Journal articles: 'Southern Climate'

1

Leifert, Harvey. "Southern snowmelt." Nature Climate Change 1, no. 711 (October 11, 2007): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/climate.2007.59.

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Mantoura, Samia. "Southern Ocean saturated." Nature Climate Change 1, no. 707 (June 18, 2007): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/climate.2007.15.

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Blasi, Carlo, Leopoldo Michetti, Maria Antonietta Del Moro, Olivia Testa, and Lorenzo Teodonio. "Climate change and desertification vulnerability in Southern Italy." Phytocoenologia 37, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2007): 495–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0340-269x/2007/0037-0495.

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4

Maes, Patrick W., Amy S. Floyd, Brendon M. Mott, and Kirk E. Anderson. "Overwintering Honey Bee Colonies: Effect of Worker Age and Climate on the Hindgut Microbiota." Insects 12, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030224.

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Honey bee overwintering health is essential to meet the demands of spring pollination. Managed honey bee colonies are overwintered in a variety of climates, and increasing rates of winter colony loss have prompted investigations into overwintering management, including indoor climate controlled overwintering. Central to colony health, the worker hindgut gut microbiota has been largely ignored in this context. We sequenced the hindgut microbiota of overwintering workers from both a warm southern climate and controlled indoor cold climate. Congruently, we sampled a cohort of known chronological age to estimate worker longevity in southern climates, and assess age-associated changes in the core hindgut microbiota. We found that worker longevity over winter in southern climates was much lower than that recorded for northern climates. Workers showed decreased bacterial and fungal load with age, but the relative structure of the core hindgut microbiome remained stable. Compared to cold indoor wintering, collective microbiota changes in the southern outdoor climate suggest compromised host physiology. Fungal abundance increased by two orders of magnitude in southern climate hindguts and was positively correlated with non-core, likely opportunistic bacteria. Our results contribute to understanding overwintering honey bee biology and microbial ecology and provide insight into overwintering strategies.

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Koeniger, A. Cash. "Climate and Southern Distinctiveness." Journal of Southern History 54, no. 1 (February 1988): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2208519.

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6

DUBE, L. T. "CLIMATE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA." South African Geographical Journal 84, no. 1 (March 2002): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2002.9713763.

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7

Pittock, A. B., and M. J. Salinger. "Southern Hemisphere climate scenarios." Climatic Change 18, no. 2-3 (April 1991): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00138998.

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8

Mason, Simon J. "El Niño, climate change, and Southern African climate." Environmetrics 12, no. 4 (June 2001): 327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/env.476.

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9

Jury, Mark R. "Climate trends in southern Africa." South African Journal of Science 109, no. 1/2 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2013/980.

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10

Hanna, Edward, and John Cappelen. "Recent climate of southern Greenland." Weather 57, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/00431650260283497.

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11

Schmidt, Philipp, Robert Steiger, and Andreas Matzarakis. "Artificial snowmaking possibilities and climate change based on regional climate modeling in the Southern Black Forest." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 21, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2012/0281.

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12

von Wehrden, Henrik, and Karsten Wesche. "Relationships between climate, productivity and vegetation in southern Mongolian drylands." Basic and Applied Dryland Research 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2007): 100–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/badr/1/2007/100.

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13

Simmonds, Ian. "Improvements in General Circulation Model performance in simulating Antarctic climate." Antarctic Science 2, no. 4 (December 1990): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102090000414.

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Increasingly, many aspects of the study of Antarctica and the high southern latitudes are being aided by various types of numerical models. Among these are the General Circulation Models (GCMs), which are powerful tools that can be used to understand the maintenance of present atmospheric climate and determine its sensitivity to imposed changes. The changes in the ability of GCMs used over the last two decades to simulate aspects of atmospheric climate at high southern latitudes are traced and it is concluded there has been a steady improvement in model products. The task of assessing model climates in high southern latitudes is made difficult by the uncertainties in the data used for the climatological statistics. It is suggested that the quality of the climates produced by most modern GCMs in many aspects cannot be said to be poor, especially considering the uncertainties in ‘observed’ climate. There is obviously need for improvements in both modelling and observations. Finally, some topics are highlighted in which the formulation of models could be improved, with special reference to better treatment of physical processes at high southern latitudes.

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14

Salinger, MJ, and PD Jones. "Southern Hemisphere climate: the modern record." Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 130, no. 2 (1996): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.130.2.101.

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15

Mbululo, Yassin, and Fatuma Nyihirani. "Climate Characteristics over Southern Highlands Tanzania." Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 02, no. 04 (2012): 454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2012.24039.

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16

Watson, Andrew J., Michael P. Meredith, and John Marshall. "The Southern Ocean, carbon and climate." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2019 (July 13, 2014): 20130057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0057.

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17

Morgan, Vin. "A new Southern Hemisphere climate clock." Quaternary Science Reviews 24, no. 12-13 (July 2005): 1331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.04.001.

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18

van Wilgen, Nicola. "Climate Change: Briefings from Southern Africa." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 71, no. 2 (May 3, 2016): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0035919x.2016.1176082.

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19

Seymour, Richard. "Wave Climate Variability in Southern California." Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 122, no. 4 (July 1996): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-950x(1996)122:4(182).

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20

Wei, Zhong, Xiong Hei-gang, Tashpolat Tiyip, Hiroki Takmura, and Shu Qiang. "Historical climate changes in southern Xinjiang." Journal of Geographical Sciences 11, no. 4 (October 2001): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02837973.

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21

MAYEWSKI, P. A., T. BRACEGIRDLE, I. GOODWIN, D. SCHNEIDER, N. A. N. BERTLER, S. BIRKEL, A. CARLETON, et al. "Potential for Southern Hemisphere climate surprises." Journal of Quaternary Science 30, no. 5 (May 2015): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2794.

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22

Holz, Andrés, Juan Paritsis, Ignacio A. Mundo, Thomas T. Veblen, Thomas Kitzberger, Grant J. Williamson, Ezequiel Aráoz, et al. "Southern Annular Mode drives multicentury wildfire activity in southern South America." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 36 (August 21, 2017): 9552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705168114.

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The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the main driver of climate variability at mid to high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere, affecting wildfire activity, which in turn pollutes the air and contributes to human health problems and mortality, and potentially provides strong feedback to the climate system through emissions and land cover changes. Here we report the largest Southern Hemisphere network of annually resolved tree ring fire histories, consisting of 1,767 fire-scarred trees from 97 sites (from 22 °S to 54 °S) in southern South America (SAS), to quantify the coupling of SAM and regional wildfire variability using recently created multicentury proxy indices of SAM for the years 1531–2010 AD. We show that at interannual time scales, as well as at multidecadal time scales across 37–54 °S, latitudinal gradient elevated wildfire activity is synchronous with positive phases of the SAM over the years 1665–1995. Positive phases of the SAM are associated primarily with warm conditions in these biomass-rich forests, in which widespread fire activity depends on fuel desiccation. Climate modeling studies indicate that greenhouse gases will force SAM into its positive phase even if stratospheric ozone returns to normal levels, so that climate conditions conducive to widespread fire activity in SAS will continue throughout the 21st century.

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23

Silvestri, Gabriel, and Carolina Vera. "Nonstationary Impacts of the Southern Annular Mode on Southern Hemisphere Climate." Journal of Climate 22, no. 22 (November 15, 2009): 6142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3036.1.

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Abstract The temporal stability of the southern annular mode (SAM) impacts on Southern Hemisphere climate during austral spring is analyzed. Results show changes in the typical hemispheric circulation pattern associated with SAM, particularly over South America and Australia, between the 1960s–70s and 1980s–90s. In the first decades, the SAM positive phase is associated with an anomalous anticyclonic circulation developed in the southwestern subtropical Atlantic that enhances moisture advection and promotes precipitation increase over southeastern South America (SESA). On the other hand, during the last decades the anticyclonic anomaly induced by the SAM’s positive phase covers most of southern South America and the adjacent Atlantic, producing weakened moisture convergence and decreased precipitation over SESA as well as positive temperature anomaly advection over southern South America. Some stations in the Australia–New Zealand sector and Africa exhibit significant correlations between the SAM and precipitation anomalies in both or one of the subperiods, but they do not characterize a consistent area in which the SAM signal can be certainly determined. Significant changes of SAM influence on temperature anomalies on multidecadal time scales are observed elsewhere. Particularly over the Australia–New Zealand sector, significant positive correlations during the first decades become insignificant or even negative in the later period, whereas changes of opposite sign occur in the Antarctic Peninsula between both subperiods.

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24

Mariani, Michela, Andrés Holz, Thomas T. Veblen, Grant Williamson, Michael-Shawn Fletcher, and David M. J. S. Bowman. "Climate Change Amplifications of Climate-Fire Teleconnections in the Southern Hemisphere." Geophysical Research Letters 45, no. 10 (May 28, 2018): 5071–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gl078294.

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25

Rice, Jennifer L., Brian J. Burke, and Nik Heynen. "Knowing Climate Change, Embodying Climate Praxis: Experiential Knowledge in Southern Appalachia." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 105, no. 2 (January 28, 2015): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2014.985628.

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26

Solman, Silvina A., Mario N. Nuñez, and María Fernanda Cabré. "Regional climate change experiments over southern South America. I: present climate." Climate Dynamics 30, no. 5 (September 5, 2007): 533–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0304-3.

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27

de Figueiredo, Salette Amaral. "Modelling climate change effects in southern Brazil." Journal of Coastal Research 165 (January 3, 2013): 1933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si65-327.1.

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28

Barrows, Timothy T., and Patrick De Decker. "Long records of climate in southern Australasia." PAGES news 15, no. 2 (October 2007): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22498/pages.15.2.15.

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29

Gillett, N. P. "Simulation of Recent Southern Hemisphere Climate Change." Science 302, no. 5643 (October 10, 2003): 273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1087440.

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30

Thompson, D. W. J. "Interpretation of Recent Southern Hemisphere Climate Change." Science 296, no. 5569 (May 3, 2002): 895–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1069270.

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31

Son, Seok-Woo, Neil F. Tandon, Lorenzo M. Polvani, and Darryn W. Waugh. "Ozone hole and Southern Hemisphere climate change." Geophysical Research Letters 36, no. 15 (August 11, 2009): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009gl038671.

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32

Wang, Ye, and Xiaodong Yan. "Climate change induced by Southern Hemisphere desertification." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 102 (December 2017): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.03.009.

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33

Young, Ian R., Emmanuel Fontaine, Qingxiang Liu, and Alexander V. Babanin. "The Wave Climate of the Southern Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 5 (May 2020): 1417–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-20-0031.1.

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AbstractThe wave climate of the Southern Ocean is investigated using a combined dataset from 33 years of altimeter data, in situ buoy measurements at five locations, and numerical wave model hindcasts. The analysis defines the seasonal variation in wind speed and significant wave height, as well as wind speed and significant wave height for a 1-in-100-year return period. The buoy data include an individual wave with a trough to crest height of 26.4 m and suggest that waves in excess of 30 m would occur in the region. The extremely long fetches, persistent westerly winds, and procession of low pressure systems that traverse the region generate wave spectra that are unique. These spectra are unimodal but with peak frequencies that propagate much faster than the local wind. This situation results in a unique energy balance in which waves at the spectra peak grow as a result of nonlinear transfer without any input from the local wind.

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34

Chellaney, Brahma. "Climate Change and Security in Southern Asia." RUSI Journal 152, no. 2 (April 2007): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071840701350008.

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35

Daron, Joseph, Laura Burgin, Tamara Janes, Richard G. Jones, and Christopher Jack. "Climate process chains: Examples from southern Africa." International Journal of Climatology 39, no. 12 (April 30, 2019): 4784–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.6106.

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36

Bachelet, D., K. Ferschweiler, T. Sheehan, and J. Strittholt. "Climate change effects on southern California deserts." Journal of Arid Environments 127 (April 2016): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.10.003.

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37

Hastenrath, Stefan. "Climate prediction, Southern Oscillation and El Niño." Bulletin de l’Institut français d’études andines 27, no. 3 (1998): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bifea.1998.1334.

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38

Goyes, David Rodríguez. "'Little Development, Few Economic Opportunities and Many Difficulties': Climate Change From a Local Perspective." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 9, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v9i2.1132.

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A southern criminology perspective on the study of climate change is overdue, given that climate change is a global phenomenon with localised effects. This article is a southern empirical criminological study of the colonial causes of, justice consequences of and southern responses to climate change. The study is based on four years of research in the Colombian Río Negro basin, undertaken by a multidisciplinary team of which I was part. My main argument is that the region contributes to climate change and heightening local risks primarily because of Western-imposed cultural ideas and production practices, and market demands. The article also discusses the idea of returning to southern traditional practices to mitigate and adapt to climate change.

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39

Joubert, A. M., and B. C. Hewitson. "Simulating present and future climates of southern Africa using general circulation models." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 21, no. 1 (March 1997): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339702100104.

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The current state of regional climate and climate change modelling using GCMs is reviewed for southern Africa, and several approaches to regional climate change prediction which have been applied to southern Africa are assessed. Confidence in projected regional changes is based on the ability of a range of models to simulate present regional climate, and is greatest where intermodel consensus in terms of the nature of projected changes is highest. Both equil ibrium and transient climate change projections for southern Africa are considered. Warming projected over southern Africa is within the range of globally averaged estimates. Uncertainties associated with the parameterization of convection ensure that projected changes in rainfall at GCM grid scales remain unreliable. However, empirical downscaling approaches produce rainfall changes consistent with synoptic-scale circulation. Both downscaling and grid-scale approaches indicate a 10-15% decrease in summer rainfall over the central interior which may have important implications for surface hydrology. Climate change may be manifested as a change in variability, and not in mean climate. Over southern Africa, increases in the variability and intensity of daily rainfall events are indicated.

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40

Trenberth, Kevin E., and John T. Fasullo. "Simulation of Present-Day and Twenty-First-Century Energy Budgets of the Southern Oceans." Journal of Climate 23, no. 2 (January 15, 2010): 440–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3152.1.

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Abstract The energy budget of the modern-day Southern Hemisphere is poorly simulated in both state-of-the-art reanalyses and coupled global climate models. The ocean-dominated Southern Hemisphere has low surface reflectivity and therefore its albedo is particularly sensitive to cloud cover. In modern-day climates, mainly because of systematic deficiencies in cloud and albedo at mid- and high latitudes, too much solar radiation enters the ocean. Along with too little radiation absorbed at lower latitudes because of clouds that are too bright, unrealistically weak poleward transports of energy by both the ocean and atmosphere are generally simulated in the Southern Hemisphere. This implies too little baroclinic eddy development and deficient activity in storm tracks. However, projections into the future by coupled climate models indicate that the Southern Ocean features a robust and unique increase in albedo, related to clouds, in association with an intensification and poleward shift in storm tracks that is not observed at any other latitude. Such an increase in cloud may be untenable in nature, as it is likely precluded by the present-day ubiquitous cloud cover that models fail to capture. There is also a remarkably strong relationship between the projected changes in clouds and the simulated current-day cloud errors. The model equilibrium climate sensitivity is also significantly negatively correlated with the Southern Hemisphere energy errors, and only the more sensitive models are in the range of observations. As a result, questions loom large about how the Southern Hemisphere will actually change as global warming progresses, and a better simulation of the modern-day climate is an essential first step.

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41

Thomas, M. A., P. Suntharalingam, L. Pozzoli, S. Rast, A. Devasthale, S. Kloster, J. Feichter, and T. M. Lenton. "Quantification of DMS aerosol-cloud-climate interactions using ECHAM5-HAMMOZ model in current climate scenario." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2010): 3087–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-3087-2010.

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Abstract. The contribution of ocean dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emissions to changes in cloud microphysical properties is quantified seasonally and globally for present day climate conditions using an aerosol-chemistry-climate general circulation model, ECHAM5-HAMMOZ, coupled to a cloud microphysics scheme. We evaluate DMS aerosol-cloud-climate linkages over the southern oceans where anthropogenic influence is minimal. The changes in the number of activated particles, cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), cloud droplet effective radius, cloud cover and the radiative forcing are examined by analyzing two simulations: a baseline simulation with ocean DMS emissions derived from a prescribed climatology and one in which the ocean DMS emissions are switched off. Our simulations show that the model realistically simulates the seasonality in the number of activated particles and CDNC, peaking during Southern Hemisphere (SH) summer coincident with increased phytoplankton blooms and gradually declining with a minimum in SH winter. In comparison to a simulation with no DMS, the CDNC level over the southern oceans is 128% larger in the baseline simulation averaged over the austral summer months. Our results also show an increased number of smaller sized cloud droplets during this period. We estimate a maximum decrease of up to 15–18% in the droplet radius and a mean increase in cloud cover by around 2.5% over the southern oceans during SH summer in the simulation with ocean DMS compared to when the DMS emissions are switched off. The global annual mean top of the atmosphere DMS aerosol all sky radiative forcing is −2.03 W/m2, whereas, over the southern oceans during SH summer, the mean DMS aerosol radiative forcing reaches −9.32 W/m2.

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42

Rehfeld, Kira, Raphaël Hébert, Juan M. Lora, Marcus Lofverstrom, and Chris M. Brierley. "Variability of surface climate in simulations of past and future." Earth System Dynamics 11, no. 2 (May 25, 2020): 447–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-447-2020.

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Abstract. It is virtually certain that the mean surface temperature of the Earth will continue to increase under realistic emission scenarios, yet comparatively little is known about future changes in climate variability. This study explores changes in climate variability over the large range of climates simulated by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and 6 (CMIP5/6) and the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (PMIP3), including time slices of the Last Glacial Maximum, the mid-Holocene, and idealized experiments (1 % CO2 and abrupt4×CO2). These states encompass climates within a range of 12 ∘C in global mean temperature change. We examine climate variability from the perspectives of local interannual change, coherent climate modes, and through compositing extremes. The change in the interannual variability of precipitation is strongly dependent upon the local change in the total amount of precipitation. At the global scale, temperature variability is inversely related to mean temperature change on intra-seasonal to multidecadal timescales. This decrease is stronger over the oceans, while there is increased temperature variability over subtropical land areas (40∘ S–40∘ N) in warmer simulations. We systematically investigate changes in the standard deviation of modes of climate variability, including the North Atlantic Oscillation, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and the Southern Annular Mode, with global mean temperature change. While several climate modes do show consistent relationships (most notably the Atlantic Zonal Mode), no generalizable pattern emerges. By compositing extreme precipitation years across the ensemble, we demonstrate that the same large-scale modes influencing rainfall variability in Mediterranean climates persist throughout paleoclimate and future simulations. The robust nature of the response of climate variability, between cold and warm climates as well as across multiple timescales, suggests that observations and proxy reconstructions could provide a meaningful constraint on climate variability in future projections.

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Kwok, R., and J. C. Comiso. "Southern Ocean Climate and Sea Ice Anomalies Associated with the Southern Oscillation." Journal of Climate 15, no. 5 (March 2002): 487–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0487:socasi>2.0.co;2.

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44

Daniels, Lori D., and Thomas T. Veblen. "Altitudinal treelines of the southern Andes near 40ºS." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79237-2.

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In the southern Andes near 40ºS, altitudinal treelines are dominated by Nothofagus pumilio, a broadleaf deciduous angiosperm in the beech family (Fagaceae). Treeline elevations, ranging from 1100 to 1500 m a.s.l., are influenced by regional climate and volcanism. At the local scale, disturbance influences treeline elevation, ecotone length, and vegetation productivity. Decadal and interannual variation in climate related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) significantly affected radial growth of krummholz trees and seedling demography; however, climate-treeline relations were complex. Radial growth of krummholz trees and seedling demography responded differently to climate variation. These relations differed between climate regions and were unstable through time. We conclude that inter-annual variations in climate, such as those associated with ENSO, will be critical for successful reproduction and growth of Nothofagus pumilio at treeline in the Andes under the influence of global warming. Key words:Argentina, Chile, climate change, disturbance, forest dynamics, global warming, northern Patagonia, Nothofagus pumilio, South America, timberline

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45

Chivulescu, Serban, Juan García-Duro, Diana Pitar, Ștefan Leca, and Ovidiu Badea. "Past and Future of Temperate Forests State under Climate Change Effects in the Romanian Southern Carpathians." Forests 12, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070885.

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Research Highlights: Carpathian forests hold high ecological and economic value while generating conservation concerns, with some of these forests being among the few remaining temperate virgin forests in Europe. Carpathian forests partially lost their original integrity due to their management. Climate change has also gradually contributed to forest changes due to its modification of the environmental conditions. Background and Objectives: Understanding trees’ responses to past climates and forms of management is critical in foreseeing the responses of forests to future conditions. This study aims (1) to determine the sensitivity of Carpathian forests to past climates using dendrochronological records and (2) to describe the effects that climate change and management will have on the attributes of Carpathian forests, with a particular focus on the different response of pure and mixed forests. Materials and Methods: To this end, we first analysed the past climate-induced growth change in a dendrochronological reference series generated for virgin forests in the Romanian Curvature Carpathians and then used the obtained information to calibrate spatially explicit forest Landis-II models for the same region. The model was used to project forest change under four climate change scenarios, from mild to extreme. Results: The dendrochronological analysis revealed a climate-driven increase in forest growth over time. Landis-II model simulations also indicate that the amount of aboveground forest biomass will tend to increase with climate change. Conclusions: There are differences in the response of pure and mixed forests. Therefore, suitable forest management is required when forests change with the climate.

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46

Stewart-Ibarra, Anna M., and Rachel Lowe. "Climate and Non-Climate Drivers of Dengue Epidemics in Southern Coastal Ecuador." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 971–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0478.

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47

Joubert, A. M., J. J. Katzfey, J. L. McGregor, and K. C. Nguyen. "Simulating midsummer climate over southern Africa using a nested regional climate model." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 104, no. D16 (August 1, 1999): 19015–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999jd900256.

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48

Fiddes, Sonya, Acacia Pepler, Kate Saunders, and Pandora Hope. "Redefining southern Australia’s climatic regions and seasons." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 71, no. 1 (2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es20003.

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Climate scientists routinely rely on averaging over time or space to simplify complex information and to concisely communicate findings. Currently, no consistent definitions of ‘warm’ or ‘cool’ seasons for southern Australia exist, making comparisons across studies difficult. Similarly, numerous climate studies in Australia use either arbitrarily defined areas or the Natural Resource Management (NRM) clusters to perform spatial averaging. While the NRM regions were informed by temperature and rainfall information, they remain somewhat arbitrary. Here we use weather type influence on rainfall and clustering methods to quantitatively define climatic regions and seasons over southern Australia. Three methods are explored: k-means clustering and two agglomerative clustering methods, Ward linkage and average linkage. K-means was found to be preferred in temporal clustering, while the average linkage method was preferred for spatial clustering. For southern Australia as a whole, we define the cool season as April–September and warm season as October–March, though we note that a three-season split may provide more nuanced climate analysis. We also show that different regions across southern Australia experience different seasons and demonstrate the changing spatial influence of weather types with the seasons, which may aid regionally or seasonally specific climate analysis. Division of southern Australia into 15 climatic regions shows localised agreement with the NRM clusters where distinct differences in rainfall amounts exist. However, the climate regions defined here better represent the importance of topographical aspect on weather type influence and the inland extent of particular weather types. We suggest that the use of these regions would provide consistent climate analysis across studies if widely adopted. A key requirement for climate scientists is the simplification of data sets into both seasonally or regionally averaged subsets. This simplification, by grouping like regions or seasons, is done for a number of reasons both scientific and practical, including to help understand patterns of variability, underlying drivers and trends in climate and weather, to communicate large amounts of data concisely, to reduce the amount of data required for processing (which becomes increasingly important with higher resolution climate model output), or to more simply draw a physical boundary between regions for other purposes, such as flora and fauna habitat analysis, appropriate agricultural practices or water management.

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SIMMONDS, IAN, and JOHN C. KING. "Global and hemispheric climate variations affecting the Southern Ocean." Antarctic Science 16, no. 4 (November 30, 2004): 401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102004002226.

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The hemispheric and regional atmospheric circulation influences the Southern Ocean in many and profound ways, including intense air-sea fluxes of momentum, energy, fresh water and dissolved gases. The Southern Ocean ventilates a large fraction of the world ocean and hence these influences are spread globally. We use the NCEP-2 reanalysis data set to diagnose aspects of the large-scale atmospheric structure and variability and explore how these impact on the Southern Ocean. We discuss how the ‘Southern Annular Mode’ and the ‘Pacific-South American’ pattern influence the Southern Ocean, particularly in the eastern Pacific. We review the importance of atmospheric eddies in Southern Ocean climate, and the role they play in the transport of mechanical energy into the ocean. The fluxes of fresh water across the air-sea boundary influence strongly the processes of water mass formation. It is shown that climatological precipitation exceeds evaporation over most of the Southern Ocean. When averaged over the ocean from 50°S to the Antarctic coast the annual mean excess is 0.80 mm day−1. The magnitude of the flux displays only a small measure of seasonality, and its largest value of 0.92 mm day−1 occurs in summer.

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Mohrmann, Martin, Céline Heuzé, and Sebastiaan Swart. "Southern Ocean polynyas in CMIP6 models." Cryosphere 15, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 4281–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4281-2021.

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Abstract. Polynyas facilitate air–sea fluxes, impacting climate-relevant properties such as sea ice formation and deep water production. Despite their importance, polynyas have been poorly represented in past generations of climate models. Here we present a method to track the presence, frequency and spatial distribution of polynyas in the Southern Ocean in 27 models participating in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) and two satellite-based sea ice products. Only half of the 27 models form open-water polynyas (OWPs), and most underestimate their area. As in satellite observations, three models show episodes of high OWP activity separated by decades of no OWP, while other models unrealistically create OWPs nearly every year. In contrast, the coastal polynya area is overestimated in most models, with the least accurate representations occurring in the models with the coarsest horizontal resolution. We show that the presence or absence of OWPs is linked to changes in the regional hydrography, specifically the linkages between polynya activity with deep water convection and/or the shoaling of the upper water column thermocline. Models with an accurate Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport and wind stress curl have too frequent OWPs. Biases in polynya representation continue to exist in climate models, which has an impact on the regional ocean circulation and ventilation that should be addressed. However, emerging iceberg discharge schemes, more adequate vertical grid type or overflow parameterisation are anticipated to improve polynya representations and associated climate prediction in the future.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Southern Climate'

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