Journal articles on the topic 'Sows Reproduction; Swine Pregnancy'
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1
Kirkwood, R. N., A. J. Peacock, and P. A. Thacker. "The influence of growth hormone injections either pre- or post-breeding on the reproductive performance of sows and gilts." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-028.
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Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of porcine growth hormone (pGH) injections on reproductive performance of swine. In exp. 1, 62 mixed-parity Yorkshire × Land-race sows received 6 mg of pGH either daily (n = 20) or on alternate days (n = 20) from 2 d preweaning until 4 d postweaning, with remaining sows (n = 22) serving as controls. A single blood sample was obtained from each sow prior to the first injection, at weaning and at 4 d postweaning and samples were assayed for insulin, IGF-I and triiodothyronine (T3). Serum insulin tended (P = 0.1) to be higher at 4 d postweaning in sows injected daily but was unaffected by injections on alternate days. However, T3 and IGF-I were higher (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) in both pGH groups compared with controls. No significant effects of either pGH treatment were apparent for the mean remating interval or subsequent litter size but the rebreeding interval was less variable (P < 0.01) for sows injected on alternate days. In experiment two, 40 Yorkshire × Landrace gilts received either 6 mg of pGH or vehicle on alternate days from days 5 to 21 of pregnancy. Single blood samples were obtained on days 5, 10, 15 and 20 of pregnancy and were assayed for insulin, IGF-I, T3 and progesterone. The injection of pGH had no effect on serum insulin or progesterone, caused a mild increase (P = 0.15) in serum T3 and increased (P < 0.01) serum IGF-I. There was no effect of treatment on pregnancy rate, ovulation rate, number of embryos or on embryo weight or crown-rump length. From the data of both experiments, we conclude that the injection of pGH either pre- or post-breeding will not improve the reproductive performance of swine. Key words: Growth hormone, IGF-I, reproduction, swine
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Muro, B., R. Carnevale, M. Mendonça, D. Leal, M. Torres, D. Nakasone, G. Ravagnani, et al. "54 Altrenogest supplementation during early pregnancy improves swine embryonic development." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 1 (2019): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv31n1ab54.
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Progesterone (P4) is of paramount importance in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy for mammals. Progesterone stimulates the endometrial secretion of several molecules involved in conceptus growth and development during the peri-implantation period. Indeed, several studies involving ruminants have reported that exogenous P4 supplementation is related to increased early embryo development, higher levels of interferon tau, and improved pregnancy rate. However, there is a lack of information about P4 supplementation during early pregnancy regarding swine embryonic development. Additionally, some of the few studies involving pigs have shown an impaired pregnancy rate when supplementation was performed before Day 6 of pregnancy. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of progesterone/progestin supplementation from Day 6 of pregnancy on total number of embryos (TE), pregnancy rate (PR), embryo development, and maternal serum 17β-oestradiol concentration (17β-E). A total of 31 crossbred, 2 to 6 parity sows were used. All sows were inseminated every 24h through the first oestrus following a 21-day lactation, and ovulation was detected by transrectal real-time ultrasound to determine Day 0 of pregnancy. On Day 6 of pregnancy, animals were randomly allocated to one of the following groups: CON (n=11), non-supplemented sows; RU (n=11), sows supplemented daily with 20mg of Altrenogest-Regumate® from Day 6 to 12 of pregnancy; and PG (n=9), sows supplemented with 2.15 mg/kg of long-acting P4 IM on Day 6 of pregnancy. Sows were treated with altrenogest p.o. as a top dressing over a small portion of feed. Blood samples were collected from 12 sows (4 per group) on Day 12 of pregnancy to measure the level of plasma 17β-E by radioimmunoassay. Sows were slaughtered on Day 28 of pregnancy. The uterus from each sow was collected and embryos were counted to determine TE. Embryos were individually separated from their placentas, weighed, and crown-to-rump length was determined. Data were analysed by the SAS program. All variables were analysed by PROC-MIXED t-test. Statistical difference was considered when P<0.05. The PR did not differ among groups (91, 90, and 88%, for CON, RU, and PG, respectively; P>0.05). No difference was observed among groups for TE and 17β-E level (P>0.05). However, embryonic weight and crown-to-rump length differed among the 3 groups (P<0.001). The RU-treated sows had heavier and bigger embryos when compared with the other groups. In contrast, PG-treated sows had the lowest averages for the same variables (weight: 1.39±0.01, 1.46±0.02, and 1.22±0.01; crown-to-rump: 21.07±0.08, 21.61±0.11, and 20.66±0.11; for CON, RU, and PG, respectively). In conclusion, altrenogest supplementation from Day 6 to 12 of pregnancy increases size and weight of porcine embryos, whereas 2.15mg kg−1 of long-acting P4 on Day 6 of pregnancy decreased these variables when compared with non-supplemented sows. Research was supported by FAPESP Grant 2017/00290-0.
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FILATOV, A. V., V. S. LOBANOV, and V. P. KHLOPITSKY. "PROGESTAMAG® – AN EFFECTIVE REMEDY FOR INCREASE OF REPRODUCTIVE INDICATORS IN SWINE-BREEDING." PIG-BREEDING, no. 2 (2021): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37925/0039-713x-2021-2-43-45.
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The optimal frequency of administration and terms use of preparation Progestamag® for increased level of reproduction in sows are defined. The efficiency this hormonal progesterone-containing preparation in the critical period pregnancy of animals is revealed. Experimental studies have shown that injection of exogenous progesterone during early gestation contributes increase level of fertilization and multiple fetation of breeding stock pigs.
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Kirkwood, R. N., and P. A. Thacker. "The influence of adding estradiol to semen on reproductive performance of sows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 589–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-071.
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One hundred gilts and one hundred mixed-parity sows of Yorkshire and Landrace breeding were inseminated with semen with or without an additional 10 μg estradiol-17β. Pregnancy rates of gilts receiving estradiol-supplemented and control semen were 90 and 79%, respectively (P < 0.09). The estradiol supplementation of semen did not improve the pregnancy rates or litter size in sows. Key words: Swine, artificial insemination, estradiol
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Parraguez, Víctor H., Francisco Sales, Oscar A. Peralta, Mónica De los Reyes, Alfonso Campos, Javier González, Wolfgang Peralta, Camila Cabezón, and Antonio González-Bulnes. "Maternal Supplementation with Herbal Antioxidants during Pregnancy in Swine." Antioxidants 10, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050658.
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The effects of a combined supplementation with herbal antioxidants during pregnancy on reproductive traits and piglet performance (number of live, dead, and mummified newborns and litter weight at birth and individual body weight at both birth and weaning) were assessed in a total of 1027 sows (504 treated and 523 control females) kept under commercial breeding conditions. The supplementation increased the number of live-born piglets (13.64 ± 0.11 vs. 12.96 ± 0.13 in the controls; p = 0.001) and the total litter weight, decreasing the incidence of low-weight piglets without affecting the number of stillbirths and mummified newborns. Such an effect was modulated by the number of parity and the supplementation, with supplementation increasing significantly the number of living newborns in the first, second, sixth, and seventh parities (0.87, 1.10, 1.49, and 2.51 additional piglets, respectively; p < 0.05). The evaluation of plasma vitamin concentration and biomarkers of oxidative stress (total antioxidant capacity, TAC, and malondialdehyde concentration, MDA) performed in a subset of farrowing sows and their lighter and heavier piglets showed that plasma levels of both vitamins were significantly higher in the piglets than in their mothers (p < 0.05 for vitamin C and p < 0.005 for vitamin E), with antioxidant supplementation increasing significantly such concentrations. Concomitantly, there were no differences in maternal TAC but significantly higher values in piglets from supplemented sows (p < 0.05). On the other hand, supplementation decreased plasma MDA levels both in the sows and their piglets (p < 0.05). Finally, the piglets from supplemented mothers showed a trend for a higher weaning weight (p = 0.066) and, specifically, piglets with birth weights above 1 kg showed a 7.4% higher weaning weight (p = 0.024). Hence, the results of the present study, with high robustness and translational value by offering data from more than 1000 pregnancies under standard breeding conditions, supports that maternal supplementation with herbal antioxidants during pregnancy significantly improves reproductive efficiency, litter traits, and piglet performance.
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Kousenidis, Konstantinos, Ioannis A. Giantsis, Efstathia Karageorgiou, and Melpomeni Avdi. "Swine Ultrasonography Numerical Modeling for Pregnancy Diagnosis and Prediction of Litter Size." International Journal of Biology and Biomedical Engineering 15 (February 10, 2021): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91011.2021.15.5.
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Early and reliable diagnosis of pregnancy in sows is considered one of the most crucial parameters for the proper management in pig farming. Reproductive activity of the sows is directly correlated with the overall productivity of the enterprise. The best and most precise methodology to diagnose pregnancy in farm animals, including pigs, is ultrasonography. For getting optimal outputs of real-time ultrasonography application in pigs, both gestation status and litter size of sows is of high importance. Hence, a detailed evaluation and careful reading of the retrieved ultrasonic image could serve to the prediction of the sow’s litter size, providing valuable information to the producer. In the present article we studied the ultrasonic typification of sows in an effort to develop a methodology for the precise pregnancy diagnosis and the prediction of the litter size. To achieve this goal, 1214 matings and 1010 pregnancies were recorded and evaluated over a period of 20 months, in a pig unit in Northern Greece. Two thorough scans were performed on each sow, classifying the ultrasonic image in a scale of 0 to 10, 0 being ‘non pregnant’ and 10 given to the most reassuring image of pregnancy. Evaluations took place in a wide range of time since mating, hence between days 16 (the earliest first scan) and 68 (the latest that a second scan was performed) and the mean values obtained were 8,36 and 8,83 for the first and second scan respectively. Furthermore, the litter size of each subsequent parturition was recorded (mean: 12.22) and correlated to the score of each of the two scans performed during pregnancy. The results showed that more reassuring images and higher scores for both examinations of pregnancy were achieved with increasing time interval from mating (P<0.05). It is therefore suggested that a detailed real-time ultrasonic scanning, can provide a very useful tool, not only for pregnancy diagnosis, but also for the prediction of litter size and eventually the precise management of pregnant sows.
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BOGDAN, Liviu, Ioan GROZA, Mihai CENARIU, Simona CIUPE, Emoke PALL, Anamaria PETREAN, Sorana MATEI, and Sidonia BOGDAN. "RESEARCHES REGARDING ESTRUS INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONIZATION IN SOWS AFTER WEANING." Cluj Veterinary Journal 15, no. 1 (March 16, 2009): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52331/cvj.v15i1.5.
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The purpose of this paper was to improve the reproductive performances of sows after weaning in a private swine farm. The main objective was to implement modern reproductive biotechnologies (estrus synchronization, artificial insemination and early pregnancy diagnosis) in order to increase the economic efficiency of the reproductive sector of this farm. The biologic material used for the research was represented by 300 sows whose estrus was synchronized using three hormonal procedures (Regu-Mate administered collectively, Regu-Mate administered individually and PG600) as well as naturally, using stimulating boars. The results showed that the best methods of estrus induction and synchronization in sows use either Regu-Mate administered individually in fodder or PG600.
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Park, Y. S., S. H. Yang, S. M. Park, S. J. Kim, and J. B. Kim. "118 DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTRONE-1-SULFATE IN URINE AS A TOOL FOR DIAGNOSIS OF EARLY PREGNANCY IN SWINE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 1 (2008): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv20n1ab118.
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Early identification of pregnancy or non-pregnancy in sows is considered very important, as the management of sows during the post service period is crucial if the breeding efficiency of a herd is to be maximized. Studies of steroid hormones in pregnant sows showed that there was a significant increase in plasma estrone-1-sulfate concentration by the 16th day of gestation, which reaches peak values between Days 23 and 30 of gestation. Since plasma estrone-1-sulfate concentrations are high between Days 23 and 30 of pregnancy, its determination has been used as a means for early pregnancy diagnosis and monitoring fertility in sows. However, the application of the method in pig farms on a routine basis remains restricted because blood sampling is difficult and disturbs the animals. The present study describes the development of a simple and reliable time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TR-FIA) method for the estimation of estrone-1-sulfate in swine urine, which was assessed as a means for early diagnosis of pregnancy and monitoring fertility in sows. We demonstrated cross activity between Anti-estrone-1-glucuronide antibody (Clone 155) and estrone-1-sulfate. The method is based on a direct competitive heterogeneous immunoassay by the typical procedure of competitive immunocomplex formation. For detection of estrone-1-sulfate, anti-estrone-1-glucuronide antibody (Clone 155) was first coated on polystyrene microplates, and estrone-1-sulfate was captured by the primary antibody with estrone-1-glucuronide labeled with europium. The immunocomplex was subsequently dissociated by the enhancement solution containing Triton X-100, acetic acid, and chelators. The free europium was detection by DELFIA 1420 detector (Perkin-Elmer Life Sciences, Waltham, MA, USA). The fluorescence intensity of free europium at 613 nm was proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of estron-1-sulfate in a dynamic range of 0.078~10 ng mL–1. Intra-assay variation for estrone-1-sulfate was 4%. The limit of quantification was 100 pg mL–1. The mean estrone-1-sulfate concentration was significantly higher in pregnant sows (15.6 � 5.3 ng mL–1) than in non-pregnant sows and in sows in estrus (0.74 � 0.44 ng mL–1). Taking the concentration of 20 pg mL–1 as a cut-off, all cases of non-pregnant sows and sows in estrus were negative. Urine estrone-1-sulfate concentrations in pregnant sows at 23-day intervals post-service were 14~16 ng mL–1. According to the results of our field trial, urine estrone-1-sulfate concentrations are very low during estrus and remain low in non-pregnant sows at different stages of the estrous cycle, whereas the concentration increases significantly during specific stages of pregnancy at 23-day intervals. It is concluded that the satisfactory sensitivity of the present assay in combination with the good correlation for pregnancy from the present field trial makes this method a very useful technique for early pregnancy diagnosis in swine; the simplicity of urine sampling makes also it suitable for practical use.
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Gotardo, André T., Isis M. Hueza, Helena Manzano, Viviane M. Maruo, Paulo C. Maiorka, and Silvana L. Górniak. "Intoxication by Cyanide in Pregnant Sows: Prenatal and Postnatal Evaluation." Journal of Toxicology 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/407654.
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Cyanide is a ubiquitous chemical in the environment and has been associated with many intoxication episodes; however, little is known about its potentially toxic effects on development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal exposure to potassium cyanide (KCN) during pregnancy on both sows and their offspring. Twenty-four pregnant sows were allocated into four groups that orally received different doses of KCN (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 mg/kg of body weight) from day 21 of pregnancy to term. The KCN-treated sows showed histological lesions in the CNS, thyroid follicle enlargement, thyroid epithelial thickening, colloid reabsorption changes, and vacuolar degeneration of the renal tubular epithelium. Sows treated with 4.0 mg/kg KCN showed an increase in the number of dead piglets at birth. Weaned piglets from all KCN-treated groups showed histological lesions in the thyroid glands with features similar to those found in their mothers. The exposure of pregnant sows to cyanide thus caused toxic effects in both mothers and piglets. We suggest that swine can serve as a useful animal model to assess the neurological, goitrogenic, and reproductive effects of cyanide toxicosis.
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Lord, Etienne, Bruce D. Murphy, Joëlle A. Desmarais, Sandra Ledoux, Danièle Beaudry, and Marie-France Palin. "Modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ and γ transcripts in swine endometrial tissue during early gestation." Reproduction 131, no. 5 (May 2006): 929–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00657.
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Recent evidence points to a role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) δ and γ in embryo implantation and survival. In this study, we report the porcine PPARδ complete coding sequence and mRNA abundance of PPARδ, PPARγ1 and γ2, angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) and adipocyte determination and differentiation-dependent factor 1 (ADD1) genes in the pregnant sow endometrium. Real-time PCR analysis was used to study the effect of parity (Yorkshire-Landrace multiparous (YL) and nulliparous (YLn)), site of endometrial tissue sampling (between and at embryo attachment sites) in crossbred Duroc×Yorkshire-Landrace (DYL) sows and stages of pregnancy (non-pregnant, day 15 and day 25 after mating) in Meishan-Landrace (ML) on mRNA levels. Parity effects were observed for PPARδ, ANGPTL4, and ADD1, with higher mRNA levels in YL than YLn sows. In DYL sows, lower mRNA levels were present at attachment sites compared to between attachment sites for PPARδ, PPARγ1, and ANGPTL4. Finally, day 15 pregnant ML sows had lower PPARδ mRNA levels compared to day 15 cycling ML sows. A significant increase of PPARγ1 mRNA levels was found on day 25 pregnant ML and DYL sows relative to day 15 ML or DYL pregnant sows. PPARδ and γ immunostaining was detected in endometrial tissue of day 15 cycling sows, day 15 and 25 pregnant sows and epithelial cells of day 25 embryos. Collectively, our results suggest a role for PPARδ, PPARγ1, and ANGPTL4, but not PPARγ2, during the peri-implantation period in pregnant sows.
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GILES, J. R., L. H. THOMPSON, S. ARKINS, T. CAMACHO, and P. A. EICHEN. "EFFECTS OF UTERINE INFUSION OF NONVIABLE SEMEN, SEMINAL PLASMA OR EGG ALBUMEN PRIOR TO BREEDING ON THE REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY OF GILTS OR SOWS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 70, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas90-014.
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In two different experiments crossbred gilts and(or) sows were used to investigate the effects of uterine exposure (prior to breeding) to nonviable semen (NS), seminal plasma (SP) or egg albumen (EA) on reproductive performance. Treatment solutions were infused via the cervix at estrus in gilts or within 2 d post-partum in sows. Females were artificially inseminated at the subsequent estrus. In the first experiment pregnancy rates for gilts infused with Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) as controls, NS or EA and subsequently inseminated, were 76, 85 and 54%, respectively, and were not significantly different among treatment groups. The number of total embryos (adjusted for number of corpora lutea) present at 38 d postinsemination was 9.6, 9.0 and 9.6, respectively, for BTS, ND and EA infused gilts and was not significantly different. Likewise, the number of live and dead embryos was not different among treatments. In the second experiment, the proportions of inseminated sows infused with BTS, NS or SP that subsequently farrowed were 87, 84 and 92%, respectively, and did not differ significantly among treatments. No significant differences were detected for the number of total, live or dead pigs born per litter among treatments. We conclude that uterine exposure to seminal proteins or egg albumen prior to breeding does not alter reproductive performance in gilts by 38 d of gestation. Also, the infusion of seminal proteins in sows shortly after parturition does not affect pregnancy rates or litter size at the subsequent farrowing. Key words: Reproductive efficiency, litter size, swine, artificial insemination
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Saun, Robert Van. "23 Dietary management of the transition animal: Perspectives from dairy cows to sows." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.024.
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Abstract Since the 1990s, the impact of late gestational nutrition and management on lactation and reproduction has become the focus of dairy management. Transition cow management has been credited with having greater influence on herd performance as compared to previous focus on lactation nutrition. Several seminal papers published in 1990s and early 2000s directed management practices of dry cows, rightly or wrongly, toward critical factors impacting calving and lactation. Dairy cow gestational protein requirements cited a 1956 study on Red Danish cows until Bell (1995) characterized the modern Holstein fetus’ chemical composition over the last 70 days of gestation. Recognized health effects of “fat cow syndrome”, similarly described for pigs, focuses late pregnant dairy cow management on body condition management starting in late lactation. Optimum condition was emphasized, recognizing negative impacts of excessive limited BC on lactation and reproduction. Maximizing dry matter intake was a nutritional goal for preventing energy-based metabolic challenges, until research indicated excessive energy during early, non-lactating period was more critical to managing postpartum metabolic derangements than the weeks prior to calving; which is like controlling energy intake of sows. Delivery of amino acids, estimated by metabolizable protein intake, has recently earned focus of research, relative to immune function, metabolic stability and reproductive success during early lactation. Identifying amino acids as critical fetal metabolic fuel, and consequences of excessive maternal protein mobilization, has become a focal point of swine and dairy transition nutrition. Although management of the transition cow has been greatly refined through nutritional research, improved cow performance has not yet been realized in the field. Recognition of the interplay between nutrition, environment and management relative to enhancing cow behavior has provided insight to the challenges of managing the transition cow. Metabolic, environmental and management challenges facing the physiologic transition from pregnancy into lactation occur in all production species. Although cows and sows procure essential nutrients by different digestive modes, cross-species applications can provide new or reinforcing perspectives on collective management approaches.
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Lesskiu, P. E., M. L. Bernardi, I. Wentz, and F. P. Bortolozzo. "Effect of body development from first insemination to first weaning on performance and culling until the third farrowing of Landrace x Large White swine females." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 67, no. 2 (April 2015): 465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-6897.
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The aim of this study was to verify the association of sow body weight development until the 1st weaning with reproductive performance, piglet production and culling rate until the 3rd farrowing in 196 primiparous sows using logistic regression models. Each 10kg increase in weight gain in the 1stpregnancy (OR= 0.63), weight at 1st farrowing (OR= 0.70), weight at the 1st weaning (OR= 0.73) or weight gain from the 1startificial insemination (AI) to the 1st weaning (OR= 0.67) decreased the percentage of primiparous sows with long weaning-to-oestrus interval - WOI (>5 days). An increasing lactation length and an increase in the number of weaned piglets were responsible for respectively decreasing (OR= 0.77-0.80, per day of lactation) and increasing (OR= 1.52-1.59, per piglet weaned) the percentage of sows with long WOI. Sows with <159.5kg at weaning had higher odds of non-farrowing (NFR) compared to sows with >170kg (OR= 4.73). Sows with <17.5kg of gain from the 1st AI to the 1st weaning had higher odds (OR= 4.88) of NFR than sows gaining >30kg. Each additional lactation day decreased the NFR (OR= 0.74). Females weighing <139kg at the 1st AI had higher percentages of small numbers of total born in the second parity (STB2, OR= 2.00) and over three parities (OR= 3.28) compared to those weighing ≥139kg. Sows with weight gain <25kg at the 1st pregnancy had higher odds of STB2 (OR= 3.01) compared to sows gaining >35kg. Each 10kg of increase in weight at the 1st weaning or in weight gain from the 1stAI to the 1stweaning decreased the total culling rate (OR= 0.71 and 0.73, respectively) and culling for reproductive reasons (OR= 0.57 and 0.61, respectively). The culling rate until the 3rdfarrowing was also increased in sows with a smaller first litter size. The results show that not only reaching a minimum weight at the 1st AI but also having an adequate body weight gain until the 1st weaning is important for the reproductive performance, productivity and retention of Landrace x Large White Danbred sows in the herd.
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Pacini, Maria Irene, Mario Forzan, Giovanni Cilia, Lucrezia Bernardini, Filippo Marzoli, Francesca Pedonese, Patrizia Bandecchi, Filippo Fratini, and Maurizio Mazzei. "Detection of Pseudorabies Virus in Wild Boar Foetus." Animals 10, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020366.
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Pseudorabies, or Aujeszky’s disease, is a notifiable worldwide infection of domestic and feral swine that causes economic losses for the swine industry. In domestic pigs, the virus is responsible for nervous and/or respiratory symptoms; in pregnant sows, it is one of the major causes of stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility (SMEDI). It is known that PRV infection in wild boar is associated with low pathogenicity and attenuated or absent symptomatology, but limited information is available about the ability of the virus to infect the foetuses of infected wild boar pregnant sows. Due to scarce information about the reproductive consequences, we investigate the possible intrauterine vertical transmission of the virus in wild boar pregnant sow living in a highly infected area. A number of 54 hunted wild boar were sampled during 2018–2019, and blood, genital and nasal swabs, placenta, and fetuses were collected for serological and molecular investigations. A seroprevalence of 74% (40/54) was detected, while 1/24 pregnant sow and 1/24 pooled foetuses tested positive by PCR (gene gB). This is the first evidence of viral detection in foetuses from seropositive pregnant wild boar. This finding suggests the possible pathogenetic role of PRV on pregnancy in wild boar and the existence of an additional transmission route.
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PAGÉ, SYLVAIN, JEAN-PIERRE CHARUEST, and JACQUES J. DUFOUR. "EFFET DE L'IMPOSITION DE DEUX RÉGIMES LUMINEUX À DEUX STADES PHYSIOLOGIQUES SUR LE TAUX DE RÉFORME POUR ANOESTRUS ET NON GESTATION CHEZ LA COCHETTE ET LA TRUIE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 4 (December 1, 1988): 1001–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-115.
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During a 3-yr period, Landrace-Yorkshire gilts of an average age of 225 d were randomly assigned to 4 h light — 20 h dark (4) or 16 h light — 8 h dark (16), as they entered the herd. In the gestation room (G), the two light treatments were maintained until culling or 1 wk prior to farrowing. For the lactation period (L), the gilts were either maintained on the same light treatment as the gestation or switched to the opposite one before going back again at weaning to the light treatment received in gestation. Four light treatments were then formed, namely: G4-L4, G4-L16, G16-L4 and G16-L16 and the practical consequences of such light regimens evaluated in a commercial herd. In gilts, the culling rate for anestrus (at 304 d of age) was 6.6% for the 956 gilts available for the study and was unaffected by photoperiod imposed during gestation. The culling rate for failure to maintain pregnancy was 4.7% for the 1150 gilts available and was higher (P < 0.01) in gilts exposed to the 4 h light (G4). In primiparous sows, the culling rates for anestrus (40 d after weaning) and failure to maintain pregnancy were 10.7% and 6.2%, respectively, for the 475 and 678 sows available for the study. The culling rates for anestrus and failure to maintain pregnancy were higher for sows exposed to the 16 h light in lactation (L16, P < 0.06 and P < 0.02, respectively). After two and three farrowings, the culling rates were negligible for all treatments. Among females culled for anestrus, 62% of gilts and 58% of primiparous sows showed luteal structures (corpora lutea and/or corpora albicantia) at slaughter and were unaffected by treatments. Among females culled for anestrus and failure to maintain pregnancy, 24% of gilts and 19% of primiparous sows had genital abnormalities. These data indicate that the effect of photoperiod on the culling rate for reproductive failure in swine was dependent upon parity and physiological stage at which it is imposed. Key words: Gilt, sow, photoperiod, culling, anestrus, failure to maintain pregnancy
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Schwarz, T., P. Jaros, R. Tuz, J. Nowicki, and P. M. Bartlewski. "153 The effects of parity and oxytocin or prostaglandin F2α added to insemination doses on reproductive performance of pigs bred in summer." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 32, no. 2 (2020): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv32n2ab153.
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Summer is the least favourable season for swine reproduction, mainly due to long photoperiods and heat stress. Such conditions negatively impinge on the reproductive system of sows and boars, manifesting in debilitated uterine and gonadal function. This situation is exacerbated by the dilution of ejaculates in semen extender before AI. Consequently, there is a noticeable decline in piglet productivity of summer-breeding gilts and sows. The main goal of this study was to determine the effect of oxytocin (OX) or prostaglandin F2α analogue (PG) added to boar semen extender on the duration of insemination and reproductive performance of pigs bred in July and August. A total of 144 females (80 gilts and second-parity sows (G+SP) and 64 multiparous sows (M)) were divided into three groups (n=48 per group). The OX (11 G+SP and 37M) and PG (20 G+SP and 28M) groups were inseminated twice (at the onset of behavioural oestrus and 22-24h later) using semen supplemented with 20IU of OX or 5mg of PG, respectively; the controls (33 G+SP and 15M) were artificially inseminated with non-supplemented inseminate doses. Pregnancy was detected ultrasonographically on gestational day 42, and the number and viability of piglets were recorded at farrowing. Proportions were analysed using chi-square test (Brandt and Snedecor formula), and other numerical data were analysed using two-way analysis of variance and least significant difference test to determine the differences between individual mean values (SigmaPlot, Systat Software Inc.). The mean duration of first insemination was shorter (P<0.05) in M females (80±22s) compared with G+SP females (191±26s) inseminated with PG-supplemented semen, whereas the second insemination was shorter (P<0.05) in M females than in G+SP females artificially inseminated with OX-supplemented semen (93±15s compared with 192±28s). The mean pregnancy rate was lower (P<0.05) in control G+SP females (26/33; 85%) than in OX G+SP females (11/11; 100%). The farrowing rate was less (P<0.05) in control females (36/48; 75%) than in OX females (44/48; 92%), and it was less (P<0.05) in PG G+SP females (14/20; 70%) compared with PG M females (26/28; 93%). The M females in the OX group had more (P<0.05) stillborn piglets per litter compared with their G+SP counterparts (0.6±0.1 vs. 0.1±0.1). Overall, PG females had more (P<0.05) weak piglets per litter (1.2±0.2) compared with the control (0.5±0.2) and OX (0.6±0.2) groups. The present results reveal the occurrence of both beneficial and undesirable effects of PG and OX added to boar semen extender on reproductive performance of breeding pigs in summer. Addition of PG was associated with shorter first-insemination times in older sows compared with G+SP animals but also with lower farrowing rates in younger animals and an overall increase in the number of weak piglets at farrowing. Supplementation of OX was in turn associated with a shorter second insemination and higher pregnancy rates in young females but more stillborn piglets per litter in multiparous sows. The specific causative mechanisms of these associations remain to be elucidated.
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Lippi, Isabella Cristina de Castro, Fabiana Ribeiro Caldara, Ibiara Correia de Lima Almeida-Paz, Henrique Biasotto Morais, Agnês Markiy Odakura, Elisabete Castelon Konkiewitz, Welber Sanches Ferreira, et al. "Effects of Music Therapy on Neuroplasticity, Welfare, and Performance of Piglets Exposed to Music Therapy in the Intra- and Extra-Uterine Phases." Animals 12, no. 17 (August 28, 2022): 2211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12172211.
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The rearing environment of pigs can cause a high level of stress due to the lack of stimuli and the impossibility of carrying out natural behaviors. Music therapy is a way to enrich the environment and promote stress relief. Few studies in swine using environmental enrichers focus on functional benefits, such as stress resilience, improved biological functions, or mental status. The effect of environmental enrichment on neurobiological processes is particularly poorly understood in farm animals. Thus, our study sought to elucidate the influence of music in piglets exposed to music therapy in the intrauterine and extrauterine phase on neuroplasticity, evaluating the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Behavioural responses were also evaluated using fear tests related to stress resilience. The productive performance of these piglets was analysed to relate the possible reduction in stress levels to greater productivity gains. Forty-eight sows were used at 90 days of gestation until the weaning of their piglets. In the gestation phase, the sows were divided into two treatments: control (without music therapy) and music (with music therapy). In the farrowing/lactation phase, the sows were separated into four treatments: control-control (no music in any phase); control-music (music only in farrowing/lactation); music-control (music only during pregnancy); and music-music (music in both reproductive phases). Music therapy did not cause a difference in the BDNF levels of piglets at birth. However, piglets born from sows of the music-music treatment did not show a reduction in BDNF between birth and weaning, unlike the other treatments. Exposure to music in the last 1/3 of pregnancy and farrowing/lactation improved the weight of piglets at birth and at weaning. Musical enrichment during pregnancy and lactation was able to cause changes in the piglets’ neuroplasticity and improve their productive performances.
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Vakanjac, Slobodanka, Vladimir Magas, Vladan Babic, Milan Maletic, Spomenka Djuric, Jelena Apic, and Milorad Mirilovic. "Analysis of reproductive parameters after intrauterine insemination of sows with semen stored for different time periods." Veterinarski glasnik 71, no. 2 (2017): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1702098v.
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Introduction. Artificial insemination of sows with cooled semen has become a routine practice in the swine industry and has almost completely ruled out natural mating. The storage time of the cooled semen and preservation of its qualitative parameters are of the upmost importance and depend partly on the semen extender used. The aim of this study was to determine the quality of cooled semen during storage in a thermobox with a commercial extender by assessment of sperm motility, cytomorphology, and assessment of reproductive parameters in sows after intrauterine insemination. Materials and Methods. The semen was preserved with Duragen? (Magapor, Spain) extender and stored at 17?1?C. A total of 110 sows were included in the study and randomly divided into four groups: K1 (n=25) , K2 (n=25), K3 (n=30), and K4 (n=30). The sows were inseminated twice with semen (>1x107/ml spermatozoa) which had been stored for 1 day (S1), 3 days (S3), 5 days (S5), or 7 days (S7). Pregnancy was diagnosed by imaging ultrasound. Results and Conclusions. The best results were obtained when the sows were inseminated with semen stored for one day. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the number and vitality of newborn piglets when semen stored for 3 or 5 days was used. Intrauterine insemination resulted in a satisfactory number of farrowings and piglets despite the fact that a relatively low number of spermatozoa was determined in each dose used. The use of semen with a higher dilution rate and its intrauterine application ensured a larger number of obtained doses from one ejaculate and indicates this would lead to a more profitable use of boars.
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Vinas, Raquel Fernandez, Lidia S. Arend, Gustavo Silva, Aaron Lower, Joseph F. Connor, Andre F. Furugen Cesar de Andrade, Bhalerao Kaustubh, and Robert V. Knox. "175 Evaluation of Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy to Determine Swine Herd Reproductive Status Using the Accuracy of Ultrasound and Hormonal Assays as Diagnostic Tools." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (April 12, 2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.135.
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Abstract Management of fertility determines production efficiency. Important fertility measures include detection of estrus (DE), early pregnancy confirmation (EPC), and day of farrowing (DF) with few tools available to diagnose or predict. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) uses an array of frequencies to determine tissue resistance in relation to change. Our objective was to determine if EIS can predict reproductive events. The study was conducted for DE using weaned sows (n = 135) scanned on D 1-7; EPC used inseminated sows (n = 135) scanned on D 18-20; DF used pregnant sows on D 113 to farrowing. The EIS device used a four-electrode transducer with an internal processor and was connected to a mobile device for operation, reading, and data storage. The device obtained impedance (Ω) and phase data for analysis from 42 frequencies between 1,000 and 29,000 Hz. The device was disinfected and inserted into the vagina with scans requiring ~20 s. Data were uploaded to a server and stored on a website for labeling and analysis. Accuracy was based on DE, EPC on D 30, and DF. Data were analyzed in RStudio using GLM with logistic regression to generate log-likelihood estimates for r2 and associated P values. Predictive models for DE, EPC, and DF included EIS, day of measure, and parity. For DE, prediction was greatest 1 d before and on estrus (r2 = 0.98), moderate 3 to 4 d before estrus (r2 = 0.59), and not predictive ≥4 d before estrus. For EPC, the measures for EIS were not predictive due to limited numbers of non-pregnant sows (3%). For DF, prediction for 1 d before was (r2 = 0.98), for 2 d (r2 = 0.89), and for 3 d (r2 = 0.51). Our preliminary results suggest impedance of the sow vagina can be used to predict events, but more data for failures and days will be needed to improve prediction.
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Heras-Molina, Ana, José Luis Pesantez-Pacheco, Susana Astiz, Consolación Garcia-Contreras, Marta Vazquez-Gomez, Teresa Encinas, Cristina Óvilo, Beatriz Isabel, and Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes. "Maternal Supplementation with Polyphenols and Omega-3 Fatty Acids during Pregnancy: Effects on Growth, Metabolism, and Body Composition of the Offspring." Animals 10, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 1946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111946.
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Maternal supplementation with antioxidants and n3 PUFAs may be a promising strategy to reduce the risk of intrauterine growth restriction and preterm delivery, which may diminish the appearance of low-birth-weight neonates. The present study aimed to determine benefits and risks of a dietary supplementation combining hydroxytyrosol, a polyphenol from olive leaves and fruits, and n3 PUFAs, from linseed oil, on developmental patterns and metabolic traits of offspring in swine, a model of IUGR pregnancies. The results obtained indicate that maternal supplementation with hydroxytyrosol and n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy has no deleterious effects on the reproductive traits of the sows (prolificacy, homogeneity of the litter, and percentage of stillborns and low-birth-weight, LBW, piglets) and the postnatal features of the piglets (growth patterns, adiposity, and metabolic traits). Conversely, in spite of a lower mean weight and corpulence at birth, piglets from the supplemented sows showed higher average daily weight gain and fractional growth rate. Thus, at juvenile stages afterwards, the offspring from the treated group reached higher weight and corpulence, with increased muscle development and better lipidemic and fatty acid profiles, in spite of similar adiposity, than offspring in the control group. However, much caution and more research are still needed before practical recommendation and use in human pregnancies.
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Torres-Rovira, L., P. Gonzalez-Añover, P. Pallares, M. L. Pérez-Solana, S. Astiz, E. Gomez-Izquierdo, R. Sanchez-Sanchez, and A. Gonzalez-Bulnes. "The interaction between ovulation rate and embryo survival in determining prolificacy of different strains of obese swine with gene polymorphisms for leptin receptors." Animal Production Science 52, no. 1 (2012): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11140.
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The Mediterranean Iberian pigs show a clear predisposition to obesity, due to gene polymorphisms for leptin receptors, and a lower prolificacy when compared with lean breeds. Previous studies indicate a bimodal effect of obese genotypes on prolificacy; either by lowering ovulation rate or by increasing embryo losses when compared with lean genotypes. The present study aimed to discriminate the relative influence of both parameters by comparing strains of Iberian females with different prolificacy (14 original purebred Retinto, group R, and 20 Retinto × Torbiscal females selected for prolificacy, group RT). Examination of ovaries around Day 40 of pregnancy showed a higher ovulation rate in the RT than in the R sows (21.5 ± 1.4 versus 12.3 ± 1.0 corpora lutea, respectively; P < 0.0005). However, there was a higher incidence of implantation failures and early embryo losses in the RT females (42.9 versus 14% for the group R; P < 0.005). Thus, the number of viable embryos was higher in the RT line (10.8 ± 0.5 versus 7.6 ± 0.7 in the R sows, P < 0.0005), but also limited when compared with ovulation rate. Conversely, this effect was not found in the R sows; however, prolificacy of these females was limited by higher embryo mortality (24.1 versus 4.6% for RT females). In conclusion, the present study evidences dissimilar reproductive behaviour among strains of the Iberian pig differing in prolificacy and confirms previous evidences suggesting the existence of intrinsic factors avoiding excessively large litter sizes in Iberian females.
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Arend, Lidia S., Robert V. Knox, Laura L. Greiner, Amanda B. Graham, and Joseph F. Connor. "Effects of feeding melatonin during proestrus and early gestation to gilts and parity 1 sows to minimize effects of seasonal infertility1." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 11 (September 30, 2019): 4635–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz307.
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Abstract This study tested whether supplemental melatonin given to mimic the extended nighttime melatonin pattern observed in the higher fertility winter season could minimize infertility during summer and fall in swine. Exogenous melatonin was fed during periods coinciding with follicle selection, corpus luteum formation, pregnancy recognition, and early embryo survival. Experiments were conducted at a commercial farm in 12 sequential replicates. In Exp. 1a, mature gilts (n = 420) that had expressed a second estrus were assigned by weight to receive once daily oral Melatonin (MEL, 3 mg) or Control (CON, placebo) at 1400 h for 3 wk starting before insemination at third estrus. In Exp. 1b, parity 1 sows (n = 470) were randomly assigned by lactation length to receive MEL or CON for 3 wk, starting 2 d before weaning. Follicles, estrus, pregnancy, and farrowing data were analyzed for the main effects of treatment, season (4-wk periods), and their interaction. Environmental measures were also analyzed for reproductive responses. In Exp. 1a, there was no effect (P > 0.10) of MEL on age at third estrus (203 d), follicle size after 7 d of treatment (5.0 mm), estrous cycle length (22.6 d), return to service (9.2%), farrowing rate (FR, 80.0%), or total born pigs (TB, 13.6). However, there was an effect of season (P = 0.03) on number of follicles and on gilts expressing estrus within 23 d of the previous estrus (P < 0.005). In Exp. 1b, there was no effect of MEL (P > 0.10) on follicle measures, wean to estrous interval, FR (84.0%), or TB (13.0). But MEL (73.5%) reduced (P = 0.03) estrous expression within 7 d of weaning compared with CON (82.0%) and season (P = 0.001) decreased FR by ~14.0% during mid summer. Also, gilts and parity 1 sows exposed to low light intensity (<45 lx) during breeding had reduced conception (−8%) and farrowing (−15%) rates, compared with higher light intensity. Similarly, high temperatures (>25 °C) during breeding also reduced gilt conception rates by 7%. Although there was clear evidence of seasonal fertility failures in gilts and sows, MEL treatment did not improve fertility in gilts and reduced estrus in parity 1 sows. It is possible that differences in lighting and thermal environments before breeding could explain the differential response to MEL in sows and gilts.
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Safranski, Timothy J. "34 Swine Breeding Herd Practicum Winternship." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (April 12, 2022): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.203.
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Abstract Approximately 70% of Animal Science students at Mizzou enroll without large animal experience, and commercial swine production exposure is very low (1-3%). As such, few consider careers in the swine industry. Winter break is 4 or 5 weeks long, allowing more than enough family time. An opportunity for full-time employment for students for 1-2 weeks over winter break on commercial sow units was arranged for 1 or 2 students each of 2 years. Host farms reported students were ‘shell shocked’ for the first 3 or 4 d, finding the scope of production overwhelming. A more formal program was designed to introduce students to modern swine breeding herd management, combining academic and field training over a period of several months. Eligible students have at least sophomore standing, can demonstrate a sincere interest in learning about careers in commercial pork production, and are able to commute to farms within 2 hr of campus. Cooperating farms provide hands-on experience on a modern commercial sow farm, help arrange housing, and pay students nominally during the winter break portion. Students are interviewed, and those selected to participate (n = up to 6) sign a code of conduct and participation agreement. In the fall semester they attend 8 hours of classroom instruction covering: gilt development; isolation/acclimation and biosecurity; reproductive anatomy/physiology; detection and synchronization of estrus; artificial insemination; pregnancy diagnosis; farrowing room preparation; induction of farrowing; obstetrical intervention; colostrum management; d 1 pig care; feeding and handling sows and piglets; careers. Interspersed on weekends during fall semester are 3 weekend days shadowing/working in pairs on commercial farms within 1.5 hours of campus. This training prepares them for ‘full time employment’ on a breeding farm, and students work for 1 or 2 weeks over the winter break on commercial sow units. Upon completion of the full-time employment phase, students prepare a written summary of their experience, upon which the majority of their grade rests.
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Pribenszky, Cs, M. Molnár, G. Kútvölgyi, A. Harnos, A. Horváth, and I. Héjja. "14 SUBLETHAL HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TREATMENT IMPROVES FRESH AND CHILLED BOAR SEMEN QUALITY IN VITRO AND IN VIVO." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab14.
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Insemination of fresh boar semen is a widely used production tool in swine breeding and meat production. Although the success rates of routine insemination procedures are satisfactory, improvements are still needed to reduce production costs; moreover, the reduced litter size of gilts compared with sows still calls for further solutions. Sublethal high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), applied to fresh boar semen before cryopreservation, was reported to improve post-thaw motility and litter size. Proteomic studies revealed a treatment-related increase in different proteins that may contribute to increased fertility (Huang et al. 2008 Anim. Reprod. Sci., in press). Herein, we provide data showing how the same treatment influences the in vitro lifespan of semen stored at 15°C and fertility at routine fresh semen insemination. For in vitro evaluation, semen was collected from Seghers boars (n = 7), extended, cooled to room temperature, and then split into 2 groups. Semen in the treatment group was filled into sterile transfusion bags and treated with 300-bar pressure for 90 min at 25°C in a computer-controlled pressure device (Cryo-Innovation Ltd., Budapest, Hungary). After treatment, both groups were placed into a cooling thermostat set to 15°C. Total and progressive motility was assessed daily for 12 days by a computer-assisted semen analysis system. For in vivo evaluation, semen (boars, n = 14) was prepared, split, and treated as described above. Hungarian Large White × Hungarian Landrace sows (n = 103) were then inseminated with treated or nontreated semen. Inseminations were done in the routine production of 2 swine farms. For statistical analysis, a generalized linear mixed-effects model was used, with P < 0.05 regarded as significant. Results showed that the reduction of both total (TM) and progressive (PM) motility of the treated samples was significantly slower compared with control samples. On Day 5, the ratio of live (TM) to PM cells (control v. HHP treated) was as follows: TM, 55.4 v. 64.6%; PM, 36.6 v. 46.4%. On Day 11, the ratio of TM to PM cells was as follows: TM, 43 v. 53%; PM, 27 v. 31.4%. Mean pregnancy rates and litter weights were not different between the 2 groups (73 v. 74%; 16.34 v. 16.37 kg; HHP treated v. nontreated, respectively). However, the effect of treatment on the litter size was significant (12.4 v. 11.4; HHP treated v. nontreated). Moreover, there was a significant difference in treatment effects between the gilts and the sows: whereas treatment had no significant effect on the litter size of the sows (P = 0.47), the litter size of the gilts increased (P < 0.001), with a mean of 2.55 ± 0.83 (SE). This preliminary report shows that HHP-treated semen survived chilled storage better. The HHP treatment also increased the average live and total litter size achievable with fresh semen insemination, with litters not being different from the controls in weight, sex ratio, or stillbirths. The increased litter size was more evident in the case of the gilts. Further field trials are being conducted. This trial was supported by OMFB-00364/2007.
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Petrujkic, Tihomir. "New biotechnological procedures in swine reproduction." Veterinarski glasnik 56, no. 1-2 (2002): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0202111p.
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New biotechnological procedures and the use of hormones in swine breeding are aimed at increasing the number of piglets in the litter. In small herds and groups, selected sows with 16 mammary complexes (tits) can yield up to 32 piglets, or porkers, per year per sow. In order to achieve such reproduction results, special, individual stalls for sow deliveries are used, in addition to biotechnological methods, with a warm core and floor heating, phased diet and clean facilities. The ovulation value in swine is determined by their genetic and paragenetic effects, and it is often provoked and increased with injections and preparations for superovulation. However, the results vary, since any administration of hormone injecions can reduce the reproductive cycle, shorten the duration of estrus, or disrupt the work of ovaries and create cystic follicles. The use of follicle-stimulating hormones in quantities up to 1000 IU per animal for the induction and synchronization of estrus has become customary for sows and gilts, as well as the use of prostaglandins, the use of GnRH for increasing ovulation in swine and increasing the number of follicles >4 mm in diameter in the implementation of new biotechnologies in swine breeding, increases the number of ovulations and fertility in swine. In this way, reproduction is raised to the highest possible level, and artificial insemination of sows has 12 separate rules which enable better and more successful artificial insemination of sows.
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DeRouchey, Joel M., Mike D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jason C. Woodworth, Steve S. Dritz, and Mariana Boscato Menegat. "27 Defining a robust sow: swine nutrition perspective on reproduction and lactation." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.023.
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Abstract Improvements in modern sow prolificacy have markedly increased the number of pigs weaned, thus the ability of sows to provide nutrients to support fetal growth and milk production has been enhanced. The goals of the gestation nutrition program consist of meeting the nutrient requirements for maintenance and growth and for adequate conceptus development, while managing body condition. Early gestation represents the best opportunity for replenishing body reserves, whereas in late gestation, both estimated protein deposition and energy requirement are exponentially increased and directed towards fetal growth and mammary development. Increased feed intake after breeding has been presumed to be detrimental to embryo survival; however, data with modern line sows demonstrates to feed thin sows to recover body condition as quickly as possible while avoiding feed deprivation immediately after breeding. Importance of body condition scoring remains unchanged: feed thin sows to bring back to adequate body condition and prevent over-conditioned sows at farrowing. A recent meta-analysis showed increasing late gestation feed intake seems to modestly improve piglet birth weight by 28 g per piglet in gilts and sows. Also, recent findings in gestating sows suggest modern genotypes have improved feed efficiency and propensity for growth. Therefore, increasing energy intake during late gestation has a modest effect on piglet birth weight and a negative effect on stillborn rate. Historically, lactation catabolism impacted subsequent reproductive performance of sows, particularly in first-parity. However, contemporary sows appear to be increasingly resistant to the negative effects of lactational catabolism. Even so, continued emphasis on maximizing lactation feed intake is critical to support milk production and prevent excessive lean tissue mobilization. Research data suggests that ad libitum feeding and offering lactation diets during the wean-to-estrus interval is not needed. Modern genetic sow lines appear to be more robust from a nutritional perspective than in the past.
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Shimada, M., and T. Okazaki. "21 THE INJECTION OF CORTISOL TO UTERUS INCREASES THE IMPLANTATION RATE AND LITTER SIZE IN PIG ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION USING CYROPRESERVED SPERMATOZOA." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab21.
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Cryopreserved boar spermatozoa are not routinely available to swine artificial insemination (AI) because conception and farrowing rates, along with litter size, have remained low. We have reported the positive roles of seminal plasma in frozen–thawed sperm functions (Okazaki et al. 2009 Theriogenology 71, 491–498). Moreover, the injection of seminal plasma to uterus with frozen–thawed spermatozoa significantly increased the implantation rate. Thus, the factors in seminal plasma act not only on sperm but also on uterus to induce successful fertilization and implantation in pig AI using cryopreserved spermatozoa. To test this hypothesis, we identified the factors in seminal plasma and then developed novel pig AI method using cryopreserved spermatozoa. The sperm-rich fraction was collected weekly from each boar using the gloved-hand technique. The seminal plasma was removed just after collection by centrifuge and then was frozen as described in our previous study (Okazaki et al. 2009 Theriogenology 71, 491–498). When the frozen–thawed sperm was incubated with Fluo-3/AM to determine the level of intercellular Ca2+, the level of Ca2+ was increased in a time-dependent manner, and spontaneous capacitation that was judged by tyrosine phosphorylation of sperm protein by Western blotting (Shimada et al. 2008 Development 135, 2001–2011), was also induced in post-thawed sperm. The addition of EGTA to thawing solution significantly suppressed the Ca2+-induced capacitation. Moreover, the treatment increased fertilization rate in in vitro fertilization and in vivo in artificial insemination as similar as those in sperm with seminal plasma. The same number of blastocyst was collected from uterus by AI using post-thawed sperm with EGTA. However, the pregnancy rate remained low, and the number of leukocytes in the uterus was increased. In the next experiment, we examined in seminal plasma, the level of cortisol that has been known to play an important role in controlling immune function. The results showed that cortisol (1.0 ng mL–1) was detected in seminal plasma. When the sows of natural oestrus were twice artificial inseminated with or without cortisol, the injection of cortisol (5 μg/50 mL) to uterus with sperm significantly decreased the number of leukocytes in the uterus or endometrium at 24 to 36 h after AI. The low number of leukocytes in the uterus was similar to that in uterus injected fresh semen. The cortisol injection significantly increased the implantation rate and litter size of sows as compared to AI without cortisol (implantation rate; 83% v. 51%, litter size; 10.6 v. 7.3). From these results, we concluded that the injection of cortisol with frozen–thawed spermatozoa by EGTA-containing solution was a novel method of pig AI using cryopreserved spermatozoa. This work was supported by the Programme for Promotion of Basic and Applied Researches for Innovations in Bio-oriented Industry, and JST-Grant (No. 12-068 and No. 12-104).
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Humpolíček, Petr, Zdeněk Tvrdoň, and Tomáš Urban. "Breeding for reproduction traits in context of multiplication herds efficiency in swine." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 3 (2013): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361030647.
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Presented study is a follow-up to the studies focused on effect of different selection pressure applied on two subpopulations of purebred Czech Large White sows on performance in multiplication herds. Higher selection pressure particularly on litter size and number of function nipples, while lower pressure on growth performance was applied in one population. About 1214 farrows of 393 F1 Czech Large White sows were included into statistical evaluation. The mixed linear models using the procedure REML in SAS for Windows 9.1.2. was used. The hypothesis that progeny of sows from hyper-prolific subpopulation breed in multiplier herds have different performance was not confirmed which is in contrast to previous studies. This non-homogeneity can be related to non-additive genetic effects which are caused by crossbreeding while selection methods are based on additive models.
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Varatanovic, N., K. Amela, T. Mutevelic, B. Cengic, and N. Mlaco. "Folicular activity of ovaries in sows, crosses of Swedish Landrace and Large White in post partum and oestrus." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 24, no. 3-4 (2008): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0804109v.
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Swine breeding production as one of the most perspective branch in livestock farming require particular attention when it is about reproduction of the flock. Final goal of every swine breeding farm is of course to increase reproduction of the animals and ensure healthy progeny. Aim of our research was to on the basis of detailed microscopic analyze of the ovaries in researched periods and results obtained accelerate reproduction in swine breeding production and by that total flock craft. We have culled 36 sows cross breed of Swedish Landrace and Large White whose are breaded in farm conditions in the periods of estrous and post partum. Immediately after culling we have separated ovaries from surrounding tissue and using micrometer we have measured length and width of evident follicles. Obtained results showed that the most ideal period for next mating of sows is 21 to 28 days post partum, when the biggest values of examined parameters had been recorded - length and width of follicles, what indicate to increase of ovarial activity.
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Knecht, Damian, and Anna Jankowska-Mąkosa. "Endoparasites in Sows and Selected Reproduction Parameters." Acta Veterinaria 70, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2020-0005.
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AbstractThe aim of the study was to analyze infection of sows with endoparasites depending on their physiological phase and length of exploitation, as well as to determine the effects of infection on selected parameters of reproductive performance. 300 fecal samples collected from the same 75 sows in 4 phases of the production cycle (dry sows, low pregnancy, high pregnancy, lactation) were tested in the experiment. Species and gender diversity, prevalence, OPG and EPG were determined in the study. These parameters were compared in terms of the physiological phase and the length of exploitation. Selected parameters of reproductive performance of sows were also examined, which were compared taking into account the length of exploitation and sows infection with individual parasites.The study showed that the entire population was infected with two parasites at all physiological phases: Eimeria spp. (17% prevalence, 2275 OPG) and Ascaris suum (5% prevalence, EPG 79). The presence of parasites from Eimeria genus (prevalence 40%, OPG 2976) in sows exploited for 1 year had a negative effect on some parameters of their reproduction performance. Infected sows, compared to noninfected ones, were characterized by a lower number of live piglets (by 0.21 heads) (p≤0.05), a higher number of stillborn piglets (by 0.21 heads) (p≤0.05), as well as lower daily weight gains of piglets (by 15 g) (p≤0.05), which contributed to their lower weaning body weight (by 0.45 kg) (p≤0.05).
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Wähner, M., and M. Richter. "Influence of cycle stimulation in weaned sows on fertility depend on season." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 3 (2011): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103521w.
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In summer high temperatures are stress for sows mostly. This situation often affects the reproduction physiology in animals strongly. As a result of that the fertility and reproduction performance of sows can be reduced. High environmental temperatures and especially heat accumulation in body of the animals affect the metabolism in high performance sows. That is important in very sensitive phases in reproduction cycle of sows like heat, pregnancy and lactation. Young sows (gilts and primiparous sows) are more sensitive than older sows. This situation demands zoo- and biotechnical activities expecting assistance for reproduction endocrinology in sows. Regarding this aim, the stimulation of cycle with eCG in weaned sows with different age was investigated. Following results were found: The effect of cycle stimulation with 800 IU eCG in weaned sows differ depend on age of sows, season and temperature. Cycle stimulation with eCG in summer (July, August, September) reduces risk of low fertility in sows. In other seasons the positive effect of biotechnical cycle stimulation is not clear generally. Especially in primiparous sows there is a positive effect of biotechnical treatment in summer. In older sows in 3rd to 5th litter the cycle stimulation has no significant positive effect on fertility. In sows with more than 5 litters cycle stimulations are necessary to save a high reproduction performance generally.
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Hanczakowska, Ewa, Karol Węglarzy, and Małgorzata Bereza. "Effectiveness of Rapeseed Press Cake (RPC) in Sow Feeding in Two Reproduction Cycles." Annals of Animal Science 12, no. 1 (November 1, 2012): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0008-4.
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Effectiveness of Rapeseed Press Cake (RPC) in Sow Feeding in Two Reproduction CyclesThe possibility of replacing soybean meal with rapeseed press cake (RPC) in feed was determined over two reproductive cycles in an experiment with 54 pregnant and lactating sows allocated to three groups with 18 gilts per group. Group I received the standard mixture, group II received RPC as the main protein source from insemination to 100 days of pregnancy, and the control diet during late pregnancy and lactation. In group III, RPC replaced all of soybean meal protein in early pregnancy and one-half of soybean meal protein during late pregnancy and lactation. Half of the sows in each group received a iodine supplement (1 mg/kg feed). Sows were weighed at mating, farrowing and weaning. Piglets were weighed at 1 and 28 days of age (weaning). Samples of milk were collected at 14 days postpartum to determine the content of protein, fat, lactose and iodine. After the first reproductive cycle sows were mated and allocated to the respective groups as in the first cycle. Neither RPC nor iodine had any effect on body weight of the sows. RPC had a beneficial effect on body weight of piglets at birth and weaning, which could be due to a higher content of fat and amino acids in sow RPC diets. RPC, especially when given throughout pregnancy and lactation significantly lowered iodine content in sow milk. Piglets grew significantly faster in the second compared to the first reproductive cycle (184 and 178 g per day, respectively). Iodine supplemented to sows reduced piglet daily weight gain from 185 to 177 g. It is concluded that rapeseed press cake can replace soybean meal in the diets for pregnant and lactating sows without a negative effect on their performance while improving piglet body weight.
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Rypula, K., A. Kumala, P. Lis, K. Niemczuk, K. Płoneczka-Janeczko, and Z. Pejsak. "Rapid detection of Chlamydia/Chlamydophila group in samples collected from swine herds with and without reproductive disorders." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2014-0052.
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Abstract The study was carried out in seven reproductive herds of pigs. In three of them reproductive disorders were observed. Three herds consisted of 10-50 and four consisted of 120-500 adult sows and they were called small and medium, respectively. Fifty-seven adult sows were randomly selected from herds. Serum samples were tested using the complement fixation test and swabs from both eyes and from the vaginal vestibule were examined using real-time PCR. All serum samples were negative. Infected sows were present in each of the study herds. In total, there were 28 positive samples (53%, 28/48) in real-time PCR in sows with reproductive disorders and 35 (53%, 35/66) in sows selected from herds without problems in reproduction. One isolate proved to be Chlamydophila pecorum, whereas all the remaining were Chamydia suis
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Kwit, Krzysztof, Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól, and Iwona Markowska-Daniel. "Infectious agents involved in reproduction failure in swine." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 72, no. 6 (2016): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5523.
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Problems in the reproduction of pigs may be the result of interaction of various factors, both infectious and non-infectious. Among the infectious agents, the greatest economic losses are caused by viral infection of pregnant gilts and sows. In the present study the most important pathogens causing reproductive disorders in pigs, including parvovirus (PPV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), enteroviruses, encephalitis virus (EMCV), Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Leptospira spp., Brucella suis and Erysipelotrix rhusiopathiae are characterized. So far, three possible ways of natural infection of the embryo or fetus are identified: via placenta, through the cervical canal, and by infection of the egg cell. The consequences of infection of pregnant females depend on the species of the virus, the gestation period, wherein there is an infection and immune status of pregnant females. The most common changes included: embryo death, resorption of embryos, mummification of fetuses, malformations, abortions, birth of dead or very weak piglets. Because of the importance of the reproduction sector for the competitive production of pigs, the monitoring of the health status of breeding stock, including compliance with all biosecurity rules and vaccination schedules, should be strictly respected by veterinarians taking care of pig breeding herds
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Gonzalez-Bulnes, A., C. Ovilo, C. J. Lopez-Bote, S. Astiz, M. Ayuso, M. L. Perez-Solana, R. Sanchez-Sanchez, and L. Torres-Rovira. "Gender-specific early postnatal catch-up growth after intrauterine growth retardation by food restriction in swine with obesity/leptin resistance." REPRODUCTION 144, no. 2 (August 2012): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-12-0105.
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The effects of undernutrition during pregnancy on prenatal and postnatal development of the offspring were evaluated in sows with obesity/leptin resistance. Females were fed, from day 35 of pregnancy onwards, a diet fulfilling either 100% (group control,n=10) or 50% of the nutritional requirements (group underfed,n=10). In the control group, maternal body weight increased during pregnancy (P<0.05) while it decreased or remained steady in the underfed group. At days 75 and 100 of gestation, plasma triglycerides were lower but urea levels were higher in restricted than in control sows (P<0.05 for both). Assessment of the offspring indicated that the trunk diameter was always smaller in the restricted group (P<0.01 at day 50,P<0.005 at days 75 and 100 andP<0.0001 at birth) while head measurements were similar through pregnancy, although smaller in the restricted than in the control group at birth (P<0.05). Newborns from restricted sows were also lighter than offspring from control females (P<0.01) and had higher incidence of growth retardation (P<0.01). Afterwards, during lactation, early postnatal growth in restricted piglets was modulated by gender. At weaning, males from restricted sows were still lighter than their control counterparts (P<0.05), while females from control and underfed sows were similar. Thus, the current study indicates a gender-related differential effect in the growth patterns of the piglets, with females from restricted sows evidencing catch-up growth to neutralise prenatal retardation and reaching similar development than control counterparts.
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Ziemak, J., and W. Grzesiak. "Associations between polymorphism of the steroid 21-hydroxylase gene (<i>CYP21</i>) and litter size of Polish Large White × Polish Landrace sows* (short communication)." Archives Animal Breeding 49, no. 2 (October 10, 2006): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-49-158-2006.
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Abstract. research because of the large economic impact these discoveries could have on the swine industry. The steroid 21-hydroxylase (CYP21) gene is located on chromosome 7 in the middle of the swine leukocyte antigen class (SLA) is regarded as a "candidate – gene" reproduction traits. Associations between polymorphism of the steroid 21-hydroxylase gene (CYP21) and litter size of Polish Large White × Polish Landrace sows were analysed. The 21-hydroxylase genotypes of all 286 animals were determined using a PCR-RFLP procedure. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles of CYP21/NciI and CYP21/HaeIII were follows: 0.077 – AA, 0.308 – AB, 0.615 – BB and 0.231 for CYP21/NciIA, 0.769 for CYP21/NciIB; 0.010 – AA, 0.420 – AB, 0.570 – BB and 0.221 for CYP21/HaeIIIA and 0.779 for CYP21/HaeIIIB. The CYP21/NciI genotype was significantly associated with the total number of piglets born, born alive and alive at weaning in the 5th – 10th parities. The sows with BB genotype had significantly (P≤0.01) higher level of traits than the animals with AB genotype. Analysis of reproductive traits in dependence on CYP21/NciI genotypes showed the statistically significant differences (P≤0.05) in number of piglets died before the day of weaned in 2-4 parities. The lowest value of this trait was found for the sows with the AB genotype (2.05%), while the highest – for the pigs with BB genotype (3.54%). Associations between CYP21/HaeIII and reproduction traits were not observed.
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Khulal, Aarati, Prativa Sharma, Asmin Khulal, and Surya Sharma Bhatta. "A REVIEW ARTICLE ON NON-GENETIC FACTORS AFFECTING REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS IN SWINE." Malaysian Animal Husbandry Journal 1, no. 2 (September 3, 2021): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/mahj.02.2021.71.76.
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This review studies several factors affecting the reproductive performance of swine chiefly focusing on sow-related factors, which have significant economic importance. A sow’s productivity is determined by different reproductive attributes, including litter size, litter weight at weaning, farrowing rate, the return of oestrus, and many more. The increase in number of pigs born alive and weaned piglets per sow is an aim for swine husbandry.Various factors such as parity, housing, feed, gestation length, season, and temperature are considered in this paper. Sows of differing parities have performed differently.The performance was influenced by various feeding systems, comfort, spacing, aggressiveness, and disease transmission in the housing system. Feeding intake and nutrition uptake are directly connected with milk secretion as well as other traits. Season and temperature are correlated with feeding intake, time of puberty, hormonal production, and seasonal infertility.Scientists are globally working for productive breeds. However, the rearing of swine will necessitate the consideration of different non-genetic factors of their reproduction from an economicpoint of view.The goal of this study is to understand non-genetic factors that affect sow reproduction and to advise swine farmers on how to create a better environment for swine to improve productivity.
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van Heugten, Eric. "227 Awardee Talk: Advances in Lipid Nutrition of Modern Sows." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.217.
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Abstract The modern lactating sow is a highly productive female capable of producing large quantities of milk to support large, rapidly growing litters. The associated high energy and nutritional demands are challenging to meet, especially during heat stress, when tissue loss is extensive. Supplemental lipids are efficient energy sources with a high energy density and low heat increment associated with digestion and metabolism. Besides serving as concentrated energy sources, unsaturated lipids are important sources of essential fatty acids (EFA; linoleic acid, C18:2n-6; and α-linolenic acid, C18:3n-3). These EFA are precursors of various prostanoids that are important regulators of reproductive processes. Lactating sows fed diets devoid of supplemental lipids exhibited poor reproduction but was significantly improved by inclusion of only 2% unsaturated lipids. It was shown that lactation diets were deficient in both linoleic and α-linolenic acid and tissue reserves were inadequate in mature sows. A multi-trial meta-analysis showed that more sows were successfully bred and maintained pregnancy when they consumed supplemental linoleic acid. Further, increased linoleic acid intake during lactation progressively reduced the number of sows removed from the herd due to reproductive failure (sows not returning to estrus, returning to estrus after breeding, pregnancy loss). Based on dose-response curves, the near maximum response was achieved when sows consumed a minimum of 125 g/d of linoleic acid and 10 g/d of α-linolenic acid during lactation. Recent studies also demonstrated improved subsequent reproduction with supplemental linoleic and α-linolenic acid during lactation, but not during the post-weaning period. Responses appeared to be related to heavier fetoplacental units, elevated allantoic fluid volume, and higher embryo survival measured on day 30 of gestation in sows supplemented with linoleic acid during lactation and early gestation. Research demonstrated the importance of both EFA in lactating sows and their critical role in improving reproduction, thus resolving seasonal anestrus.
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Prodanov-Radulovic, Jasna, Radoslav Dosen, Igor Stojanov, Ivan Pusic, Milica Zivkov-Balos, and Radomir Ratajac. "Influence of mycotoxin zearalenone on the swine reproductive failure." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 124 (2013): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1324121p.
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Reproductive failure in swine is often a difficult diagnostic problem. If diagnoses of infectious disease or management related problems are not obtained, feed quality and safety may be questioned. Mycotoxins are often present in swine feed in the amount that can have detrimental impact on production and reproduction. Problems are expressed only as alterations of the reproductive cycle, reduced feed intake, slow growth or impaired feed efficiency. In Serbia, generally speaking, high concentrations of mycotoxins were noticed, especially mycotoxin zearalenone. High presence of zearalenone in swine feed is probably due to climatic influence and should be monitored constantly. This paper includes field observations regarding the influence of moldy feed containing mycotoxin zearalenone on the occurrence of the reproductive failure in swine breeding categories (sows, gilts and boars). The material for this research was obtained from four swine farms where certain reproductive disorders and health problems in breeding animals were detected. Depending on the specificity of each evaluated case and available material, the applied research methods included: anamnestic and clinical evaluation, pathomorphological examination, standard laboratory testing for detection of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, and microbiological feed testing, in order to examine the presence of fungi and mycotoxins by applying the method of thin layer chromatography. On the basis of the obtained results, it could be concluded that mycotoxin zearalenone was detected in all examined feed samples. The presence of mycotoxin in feed was directly related to the reproductive failures in the examined swine categories (vulvovaginitis, endometritis, rebreeding, infertility). Swine reproduction represents the base for intensive swine production. The presence of mycotoxins in swine feed have influence on the reproduction and health status of pigs and under certain conditions may significantly disturb the production process.
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Barowicz, T., M. Pietras, and W. Migdał. "The effect of serum concentration of leptin in sows on their reproduction and performance of reared piglets." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 23, no. 5-6-1 (2007): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0701437b.
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The research was carried out on 17 Polish Landrace sows and their piglets. The aim of this study was to determine a relationship between sows? serum concentration of leptin and reproduction parameters, and performance of reared piglets. Animals were kept under standard conditions and fed standard diets. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein at 110 days of pregnancy and at 21 days of lactation. Leptin was determined by radioimmunoassay using the RIA method. Blood serum leptin determined at 110 days of pregnancy was positively correlated with litter weight at birth and piglet body weight at birth, the latter being statistically significant (P<0.05). Other Pearson correlations were not statistically significant (P>0.05).
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Park, Youngmin, Yeonsu Oh, Miaomiao Wang, Llilianne Ganges, José Alejandro Bohórquez, Soohong Park, Sungmin Gu, et al. "A Novel E2 Glycoprotein Subunit Marker Vaccine Produced in Plant Is Able to Prevent Classical Swine Fever Virus Vertical Transmission after Double Vaccination." Vaccines 9, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050418.
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The efficacy of a novel subunit vaccine candidate, based in the CSFV E2 glycoprotein produced in plants to prevent classical swine fever virus (CSFV) vertical transmission, was evaluated. A Nicotiana benthamiana tissue culture system was used to obtain a stable production of the E2-glycoprotein fused to the porcine Fc region of IgG. Ten pregnant sows were divided into three groups: Groups 1 and 2 (four sows each) were vaccinated with either 100 μg/dose or 300 μg/dose of the subunit vaccine at 64 days of pregnancy. Group 3 (two sows) was injected with PBS. Groups 1 and 2 were boosted with the same vaccine dose. At 10 days post second vaccination, the sows in Groups 2 and 3 were challenged with a highly virulent CSFV strain. The vaccinated sows remained clinically healthy and seroconverted rapidly, showing efficient neutralizing antibodies. The fetuses from vaccinated sows did not show gross lesions, and all analyzed tissue samples tested negative for CSFV replication. However, fetuses of non-vaccinated sows had high CSFV replication in tested tissue samples. The results suggested that in vaccinated sows, the plant produced E2 marker vaccine induced the protective immunogenicity at challenge, leading to protection from vertical transmission to fetuses.
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Vestergaard, E. M., and V. Danielsen. "Dietary fibre for sows: effects of large amounts of soluble and insoluble fibres in the pregnancy period on the performance of sows during three reproductive cycles." Animal Science 67, no. 2 (October 1998): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800010134.
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AbstractOne hundred and twenty crossbred gilts and sows were used in an experiment with three differently composed pregnancy diets in order to study the effects on performance during three reproduction cycles. Treatments during pregnancy were: (1) a standard diet; (2) 500 g sugar-beet pulp per kg diet; (3) 500 g mixture of green grass-meal, wheat bran and oat hulls per kg diet. Sows were given similar levels of estimated daily net energy (NE). All three groups were given the same standard lactation diet semi-ad libitum in two daily meals. Recordings were made of food intake during pregnancy and lactation, body weight of sows at mating, farrowing and weaning, days until first mating, litter size, and mean piglet weight at birth and weaning. Pregnancy food intake (kg) was highest in diet 3 and lowest in diet 1 (P < 0·001). Food intake was lower for sows given diet 2 than for sows given diets 1 and 3, when measured in NEfor pigs (P < 0·001). Food intake during lactation was higher for sows given diet 2, than for sows in the two other diet groups (P < 0·01). Results were consistent during all three experimental rounds. Mean body weight of sows was the same for all diet groups both at mating, farrowing and weaning. Weight gain during pregnancy and weight loss at farrowing was significantly higher in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1 (P < 0·001). Litter size was not affected by the different pregnancy diets, neither total number live born nor weaned. Both mean piglet weight and total mean litter weight at birth were negatively influenced by diet 2 (P < 0·001) and (P < 0·05) respectively. This indicates that a diet with a high content of soluble dietary fibre and a large capacity to induce satiety may have a negative effect on piglet weight at birth. At weaning, however, the mean weights of piglets were the same for the three diet groups. It was concluded, that it is possible to feed pregnant sows very differently composed diets without detrimental effects on performance.
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Mazgaj, Rafał, Mateusz Szudzik, Paweł Lipiński, Aneta Jończy, Ewa Smuda, Marian Kamyczek, Beata Cieślak, Dorine Swinkels, Małgorzata Lenartowicz, and Rafał R. Starzyński. "Effect of Oral Supplementation of Healthy Pregnant Sows with Sucrosomial Ferric Pyrophosphate on Maternal Iron Status and Hepatic Iron Stores in Newborn Piglets." Animals 10, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071113.
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Background: The similarities between swine and humans in physiological and genomic patterns, as well as significant correlation in size and anatomy, make pigs an useful animal model in nutritional studies during pregnancy. In humans and pigs iron needs exponentially increase during the last trimester of pregnancy, mainly due to increased red blood cell mass. Insufficient iron supply during gestation may be responsible for the occurrence of maternal iron deficiency anemia and decreased iron status in neonates. On the other hand, preventive iron supplementation of non-anemic mothers may be of potential risk due to iron toxicity. Several different regimens of iron supplementation have been applied during pregnancy. The majority of oral iron supplementations routinely applied to pregnant sows provide inorganic, non-heme iron compounds, which exhibit low bioavailability and intestinal side effects. The aim of this study was to check, using pig as an animal model, the effect of sucrosomial ferric pyrophosphate (SFP), a new non-heme iron formulation on maternal and neonate iron and hematological status, placental transport and pregnancy outcome; Methods: Fifteen non-anemic pregnant sows were recruited to the experiment at day 80 of pregnancy and randomized into the non-supplemented group (control; n = 5) and two groups receiving oral iron supplementation—sows given sucrosomial ferric pyrophosphate, 60 mg Fe/day (SFP; n = 5) (SiderAL®, Pisa, Italy) and sows given ferrous sulfate 60 mg Fe/day (Gambit, Kutno, Poland) (FeSO4; n = 5) up to delivery (around day 117). Biological samples were collected from maternal and piglet blood, placenta and piglet tissues. In addition, data on pregnancy outcome were recorded.; Results: Results of our study show that both iron supplements do not alter neither systemic iron homeostasis in pregnant sows nor their hematological status at the end of pregnancy. Moreover, we did not detect any changes of iron content in the milk and colostrum of iron supplemented sows in comparison to controls. Neonatal iron status of piglets from iron supplemented sows was not improved compared with the progeny of control females. No statistically significant differences were found in average piglets weight and number of piglets per litter between animals from experimental groups. The placental expression of iron transporters varied depending on the iron supplement.
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Vázquez-Gómez, Marta, Consolación García-Contreras, Susana Astiz, Laura Torres-Rovira, José Luis Pesantez-Pacheco, Ana Heras-Molina, Teresa Castro Madrigal, et al. "Effects of L-Glutamine Supplementation during the Gestation of Gilts and Sows on the Offspring Development in a Traditional Swine Breed." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030903.
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The use of amino acids during pregnancy, such as glutamine (Gln), seems to be a promising strategy in selected swine breeds to improve the offspring prenatal development. The main goal of the current study was to assess the development of the offspring from parity 1–3 sows of a traditional breed, which were supplemented with 1% glutamine after Day 35 of gestation, under farm conditions. A total of 486 (288 treated) piglets from 78 (46 treated) Iberian sows were used. At birth and slaughterhouse, fatty acid composition, metabolism, and mTOR pathway gene expression were analyzed. At birth, treated newborns showed greater amounts of specific amino acids in plasma, such as glutamine, asparagine, or alanine, and Σn-3 fatty acids in cellular membranes than control newborns. The expression of genes belonging to mTOR Complex 1 was also higher in treated piglets with normal birth-weight. However, these findings did not improve productive traits at birth or following periods in litters from supplemented gilts (parity 1) or sows (parities 2–3). Thus, further research is needed to properly understand the effects of prenatal glutamine supplementation, particularly in traditional swine breeds.
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Goodband, R. D., M. D. Tokach, M. A. D. Goncalves, J. C. Woodworth, S. S. Dritz, and J. M. DeRouchey. "Nutritional enhancement during pregnancy and its effects on reproduction in swine." Animal Frontiers 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/af.2013-0036.
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BOGDAN, Liviu Marian, Sidonia BOGDAN, Flavia RUXANDA, Vasile RUS, Bianca MATOSZ, and Viorel MICLAUS. "Implication of Utilizing Phytoestrogens Infested Fodder on Fertility and Histological Structure of Ovaries and Oviduct in Sow." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine 74, no. 1 (May 18, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:12470.
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Reproductive efficiency is an essential requirement for the profitability of swine farms and the quality of fodder can have a negative impact on this aspect. We carried out investigations regarding the influence of fodder quality on reproductive efficiency and the histological structure of the ovary and oviduct in 45 sows from a farm in Bihor county. We observed that corn utilized in feeding the sows was stored in inadequate conditions which allowed the development of moulds. The combined fodder, resulted after grinding the cereals, was stored directly on the concrete floor in inappropriate areas, concerning the hygiene. The animals were given green fodder directly on the stall’s floor, which favours mould expansion. Upon histological examination, the ovary presented an exaggerated activity and there was a marked congestion in the oviduct, with a tendency of the epithelium toward pseudostratification. The precarious conditions of cereal and combined fodder storing and administration of green fodder, brought optimum conditions for mould development. Under the action of the latter factors, the reproductive performance drastically decreased along with compromising the sows used for reproduction.
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Fowler, V. R., M. Ellis, M. A. Varley, and M. Franklin. "The effect of feeding intensity during pregnancy and of the length of lactation on the efficiency of meat production from once-bred gilts." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1987 (March 1997): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600035340.
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The efficiency of pig production can theoretically be increased by combining the two productive functions, growth and reproduction in the same animal. This is the underlying principle of the once-bred gilt. The production of once-bred gilts also serves to solve another problem, which is the difficulty of providing adequate welfare for the sow over several parities. These problems arise because the Increasingly diverse size of sows as they mature, results in fighting, particularly when sows are mixed after completing the lactation. Similar reasons also virtually necessitate individual feeding.throughout pregnancy To overcome these problems, it is widespread practice to confine sows very closely in individual stalls or farrowing pens for several years, a practice which has rightly attracted some criticism.
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Оsipchuk, G. V. "REPRODUCTIVE INDICATORS OF SWINE AND ECOLOGICAL MEANS IN SOME PATHOLOGIES." Animal Breeding and Genetics 58 (November 29, 2019): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.58.14.
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With an increase in the world's population, the demand for environmentally friendly food is increasing. In this regard, the main task of animal husbandry is to intensify the reproduction of the herd and the maximum possible increase in animal productivity.
In this sector of agriculture, as in any industry, there are also various problems. One of these problems is that sows' productivity still averages around 40–60% of their potential
This is due to the fact that modern industrial pig breeding technologies do not always take into account the physiological needs of the pig’s body, which leads to weakened immunity and an increase in the frequency of various pathologies. Therefore, to increase the overall resistance of the animal organism and prevent postpartum pathologies, various means are systematically used. The most commonly used drugs are etiotropic therapy. But almost all of them have certain disadvantages: toxic effects on the body, irritating effects on tissues, long-term effects and various side effects, antibiotic resistance.
Therefore, veterinary specialists seek to limit the frequency of use of antibiotics by replacing them with drugs that do not potentiate antibiotic resistance, have immunostimulating properties and contain environmentally friendly and inexpensive components.
Such environmentally friendly drugs are effective due to the fact that the micronutrients or extracts of medicinal plants contained in them have good antibacterial and bactericidal, and sometimes fungicidal, immunostimulating and antiviral properties.
The use of such drugs, either alone or in combination with certain methods and drugs (synestrol, carbocholine, pituitrin, proserin, vitamins, UHF, EHF, etc.) allows you to get environmentally friendly products from the animal almost immediately after the course of treatment .
The aim of our research was to study the effectiveness of new, environmentally friendly and easy-to-use agents used for the treatment of postpartum endometritis in sows and their effect on some parameters of sows productivity.
The studies were carried out during 2018 in the conditions of the complex of selection and hybridization of pigs “Moldsudingbrid”, the city of Orhei, Republic of Moldova.
From the number of farrowing sows, queens with a diagnosis of postpartum endometritis were selected. The selected uterus was divided into 3 groups: one control and two experimental.
In the control group, all sows were treated according to the scheme adopted by the farm: injections of Enrofloxacin 50 were used according to the instructions 1 ml/20 kg body weight, once a day, intramuscularly 3–5 days.
The animals of both experimental groups were injected once, in the upper third of the neck (behind the ear), a tissue preparation was injected at the rate of 1 ml/100 kg of body weight. Before use, the drug was diluted with a 0.5% solution of novocaine in a ratio of 1:1. At the same time, 100–150 ml of a preparation made on the basis of an extract from plant D and a chelate compound of iodine were intrauterine administered to sows of the first experimental group. Animals of the second experimental group were intrauterine injected with 100–150 ml of a preparation made on the basis of an extract from plant C and a chelate compound of iodine. The frequency of administration was 1 time per day for 3–5 days.
Studies have shown that the duration of therapy in the experimental groups was less than in the control group. In the first experimental group, the duration of therapy was 4.44 ± 0.358 days and in the second experimental group 4.22 ± 0.386 days. This is 1.39 and 1.61 days (23.84% and 27.65%, respectively) less than in the control group.
The inter-porous period in the experimental groups after therapy was less than in the control group. In the first experimental group, the period between farrowing was 164.33 ± 6.645 days and in the second experimental group 180.75 ± 9.12 days. This is 12.17 and 5.85 days less than in the control group, where this indicator was 2.57 days.
The interval from weaning of piglets to the fruitful insemination of sows (when they first came to the hunt) in the experimental groups decreased by 5.15 and 6.6 days and amounted to 17.25 ± 5.01 and 9 ± 3.36 days. In the control group, the interval between weaning and insemination of sows was 18.8 ± 4.93 days, which is 2 days less than before the studies.
It has been established: 1) the new, environmentally friendly products that we offer are effective in the treatment of postpartum endometritis in sows; 2) do not adversely affect sow productivity; 3) contribute to improved reproductive performance and are more effective than antibiotic.
The data obtained will improve and specify the appropriate preventive, therapeutic and diagnostic and other measures necessary to increase the reproductive potential of sows
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Luc, D. D., H. X. Bo, P. C. Thomson, D. V. Binh, P. Leroy, and F. Farnir. "Reproductive and productive performances of the stress-negative Piétrain pigs in the tropics: the case of Vietnam." Animal Production Science 53, no. 2 (2013): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12108.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the present study is to investigate the reproduction, production and semen traits of the stress-negative Piétrain line of pigs in the north of Vietnam, as well as to identify various factors (halothane genotype, generation-origin, parity, sex and month of the year) acting on these traits. The experiment was carried out on a purebred nucleus on Dong Hiep farm, Haiphong province in Vietnam. The reproduction performances and the sperm quality measures were based on 12 sows and 5 boars imported from Belgium as well as on 29 sows and 14 boars born in Vietnam, while the production performances were recorded only from 251 animals born in Vietnam. No significant differences were observed between halothane genotypes of sows for reproduction traits (P > 0.0578). At the age of 7.5 months, bodyweight, backfat thickness and longissimus depth (7.5) of homozygous-dominant pigs were higher (P < 0.05) than in heterozygotes. Homozygous-dominant boars had higher total number of spermatozoa than heterozygote boars (P < 0.05); similarly, Vietnam boars also presented higher total number of spermatozoa values than Belgium boars (P < 0.001). Vietnam sows had longer duration of pregnancy, more piglets born alive and heavier litter weight of weaning than Belgium sows (P < 0.01). Bodyweight at birth, at weaning, at 2, 5.5 and 7.5 months of age increased from the first to third parity (P < 0.05). Gilts had more lean meat than intact boars (P < 0.01). Compared with observations made in temperate countries, the reproduction and production performances, sperm concentration and total number of spermatozoa of stress-negative Piétrain pigs were reduced, whereas lean meat percentage was not affected. This might be due to the different climate, although improving values for animals born in Vietnam might indicate adaptation of the animals and/or of the technicians with that breed. The results support the interest of the use of this new Piétrain line in tropical countries with ecological and climatic conditions similar to Vietnam.
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McBride, Matthew, Rocio Amezcua, Glen Cassar, Terri O’Sullivan, and Robert Friendship. "Combining Fixed-Time Insemination and Improved Catheter Design in an Effort to Improve Swine Reproduction Efficiency." Animals 9, no. 10 (September 29, 2019): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100748.
Full textAbstract:
Conventional practice is to breed sows by artificial insemination (AI) at least twice using approximately three billion sperm per insemination upon estrus at standing heat. This research explored the use of combined technologies, including fixed-time insemination (FTAI) and an alternative catheter design that reportedly reduces semen backflow, in order to reduce the number of inseminations and the semen dosage and maintain reproductive efficiency. The FTAI technique used in this study was to inject I.M. 600 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) at weaning and 5 mg porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH) to stimulate ovulation 80 h later, followed by a single insemination 36 h after the pLH injection. The two catheters used in this study were a conventional foam-tipped insemination catheter and a Gedis catheter. The Gedis catheter is designed to be completely inserted into the vagina. The semen is enclosed along the length of the rod and held in place by a gel cap that melts when inserted into the cervix. Sows were assigned to the following treatments: Group 1 (n = 135), bred twice with a conventional catheter and a standard semen dose of approximately three billion sperm in 80 mL; Group 2 (n = 123), FTAI with conventional catheter and a standard semen dose; Group 3 (n = 127), FTAI with Gedis catheter and a standard semen dose; Group 4 (n = 126), FTAI with Gedis catheter and a reduced semen dose with one billion sperm. The farrowing rates were 81.6%, 77.7%, 74.0%, and 62.7% for Groups 1 to 4, respectively. The likelihood of farrowing was lower for Group 3 and Group 4 compared to Group 1 (odds ratio (OR) = 0.57; p = 0.08 and OR = 0.35; p = 0.001, respectively). Likewise, litter size of Group 3 and Group 4 was smaller than Group 1 (p = 0.006 and p = 0.04, respectively). Overall, the combination of Gedis catheter and FTAI resulted in decreased reproductive performance that outweighed the value of using less semen.