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Academic literature on the topic 'Southeastern Australia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Southeastern Australia"

1

Stamation, K., M. Watson, P. Moloney, C. Charlton, and J. Bannister. "Population estimate and rate of increase of southern right whales Eubalaena australis in southeastern Australia." Endangered Species Research 41 (April 30, 2020): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01031.

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In Australian waters, southern right whales Eubalaena australis form 2 genetically distinct populations that have shown contrasting patterns of recovery since whaling ceased: a western population in South Australia and Western Australia and an eastern population in southeastern Australia (Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales). Here, we provide an abundance estimate derived from a breeding female superpopulation mark-recapture model for the southeastern southern right whale population. The population comprises 268 individuals (68 breeding females) and has increased at a rate of 4.7% per annum between 1996 and 2017. There has been no significant change in the annual abundance of mother-calf pairs sighted at the only calving ground (Logans Beach in Victoria) over the last 3 decades. The total number of southern right whales (i.e. all adults and calves) using the southeastern Australian coastline has increased by 7% since 1985. Unlike the population estimate (which was restricted to breeding females sighted prior to the post-breeding southward migration), this estimate is likely to include transiting whales from the southwestern population. The theoretical population model predicts 19 breeding females at Logans Beach in 2018 and 28 in 2028; the actual number of breeding females, as of 2018, is 14. This study provides the first complete estimate of population size and rate of increase of southern right whales along the southeastern Australian coastline. This knowledge is critical for assessing population status and recovery of southern right whales in Australia. It provides a basis for monitoring persistence and responses of the population to environmental stressors.

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RODRÍGUEZ, JORGE, PAT A. HUTCHINGS, and JANE E. WILLIAMSON. "Biodiversity of intertidal marine flatworms (Polycladida, Platyhelminthes) in southeastern Australia." Zootaxa 5024, no. 1 (August 23, 2021): 1–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5024.1.1.

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Flatworms of the Order Polycladida are a group of free-living invertebrates found in a diversity of marine habitats, with over 800 species described worldwide. Marine flatworms are a conspicuous component of Australia’s marine fauna yet have received little attention. Less than 30 scientific articles have been published on Australian marine flatworms since 1855, of which only nine include species from southeastern Australia. Here, the biodiversity and distribution of species belonging to the Order Polycladida inhabiting intertidal rocky beaches in southeastern Australian waters were identified and analysed. Sampling was conducted at low tide along the coasts of New South Wales and Victoria. Collected samples were serially sectioned for comparative anatomical studies, and tissue was removed from each individual for molecular sequencing and analyses. Both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences were obtained and used as an additional source of evidence for the description of new species as well as providing further insight into the phylogenetic relationships between them. A total of 20 species, six of which are new (e.g., Eulatocestus australis sp. nov.), and a new genus (Parabolia gen. nov.) have been described, as well as two new records for Australia (e.g., Stylochoplana clara Kato, 1937) have been identified increasing our knowledge of this important component of the Australian marine biota.

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Bourman, R. P. "Modes of ferricrete genesis : evidence from southeastern Australia." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 37, no. 1 (April 23, 1993): 77–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/37/1993/77.

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4

Cresswell, G. R., and R. Legeckis. "Eddies off southeastern Australia." Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 33, no. 11-12 (November 1986): 1527–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(86)90066-x.

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Hill, Robert S. "Origins of the southeastern Australian vegetation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1450 (October 29, 2004): 1537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1526.

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Australia is an ancient continent with an interesting geological history that includes a recent major shift in its position, both globally and compared with neighbouring land masses. This has led to a great deal of confusion over many years about the origins of the Australian biomes. The plant fossil record is now clarifying this, and it is clear that the ancient Gondwanan rainforests that covered Australia while it was still part of that supercontinent contained many of the elements of the modern vegetation. However, major climatic sifting, along with responses to other factors, including soil nutrient levels, disturbance regimes, atmospheric CO 2 levels, fire frequency and intensity, glaciations and the arrival of humans, have had profound impacts on the Australian vegetation, which today reflects the sum of all these factors and more. The origins of Australian vegetation and its present–day management cannot be properly understood without an appreciation of this vast history, and the fossil record has a vital role to play in maintaining the health of this continent's vegetation into the future.

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Fan, Lingli, Jianjun Xu, and Liguo Han. "Impacts of Onset Time of El Niño Events on Summer Rainfall over Southeastern Australia during 1980–2017." Atmosphere 10, no. 3 (March 14, 2019): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10030139.

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El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has large impacts on Australia’s rainfall. A composite analysis technique was utilized to distinguish the impact of onset time of El Niño on summer rainfall over southeastern Australia. Summer rainfall tended to be lower than normal in austral autumn El Niño events during December–January–February (DJF) and higher than normal in austral winter El Niño events, in 1980–2017. During autumn El Niño events, the Walker circulation and meridional cells served as a bridge, linking the warmer sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) and lower summer rainfall over southeastern Australia. This physical process can be described as follows: During DJF, a positive SST anomaly in the EEP was concurrent with anomalous downdraft over southeastern Australia via zonal anomalous Walker circulation, meridional anomalous cells along 170° E–170° W, and a Pacific South American (PSA) teleconnection wave train at 500 hPa. In addition, an anomalous convergence at 200 hPa depressed the convection. Meanwhile, an 850 hPa abnormal westerly was not conducive to transport marine water vapor into this area. These factors resulted in below-normal rainfall. During winter El Niño events, a positive SST anomaly in the central equatorial Pacific (CEP) and the changes in Walker circulation and meridional cells were weaker. The PSA teleconnection wave train shifted westward and northward, and there was a low-level anomalous ascent over southeastern Australia. At the western flank of the anomalous anticyclone, northerly transported water vapor from the ocean to southeastern Australia resulted in a sink of water vapor over this area. The development of low-level convective activity and the plentiful water vapor supply favored more rainfall over southeastern Australia. Onset time of El Niño may be a useful metric for improving the low predictive skill of southeastern Australian summer rainfall.

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WHARTON, ROBERT A., KARL ROEDER, and MATTHEW J. YODER. "A monograph of the genus Westwoodia (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)." Zootaxa 1855, no. 1 (August 22, 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1855.1.1.

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Westwoodia (Ichneumonidae: Ctenopelmatinae) is an Australian endemic heretofore known from only two described species. Three additional species are described here: Westwoodia gauldi Wharton and Roeder, n. sp. and W. romani Wharton and Roeder, n. sp., both from southeastern Australia, and W. rodmani Wharton and Roeder, n. sp. from western Australia. A neotype is designated for W. ruficeps, following a detailed morphological comparison of topotypic material from Tasmania with populations from mainland Australia. New host records are provided; known hosts all belong to the Perginae (Hymenoptera: Pergidae). A phylogenetic analysis of relationships among species is presented along with a key to species. Species richness is greatest in southeastern Australia, which may simply represent a collecting bias.

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WHITE, WILLIAM T., PETER R. LAST, and JOHN D. STEVENS. "Cirrhigaleus australis n. sp., a new Mandarin dogfish (Squaliformes: Squalidae) from the south-west Pacific." Zootaxa 1560, no. 1 (August 27, 2007): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1560.1.2.

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A new species of Mandarin dogfish, Cirrhigaleus australis n. sp., is described based on specimens from southeastern Australia. Australian populations were previously considered to be conspecific with Cirrhigaleus barbifer from the western North Pacific and Indonesia, but recent investigations revealed that the two forms differ in morphology and in the structure of the CO1 gene. Cirrhigaleus australis has a smaller eye, shorter dorsal-caudal space, and smaller pectoral fins and dorsal fins and spines. These species are clearly separable from the only other congener, C. asper, and all other members of the family Squalidae, by the possession of a greatly produced barbel on their anterior nasal flap. The new species occurs in temperate waters of eastern Australia, and possibly New Zealand.

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Quinting, Julian F., and Michael J. Reeder. "Southeastern Australian Heat Waves from a Trajectory Viewpoint." Monthly Weather Review 145, no. 10 (October 2017): 4109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-17-0165.1.

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Although heat waves account for more premature deaths in the Australian region than any other natural disaster, an understanding of their dynamics is still incomplete. The present study identifies the dynamical mechanisms responsible for heat waves in southeastern Australia using 10-day backward trajectories computed from the ERA-Interim reanalyses. Prior to the formation of a heat wave, trajectories located over the south Indian Ocean and over Australia in the lower and midtroposphere ascend diabatically ahead of an upper-level trough and over a baroclinic zone to the south of the continent. These trajectories account for 44% of all trajectories forming the anticyclonic upper-level potential vorticity anomalies that characterize heat waves in the region. At the same time, trajectories located over the south Indian Ocean in the lower part of the troposphere descend and aggregate over the Tasman Sea. This descent is accompanied by a strong adiabatic warming. A key finding is that the temperatures are raised further through diabatic heating in the boundary layer over eastern Australia but not over the inner Australian continent. From eastern Australia, the air parcels are advected southward as they become incorporated into the near-surface anticyclone that defines the heat wave. In contrast to past studies, the importance of cloud-diabatic processes in the evolution of the midlatitude large-scale flow and the role of adiabatic compression in elevating the near-surface temperatures is emphasized. Likewise, the role of the local surface sensible heat fluxes is deemphasized.

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Siegel, Jeff. "Chinese Pidgin English in Southeastern Australia." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 24, no. 2 (August 21, 2009): 306–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.24.2.04sie.

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More than 38,000 Chinese came to Australia to prospect for gold in the second half of the 19th century. Most of them originated from the Canton region of China (now Guangdong), where Chinese Pidgin English (CPE) was an important trading language. This article describes a recently discovered source that throws light on the nature of CPE used in Australia during that period — a 70 page notebook written in a form of English by a Chinese gold miner, Jong Ah Siug. The article presents some background information about Chinese immigrants in the region where Jong worked (Victoria), and evidence that some CPE was spoken there. It goes on to describe Jong’s notebook and the circumstances that led to him writing it. The main part of the article examines the linguistic features of CPE and other pidgins that are present in the notebook, and discusses other lexical and morphosyntactic features of the text. Some features are typical only of CPE, such as the use of my as the first person pronoun. On the other hand, some features are more characteristic of Australian or Pacific pidgins — for example, the use of belong in possessive constructions. Still other features have not been recorded for any pidgin, such as the use of been as a locative copula. The analysis shows that Jong’s text contains a mixture of features from CPE and other pidgins, as well as features of interlanguage, including some resulting from functional transfer from Jong’s first language, Cantonese.

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More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Southeastern Australia"

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Ferland, Marie Ann. "Shelf sand bodies in southeastern Australia." Thesis, Department of Geography, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13289.

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Kavanagh, R. (Rodney). "Ecology and management of large forest owls in south-eastern Australia." Phd thesis, School of Biological Sciences, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5009.

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Stuart, Iain. "Squatting landscapes in south-eastern Australia (1820-1895)." Phd thesis, Prehistoric and Historic Archaeology Dept., Faculty of Arts, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8715.

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Shuttleworth, Lucas Alexander. "The Biology and Management of Chestnut Rot in Southeastern Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10082.

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Chestnut rot of Castanea sativa Mill. (European chestnut) and Castanea crenata Siebold and Zucc. (Japanese chestnut) x Castanea sativa hybrids is a significant problem facing the Australian chestnut industry. It affects the chestnut kernel, manifesting as pale, medium and dark brown lesions occurring on the endosperm and embryo. Previous surveys of Melbourne Markets showed losses to chestnut rot up to 40% (Anderson 1993)*. This equates to losses of $5.2M in 2010; using projected production figures (HAL 2007). This research project was undertaken to create a better understanding of the scope and distribution of the chestnut rot problem in south-eastern Australia; clarify the confusion surrounding the taxonomy of the chestnut rot pathogen; elucidate the infection process and disease cycle; investigate the effectiveness of flotation disease grading as a post-harvest method of removing rotten chestnuts; and provide recommendations to growers on how to reduce the incidence of chestnut rot in their orchards. Twenty-two orchards were surveyed in 2008 and 21 in 2009, across New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria (VIC) (Chapter 2). The highest incidence of chestnut rot at individual orchards was 72%. Incidence varied widely between and within orchards between the two years sampled. Chestnut rot was present in all of the sampled 2 orchards. The important commercial varieties Decoppi Marone (DM), Purton’s Pride (PP), Red Spanish (RS) all displayed examples of both high incidence (>1%), and acceptable incidence (0-1%). This indicates these varieties are susceptible under the right conditions. There was a positive correlation between incidence and December rainfall of the previous year, indicating environmental factors as key to the infection process. In 2008 and 2009, surveys of Sydney Markets showed incidence >1% (2008: varieties DM, PP; 2009: varieties RS, PP), indicating that these varieties were capable of being affected by chestnut rot. Chestnut rot has recently been reported as caused by two fungal species, minorly in New Zealand by Diaporthe castaneti Nitschke. and majorly in Australia and New Zealand by Gnomonia pascoe prov. nom. (Smith and Ogilvy 2008). The current study only observed one causal agent of chestnut rot in Australia, the novel taxon, Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi sp. nov. Isolates of G. smithogilvyi were obtained from tissues including rotten chestnuts collected in surveys of NSW and VIC, as ascospores from dead burrs from NSW, and as endophytes from asymptomatic female and male flowers, leaves, and stems from NSW. Morphology and phylogenetics were used to elucidate the taxonomy of the fungus. Morphological examination of G. smithogilvyi included the teleomorph from burrs (perithecia, asci, ascospore characters), and the anamorph in culture (colony, conidiomata and conidia characters). The RNA polymerase II (rpb2), internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 3 2 encompassing the 5.8S rDNA (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α), and beta-tubulin (β-tubulin) gene loci were sequenced and analysed in the context of the Diaporthales Nannf., Gnomoniaceae Winter. and Gnomoniopsis Berl. All of the chestnut rot isolates, ascospore isolates, and endophyte isolates on Castanea sativa, and Castanea crenata x C. sativa hybrids in Australia (NSW and VIC) were identified as G. smithogilvyi. An ITS phylogeny analysing the G. smithogilvyi isolates from the current Australian study with isolates of Gnomoniopsis on C. sativa from India, C. sativa from Italy, and C. crenata, C. sativa, and Castanea sp. from New Zealand (Chapter 3) grouped the Australian isolates, the Indian isolates, 17 of the 19 Italian isolates, and 3 of the 4 New Zealand isolates in the same lineage with 100% maximum parsimony (MP) bootstrap support, and 1.0 Bayesian posterior probability (BP). This suggests all these isolates belong to the genus Gnomoniopsis, and are highly likely to be G. smithogilvyi. A multi-gene phylogeny needs to be completed with all of these isolates to unequivocally determine if they are G. smithogilvyi. One of the 4 New Zealand isolates grouped with Gnomoniopsis paraclavulata in this analysis indicating that there is likely to be more than one species of Gnomoniopsis on Castanea spp. in New Zealand. Subsequent to the publication of G. smithogilvyi (Shuttleworth et al. 2012a), Gnomonia pascoe prov. nom. and a recently published taxon reported as the casual agent of nut rot of Castanea sativa in Italy, Gnomoniopsis castanea were all found to be synonyms of G. smithogilvyi based on 4 morphology and a two gene phylogeny (ITS, tef1-α) (Chapter 3). Chapters 3, 4 and 5 isolated the G. smithogilvyi in its anamorph form from rotten chestnuts, in its teleomorph form as a saprobe on dead burrs, and as an endophyte isolated from asymptomatic floral and vegetative chestnut tissues. Historically, there has been significant movement of chestnuts and budwood from Europe to Australia. It is therefore possible that the G. smithogilvyi was imported to Australia from Europe. The fungus could also potentially have been introduced from Japan, China, or the USA as Castanea from these countries have all been transported to Australia. There is also a possibility that the fungus has an endemic Australian origin. Further work with native plant species needs to be completed to determine if this is the case. The fungus could also have been transported between orchards in Australia and New Zealand by exchange of chestnuts and budwood between the two countries. G. smithogilvyi was isolated as an endophyte from various vegetative and floral tissues of Castanea in December 2008, and February, April, August, and December 2009 from an orchard in Mullion Creek, NSW (Chapter 4). The ranking of highest to lowest isolation frequency in chestnut tissues was female flowers (December 2008), mature burr equators, mature pedicels, living male flowers, dead male flowers, terminal leaf margins (April 2009), dead styles, dormant terminal buds, immature burr equators, pedicels (February 2009), leaf mid-veins, current-year stems (August 2009, 5 February 2009), and mature shell equators (April 2009). All other tissue types had ≤20% isolation frequency including current-year stems (December 2008, April 2009), 2 year-old stems, petioles, mature kernels, female flowers (December 2009), immature shell equators, living male flowers (December 2009) and 3 and 4 year-old bark. The endophyte was not isolated from 3 and 4 year-old xylem. There was a decreasing trend of isolation with increasing age of chestnut tissues in four of the five months. There was also a 72% reduction in isolation frequency from female flowers between 2008 (82%) and 2009 (10%), indicating a dynamic distribution of the fungus in chestnut flowers that changes over time. It also suggests a seasonal infection of female chestnut flowers. All tested varieties (DM, PP, RS) had the chestnut rot endophyte isolated from their tissues, indicating that they have the potential to be affected by chestnut rot. The observation of chestnut rot perithecia on burrs is central to the hypothesis of a floral infection by ascospores. This study observed G. smithogilvyi on dead burrs and branches in Mullion Creek, NSW (Chapters 3, 4). This observation of perithecia and ascospores on burrs supports the hypothesis of a floral infection. Ascospore infection of chestnut flowers has previously been found to be the primary stage of infection leading to chestnut rot. In this study ascospores were captured on PDA plates in a closed chamber laboratory experiment with chestnut burrs containing overwintered perithecia and ascospores of the G. smithogilvyi (Chapter 5). Three 6 colonies of the G. smithogilvyi anamorph grew in the second week of incubation. The incubation temperature was stable for the duration of the experiment at 23oC, suggesting fluctuations in temperature are not required for ascospore release, with moisture and humidity likely to be more important. A isolate that was grown from an ascospore was identified using morphological and molecular techniques. A segment of the ITS region of rDNA was sequenced and analysed. The captured ascospore isolate was morphologically identical to G. smithogilvyi, and it grouped next to G. smithogilvyi in the maximum parsimony (MP) ITS phylogenetic tree indicating the isolate is G. smithogilvyi. This experiment indicates that ascospores are released from the dead burrs into the air where they can potentially infect chestnut flowers, again supporting the floral infection hypothesis. Ascospores were found to be the primary source of inoculum in the infection of chestnut flowers, leaves and stems in December, leading to chestnut rot symptoms the following year. Chestnut rot ascospores were captured using a Burkard Volumetric Spore-Trap in an orchard in Mullion Creek, NSW (Chapter 5). The instrument was also used to determine daily patterns in ascospore capture from the orchard atmosphere. The highest mean hourly frequency of ascospore capture was 165 ascospores per m3 of air at 10pm. The time period of peak ascospore capture was between 8-11 pm and between 7-9 am. These times of ascospore capture correspond to sunset and the hours following sunset, and the hours following sunrise. No rain fell during the sampling 7 period, indicating ascospores are released even in the absence of rain. Flotation disease grading is a post-harvest method used to separate rotten chestnuts from healthy ones. Chestnuts that float are considered rotten, those that sink considered healthy. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of flotation disease grading as a post-harvest method of removing chestnuts affected by chestnut rot (Chapter 6). Hot water treatment of chestnuts has also been found to be effective against fungal growth on chestnut shells and therefore a desirable treatment method used in combination with flotation disease grading. The temperatures tested were 4oC, 30oC, 50oC, 60oC, and 70oC. Both floating and sinking chestnuts were affected by chestnut rot. The method was most discriminating with water at 70oC, although 22 out of 80 of the chestnuts that sank were rotten in this treatment. The method was observed to work well on chestnuts that are highly desiccated, but less effectively on chestnuts with minor chestnut rot symptoms. However, there are many more rotten non-desiccated chestnuts than desiccated ones. This is a problem because non-desiccated rotten chestnuts increase in chestnut rot with increasing time in storage, especially after 60 days (Anderson 1993). Flotation disease grading needs to be used with caution as the method can potentially reduce grower profits by identifying healthy chestnuts as rotten and mis-identifying rotten chestnuts as healthy. Potential losses from mis-identified chestnuts in this experiment was calculated as 160-260 kg of chestnuts per metric tonne (t), valued at $800-$1300 per t.

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Williams, Richard L. "Effects of a summer wildfire on populations of Rattus fuscipes and Antechinus stuartii in sclerophyll forest of south-eastern Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2007. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28083.

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Wildfire has been important in shaping Australian ecosystems through its direct and indirect effects on vegetation communities and faunal assemblages. Predictions that wildfire incidence and intensity will increase with forecast changes in climate, make it essential to understand wildfire impacts on native fauna and factors important for their recovery. The intention of this thesis is to contribute to this knowledge base. In December 2003 a high intensity Wildfire swept through large parts of Booderee National Park in southeastern Australia. Using a replicated design I studied the impacts of this fire on small mammal populations in open sclerophyll forest for 18 months after the fire. The small mammals present were Rattus fuscipes and Antechz'nus stuartz'z'. Additionally, I experimentally investigated factors that may have limited small mammals post-fire, specifically food and blood parasites. I monitored the response of R. fuscipes and A. stuartii to a food supplementation experiment at both the population level and at the scale of individual behaviour for one year. Immediately following the wildfire, populations of both R. fuscz'pes and A. stuartii declined to below 50% of populations unaffected by the fire. Rates of individual survival were low during the fire and for the first 3 months after the fire, probably due to high fire mortality, emigration and poor survival post-fire due to changes in resource availability and predator impact with the depletion of vegetation in the fire. However, within 18 months of the fire, populations of both species were present on all sites at approximately 50% the size of those on unbumt sites; survival rates matched those on unburnt sites and juveniles also were present in populations, indicating reproductive recruitment. This rapid post-fire recovery was attributed to the seasonal timing and patchiness of the wildfire, the presence of moist gullies in close proximity to study sites, and seemingly low numbers of feral predators due to fox control. The food supplementation experiment revealed that R. fuscipes was food limited post—fire, with populations increasing 2-fold on burnt supplemented sites, probably due largely to immigration and increased survival or residency of females. Behavioural studies showed that the added food (rat breeder pellets) was generally used only as a supplement because individuals did not aggregate around food stations or change their patterns of habitat use. Instead they preferred the denser vegetation associated with watercourses, which experienced rapid re—growth post-fire, just as did the individuals that received no additional food. This preference for dense cover, despite the provision of a constant and plentifiJl food source, suggests that predation risks are equally as important as food for small mammals. A. stuartii showed no response to the food supplementation despite accessing the food stations. This may be because the dried pellets were not an appropriate food source for this insectivore. Prevalence of blood parasite infection in R. fuscipes populations was not affected significantly by the wildfire or food supplementation, suggesting that parasite infection did not contribute to the variance in populations. However, any differences in host susceptibility between populations was not measured. The findings of this thesis have important implications for fire management in Australian eucalypt forests, within the context of conserving populations of small mammals and potentially other fauna. Future fire management regimes should aim to achieve mosaic landscapes characterised by vegetation of varying seral stages. A regime providing an intensity and frequency of burns that promotes plant diversity and preferred habitat structure of mammals should be adopted. Moist habitats such as gullies, swamps and rainforests should be protected from fire in any burning regime, or burnt very infrequently and in small patches. Additionally, when planning fire regimes, the breeding biology of fire-sensitive and threatened species should be considered, as should additional management applications such as feral predator control and food supplementation. The need for better planned and more comprehensive fire regimes will become increasingly important in the future given the projections for increases in fire severity and frequency with predicted changes in climate.

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Ross, Karen School of Biological Earth &amp Environmental Sciences UNSW. "Effects of fragmentation and disturbance on a eucalypt open-forest plant community in south-eastern Australia." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22454.

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This study documented effects of fragmentation and disturbance on a coastal eucalypt dry open-forest plant community at Port Stephens-Myall Lakes, south-eastern Australia. The study evaluated the relative influence of fragment size (range <1-75ha), fragment or edge age (< 1-25y), time since fire (5-25y) and anthropogenic disturbance (minor, major) on microclimate, native plant species richness and weed invasion. Plots were sampled for native and exotic species richness per 25 m2 and edge transects for light, soil moisture, soil temperature, vegetation structure, native species richness and exotic species richness and cover. Depths of edge influence (DEI) were all < 20m inside the forest edge. Younger edge zones were lighter, had hotter and drier soils and more native species than forest interiors. Older edge zones were shadier, had warmer and moister soils and fewer native species than forest interiors, due to vegetation thickening in the edge zone. Light and soil moisture followed linear or monotonic edge-to-interior gradients in younger edges, but more complex patterns in older edges. Soil-temperature DEI decreased with increasing edge age. Fragment size had little influence on edge effects, but those for light developed more rapidly in smaller fragments, and recent fire was associated with reduced richness in edge zones of smaller fragments. Both anthropogenic disturbance and fire enlarged DEI for native species richness. Major anthropogenic disturbance coupled with fragmentation produced a stronger and more immediate loss of native species than fragmentation alone. Small fragments with minor disturbance had fewer native species per 25 m2 than larger fragments, but only after >10y since fragmentation. Analysis of forest interior portions of transects revealed that edge effects, and possibly disturbance, were largely responsible for this loss of native species with time, rather than effects of area. Despite a viable soil seed bank in fragments and the surrounding matrix, weed invasion in fragments was minimal. Exotic species were concentrated in edge zones, and were promoted by major anthropogenic disturbance within fragments. Results were highly dependent on fragment or edge age, and external influences of fragmentation (edge effects and disturbance), were more important than biogeographic (area-driven) factors. Impacts of fragmentation were compounded when combined with disturbance.

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Webb, Ashley Adrian. "Episodic erosion, riparian vegetation colonisation and the late holocene stability of sand-bed, forest streams in southeastern Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2002. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28458.

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Natural interactions between riparian vegetation, large woody debris (LWD) and the fluvial geomorphology of forest streams in North America and Europe have been well researched. In southeastern Australia, where rainfall and runoff are highly variable, where riparian vegetation species are unique and where many streams have been altered since European settlement, there is a paucity of research on such biogeomorphic interactions. This thesis aimed to partly address this knowledge gap by undertaking detailed case studies of four undisturbed streams that varied in their degree of lateral confinement by materials of limited erodibility, i.e. differences in the size and nature of the valley floor trough. These included a laterally and vertically bedrock-confined channel flanked by a series of discontinuous inchannel benches but with no floodplain (Mogo Creek); a laterally bedrock-confined channel flanked by a discontinuous high vertically accreted floodplain and a series of discontinuous in-channel benches (Wheeny Creek); a partially bedrock- and terrace-confined channel discontinuously flanked by pockets of floodplain (Bruces Creek); and a slightly terraceconfined channel continuously flanked by floodplain (Tonghi Creek). Extensive radiocarbon dating of floodplain charcoal at each site highlighted the fact that episodic, rainfall-generated cataclysmic floods have occurred during the late Holocene. These floods totally removed alluvial landforms, including the floodplain forest, from within the valley floor trough. Riparian vegetation communities that have colonised the landforms that redeveloped in the erosional void exhibit a distinct lateral and vertical zonation of species that is determined by the degree of resistance of different species to natural flood disturbance. More flood-resistant tree species, such as Tristaniopsis laurina, are able to grow and survive within the channel and on the channel banks and in—channel benches; possess the ability to reshoot from epicormic buds following high-energy flood disturbance; and can rapidly colonise recently formed alluvial landforms. Less flood—resistant species, such as the Eucalyptus species, grow on higher parts of the floodplain or on remnant Pleistocene river terraces where flood flows are of lower energy and occur less frequently. Measured LWD loadings ranged from 47 m3ha‘I at Mogo Creek to 751 m3ha‘l at Bruces Creek and varied in relation to specific stream power, the relaxation period between cataclysmic floods and the age-structure of the riparian vegetation community from which the LWD was recruited. Large woody debris recruitment processes varied in relation to the geomorphic setting and zonation of riparian vegetation. Episodic bank erosion, undercutting and senescence were identified as the dominant LWD recruitment processes from T. laurina trees growing along the banks of Tonghi and Bruces Creeks, while episodic windthrow was identified as the LWD recruitment process from Eucalyptus trees growing on the floodplains and terraces at these sites. At Mogo and Wheeny Creeks, destruction of in—channel benches by catastrophic floods was identified as the dominant LWD recruitment process from T. laurina and Leptospermum polygalifolium shrubs, while episodic windthrow was the dominant LWD recruitment process from the Eucalyptus trees growing on the high floodplains, where present, and adjacent hillslopes. The longitudinal distribution, orientation and hydraulic impacts of LWD pieces, and the development of log-steps were strongly influenced by the energy of flows experienced and the ratio of tree and LWD size to channel size. Due to high timber densities LWD tends to sink and become partially or completely buried by bedload. It is only in streams with high LWD loadings, low to medium energy bankfull flows and high LWD size to channel size ratios, such as Bruces Creek, that interlocking, wedged pieces of LWD form closely spaced debris dams. The maximum residence time for LWD identified by radiocarbon dating was 980 years on Eucalyptus timber in Wheeny Creek and was interpreted as representing the relaxation period following the most recent cataclysmic flood. Biogeomorphic evidence indicates that riparian vegetation and large woody debris can exert a significant influence on the fluvial geomorphology of sand-bed, forest streams in southeastern Australia by contributing to processes such as pool formation, stream energy dissipation, bank strength, sediment storage patterns, bed stability, oblique bank accretion, in—channel bench and mid-channel bar formation. However, rainfall—generated cataclysmic floods, capable of totally obliterating all landforms within the valley floor trough, including the floodplain forest, have occurred during the late Holocene. Cataclysmic floods exceed vegetationcontrolled thresholds of channel and floodplain stability and resultant specific stream powers of at least 2500 Wm‘2 enable the flood to erode the channel and floodplain to bedrock. Such floods occur more frequently in flood variable regions on high energy streams in narrow valley floor troughs. The width and nature of the valley floor trough, specific stream power and the relaxation period between floods are identified as important factors determining the subsequent influence of riparian vegetation and LWD on the stability of the landforms that redevelop in the erosional void.

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Thomson, Kirstie. "Evolutionary patterns and consequences of developmental mode in Cenozoic gastropods from southeastern Australia." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/17953/.

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Gastropods, like many other marine invertebrates undergo a two-stage life cycle. As the adult body plan results in narrow environmental tolerances and restricted mobility, the optimum opportunity for dispersal occurs during the initial larval phase. Dispersal is considered to be a major influence on the evolutionary trends of different larval strategies. Three larval strategies are recognised in this research: planktotrophy, lecithotrophy and direct development. Planktotrophic larvae are able to feed and swim in the plankton resulting in the greatest dispersal potential. Lecithotrophic larvae have a reduced planktic period and are considered to have more restricted dispersal. The planktic period is absent in direct developing larvae and therefore dispersal potential in these taxa is extremely limited. Each of these larval strategies can be confidently inferred from the shells of fossil gastropods and the evolutionary trends associated with modes of development can be examined using both phylogenetic and non-phylogenetic techniques. This research uses Cenozoic gastropods from southeastern Australia to examine evolutionary trends associated with larval mode. To ensure the species used in analyses are distinct and correctly assigned, a taxonomic review of the six families included in this study was undertaken. The families included in this study were the Volutidae, Nassariidae, Raphitomidae, Borsoniidae, Mangeliidae and Turridae. Phylogenetic analyses were used to examine the relationships between taxa and to determine the order and timing of changes in larval mode throughout the Cenozoic. Traditionally, planktotrophy has been considered the ancestral mode of development. However, using maximum parsimony and maximum-likelihood analysis, this research suggests that the ancestral developmental mode cannot be confidently determined in gastropods from southeastern Australia. Similarly, evidence that transitions between larval strategies might be reversible contradicts the general view that regaining the specialised structures associated with planktotrophy is so difficult that it is considered extremely unlikely to occur. When the timing of switches in larval mode was examined they were found to be scattered at different points in time rather than clustered to specific periods and therefore no inference can be made as to the likely factors driving transitions between larval modes. The correlation between mode of development and macroevolutionary trends was examined using non-phylogenetic techniques. The results do not concur with the hypothesis that species with planktotrophic larvae will exhibit wider geographic ranges, longer species durations and lower speciation rates then lecithotrophic or direct developing taxa. The analyses are thought to be hindered by a strong preservation bias and gaps within the fossil record. The quality of the fossil record and the congruence between phylogenies and stratigraphy is examined using the Stratigraphic Consistency Index, the Relative Completeness Index and the Gap Excess Ratio.

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Khan, Muhammad Shahid Akhtar. "Epidemiology of ascochyta blight of chickpea in Australia." Title page, contents and summary only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk4455.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 182-217. This study was conducted to determine the etiology of a blight disease of chickpea in south-eastern Australia and the factors affecting disease development. The disease had previously been identified as phoma blight. Pathogenicity testing revealed two isolates subsequently identified as Asochyta rabiei, the first conclusive identification in the southern hemisphere. Greenhouse screening of chickpea varieties identified types resistant to ascochyta blight. The effects of plant age and environmental conditions on disease development were investigated under controlled conditions in growth rooms. Seedlings were more susceptible than older plants. The optimum conditions for ascochyta blight were 20° C and a 48-96 h period of leaf wetness. Through field trials it was found that disease intensity increased over time, especially in cv. Desavic. The means of penetration of the chickpea host was established in histological studies. This study provided advance warning of this disease for the expanding chickpea industry, and has allowed the implementation of appropriate disease management strategies. It is recommended that cv. Desavic should not be grown where ascochyta blight is likely to be a problem.

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Johnston, William Henry, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Environment and Agriculture. "The role of Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees. complex in temperate pastures in southeastern Australia." THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Johnston_W.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/29.

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This thesis examines the hypothesis that, in southern New South Wales and northeast Victoria, Australia, palatable taxa of E. curvula offer advantages that complement those of the species that are traditionally sown in temperate pastures in a landscape context.This hypothesis was based on a review of literature showing that, prior to European settlement, the vegetation, the landscape and the climate were broadly in balance, and the wateruse pattern of the vegetation of southeastern Australia resulted in water being used more-or-less completely by the end of summer. This maximised the capacity of the soil to take up and store water during autumn and winter.Three grazing experiments and one spaced-plant species evaluation study were used to assess the role of summer-growing, C4 Eragrostis curvula in pastures in the temperate zone of southeastern Australia.Issues relating to pasture production and the productivity of wool-growing sheep were investigated. Factors affecting the sustainability of the pastures and their potential on and off site impacts were emphasised.Modelling was used to explore issues of water use, arising from the grazing experiments. It is concluded that the persistence, production, water use patterns, and the adaptability of palatable varieties of E. curvula make it a useful and complementary addition to the range of species that are currently available for use as sown pastures in southern Australia.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Books on the topic "Southeastern Australia"

1

Thorn, Julia. Bicycle tours of southeastern Australia. Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press, 1989.

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Lower Devonian Pelecypoda from southeastern Australia. Brisbane: Association of Australian Palaeontologists, 1993.

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M, Brown C. Murray Basin, southeastern Australia: subsurface stratigraphic database. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1986.

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M, Brown C. Geology of the Murray Basin, Southeastern Australia. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1991.

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Kabaila, Peter Rimas. Survival legacies: Stories from Aboriginal settlements of southeastern Australia. Canberra, A.C.T: Canprint Pub., 2011.

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Murray Basin, southeastern Australia, stratigraphy and resource potential: A synopsis. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1985.

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Li, Qianyu. Miocene foraminifera from Lakes Entrance Oil Shaft, Gippsland, southeastern Australia. Canberra: Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 2000.

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Exon, N. F. Rig seismic research cruise 3: Offshore Otway Basin, southeastern Australia. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1987.

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New, T. R. Name that insect: A guide to the insects of Southeastern Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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Clark, S. A. Revision of the snail genus Austropyrgus (Gastropoda:Hydrobiidae): A morphostatic radiation of freshwater gastropods in southeastern Australia. Sydney: Australian Museum, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Southeastern Australia"

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Shiel, R. J., C. J. Merrick, and G. G. Ganf. "The Rotifera of impoundments in Southeastern Australia." In Rotifer Symposium IV, 23–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4059-8_5.

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Morgan, F. David, and Gary S. Taylor. "The White Lace Lerp in Southeastern Australia." In Dynamics of Forest Insect Populations, 129–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0789-9_7.

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Boon, Paul I. "Enzyme Activities in Billabongs of Southeastern Australia." In Microbial Enzymes in Aquatic Environments, 286–97. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3090-8_18.

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Hercus, Luise, and Stephen Morey. "10. Some remarks on negatives in Southeastern Australia." In Morphology and Language History, 139–54. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.298.14her.

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Rathjen, A. J., R. F. Eastwood, J. G. Lewis, and A. J. Dube. "Breeding wheat for resistance to Heterodera avenae in Southeastern Australia." In Developments in Plant Breeding, 113–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4896-2_16.

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Basden, H., B. J. Franklin, B. Marshall, and A. E. Waltho. "Terranes of the Tumut district, southeastern New South Wales, Australia." In Terrane Accretion and Orogenic Belts, 57–66. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gd019p0057.

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Catling, P. C. "Ecological effects of prescribed burning practices on the mammals of southeastern Australia." In Conservation of Australia’s Forest Fauna, 353–63. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/rzsnsw.1991.030.

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Spate, Jess. "Modelling the Relationship Between Streamflow and Electrical Conductivity in Hollin Creek, Southeastern Australia." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 419–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11552253_38.

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Lindenmayer, D. B. "Forest Resource Management and the Conservation of Arboreal Marsupials in Central Victoria, Southeastern Australia." In The GeoJournal Library, 24–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0343-2_4.

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Nuttall, James, Roger Armstrong, Mark Imhof, Mohammad Abuzar, and Robert Belford. "Subsoil Constraints to Dryland Crop Production on the Low Rainfall Alkaline Soils of Southeastern Australia." In Challenges and Strategies of Dryland Agriculture, 373–87. Madison, WI, USA: Crop Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cssaspecpub32.c23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Southeastern Australia"

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Holford*, Simon, David Tassone, Rosalind C. King, Mark Tingay, and Richard Hillis. "Reconciling Contemporary Stress Data With Neotectonic Structures: Evidence From Southeastern Australia." In International Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia 13-16 September 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2015-2211466.

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Saunders, Autumn Kimberly, and Larisa R. G. DeSantis. "DIETARY ECOLOGY OF THE LOCAL LANCEFIELD FAUNA IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA: DID THE KANGAROOS DIE FROM A MASSIVE DROUGHT?" In 67th Annual Southeastern GSA Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018se-313259.

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Waters-Tormey*, Cheryl, Eloise Beyer, Anett Weisheit, Barry Reno, Jo A. Whelan, Dorothy Close, and Nick Direen. "Using Basement Exposures to Constrain the Structural Evolution of the Southeastern Georgina Basin, Northern Territory, Australia." In International Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia 13-16 September 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2015-2211464.

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Chang*, ZhenYang, Shukui Zhu, Xiang Ge, Xuanbo Gao, Wei Dai, and Wanfeng Zhang. "A Novel C7-Based Star Diagram Applied on Oil-Oil Correlations From the Pearl River Mouth Basin, Southeastern China." In International Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia 13-16 September 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2015-2209864.

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Meeuws*, Fun J., Simon Holford, and John Foden. "The Origin of Meso-Cenozoic Offshore Magmatism Along the Australian Southeastern Continental Margin: New Insights From Seismic and Geochemical Data." In International Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia 13-16 September 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2015-2202009.

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Doronila, Augustine, L. Yan, G. Narsilio, and S. Yuen. "The effects of two Australian native grasses on the stability of soil cover on sulphidic gold mine tailings in the goldfields of southeastern Australia." In Fourth International Conference on Mine Closure. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/908_33.

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Ellerton, Daniel, James Shulmeister, Tammy M. Rittenour, Allen Gontz, Kevin Welsh, Patrick A. Hesp, Graziela Miot da Silva, and Talitha Santini. "OSL AGES AND FORMATION MECHANISMS OF A MAJOR COASTAL DUNEFIELD, THE COOLOOLA SAND MASS, SOUTHEASTERN QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-299369.

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Mustaque, Sharif, Ashraf Uddin, Raju P. Sitaula, Md I. Alam, and Nur Uddin Md Khaled Chowdhury. "PALEOTECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE EASTERN GONDWANAN RIFT BASIN FROM LATE CARBONIFEROUS-EARLY PERMIAN DEPOSITS IN THE PRESENT-DAY SUB-BASINS OF AUSTRALIA, INDIA, NEPAL AND BANGLADESH." In 68th Annual GSA Southeastern Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019se-327710.

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Appold, Martin, and Sarah Smith-Schmitz. "PARTITIONING THEORY AS A TOOL FOR DETERMINING BASE METAL CONTENT IN HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS: EXAMPLES FROM SEDIMENT-HOSTED MINERAL DEPOSITS IN THE NORTH AMERICAN MIDCONTINENT, CORDILLERA, AND SOUTH AUSTRALIA." In Joint 56th Annual North-Central/ 71st Annual Southeastern Section Meeting - 2022. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022nc-375755.

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Reports on the topic "Southeastern Australia"

1

Caritat, P. de, and U. Troitzsch. Towards a regolith mineralogy map of the Australian continent: a feasibility study in the Darling-Curnamona-Delamerian region. Geoscience Australia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2021.035.

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Bulk quantitative mineralogy of regolith is a useful indicator of lithological precursor (protolith), degree of weathering, and soil properties affecting various potential landuse decisions. To date, no national-scale maps of regolith mineralogy are available in Australia. Catchment outlet sediments collected over 80% of the continent as part of the National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) afford a unique opportunity to rapidly and cost-effectively determine regolith mineralogy using the archived sample material. This report releases mineralogical data and metadata obtained as part of a feasibility study in a selected pilot area for such a national regolith mineralogy database and atlas. The area chosen for this study is within the Darling-Curnamona-Delamerian (DCD) region of southeastern Australia. The DCD region was selected as a ‘deep-dive’ data acquisition and analysis by the Exploration for the Future (2020-2024) federal government initiative managed at Geoscience Australia. One hundred NGSA sites from the DCD region were prepared for X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, which consisted of qualitative mineral identification of the bulk samples (i.e., ‘major’ minerals), qualitative clay mineral identification of the <2 µm grain-size fraction, and quantitative analysis of both ‘major’ and clay minerals of the bulk sample. The identified mineral phases were quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, halite, hematite, goethite, rutile, zeolite, amphibole, talc, kaolinite, illite (including muscovite and biotite), palygorskite (including interstratified illite-smectite and vermiculite), smectite (including interstratified illite-smectite), vermiculite, and chlorite. Poorly diffracting material (PDM) was also quantified and reported as ‘amorphous’. Mineral identification relied on the EVA® software, whilst quantification was performed using Siroquant®. Resulting mineral abundances are reported with a Chi-squared goodness-of-fit between the actual diffractogram and a modelled diffractogram for each sample, as well as an estimated standard error (esd) measurement of uncertainty for each mineral phase quantified. Sensitivity down to 0.1 wt% (weight percent) was achieved, with any mineral detection below that threshold reported as ‘trace’. Although detailed interpretation of the mineralogical data is outside the remit of the present data release, preliminary observations of mineral abundance patterns suggest a strong link to geology, including proximity to fresh bedrock, weathering during sediment transport, and robust relationships between mineralogy and geochemistry. The mineralogical data generated by this study are presented in Appendix A of this report and are downloadable as a .csv file. Mineral abundance or presence/absence maps are shown in Appendices B and C to document regional mineralogical patterns.

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Heitman, Joshua L., Alon Ben-Gal, Thomas J. Sauer, Nurit Agam, and John Havlin. Separating Components of Evapotranspiration to Improve Efficiency in Vineyard Water Management. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594386.bard.

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Vineyards are found on six of seven continents, producing a crop of high economic value with much historic and cultural significance. Because of the wide range of conditions under which grapes are grown, management approaches are highly varied and must be adapted to local climatic constraints. Research has been conducted in the traditionally prominent grape growing regions of Europe, Australia, and the western USA, but far less information is available to guide production under more extreme growing conditions. The overarching goal of this project was to improve understanding of vineyard water management related to the critical inter-row zone. Experiments were conducted in moist temperate (North Carolina, USA) and arid (Negev, Israel) regions in order to address inter-row water use under high and low water availability conditions. Specific objectives were to: i) calibrate and verify a modeling technique to identify components of evapotranspiration (ET) in temperate and semiarid vineyard systems, ii) evaluate and refine strategies for excess water removal in vineyards for moist temperate regions of the Southeastern USA, and iii) evaluate and refine strategies for water conservation in vineyards for semi-arid regions of Israel. Several new measurement and modeling techniques were adapted and assessed in order to partition ET between favorable transpiration by the grapes and potentially detrimental water use within the vineyard inter-row. A micro Bowen ratio measurement system was developed to quantify ET from inter-rows. The approach was successful at the NC site, providing strong correlation with standard measurement approaches and adding capability for continuous, non-destructive measurement within a relatively small footprint. The environmental conditions in the Negev site were found to limit the applicability of the technique. Technical issues are yet to be solved to make this technique sufficiently robust. The HYDRUS 2D/3D modeling package was also adapted using data obtained in a series of intense field campaigns at the Negev site. The adapted model was able to account for spatial variation in surface boundary conditions, created by diurnal canopy shading, in order to accurately calculate the contribution of interrow evaporation (E) as a component of system ET. Experiments evaluated common practices in the southeastern USA: inter-row cover crops purported to reduce water availability and thereby favorably reduce grapevine vegetative growth; and southern Israel: drip irrigation applied to produce a high value crop with maximum water use efficiency. Results from the NC site indicated that water use by the cover crop contributed a significant portion of vineyard ET (up to 93% in May), but that with ample rainfall typical to the region, cover crop water use did little to limit water availability for the grape vines. A potential consequence, however, was elevated below canopy humidity owing to the increased inter-row evapotranspiration associated with the cover crops. This creates increased potential for fungal disease occurrence, which is a common problem in the region. Analysis from the Negev site reveals that, on average, E accounts for about10% of the total vineyard ET in an isolated dripirrigated vineyard. The proportion of ET contributed by E increased from May until just before harvest in July, which could be explained primarily by changes in weather conditions. While non-productive water loss as E is relatively small, experiments indicate that further improvements in irrigation efficiency may be possible by considering diurnal shading effects on below canopy potential ET. Overall, research provided both scientific and practical outcomes including new measurement and modeling techniques, and new insights for humid and arid vineyard systems. Research techniques developed through the project will be useful for other agricultural systems, and the successful synergistic cooperation amongst the research team offers opportunity for future collaboration.

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Boyle, Maxwell, and Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Fort Pulaski National Monument: 2019 data summary. National Park Service, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2288716.

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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and monitoring is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2019 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort on four SECN parks, including Fort Pulaski National Monument (FOPU). Twelve vegetation plots were established at Fort Pulaski National Monument in August. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Fort Pulaski National Monument in 2019. Data were stratified across two dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Maritime Tidal Wetlands and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands). Noteworthy findings include: Sixty-six vascular plant taxa were observed across 12 vegetation plots, including six taxa not previously known from the park. Plots were located on both Cockspur and McQueen’s Island. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Maritime Tidal Wetlands: smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), perennial saltmarsh aster(Symphyotrichum enuifolium), and groundsel tree (Baccharis halimifolia) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), southern/eastern red cedar (Juniperus silicicola + virginiana), and cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto). Four non-native species identified as invasive by the Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (GA-EPPC 2018) were found during this monitoring effort. These species (and their overall frequency of occurrence within all plots) included: Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica; 17%), bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum; 8%), Vasey’s grass (Paspalum urvillei; 8%), and European common reed (Phragmites australis; 8%). Two rare plants tracked by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR 2013) were found during this monitoring effort. These include Florida wild privet (Forestiera segregata) and Bosc’s bluet (Oldenlandia boscii). Southern/eastern red cedar and cabbage palmetto were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of the maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat type. Species that dominated the sapling and seedling strata of this type included yaupon, cabbage palmetto, groundsel tree, and Carolina laurel cherry (Prunus caroliniana). The health status of sugarberry (Celtis laevigata)—a typical canopy species in maritime forests of the South Atlantic Coastal Plain--observed on park plots appeared to be in decline, with most stems experiencing elevated levels of dieback and low vigor. Over the past decade, this species has been experiencing unexplained high rates of dieback and mortality throughout its range in the Southeastern United States; current research is focusing on what may be causing these alarming die-off patterns. Duff and litter made up the majority of downed woody biomass (fuel loads) across FOPU vegetation plots.

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