Academic literature on the topic 'Soy bean'
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Journal articles on the topic "Soy bean"
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Ozben, T. "Biliary lipid composition and gallstone formation in rabbits fed on soy protein, cholesterol, casein and modified casein." Biochemical Journal 263, no. 1 (October 1, 1989): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2630293.
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In four experimental groups, rabbits were fed on diets containing soy beans, soy beans plus cholesterol (1%, w/w), casein and modified casein for 8 weeks. Biliary lipid levels, lithogenic-index values and the rate of gallstone formation were determined. The highest mean relative concentrations (mol%) of cholesterol and phospholipid were found in the soy bean + cholesterol group, and the highest mean relative bile acid concentration was in the soy bean group. The lowest mean relative cholesterol and phospholipid values were found in the soy bean and modified casein groups respectively. The lowest mean relative bile acid level was in the soy bean + cholesterol group. The highest lithogenic index and rate of gallstone formation were in the soy bean + cholesterol group, and the lowest values were in the soy bean group. The modification of casein used was effective in decreasing the lithogenic effect of casein on gallstone formation.
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Martineau-Côté, Delphine, Allaoua Achouri, Janitha Wanasundara, Salwa Karboune, and Lamia L’Hocine. "Health Beneficial Bioactivities of Faba Bean Gastrointestinal (In Vitro) Digestate in Comparison to Soybean and Pea." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16 (August 16, 2022): 9210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169210.
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Faba beans are a promising emerging plant-based protein source to be used as a quality alternative to peas and soy. In this study, the potential health beneficial activities of three Canadian faba bean varieties (Fabelle, Malik and Snowbird) were investigated after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and compared to two commonly used legumes (peas and soy). The results revealed that the faba beans had a higher antioxidant activity than peas when assessed with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays, except for the Fabelle variety. In the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and the iron chelating assays, the faba beans had a lower antioxidant activity than soy. Interestingly, Fabelle and Snowbird showed a higher antioxidant effect than the peas and soy at the cellular level. The antihypertensive properties of Fabelle and Malik varieties were significantly higher than peas but lower than soy. The in vitro antidiabetic activity was higher for soy, but no differences were found at the cellular level. The faba bean peptides were further fractionated and sequenced by mass spectrometry. Eleven peptides with in silico predicted bioactivities were successfully identified in the faba bean digestate and support validating the health-promoting properties of peptides. The results demonstrate the bioactive potential of faba beans as a health-promoting food ingredient against non-communicable diseases.
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Nikolaus, Serman, and Tomycho Olviana. "The Influence of Socio-Economic Factors toward the Farmer’s Adoption Rate on Soy Bean Crop Farming in the Semi Arid Area of South Amanatun Sub District, the South-Midle Timor District." World Journal of Education and Humanities 5, no. 1 (February 18, 2023): p15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjeh.v5n1p15.
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It is neccery to realize that soy bean has certain important benefits for people, either for food or for fulfiling the row materials needed by such industries as: animal feed, medicine, liquid paint, and printed ink industries. For food, people should consum the soybean, primarily by people who are living in the areas placed far from the source of fish and meat, because the soy bean contains nabati protein in a high level of percentege, around 40-41%, and nine kinds of important matters functioning to prevent women from breast canccer infection. People can consume soybean in the type of: fermented soy bean cake (tempeh), tofu, soy bean milk, et cetera. Although the soy bean is categorized as an important food, but the number of farmers cultivating this crop in Indonesia, as well as in the Pronvince of Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), included in the Sub District of South Amanatun as a semi arid area, are still very limited, while the availability of natural resources supporting the growth of this crop is very potensial, and then the soy bean needed by industries operated near by this Sub District dominantly are supplied by outside of the NTT, such as from: Java, Bali, and Lombok, even from U. S. A. Farmers in the Sub District of South Amanatun, only a few who have cultivated soy bean crops, while the majority of them have not cultivated yet. These facts indicate that among farmers probably because of their having different level of socio-nomic factors which inluence them to adopt or not to the soy bean crop farming. To examine whether or not these different level of socio-economic factors have signicant influence to the farmer’s adoption on the soy bean farming, then a study had been done in 2018. On the basis of results of the data analysis by applying the Linear Probablity Modle demonstrated that: the socio-economic factors which have the significant influence to the farmer’s adoption on the soy bean crop farming in the study area were: (1) the level of farmer’s knowledge related to soy bean cultivation and soy bean processing, (2) the level of farmer’s perception on the soy bean cultivation, (3) the level of farmer’s interest on the soy bean crop farming, and (4) farmer’s family income. The other soci-economic factors such as the level of farmer’s formal and non formal education, the level of farmer’s cosmopolitan, the farmer’s orientation on soybean crop farming, and the farmer’s size of land operated for soyben crop farming have no significant infuence to the farmer’s adoption on soybean cropp farming.
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SANO, Yoshihito, Naruki ITO, Shunsuke MURAMATSU, and Yasuyuki UZUKA. "Short-term Soy Sauce Making using Whole Soy Bean." JOURNAL OF THE BREWING SOCIETY OF JAPAN 93, no. 5 (1998): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.6013/jbrewsocjapan1988.93.344.
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Wan, Shoupeng, Yanxiang Wu, Cong Wang, Chunling Wang, and Lihua Hou. "The development of soy sauce from organic soy bean." Agricultural Sciences 04, no. 05 (2013): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2013.45b022.
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ENARI, Tatsuo. "State of World Soy Bean." JOURNAL OF THE BREWING SOCIETY OF JAPAN 91, no. 10 (1996): 705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.6013/jbrewsocjapan1988.91.705.
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Kenawi, M. A., R. R. Abdelsalam, and S. A. El-Sherif. "The effect of mung bean powder, and/or low fat soy flour as meat extender on the chemical, physical, and sensory quality of buffalo meat product." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 25, no. 5-6-1 (2009): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0906327k.
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The chemical, physical, and sensory evaluation of buffalo meat patties was evaluated in order to study the effect of adding low fat soy flour and/or mung bean powder as meat extenders. The results indicated that using low fat soy flour or mung bean powder as meat extenders at a level of 10% reduced the moisture and fat content, whereas increased the fiber and protein contents in the cooked samples. The reduction was greatest in the control (100% buffalo meat), and lowest in the sample containing 5% of both low fat soy flour and mung bean powder. The cooking treatment increased the expressible water for the control and 10% low fat soy flour samples, and increased the protein water coefficient for all samples. The Feder value for sample containing 5% of both low fat soy flour and mung bean powder was similar to the control one. The addition of mung bean powder increased the water holding capacity, whereas the addition of low fat soy flour and mung bean powder as meat extenders decreased the cooking loss in the formulated patties. The lowest value was in the sample containing 5% of both extenders. Samples containing 5% of both low fat soy flour and mung bean powder had the highest water retention value, whereas the sample with 10% low fat soy flour had the highest fat retention value. Samples containing 5% of both low fat soy flour and mung bean powder had the highest values for color, taste, odor, juiciness, and overall acceptability among the other samples.
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HENG, XINYU, HUAYOU CHEN, JIBIN LI, KANGTAO CAI, and CHENXI LU. "Optimization of Fermentation Process for Improving Soy Isoflavones Aglycone Content in Bean Dregs by Lactobacillus plantarum PL70a." Romanian Biotechnological Letters 26, no. 5 (September 20, 2021): 2942–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25083/rbl/26.5/2942.2952.
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Aglycone-type soy isoflavones have higher biological activity than glycoside-type soy isoflavones. Bean dregs are rich in glycoside-type soy isoflavones. In order to improve the biological activity of soy isoflavones in bean dregs, the Lactobacillus plantarum PL70a was screened and the fermentation process of converting glycoside-type soy isoflavones into aglycone-type in bean dregs was optimized by single-factor experiments and the response surface methodology. The optimal fermentation process was as follows: (NH4)2SO4 was added in an amount of 0.17%, glucoamylase was added in an amount of 0.87%, inoculation amount was 17%, sucrose was added in an amount of 1.3%, and fermentation time was 3 days. Under this process, the content of aglycone-type soy isoflavones in bean dregs significantly increased. Trypsin inhibitors and antigen proteins were almost removed. The fermentation process provides a good reference for the low-cost processing of high-quality soy isoflavone aglycone food.
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Wang, Zi Qiang, Emery Fabrice Bimbou Senga, and Dan Ying Wang. "Vegetable Soy Bean (Glycine Max (L.) Merrill) from Production to Processing." Outlook on Agriculture 34, no. 3 (September 2005): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000005774378766.
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For centuries soy bean has been an appreciated legume in most Asian countries. There are two types of cropped soy bean, the vegetable type and the grain type. The difference between them is defined by the time of harvest. Vegetable soy bean is harvested between R6 and R7 growth stages, when the pod is still green and full at about 80% of the total weight. It is a nutritious plant with an appreciable content of protein, minerals and vitamins. Although it is best known in East Asia, vegetable soy bean is being increasingly incorporated in diets in North American countries and there is growing interest in some African countries. Many breeding programmes are being conducted to develop plants that mature early and produce larger and greener pods with good appearance and taste. Cooking usually consists of plunging the fresh pods into boiling salted/seasoned water and simmering them until tender. Different forcing and processing methods are employed to maintain production and availability throughout the year. Vegetable soy bean is transported either attached to or detached from the plant. The price of imported fresh vegetable soy bean has usually been low because the crop suffers in transport and there are few facilities for proper storage.
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Smith, Alwi, and Kristin Sangur. "ORGANOLEPTIC OF FOOD PRODUCTS MADE FROM GUDE BEAN (Cajanus cajan)." EDU SCIENCES JOURNAL 2, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/edusciencesvol2iss1pp38-48.
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The use of local bean as an alternative food to meet the community's nutritional needs has been widely practised by society. One of the popular local beans in Kisar Island, Southwestern Maluku community, is gude bean. The people of Kisar Island have used gude beans and sweet potatoes to make traditional food, namely kolak (sweet compote), while the young pods are used as fresh vegetables. Gude bean can be used as a functional food such as gude essence, sweetened condensed milk, and soy sauce. The research objective was to determine the organoleptic assessment of food products from gude beans. Three sterile food products using gude beans were made in this research. The organoleptic tests were conducted on the Kisar community. Organoleptic panellists were fifteen (15) people originally from Kisar Island who live in Ambon city. Panellists were selected using a purposive sampling technique because they originally from Kisar Island know the nature of gude beans, like gude beans, have consumed gude beans. Descriptive analysis techniques were used as data analysis. The results showed that gude essence, milk, and soy sauce products had good taste, colour, texture, and aroma and were acceptable for consumption. This organoleptic test showed that the Kisar community could accept the gude bean food products.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Soy bean"
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Dongo, Kouadio Kouman. "Forecasting the Chinese Futures Markets Prices of Soy Bean and Green Bean Commodities." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/math_theses/23.
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Using both single and vector processes, we fitted the Box-Jenkin’s ARIMA model and the Vector Autoregressive model following the Johansen approach, to forecast soy bean and green bean prices on the Chinese futures markets. The results are encouraging and provide empirical evidence that the vector processes perform better than the single series. The co-integration test indicated that the null hypothesis of no co-integration among the relevant variables could be rejected. This is one of the most important findings in this paper. The purposes for analyzing and modeling the series jointly are to understand the dynamic relationships over time among the series and improve the accuracy of forecasts for individuals series by utilizing the additional information available from the related series in the forecasts for each series.
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Amsalu, Fenta Berhanu. "Investigation of the physiological responses in soybean and common bean to water deficit." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24328.
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Drought causes considerable reduction of legume productivity and significantly threatens the food security, and this situation is expected to be aggravated due to climate change. In soybean and common bean, water resource capturing through plant root architectural plasticity and the role of symbiotic nitrogen fixation have not been investigated in greater detail yet. This study was therefore conducted to identify and apply useful morphological and physiological performance markers (traits) for selection of drought-tolerant common bean and soybean cultivars under both controlled phytotron and field conditions that might be applicable as markers in future legume breeding programs. In soybean, traits related to above ground performance, such as photosynthesis, biomasses, and stomatal conductance, were related to parameters for nitrogen acquisition in nodules. The ability to maintain vigorous shoot growth under drought-induced nitrogen limitation was identified as an important trait that can be used to select for improved drought tolerance. Further, experiments carried out growing different common bean inbred lines under controlled phytotron conditions revealed the importance of growth and gas exchange parameters as well as nitrogen fixing ability as performance markers to select superior performing bean lines for growth under drought. As a further result, the strong association of symbiotic nitrogen fixation with CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance was also ascertained. In field experiments the effective use of water through enhanced lateral root development and maintaining the water status of the plant was found to be crucial for enhanced productivity under drought, with root morphology traits (root length, area and volume) as well as root architectural traits (first whorl angle, basal root number and adventitious root branching density) significantly related to seed yield. Measurement of these traits might be added to future bean varietal improvement programs. Further, a direct relationship between both water use efficiency (WUE) estimated using carbon isotope discrimination (CID) and nitrogen fixation (15N abundance) with root morphological and architectural traits (root length, area and volume, basal root number, 1st as well as 2nd whorl angles) was identified. CID (WUE) and 15N abundance (SNF ability) had a direct relationship with each other and also with productivity traits (seed yield and pod harvest index). Soybean field experiments verified the importance of root system architecture and morphology for providing drought tolerance with root architectural traits, tap and lateral roots (diameter and branching density) and morphological traits (root length, surface area and volume) contributing to better performance under drought. Moreover, the strong association of CID (WUE) with ä15N (SNF), root traits as well as seed yield in soybean exposed to drought was ascertained. Findings suggested that higher performance in CID under drought stress may be due to higher CO2 assimilation and better N2 fixation resulting in better root system architecture and morphology of the drought-tolerant cultivar through maintenance of the water status of the plant for efficient biological activity. Overall the study has generated new knowledge about the use of physiological markers (traits) that can be used widely for legume evaluation under drought suitable for both phytotron and field studies.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Plant Science
unrestricted
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Bui, The Truong, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and Centre for Advanced Food Research. "A study of Vietnamese soy sauce fermentation." THESIS_CSTE_CAFR_Bui_T.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/635.
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Vietnamese soy sauce has been made for centuries using traditional methods, in villages in Northern Vietnam. This sauce differs from other Asian products not only in its raw materials but also in its flavour characteristics. Presently small scale Vietnamese soy sauce is produced mostly with a standardised inoculum of Aspergillus oryzae under natural conditions. This usually gives rise to a product of variable and inconsistent quality. The aim of this study was to standardise the fermentation condition for the production of Vietnamese soy sauce, so as to obtain a product of more consistently good quality. Aspergillus flavus var columnaris was used as the inoculum. The inoculum was prepared by growing the organism on sticky rice at 20 and 37 degrees centigrade under aerobic conditions. At 20C, a high protease activity was recorded in the inoculum while at 37C, a high amylase activity was observed. The two different inocula prepared at 20C and 37C were then used in the preparation of soy sauce in the normal manner. The inocula were mixed with cooked roasted soy beans and salt water, left to age for 1 month at 30C, followed by ageing at 20C for 2 months. The products obtained were subjected to sensory evaluation and analysed for glucose, fructose, amino acids, nitrogen, ethanol and NaCI. Both inocula produced products of acceptable quality. The inoculum produced at 20C had a higher sensory evaluation score. It also contained a higher level of protein (14.5% compared to 11%), and a higher sensory evaluation score (6.9 compared to 3.2) when compared to a commercial Vietnamese sauce, Hanoi soy sauce. This valuable information will now enable small scale producers to produce this product throughout the year by controlling the temperature, and not be limited to the summer season, as has been the case with the traditional method of production.Master of Science (Hons)
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Nahaisi, Mohamed Hadi. "Growth and survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus." Thesis, University of Reading, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242433.
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Amato, Dahlia Ningrum. "RE-HEALABLE COATING BASED UPON THERMALLY RESPONSIVE LINKAGES." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/978.
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The goal of this thesis was to design thermally responsive polyol resins that would be compatible with isocyanates. Two approaches were made to reach this goal, the first involved functionalizing soybean oil and the second involved post-polymerization modification of a methacrylate based resin.
A soybean based coating with thermally responsive Diels-Alder linkages has been prepared following an automotive two-component formulation. The resulting coatings displayed the capability to be healed following physical deformation by a thermal stimulus, and such a material has significant potential for end users. Various curing agents were employed, and resulted in variation of scratch resistance and re-healablity. Different thermally responsive soybean resins were synthesized to have varying amounts of reversible and nonreversible linkages when incorporated into the coating.
Additionally, different isocyanates were added at differing ratios of NCO:OH in search of the optimum coating. It was found through the analysis of re-healabilty, hardness, gloss, and adhesion that the optimal combination was an acetylated resin (no irreversible crosslinks) with 54% reversible Diels Alder linkages at an NCO:OH ratio of 5:1 using isophorone diiscocyanate. Materials were evaluated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scratch resistance, Koenig hardness, gloss measurements, and topographical analysis.
In the second project, copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate via free radical polymerization was done to synthesize a polymer with pendant isocyanates. The isocyanate was used as a chemical handle to incorporate Diels-Alder linkages into the PMMA resin. The PMMA resin with Diels-Alder linkages was successfully synthesized and incorporated into a polyurethane gel as proven via 1H NMR and IR. The gel showed thermal reversibility at 120°C due to retro-DA reaction via DSC as well as thermally reversible bulk properties.
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Barrueto, Gonzalez Norka Beatriz. "Biodisponibilidade de calcio, magnesio, cobre e zinco na soja (Glycine max) e em novas variedades de feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris), obtidas por melhoramento genetico classico e sua relação com fatores antinutricionais não proteicos." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254491.
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Orientador: Jaime Amaya-FarfanTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T21:26:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BarruetoGonzalez_NorkaBeatriz_D.pdf: 1348327 bytes, checksum: 18f0856e8caba5f78415b8cd169e869a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Dada a importância que os feijões secos têm na dieta tradicional brasileira, a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) tem desenvolvido novos cultivares de feijão-comum (P. vulgaris), por meio melhoramento genético, para atender os altos padrões agronômicos e culinários do mercado interno. Entretanto, as características nutricionais destas novas cultivares estão documentadas de maneira incompleta, tanto em termos de conteúdo de macro/micro nutrientes, como também de seus valores biológicos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o valor nutritivo de sete novas cultivares de feijão: Jalo Precoce, Radiante, Vereda, Pérola, Timbó, Valente e Ouro Branco, da EMBRAPA do Centro de Pesquisa Arroz-Feijão, Goiás. Após análise centesimal de rotina, foram determinados o perfil aminoacídico e alguns importantes componentes minerais (cálcio, ferro, magnésio, cobre e zinco). Os resultados mostram que variações significativas (P<0,05) ocorreram no conteúdo protéico e de carboidratos totais entre todas as cultivares. O teor de proteína variou entre 21 e 28%, com destaque para Radiante, Jalo Precoce e Ouro Branco que tiveram as maiores concentrações. O teor de carboidratos foi de 55,4 (Radiante) a 62,1% (Valente), entretanto, os lipídios permaneceram constantes, variando de 2,4 a 2,8%. As proteínas de todas as novas cultivares alcançaram os padrões internacionais para os requerimento de histidina, valina, isoleucina, leucina, fenilalanina e tirosina. Com destaque para as cultivares Vereda e Ouro Branco, que alcançaram os requerimentos de lisina e treonina. Por outro lado, todas as cultivares apresentaram baixo conteúdo de aminoácidos sulfurados, metionina e cistina. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas significativas entre as cultivares em termos de Mg, Fe e Zn, mas as concentrações de Ca e Cu variaram significativamente (P<0,0001). O conteúdo de ferro foi de 4,7 (Ouro Branco) a 5,5mg/100g (Vereda e Valente), enquanto que o cobre foi de 0,5 (Ouro Branco) a 0,9mg/100g (Radiante), e o conteúdo de zinco foi de 2,4 (Ouro Branco e Pérola) a 3,1mg/100g (Jalo Precoce). Pelos altos teores de Ca se destacaram as variedades Pérola (486), Vereda (428) e Valente (387mg/100g), enquanto que Jalo Precoce, Pérola e Valente apresentaram os maiores teores de Mg (129-117mg/100g). Considerando o fato de que todas as variedades foram cultivadas sob condições estritamente controladas de solo, água e práticas agrícolas, estes resultados podem ser altamente representativos com relação às características individuais de composição, onde as variedades Jalo Precoce, Ouro Branco e Valente apresentaram-se mais vantajosas em termos de composição de nutrientes. A partir destes resultados, três novas cultivares de feijão-comum (P. vulgaris) foram selecionadas, por causa do seu conteúdo de nutrientes, para avaliação da biodisponibilidade mineral e comparar com um cultivar clássico de soja (Glycine Max), var. Conquista. As três cultivares foram: feijão branco ¿Ouro Branco¿, feijão preto ¿Valente¿ e Carioca ¿Pérola¿ e os minerais testados foram os previamente estudados: cálcio, magnésio, cobre e zinco. O balanço metabólico, coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) e a taxa de retenção e absorção (R/A) para estes minerais foram os parâmetros determinados, usando ratos Wistars recém-desmamados. Os animais receberam por doze dias dietas contendo exclusivamente os feijões cozidos ou farinha integral de soja tostada. Os níveis de fitatos foram determinados pelo método colorimétrico de Latta & Eskin e os minerais por absorção atômica nas dietas, fezes, urina e fêmur. Além disso e com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto das dietas no crescimento do osso cortical das tíbias, foram feitas medidas histomorfométricas da altura e espessura da cartilagem. Os resultados mostraram que as dietas à base de leguminosas diferiram estatisticamente uma das outras em termos de cálcio (275-480mg/100g), magnésio (108-262mg/100g), cobre (0,5-1,06mg/100g) e zinco (2,4-5,0mg/100g), e que as dietas à base de feijão Carioca ¿Pérola¿ e feijão preto ¿Valente¿, bem como a soja foram as que maior conteúdo mineral apresentaram. As dietas à base de feijão mostraram baixos teores de fitatos (3,1-3,9mg/g), especialmente com relação à soja (6,5mg/g). A análise estatística do balanço mineral detectou diferenças significativas entre os índices biológicos obtidos para os tratamentos de feijão e soja. As dietas ¿Valente¿ e ¿Pérola¿ mostraram alto balanço de cálcio (22-25mg/d), em comparação com as dietas ¿Ouro Branco¿ (12,8mg/d) e soja (14,4mg/d). A taxa de retenção e absorção (R/A), entretanto, foi maior para a dieta soja (99,0%), seguida pela dieta ¿Valente¿ (96,7%). Com relação ao CDA para cálcio, a dieta ¿Pérola¿ se destacou (92,5%) entre todos os tratamentos à base de leguminosas e Controle (AIN-93G). Os índices de avaliação revelaram que a soja teve maior balanço de magnésio (4,7mg/d) entre todas as dietas è base de feijão, entretanto o CDA foi melhor para a dieta ¿Pérola¿ (82%), apesar da taxa R/A ter sido melhor para ¿Valente¿ (7,1%) e soja (6,8%), enquanto que ¿Ouro Branco¿ e Controle (AIN-93G) tiveram índices negativos (valores de balanço e R/A). Com relação ao cobre, todas as dietas à base de leguminosas tiveram resultados negativos de balanço e CDA, de maneira similar ao que foi observado para o zinco. A dieta à base de soja, entretanto, mostrou balanço e CDA positivos para cobre e zinco. Por outro lado, somente a dieta Controle teve resposta positiva no teste de balanço de zinco, apesar da taxa de R/A para as dietas ¿Ouro Branco¿ e ¿Pérola¿ ter sido alta. Juntando estes dados, os índices sugerem que a biodisponibilidade de cálcio e magnésio não foi afetada pelos fitatos presentes nestas fontes alimentares, porém, para o zinco e o cobre este efeito foi evidente. As medidas histomorfométricasm, entretanto, não detectaram nenhuma diferença entre os diversos tratamentos à base de feijão e soja. Além disso, pode ser concluído que a baixa ingestão de cálcio dos grupos alimentados com leguminosas, acarretou alterações no sistema esquelético, tais como alta redução do platô da cartilagem de crescimento e na espessura do osso em si, mesmo que a retenção de cálcio no fêmur dos animais tratados com as dietas ¿Pérola¿ e soja tenham sido significativa
Abstract: Given the importance that dry beans have in the traditional Brazilian diet, the Brazilian Agency for Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA) has developed new cultivars of common beans (P. vulgaris) by means of classical breeding expecting to meet higher agronomic and culinary standards for the domestic market. Nevertheless, the nutritional characteristics of these new cultivars are incompletely documented, both in terms of macro/micro nutrient contents and biological value. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the nutritive value of seven new dry bean cultivars: Jalo Precoce, Radiante, Vereda, Pérola, Timbó, Valente e Ouro, from the Embrapa Rice and Bean Research Center in Goiás. After routine proximal composition, their amino acid profiles and key mineral components (calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc and copper) were determined. The results show that substantial and significant (P<0,05) variations occur in protein and carbohydrates among all the cultivars. Protein contents varied between 21 and 28%; Radiante, Jalo Precoce and Ouro Branco having the highest contents. In turn, the total carbohydrate contents ranged between 55,4 for Radiante, to 62.1%, for Valente, whereas the lipids remained rather constant, varying from 2.4 to 2.8%. The proteins of all these new cultivars met the international standard requirements for histidine, valine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine plus tyrosine. Additionally, the cultivars Valente and Ouro Branco stood out because of their contents for lysine and threonine that also met the requirements. As in the case of all leguminous seeds, all the cultivars were low in the sulfurcontaining amino acids, methionine and cysteine. No statistical differences were noticed among the cultivars in terms of Mg, Fe and Zn, but the concentrations of Ca and Cu did vary significantly (P<0.0001). Iron contents varied from 4.7 in Ouro Branco, to 5.5mg/100g in Vereda and Valente, while copper ranged from 0.5 in Ouro Branco, to 0.9mg/100g, in Radiante, and the zinc contents went from 2.4 (Ouro Branco and Pérola) to 3.1mg/100g (Jalo Precoce). Insofar as calcium is concerned, Pérola (486), Vereda (428) and Valente (387mg/100g) were the richest, whereas Jalo Precoce, Pérola and Valente stood out because of their high contents of magnesium (129 ¿ 117mg/100g). Considering the fact that all the cultivars were grown under strictly controlled conditions of soil, weather and agricultural practices, these results can be taken as highly representative of the individual compositional characteristics and could be concluded that among the new cultivars, the Jalo Precoce, Ouro Branco and Valente are the most advantageous in terms of nutrient composition. Then, three of those new Brazilian dry bean (P. vulgaris) cultivars were selected because of their nutrient content for mineral bioavailability evaluation, and compared with the classical soybean (Glycine max) cultivar Conquista. The three cultivars were the white bean ¿Ouro Branco¿, a black bean ¿Valente¿ and the Carioca type ¿Pérola¿ and the minerals tested were the least commonly studied: calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc. The metabolic balance, apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) and the ratio of retention to absorption (R/A) for these minerals were the parameters determined using young Wistar rats (21d). The animals received for twelve days diets consisting exclusively of the cooked beans or the roasted soybean flour. The phytate levels of the diets were determined by the colorimetric method of Latta & Eskin and the minerals by atomic absorption in the diets, feces, urine and femur. Additionally and in order to evaluate the impact of the diets on the cortical bone growth of the tibias, histomorphometric measurements of the height and thickness of the cartilage were made. The results showed that the legume-based diets statistically differed from each other in terms of calcium (275 ¿ 480 mg/100g), magnesium (108 ¿ 262 mg/100g), copper (0.50 ¿ 1.06 mg/100g) and zinc (2.4 ¿ 5.0mg/100g), and that the diets made up of the Carioca ¿Pérola¿ and the Black ¿Valente¿, as well as soy bean were those with the highest mineral contents. The dry bean diets exhibited low concentrations of phytates (3.1 ¿ 3.9mg/g), especially with respect to the soybean (6.5mg/g). Statistical analysis of the mineral balance detected significant differences between the biological indices obtained by the dry-bean and the soybean treatments. The dry bean diets ¿Valente¿ and ¿Pérola¿ exhibited higher balance for calcium (22 ¿ 25mg/d), in comparison to ¿Ouro Branco¿ (12.8mg/d) and the soybean (14.4mg/d) diets. The ratio of retention to absorption (R/A), however, was greatest for the soybean (99.0%), followed by the ¿Valente¿ (96.7%) diet. With regard to the ADC for calcium, in turn, the ¿Pérola¿ ranked first (92.5%) among all treatments and the Control. The evaluation indices revealed that the soybean had the highest magnesium balance (4.7mg/d) among all the dry bean diets, whereas the ADC was best for the ¿Pérola¿ (82%) diet, although the R/A ratios were better for the ¿Valente¿ (7.1%) and soybean (6.8%), while the ¿Ouro Branco¿ and Control gave negative indices (balance and R/A values). With regard to copper, all the dry bean diets gave negative balance and ADC indices, something similar to what was observed for zinc. The soy bean diet, however, showed positive balance and ADCs for both copper and zinc. On the other hand, only the Control diet gave a positive response in the balance test for zinc, although the R/A ratios of the ¿Ouro Branco¿ and ¿Pérola¿ diets were the highest. Taken together, these indices suggest that the little studied calcium and magnesium bioavailability from dry beans is not affected by the phytates present in this staple food, but a suppressive effect on zinc and copper was clear. Histomorphometric measurements, however, did not detect any differences between the various dry bean treatments or the soybean. In addition, it could be concluded that the low calcium intake by dry bean-fed groups had profound consequences to the skeleton system of the animals, such as the height reduction of the cartilaginous grow plates and the thickness of the bone itself, in spite of the femur calcium retention having been significant in the ¿Pérola¿ and soybean diets
Doutorado
Nutrição Básica Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos
Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição
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Perera, Solimar Carra. "Estudo das características macroestruturais de sprays de óleo vegetal de soja obtidos de um atomizador de diesel." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/139456.
Full textAbstract:
O emprego de óleos vegetais como combustível em motores ciclo diesel tem se demonstrado viável após diversos estudos de desempenho já desenvolvidos em diversos motores e configurações, porém apresentando algumas restrições quanto ao seu uso contínuo, dentre as quais se destacam a ocorrência de quebras do motor devido ao excesso de carbonização no cabeçote. No Brasil, a abundância de óleos de origem vegetal constitui um incentivo para a realização de estudos visando ao aproveitamento desses combustíveis alternativos, neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta um estudo das características macroestruturais da formação de sprays de óleo vegetal de soja in natura em um atomizador utilizado em motores diesel em condições de pressão semelhantes às de um motor. Para isso foi montada uma bancada que é constituída de uma câmara pressurizada projetada e fabricada para simular as mesmas condições de massa específica do ar obtidas dentro da câmara de combustão do motor ciclo diesel no instante do início da injeção do combustível. Também é dotada de um sistema de injeção de combustível projetado para que as pressões de funcionamento do conjunto porta injetor mecânico utilizado fosse atingido. O registro da formação do spray é realizado por meio de uma câmara de alta velocidade e alta taxa de aquisição de imagens, como o qual é possível avaliar o comportamento dos jatos de óleo de soja e óleo diesel quanto a distância de quebra, penetração da ponta, velocidade e ângulo de abertura de spray. Das propriedades físico-químicas do óleo vegetal de soja, a que mais se destaca com relação às propriedades do óleo diesel é a viscosidade, que para os líquidos utilizados nesse trabalho foi verificado que é aproximadamente 15 vezes maior que a viscosidade do óleo diesel. Essa grande diferença nas mesmas condições de temperatura produziram resultados de atomização bem distinta entre os líquidos e verifica-se a necessidade de modificação de mais parâmetros do que somente a densidade do gás para que a atomização seja mais próxima do óleo diesel e o óleo vegetal in natura possa ser utilizado nos motores, pois os regimes de atomização observados condizem com o previsto considerando as propriedades dos dois óleos nas condições testadas.The use of vegetable oils as fuel in diesel engines has proven to be viable after several performance studies already developed in several engines and settings, but presenting some restrictions on its continued use, among which stand out the occurrence of engine failures due to over-charred on the head. In Brazil, plenty of vegetable oils is an incentive to carry out studies for the use of these alternative fuels, in this context, this work presents a study of macro-structural characteristics of the formation of vegetable oil sprays soy in kind in an atomizer used in diesel engines into pressure conditions similar to those of an engine. To this it was mounted on a stand which consists of a pressure chamber designed and manufactured to simulate the same conditions of air density obtained within the combustion chamber of the diesel engine cycle at the time of start of fuel injection. It is also equipped with a fuel injection system designed for operating pressures of the whole mechanical door gun used was reached. The record of the formation of the spray is carried out by means of a camera high speed and high rate of image acquisition, as which it is possible to evaluate the behavior of soybean oil jets and diesel oil as the distance break, tip penetration , speed and spray opening angle. From the physico-chemical properties of vegetable soybean oil, which excels in respect of diesel fuel properties is viscosity, as for liquids used in this work was found that it is approximately 15 times greater than the viscosity of diesel oil. This great difference in the same conditions of temperature produced very different atomization results between the liquid and there is a need for more parameters change than just the density of the gas for atomization is closer to diesel oil and vegetable oil in nature can be used in engines, because atomization schemes observed consistent with the expected considering the properties of both oils under the conditions tested.
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Fortes, Vanessa Silveira. "Caracterização química e avaliação da atividade antioxidante e citotóxica do extrato da soja (Glycine max) biotransformada pelo fungo Aspergillus awamori." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60137/tde-21092011-113131/.
Full textAbstract:
A soja (Glycine max) contém uma variedade de compostos com comprovada atividade biológica, tais como as isoflavonas, que estão presentes em diferentes formas, glicosiladas e agliconas. Além disso, a soja contém uma grande quantidade de proteínas, que são consideradas fontes de peptídeos bioativos. As isoflavonas agliconas, daidzeína e genisteína, possuem maior atividade antioxidante que as glicosiladas, daidzina e genistina. No entanto, os grãos de soja são ricos nas formas glicosiladas das isoflavonas. Estudos mostram que a biotransformação da soja, por micro-organismos e enzimas, leva ao aumento dos teores das isoflavonas agliconas, as quais são liberadas pela ação de enzimas -glicosidases, que clivam as ligações -glicosídicas das isoflavonas glicosiladas, e também pode possibilitar a hidrólise das proteínas da soja. Além disso, pesquisadores têm demonstrado aumento na atividade antioxidante e na prevenção e/ou supressão de certos cânceres após biotransformação da soja. Neste contexto, foi realizada a biotransformação da soja pelo fungo A. awamori, e por uma mistura enzimática, proveniente do processo fermentativo deste fungo na soja. Os extratos da soja biotransformada, não biotransformada, e o extrato comercial isoflavin beta®, rico em isoflavonas, foram avaliados quanto aos perfis cromatográficos, teores de daidzeína, genisteína, proteínas, aminoácidos e/ou peptídeos, potencial antioxidante e atividade citotóxica frente a células de fibroblasto e melanoma. O modo de morte celular das células de melanoma, necrose ou apoptose, também foi avaliado. A biotransformação da soja, pelos dois processos, resultou em extratos enriquecidos com isoflavonas agliconas e aminoácidos e/ou peptídeos, e com maior atividade antioxidante que o extrato da soja não biotransformada. Os dois processos de biotransformação da soja resultaram em extratos com características químicas e biológicas diferentes. O conteúdo de daidzeína, proteínas, aminoácidos e/ou peptídeos encontrados no extrato da soja biotransformada pelo fungo foram 6%, 56% e 357%, respectivamente, superiores ao extrato da soja biotransformada pela mistura enzimática. Ao contrário do observado para o teor de genisteína que foi 48% maior no extrato da soja biotransformada pela mistura enzimática. O extrato da soja biotransformada pelo fungo apresentou maior atividade antioxidante que o extrato da soja biotransformada pela mistura enzimática, além disso, foi o único dos extratos aqui estudados que apresentou citotoxicidade seletiva para as células de melanoma, induzindo morte celular por apoptose destas células cancerosas. Sendo assim, os resultados obtidos pelo extrato da soja biotransformada pelo fungo A. awamori fornecem boas perspectivas para futura utilização deste extrato como antitumoral.Soybean (Glycine max) contains a variety of compounds with proven biological activity, such as isoflavones, which are present in different forms, glycosides and aglycones. In addition, soybean contains a lot of proteins, which are considered sources of bioactive peptides. The aglycone isoflavones, daidzein and genistein, have higher antioxidant activity than the glucoside ones, daidzin and genistin. However, soybean grains are rich in the glycosylated forms of isoflavones. Studies have shown that the soybean biotransformation, by microorganisms and enzymes, lead to increased levels of aglycone isoflavones, which are released by the action of -glycosidase enzymes, which cleave the -glycosidic bonds of isoflavone glucosides, and can also allow the hydrolysis of soybean proteins. Additionally, researchers have shown an increase in the antioxidant activity and in the prevention and/or suppression of certain cancers after soybean biotransformation. In this context, it was performed the biotransformation of soybeans with the fungus A. awamori, and with an enzyme mixture, from the fermentation process of the fungus in soybean. The biotransformed, the non biotransformed soybean extracts and the marketed isoflavin beta® extract rich in isoflavones, were evaluated regarding their chromatographic profiles, levels of daidzein, genistein, proteins, amino acids and/or peptides, the antioxidant potential and the cytotoxic activity against melanoma cells and fibroblasts. The mode of cell death of melanoma cells, necrosis or apoptosis, was also evaluated. The biotransformation of soybean by the two processes resulted in extracts enriched with aglycone isoflavones and aminoacids and/or peptides, and with antioxidant activity higher than the non biotransformed soybean extract. The two processes of soybean biotransformation resulted in extracts with different chemical and biological characteristics. The contents of daidzein, proteins, aminoacids and/or peptides found in soybean extract biotransformed by the fungus were 6%, 56% and 357%, respectively, higher than the soybeam extract biotransformed by the enzyme mixture. Contrary to what was observed with the genistein content that was 48% higher in the soybean extract biotransformed by the enzyme mixture. The soybean extract biotransformed by the fungus had a higher antioxidant activity than the soybean extract biotransformed by the enzyme mixture, moreover, it was the unique extract among the ones studied in this work that showed selective cytotoxicity to melanoma cells, inducing cell death by apoptosis of these cancer cells. Thus, the obtained results of the soybean extract biotransformed by the fungus A. awamori provide good prospects for future use of this extract as antitumoral.
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Solórzano, Laura Alexandra Romero. "Efeito de fontes energéticas sobre a fermentação ruminal, produção de metano determinada pela técnica do gás traçador SF6, digestibilidade aparente total e excreção de nutrientes em bovinos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-17092013-141932/.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de três fontes energéticas sobre a produção de metano em bovinos utilizando-se a técnica do gás traçador hexafluoreto de enxofre (SF6), sobre os parâmetros da fermentação ruminal, a digestibilidade aparente total e a excreção de nutrientes da dieta. Seis vacas (730 ± 70 kg) canuladas no rúmen foram utilizadas e distribuídas a três dietas, que diferiram quanto à fonte energética, seguindo-se delineamento experimental em quadrado latino 3x3 replicado (n= 18 unidades experimentais): Controle (CON): Dieta de baixo extrato etéreo (3,50% de EE); Soja (SOJ): Dieta de alto extrato etéreo (5,30% de EE) com inclusão de 15% de soja grão; e Polpa Cítrica (POL): Dieta de baixo extrato etéreo (3,00% de EE) e alta participação de pectina com inclusão de 15% de polpa cítrica. Cada período experimental foi constituído de 21 dias, sendo que, entre o dia 5 e o dia 15, 2 g do marcador óxido crômico por kg de MS de alimento consumido foi administrado via cânula ruminal, para determinação da digestibilidade aparente total da MS e suas frações, bem como da excreção dos nutrientes da dieta. O ensaio de digestibilidade foi constituído por duas fases, sendo os cinco primeiros dias para adaptação ao marcador e os cinco últimos para coleta de fezes. A excreção da MS e dos nutrientes, bem como a excreção de Nitrogênio, foi calculada a partir dos dados de coeficiente de digestibilidade da MS e suas frações. Para cada período experimental, os últimos 6 dias foram destinados para coleta de dados da produção de metano (CH4) e do consumo de matéria seca (CMS). No dia 21 coletou-se líquido ruminal para determinação da concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), contagem total e diferencial de protozoários e pH ruminal, avaliados antes, 3, 6, 9 e 12 h após a alimentação matinal. As concentrações de CH4, SF4 e AGCC foram determinadas por cromatografia gasosa. O pH de cada amostra foi determinado com potenciômetro digital portátil e as contagens diferenciais dos protozoários foram avaliadas através de microscopia direta. Não houve diferenças significativas (P0,05) entre os tratamentos para o CMS expresso em quilograma por dia (kg/dia), porcentagem do peso vivo (% PV) ou por unidade de peso metabólico (g/kg de PV0, 75). Não houve efeito de fonte energética sobre o consumo de energia bruta (CEB), nem de fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN). O tratamento com grãos de soja reduziu (P<0,05) o consumo de proteína bruta (CPB), de extrativo não nitrogenado (CENN) e de matéria orgânica (CMO). O consumo de extrato etéreo (CEE) foi maior (P<0,05) para os animais que consumiram o tratamento com grãos de soja. Não foi observado efeito (P<0,05) de fonte energética para os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, PB, EB, FDN, EE, ENN ou MO. A digestibilidade da FDA foi mais elevada (P<0,05) para o tratamento com polpa cítrica, enquanto que o valor de NDT foi maior (P<0,05) para o tratamento com grãos de soja. Não houve diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos para a excreção de energia bruta (ExEB), nem de fibra em detergente neutro (ExFDN). A excreção de MS, ENN e de MO foram menores (P<0,05) para o tratamento com grãos de soja. Todas as fontes energéticas testadas influenciaram (P<0,05) a excreção de proteína bruta (ExPB), diferindo todos os tratamentos entre si. As excreções de FDA e de EE foram mais elevadas (P<0,05) para o tratamento com grãos de soja. Houve efeito (P<0,05) de fonte energética para a excreção de nitrogênio, sendo mais elevada para o tratamento com polpa cítrica em relação ao tratamento com grãos de soja. A emissão de CH4 pelos bovinos foi de 286,22 a 344,22 g/d; 103,71 a 125,64 kg/ano; 17,41 a 22,03 g/kg de matéria seca ingerida; 5,17 a 6,58% da EB perdida na forma de metano e 3,77 a 4,53 Mcal/Ani/d. Não houve diferença significativa para as emissões de metano entre os tratamentos quando avaliadas a 5% de probabilidade. As fontes energéticas testadas não influenciaram (P<0,05) os valores de pH ruminal, a concentração média do ácido propiônico, nem a relação acético/propiônico. A concentração total de AGCC, a concentração de ácido acético, de ácido butírico, bem como a contagem total de protozoários, foram maiores (P<0,05) para o tratamento com polpa cítrica. Fonte alta em pectina, como a polpa cítrica, ou em ácidos graxos insaturados, como a soja grão, não prejudicaram a digestibilidade das dietas. Neste sentido, são indicadas como fontes de elevado potencial de utilização em dietas para bovinos. Entretanto, sua inclusão resultou em mudanças no ambiente ruminal pela alteração do perfil fermentativo, porém, não foi possível demostrar alterações na produção de metano.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three energy sources on methane production in cattle using the tracer sulfur hexafluoride technique (SF6) on rumen fermentation parameters, total apparent digestibility and excretion of nutrients of diet. Six cows (730 ± 70 kg) ruminally cannulated were used and allocated to three diets that differed in energy source, followed by the replicated 3x3 Latin square design (n = 18 experimental units): Control (CON): Low ether extract diet (3.50% EE); Soybean (SOJ): High ether extract diet (5.30% EE) with inclusion of 15% of soybean seeds; Citrus pulp (POL): Low ether extract (3.00% EE) and high pectin diet with inclusion of 15% of citrus pulp. Each experimental period consisted of 21 days. From day 5 to day 15, 2 g of the marker chromic oxide per kg DM of feed consumed were administered, through rumen cannula, to determine the apparent digestibility of total MS and its fractions as well as excretion of nutrients. Digestibility trial consisted of two phases: the first five days for marker adaptation and the last five for feces collection. The excretion of DM and nutrients, as well as, nitrogen excretion was calculated from digestibility data of DM and its fractions. For each experimental period, the last 6 days were used to collect data from methane (CH4) production and dry matter intake (DMI). At day 21, rumen fluid was collected for short chain fatty acids concentration determination (SCFA), total and differential counts of protozoa and ruminal pH measured before, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h after morning feeding. The concentrations of CH4, SF6 and SCFA were determined by gas chromatography. The pH of each sample was determined with a digital portable pH meter and differential counts of protozoa were evaluated by direct microscopy. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) among treatments for DMI expressed as kilograms per day (kg/day), percentage of body weight (% BW) or per unit of metabolic weight (g/kg PV0, 75). There was no effect of energy source on gross energy (GEI) or neutral detergent fiber (NDFI) intake. Soybeans treatment decreased (P<0.05) crude protein (CPI), nitrogen free extract (NFEI) and organic matter (OMI) intake. Ether extract (EEI) intake as higher lower (P <0.05) for cows fed the soy beans treatment. There was no effect (P<0.05) of energy source on digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, GE, NDF, EE, NFE or OM. The digestibility of ADF was higher (P<0.05) for citrus pulp treatment, while TDN value was higher (P<0.05) for soybeans treatment. There were no significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments for gross energy (GEEx) or neutral detergent fiber (NDFEx) excretion. The excretion of DM, NFE and OM were lower (P<0.05) for treatment with soybeans. All energy sources influenced (P<0.05) crude protein excretion (CPEx) and all treatments differed from each other. The excretions of ADF and EE were higher (P<0.05) for treatment with soybeans. A significant effect (P<0.05) of energy source was observed for nitrogen excretion, where the highest values were observed for citrus pulp compared to soybeans treatment. The emission of CH4 by cattle was 286.22 to 344.22 g/d, 103.71 to 125.64 kg/year; 17.41 to 22.03 g/kg of dry matter ingested, 5.17 to 6.58% GE lost in the form of methane and 3.77 to 4.53 Mcal/Ani/d. There was no significant difference in methane emissions between treatments when evaluated at 5% probability. Energy sources tested did not influence (P<0.05) pH values, propionic acid concentration or acetate:propionate ratio. Total concentration of SCFA, acetic acid and butyric acid concentration, as well as total count of protozoa, were higher (P<0.05) in citrus pulp treatment. Pectin high source, such as citrus pulp, or unsaturated fatty acids, such as soy beans, did not affect diets digestibility. In this sense, they are indicated as sources of high potential for use in cattle diets. However, their inclusion in diets resulted in changes in rumen environment by changes in fermentation pattern, but it was not possible to demonstrate changes in methane production.
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Capacle, Vivian Helena. "O problema do transporte rodoviario para o escoamento da soja produzida no Centro-Oeste brasileiro." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285443.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Pedro RamosDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: A região Centro-Oeste do país se destaca como um pólo produtor de soja, constituindo-se em um exemplo típico de região de fronteira. A expansão para a área de fronteira agrícola foi incentivada pelo governo, entre os anos 60-70, amparada por uma base infra-estrutural de transportes rodoviários. A partir dos anos 80, pela crise fiscal do Estado, o setor agrícola perde o apoio que tinha e a malha rodoviária brasileira perde participação nos recursos públicos para investimentos em sua ampliação, conservação e restauração. A escassez de investimentos nas rodovias brasileiras tem reflexos sobre a competitividade internacional da soja dos cerrados, uma vez que o principal modal utilizado para o escoamento dessa produção para os portos das Regiões Sul e Sudeste, onde se concentra o seu escoamento é o modal rodoviário cujas vias estão em estado precário de conservação, com destaque para trechos das rodovias BR 163 e BR 364 que são vias importantes na região do Centro-Oeste para a movimentação da produção de soja. Por conta disso, 25% da receita de vendas desta produção está comprometida com os custos internos de transportes, em decorrência da inadequação desse modal às características do produto e às longas distâncias percorridas aliado ao estado precário de conservação da malha rodoviária do país. O objetivo dessa dissertação é demonstrar o problema do transporte da soja produzida na Região Centro-Oeste do país concentrado no modal rodoviário, identificando a ineficiência desse modal. Apontam-se perspectivas e possíveis soluções pela alternativa de concessões rodoviárias e de Parcerias Público-Privadas (PPP) para reverter o estado precário das rodovias brasileiras, além de analisar o uso de modais mais eficientes para o escoamento dessa produção. Concluí-se que os modais hidroviários e ferroviários são mais eficientes para o escoamento da soja do Centro-Oeste do país, em relação ao uso isolado da rodovia, em razão da maior eficiência energética e da maior produtividade para a movimentação de cargas de maior densidade ?maiores distâncias, o que conferiria custos menores de circulação. É o momento de se pensar na matriz de transportes de cargas do pais de forma a desenvolver a intermodalidade com uma oferta maior dos transportes hidroviários e ferroviários além de revitalizar a malha rodoviária para positivas contribuições à economia do país
Abstract: The Center-Western region of the country is known to be a soy production center, being a typical example of frontier region. The agriculture frontier expansion had been encouraged by the government between the 60's and 70's, based on a road transportation infra-structure. At the beginning of the 80's, because of a governmental fiscal crises, the agricultural sector lost its support, and the road infra-structure and conservation lost its investment, due to the lost of participation on public resources. The lack of investment on Brazilian roads reflected on the soy international competition, since the main transportation used to deliver this product to the ports at the South and South-Eastern regions of the country, is made by road¿s, which are in poor states of conservation, highlighting some parts of BR 163 and BR 364, which are very important roads to distribute the soy production at the Center-Western region. For this reason, 25% of this products sales are already accounted for internal transportation costs, due to the inadequacy of the roads to the characteristics of this product and the long distances that have to be filled and the bad conservation state of the Brazilian roads. The objective of this dissertation is to show the soy production transportation problems at the Center-Western region of the country, due to the concentration of this transportation on the road modal, identifying the inefficiency of such modal. There are a few alternatives appointed, such as road concessions and Public-Private Partnership (PPP), the reverse the offal state of the Brazilian roads and to analyze the use of more efficient transportation modals. Concluding that the use of river and rail-road transportation modals are more efficient to transport the soy from the Center-Western region of the country, in relation to exclusive use of roads. This is due to a higher energetic and transportation efficiency due to the movement of higher density cargo at higher distances, what would reduce circulation costs. This is the moment to reflect on the cargo transportation matrix in the country, in such a form to develop a higher river and rail-road offer and to revitalize the roads for positive contributions to the countries economy
Mestrado
Economia Agricola e Agraria
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
Books on the topic "Soy bean"
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Meijun, Wang, ed. Hei dou jian dan chi, shou chu hao ti zhi: Black soy bean. Xinbei Shi: Shi mao chu ban you xian gong si, 2016.
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Newton, Hartung Helen, ed. The whole soy cookbook: 175 delicious, nutritious, easy-to-prepare recipes featuring tofu, tempeh, and various forms of nature's healthiest bean. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1998.
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Bently, Peter. Say please, Little Bear. New York: Sandy Creek, 2013.
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Timothy, Rhodes, and Czernecki Stefan, eds. Bear in the sky. New York, NY: Sterling/Hyperion, 1990.
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Treado, S. J. Sky luminance and direct beam illuminance. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1986.
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David, Bedford. Touch the sky, my little bear. Brooklyn, N.Y: Handprint Books, 2001.
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Kopp, Dominique. Demain, il fera beau. [Parisl]: Hachette-Livre/Gautier-Languereau, 2005.
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ill, Harter Debbie, and Meza-Riedewald Leticia, eds. Bear in sunshine =: Oso bajo el sol. Cambridge, MA: Barefoot Books, 2009.
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Blackstone, Stella. Bear in sunshine =: Oso bajo el sol. Cambridge, MA: Barefoot Books, 2009.
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ill, Desimini Lisa, ed. When bear came down from the sky. New York, N.Y: Viking, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Soy bean"
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Wadhawan, Nikita, Sagar M. Chavan, N. K. Jain, and Seema Tanwar. "Soy Bean Processing and Utilization." In Handbook of Cereals, Pulses, Roots, and Tubers, 515–28. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003155508-34.
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Hughes, J. S., and C. H. Ganthavorn. "Cancer Inhibiting Effects of Bean Dietary Fiber and Soy Protein Isolate in Rats." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 240. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0939-8_40.
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Iha, Maria H., Mary W. Trucksess, and Jeanne I. Rader. "The fate of ochratoxin A in soy milk and bean curd (tofu) productions." In ACS Symposium Series, 59–68. Washington DC: American Chemical Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2009-1031.ch004.
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Hendrich, S., G. J. Wang, X. Xu, B. Y. Tew, H. J. Wang, and P. A. Murphy. "Human Bioavailability of Soy Bean Isoflavones: Influences of Diet, Dose, Time, and Gut Microflora." In ACS Symposium Series, 150–56. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0701.ch015.
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Ariyadni, Fitramila Dwi, Septa Katmawanti, Farah Paramita, and Anindya Hapsari. "Combination of Tolo and Soy Bean Ice Cream as an Alternatif Snack for Autistic Children." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Sports Science and Health (ICSSH 2022), 298–310. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-072-5_31.
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Künzl, Ernst. "Bears in the starry sky." In Bear and Human, 1185–98. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.tane-eb.5.134386.
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Cain, Tom, and Ruth Connolly. "On my first Son." In The Poems of Ben Jonson, 302–6. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315696195-93.
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Shibata, K., T. Inoue, K. Kato, and M. Kashiwagi. "Electron Beam Recrystallized SOI Structures." In Silicon-on-Insulator, 29–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5311-6_3.
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Cain, Tom, and Ruth Connolly. "Epigram. To a Friend and Son." In The Poems of Ben Jonson, 996–97. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315696195-330.
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Frank, Roslyn M. "“The Bear’s Son Tale”: Traces of an ursine genealogy and bear ceremonialism in a pan-European oral tradition." In Bear and Human, 1107–20. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.tane-eb.5.134380.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Soy bean"
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Statsenko, Ekaterina. "ANALYSIS OF THE GROWING PROCESS OF SOY BEAN." In XIV International Scientific Conference "System Analysis in Medicine". Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/conferencearticle_5fe01d9d640096.59446052.
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Prediction of technological processes in various sectors of the food industry using mathematical modeling is becoming increasingly important. The paper describes the effect of various factors on the grain weight after germination by the method of correlation-regression analysis. Using this modeling method, based on the established relationship, it is possible to predict the weight of the grain after germination in various conditions.
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Bjorn Sanchez Santos and Sergio C Capareda. "Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions from a Diesel Engine Using Soy Bean Oil Biodiesel." In 2008 Providence, Rhode Island, June 29 - July 2, 2008. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25173.
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Rotariu, Lia Sanda, Georgeta-Sofia Popescu, Adrian Varsandan, Manuel-Ovidiu Amzoiu, and Florina Radu. "CHEMICAL AND RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HOMEMADE SOY MILK." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/6.2/s25.09.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical, chemical and rhelogical characteristics of vegetable milk of soybean (soymilk homemade prepared, and some types of soymilk purchased from Romanian supermarkets). Soymilk is an alternative to dairy products and it has long been a traditional drink in China, Japan and other parts of Asia. The soybean (Glycine max) is the most important bean in the world, providing a wide range of vegetable proteins. Soybean is an important source of many bioactive compounds, which are important for the health benefits conferred. Soymilk is a colloidal solution obtained in the form of water extract from swollen and ground soybeans. Soymilk is rich in protein, calcium and has no saturated fat. It is low in calories, being the perfect alternative for people with lactose intolerance. This kind of drink is especially used for vegetarian people, people with lactose intolerance, and those who hold religious fasting. The soymilk has been prepared from analyzed grains and then some chemical and physical characteristics of milk have been assessed. We investigated moisture and total dry content substance (TDC), total mineral content- ash content, macronutrients content (fat, protein and carbohydrates content) for soybeans and soymilk samples. For soymilk, we established total solid content (brix grade), pH, sensory evaluation, and some rheological characteristics.
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Inhong Song, Ji-Hye Kim, Moon-Seong Kang, Kyong-Do Lee, and Jeong-Ryeol Jang. "NPS pollutant loads from the soy bean cultivation in the tidal reclaimed uplands as affected by different fertilizer types." In 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.42204.
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Harinta, Yos, and AGUNG Setyorini. "The Effect of The Flour of Soursop and Seed (Annona muricata) Againt The Mortality and The Reproduction of The Callosobruchus analis F. at the Soy Bean and the Mung Bean." In International Conference on Applied Science and Engineering (ICASE 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icase-18.2018.14.
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Bhuyan, S., S. Sundararajan, D. Andjelkovic, and R. Larock. "Micro- and Nano-Tribological Behaviour of Soybean Oil-Based Polymers of Different Crosslinking Densities." In ASME/STLE 2007 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2007-44206.
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Biopolymers produced from renewable and inexpensive natural resources, such as natural oils, have drawn considerable attention over the past decade, due to their low cost, ready availability, environmental compatibility, and their inherent biodegradability. In this study, the micro/nanotribological wear behavior of biopolymers of different crosslinking densities prepared from low saturated soy-bean oil (LSS) by Rh-catalyzed isomerization with divinyl benzene and polystyrene are evaluated and compared. Microtribological measurements were performed using a ball-on-flat reciprocating microtribometer using two different probes — 1.2 mm radius Si3N4 spherical probe and a 100 micron radius conical diamond probe with 90° cone angle. Nanoscale tests were done using a DLC coated antimony (n) doped silicon probe of radius ∼200 nm. Wear volumes were estimated from groove geometry using Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and adhesive and abrasive wear coefficients were evaluated for the materials. Elastic modulus and hardness information were evaluated using tensile test and microhardness tests respectively. Correlations between cross-linking density and wear behavior were observed. These results provide some insight into the wear behavior of biorenewable materials.
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Nagaraju, Vinay, Mufaddel Dahodwala, Kaushik Acharya, Walter Bryzik, and Naeim A. Henein. "Effect of Swirl Ratio and Injection Pressure on Autoignition, Combustion and Emissions in a High Speed Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled With Biodiesel (B-20)." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76166.
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Biodiesel has different physical and chemical properties than ultra low sulfur diesel fuel (ULSD). The low volatility of biodiesel is expected to affect the physical processes, mainly fuel evaporation and combustible mixture formation. The higher cetane number of biodiesel is expected to affect the rates of the chemical reactions. The combination of these two fuel properties has an impact on the auto ignition process, subsequently combustion and engine out emissions. Applying different swirl ratios and injection pressures affect both the physical and chemical processes. The focus of this paper is to investigate the effect of varying the swirl ratio and injection pressure in a single-cylinder research diesel engine using a blend of biodiesel and ULSD fuel. The engine is a High Speed Direct Injection (HSDI) equipped with a common rail injection system, EGR system and a swirl control mechanism. The engine is operated under simulated turbocharged conditions with 3 bar Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP) at 1500 rpm, using 100% ULSD and a blend of 20% biodiesel and 80% ULSD fuel. The biodiesel is developed from soy bean oil. A detailed analysis of the apparent rate of heat release (ARHR) is made to determine the role of the biodiesel component of B-20 in the combustible mixture formation, autoignition process, premixed, mixing controlled and diffusion controlled combustion fractions. The results explain the factors that cause an increase or a drop in NOx emissions reported in the literature when using biodiesel.
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Graef, George. "High-yield soybean lines with improved seed protein and oil balance." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/reen3740.
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Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a leading supplier of vegetable oil and high-quality protein meal in world markets. Processors expect an oil yield of at least 11 lb bu-1 and want to produce a 48% protein meal. On-farm soybean yields show a linear increase of ~0.45 bu a-1 yr-1, but the prevalent negative association between yield and seed protein concentration resulted in a decrease in seed protein of ~2 percentage points during the past 80 years. Seed oil concentration typically is slightly positively associated with yield and highly negatively correlated with protein, and estimates for the 2021 US soybean extraction rate indicate an all-time high of 11.9 lb bu-1. More extreme levels of protein or oil in the seed have been achieved, but trade-offs with yield and/or the other major component make those soybean lines unsuitable for the commodity market. With large projected increases in demand for both oil and protein, a commodity bean with improved balance of major components that meets the needs of the farmer and processor is needed. By focusing on processing outputs, we realized an improved balance of seed components between protein, oil, and soluble carbohydrates. In multi-environment trials over years, the improved soybean lines yield as well as the elite checks, produce a 48% meal and yield ~1.5 pounds of oil per bushel. In Nebraska tests over two years and 6 locations, new lines showed elite yields (76-86 bu a-1) equal to the checks, produce a 48% protein meal and yield 12.7 pounds of oil per bushel. With judicious choice of parental lines, evaluation and selection based on multiple seed traits and yield, it is possible to increase both oil and protein concentration in the seed and achieve elite yields for commodity markets. These soybeans can help meet the growing demand for both soy protein and oil and provide improved yield and quality for farmers and processors.
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Lee, Seungchul, Harry Cui, Mohammad Rezvanizaniani, and Jun Ni. "Battery Prognostics: SoC and SoH Prediction." In ASME 2012 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 40th North American Manufacturing Research Conference and in participation with the International Conference on Tribology Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2012-7345.
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Battery applications (computer, cell phones or even in cars) have been extensively used in our daily life. The reasons for their success and extensive usage in the real world applications are their light weight, smaller sizes and greater energy densities. These unique characteristics render this class of battery an ideal candidate for powering electrical vehicles. However, due to lack of battery information, often time we will observe machine down time, operation malfunctioning, and even some catastrophic failure due to fast battery degradation and depletion. Thus, much of the attention has been focused on prognostics and health management of battery technologies for the stated purpose. In this paper, we will present two main algorithms that cannot only estimate a one-step-ahead prediction of the battery state but also can estimate the battery remaining useful life. The first method is the linear prediction error method. The second approach is the neural network algorithms. Both methods can predict the battery information accurately. However, particular algorithm specializes in different area of interest.
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Horváth, Róbert, Giuseppe Modica, Inès Ghorbel, Grégoire Beaudoin, Konstantinos Pantzas, Isabelle Sagnes, Aude Martin, Alfredo De Rossi, Sylvain Combrié, and Rémy Braive. "Heterogeneously integrated gallium phosphide optomechanical oscillator on Soi waveguides." In Laser Resonators, Microresonators, and Beam Control XXIV, edited by Andrea M. Armani, Alexis V. Kudryashov, Alan H. Paxton, Vladimir S. Ilchenko, and Julia V. Sheldakova. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2607892.
Full textReports on the topic "Soy bean"
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Dickson, Robert B. A Novel Serine Protease Target for Prevention of Breast Cancer by a Soy Bean-Derived Inhibitor. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada396285.
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Dickson, Robert. A Novel Serine Protease Target for Prevention of Breast Cancer by a Soy Bean-Derived Inhibitor. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada383190.
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Mofa, Ghana, and International Food Policy Research Institute. Ghana's soya bean market. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134142.
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Treado, S., W. Remmert, and J. Bean. Sky luminance and direct beam illuminance. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.85-3251.
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Fraanje, Walter, and Tara Garnett. Soy: food, feed, and land use change. Edited by Helen Breewood. Food Climate Research Network, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/47e58c32.
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The global growth in the production of soy and its use for different types of foods has been, and continues to be, a major contributor to land use change in the Amazon and other regions in South America. This building block explores the connections between soy, land use change, and discussions on animal- versus plant-based protein sources.
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VANDERBILT UNIV NASHVILLE TN. So, You've Been Asked to Testify Before Congress. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada482812.
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Kupz, Andreas, and Harindra Sathkumara. Why have efforts to eradicate TB been so slow? Edited by Grace Jennings-Edquist. Monash University, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/9c19-3262.
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Kirby, Robert E. SEY and Surface Analysis Measurements on FNAL Main Injector Ring S/S Beam Chamber Material. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/891857.
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Beaudry, Paul, and Fabrice Collard. Why has the Employment-Productivity Tradeoff among Industrialized Countries been so strong? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8754.
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Brichart, Thomas, Mahmoud Ould Metidji, Mario Silva, Sissel Opsahl Viig, and Tor Bjørnstad. Lanthanide-Complexed Esters for Single-Well SOR Measurements. University of Stavanger, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.208.
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The main objective has been to improve the prevailing single-well chemical tracer push-and-pull technique, SWCTT, for measurement of residual oil saturation (SOR) in defined pay zones in a single well test [1,2,3] after water injection on the following subjects: • Improvement in tracer detection limits by a factor > 1000 • On-site or even on-line detection of tracer signal in true time • Reduction in the needed amount of tracer by a factor of > 1000 • Reduced footprint on production platforms during tracer operation The intended audience and technology users are oil and service companies.