmätning med fokus på korsade ben, mätning över/utan tröjärm samt armposition. Metod: För att finna vetenskapliga artiklar användes databaserna Pubmed, CINAHL och Cochrane. Efter granskning och kvalitetsbedömning återstod det 15 kvantitativa artiklar som användes i denna studie. Resultat: Det  visade sig tydligt att hur patientens arm- och benposition var vid blodtrycksmätningen påverkade  blodtrycksresultatet signifikant. Däremot påverkade inte mätning över tröjärm blodtrycksvärdena nämnvärt. Diskussion: Hjärtläge är inte definerat i svenska rekomendationer. Det behövs tydligare definitioner/rekomendationer i Sverige för att undvika feldiagnostisering. Då mätning över tröjärm inte påverkade mätreslutatet underlättar det för patienter som har svårigheter att ta av sig på överkroppen. Slutsats: Det viktigt att alla som kontrollerar blodtrycket har kunskaper om vilka fel som kan påverka mätresultaten.

La tension analysée par Leo Marx dans son essai The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral ideal in America (1964), entre l’Arcadie américaine comme terre de pureté naturelle et le trope de la menace mécanique, sous-tend les œuvres des deux poètes du XXe siècle que nous nous proposons ici d’étudier, William Carlos Williams (1883-1963) et Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997). Leur abondante correspondance est la trace d’une relation poétique mais aussi filiale : Pater-Son, pour jouer sur le titre du long poème de Williams. Cet échange épistolaire vient également remettre en question la périodisation des mouvements littéraires trop souvent conçue comme une série de ruptures. L’état du New Jersey, Garden State, dont ils sont tous deux originaires, jardin dévasté par la révolution industrielle, apparaît comme un terrain fertile au surgissement d’une langue unique et autochtone. Cet espace commun et métamorphique offrira également une échappatoire à l’impasse de la classification des œuvres : du modernisme à la Beat Generation. Il faudra donc revenir sur les délinéaments des tracés cartographiques pour mieux dessiner à notre tour la carte poétique de leur relation littéraire et personnelle. Au gré des passions humaines, extases et tribulations, les poètes arpentent les sillons du vers qu’ils creusent à même le sol de leur New Jersey natal, pour faire sourdre le flot autochtone d’une poésie résolument américaine
The tensions analyzed by Leo Marx in his 1964 essay The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the pastoral ideal in America, between the American Arcadia as a land of original purity and the trope of industrial threat is ghostly present throughout the works of both poets at stake in this dissertation: William Carlos Williams (1883-1963) and Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997). In this research I intend to analyze the processes by which the poets manage to claim ownership of their land in spite of the lurking mechanic apocalypse. Writing, each in his own time, both poets endeavor to reclaim the original historical and spatial meaning of their continent, by devising an autochthonous language that would provide a new “point of view” and a new “point of voice”, as means to prophesy a collective future for the nation from their personal “local” anchorage in their natal New Jersey. Striving to “make a start out of particulars” they intend to escape the vastness of the continent by focusing on the minute details surrounding them in their own garden state. The correspondence between the two poets also questions the periodization of literary movements, too often conceived as a series of breaks and schisms. The Garden State, metamorphic space covered with the remnants of industrialization provides us with a way to break free from the shackles of such categorization : from modernism to the Beat Generation

Over the past decade there has been an explosion in the demand for wireless mobile personal communications systems (PCS), a trend that shows no signs of slowing down in the foreseeable future. This demand has created a greater need for low-cost, low-power, compact system solutions. As a result, "single-chip" implementations of wireless functions have received a significant amount of attention. A significant roadblock to complete integration of these functions is the requirement for high-Q resonators in RF filter and tank circuits. Current on-chip techniques being used to realize monolithic RF resonators based on planar inductors, capacitors and active circuits are accompanied by problems such as high loss, large chip area and high power consumption. An alternative to these on-chip solutions is the use of monolithically integrated electromechanical devices. This thesis describes the modeling, fabrication and characterization of nanoelectromechanical (NEM) single crystal silicon resonators. The potential advantages associated with these devices are high-Q, small die area and low power consumption. The development of such devices compatible with modern integrated circuit fabrication techniques offers the possibility for integration of high performance RF filters and resonators onto a single RFIC chip. The advantageous characteristics of these resonators could lead to mobile PCS devices with lower cost and increased battery life. The NEM resonator designs investigated in this work are fabricated using an electron-beam lithography based surface machining process in silicon-on-insulator technology. Various design, fabrication and testing issues are discussed. The feasibility of lateral capacitive actuation and detection in such structures is examined.
Master of Science

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de suplementos lipídicos disponíveis em diferentes formas (soja em grão moído, óleo de soja, e sais de cálcio - SC) no consumo de matéria seca total; comportamento ingestivo; desempenho corporal; parâmetros de fermentação ruminal; características de carcaça; desenvolvimento e composição corporal; e na qualidade da carne de novilhas mantidas em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu suplementadas em duas frequências (diária ou segunda, quarta e sexta - SQS). O experimento foi realizado nos meses de julho a novembro de 2007. Foram utilizadas novilhas mestiças (1/4 Nelore x 1/4 Santa Gertrudis x 1/2 Braunvieh), alimentadas com três suplementos lipídicos na quantidade de 0,75% do peso corporal. Os dados foram analisados em delineamento inteiramente casualisados com os tratamentos em arranjo fatorial (3x2 - três suplementos lipídicos e duas frequências alimentares). O consumo de matéria seca total foi maior nos meses de agosto e outubro em relação ao mês novembro. Houve efeito das formas de fornecimento da fonte lipídica sobre o consumo em kg de matéria seca total, forragem e nutrientes. Durante o período seco e início das águas os animais obtiveram ganhos médios totais de 0,577g dia-1, que não foram influenciados pelas suplementos lipídicos e frequências de suplementação utilizadas. A redução na frequência de suplementação alterou o tempo de pastejo em função dos suplementos lipídicos. Não houve influência dos suplementos lipídicos e das frequências de suplementação sobre o balanço de compostos nitrogenados, na síntese e eficiência de proteína microbiana. Houve influência das formas de fornecimento dos suplementos lipídicos sobre os valores de pH ruminal. A menor frequência de suplementação proporcionou diferenças nas concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This research aimed to evaluate total dry matter intake, feeding behavior, growth performance, rumen fermentation parameters; carcass characteristics, development and body composition, and meat quality responses of steers grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu supplemented at two frequencies (daily or Monday, Wednesday and Friday - MWF), under different forms of lipid supplements (soybean grain, soybean oil, and calcium salts - CS). This research was conducted throughout a four month period during the dry season (July to November 2007). Crossbred heifers were used (1/4 Nellore x 1/4 Santa Gertrudis x 1/2 Braunvieh) fed with three lipid supplements in the amount of 0.75% of body weight. The experiment was completely random, using a 3x2 factorial arrangement (3 supplements and 2 supplementation frequencies). The total dry matter intake was higher in August and October compared to November. There was effect of the lipids forms supplied on total dry matter, forage and nutrients intake. During the dry season and beginning of the wet season the animals showed average daily gain of 0.577 g day-1, which were not affected by dietary lipid supplementation and frequencies used. The kind of lipid diet under reduction on the frequency of supplementation alter grazing time. There was no influence of diet lipid and frequencies supplementation on nitrogenous compounds, in the synthesis and efficiency of microbial protein. There was influence of the lipids forms diets on values of rumen pH. Supplementation provided under frequency differences in the concentrations of ammonia in the rumen. There was influence of the lipids forms diets on weight hot carcass, and weight and dress percentage. Supplementation with dietary lipids under different forms and frequencies does not provide differences in body composition... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientadora: Telma Teresinha Berchielli
Coorientador: Ricardo Andrade Reis
Banca: Alexandre Amstalden Moraes Sampaio
Banca: Ana Cláudia Ruggieri
Banca: Marco Antonio Alvares Balsalobre
Banca: Juliano José de Resende Fernandes
Doutor

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The cultivation of beans in Brazil is typical of small properties, where part of the production is directed for the commercialization, and part is stored for the family consumption or used as seed. During the storage, the bean grains are subject to losses due to the attack of the bean weevil Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), which may cause great damages, endangering its quality, direct and indirectly. Experiments were conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of homeopathic and phytoterapic preparations in the management of A. obtectus. Such experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of the treatments on the mortality and repellency of adults, and its effect on the emerged progeny. Bioassay with extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis, Ruta graveolens and Artemisia absinthium, and the homeopathic preparations Taraxacum, Chenopodium anthelminticum, macerated bioteraphic and triturated bioteraphic of A. obtectus were conducted in the Laboratory of Homeopathy and Vegetable Health. 3 mL of the treatment for 100 g of bean were used, while for the bioassay with whole green leaves, milled green, whole dry and milled dry leaves of R. officinalis, R. graveolens and A. absinthium, 0,3 g for 10 g of bean were used. The mortality bioassay was conducted in a completely randomized design, with the phytoterapic treatments, for which 20 g of treated bean were placed in a plate of Petri, where 20 adults of A. obtectus were introduced with up to 24 hours. The evaluations consisted of the counting and retreat of the dead insects for 10 days. The analyzed plates were closed and stored until they completed 45 days, the date when the number of emerged insects was counted. The treatments with the leaves of R. graveolens and A. absinthium presented effect on the mortality of adults, while the treatments with the alcoholic extracts of the three species and the leaves of R. officinalis did not cause mortality of adults, and none of the treatments affected the emerged progeny significantly. The repellency bioassay was conducted in a completely randomized blocks design, in boxes of multiple choice, in which portions were distributed with treated bean in circular form, in which 200 adults of A. obtectus were liberated with age up to 24 hours. The counting of the present insects in each treatment began after 12 hours of the assembly, extending for 10 consecutive days. After this period, the insects were removed, and the plates were closed and stored for 35 days, to accomplish the counting of the emerged progeny. The mill leaves of R. officinalis and green leaves of A. absinthium repelled the adults of the bean weevil and they caused reduction of the number of emerged insects. The homeopathic preparations, as well as the alcoholic extracts did not repel the adults of the bean weevil, even so they reduced the progeny of this insect. The leaves of R. graveolens did not repel the bean weevil nor affected the progeny. Depending on the way of preparing and using, the homeopathic and phytoterapic preparations, when mixed to the bean grains, are capable of affecting the behavior of A. obtectus
O cultivo do feijoeiro no Brasil é típico de pequena propriedade, onde parte da produção é destinada à comercialização,e parte é armazenada para o consumo familiar ou utilização como semente. Durante o armazenamento, os grãos de feijão estão sujeitos a perdas devido ao ataque do caruncho Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), que pode causar grandes prejuízos, comprometendo a sua qualidade, direta e indiretamente. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de preparados homeopáticos e fitoterápicos no manejo de A. obtectus, foram conduzidos experimentos nos quais se observou a efetividade dos tratamentos sobre a mortalidade e repelência de adultos, e seu efeito sobre a progênie emergida. Bioensaios com extratos de Rosmarinus officinalis, Ruta graveolens e Artemisia absinthium e os preparados homeopáticos Taraxacum, Chenopodium anthelminticum, nosódio macerado e nosódio triturado de A. obtectus foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Homeopatia e Saúde Vegetal. Utilizaram-se 3 mL do tratamento para 100 g de feijão, enquanto que para os bioensaios com folhas verdes inteiras, verdes moídas, secas inteiras e secas moídas de R. officinalis, R. graveolens e A. absinthium, foram utilizados 0,3 g para 10 g de feijão. O bioensaio de mortalidade foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos fitoterápicos, para os quais foram colocados 20 g de feijão tratado em uma placa de Petri, onde foram introduzidos 20 adultos de A. obtectus com até 24 horas. As avaliações constaram da contagem e retirada dos insetos mortos durante 10 dias. As placas avaliadas foram vedadas e armazenadas até completarem 45 dias, data na qual foi contado o número de insetos emergidos. Apresentaram efeito sobre a mortalidade de adultos os tratamentos com as folhas de R. graveolens e A. absinthium, enquanto que os tratamentos com os extratos alcoólicos das três espécies e as folhas de R. officinalis não causaram mortalidade de adultos, sendo que nenhum dos tratamentos afetou significativamente a progênie emergida. O bioensaio de repelência foi conduzido em blocos casualizados, em caixas de múltipla escolha, nas quais foram distribuídas parcelas com feijão tratado em forma circular, na qual foram liberados 200 adultos de A. obtectus com idade até 24 horas. A contagem dos insetos presentes em cada tratamento se iniciou após 12 horas da montagem, estendendo-se por 10 dias consecutivos. Após este período, os insetos foram retirados, e as placas foram vedadas e armazenadas por 35 dias para realizar a contagem da progênie emergida. As folhas moídas de R. officinalis e verdes de A. absinthium repeliram os adultos do caruncho e causaram redução do número de insetos emergidos. Os preparados homeopáticos, bem como os extratos alcoólicos não repeliram os adultos do caruncho, porém reduziram a progênie deste inseto. As folhas de R. graveolens não repeliram o caruncho nem afetaram a progênie. Dependente da forma de preparo e utilização, os tratamentos homeopáticos e fitoterápicos, quando misturados aos grãos de feijão, são capazes de afetar o comportamento de A. obtectus