Academic literature on the topic 'South Tropical Atlantic'
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Journal articles on the topic "South Tropical Atlantic"
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SOUZA, Everaldo B. de, Mary T. KAYANO, Julio TOTA, Luciano PEZZI, Gilberto FISCH, and Carlos NOBRE. "On the influences of the El Niño, La niña and Atlantic Dipole Paterni on the Amazonian Rainfall during 1960-1998." Acta Amazonica 30, no. 2 (June 2000): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43922000302318.
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The influence of the large-scale climatic variability dominant modes in the Pacific and in the Atlantic on Amazonian rainfall is investigated. The composite technique of the Amazon precipitation anomalies is used in this work. The basis years for these composites arc those in the period 1960-1998 with occurrences of extremes in the Southern Oscillation (El Niño or La Niña) and the north/south warm (or cold) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies dipole pattern in the tropical Atlantic. Warm (cold) dipole means positive (negative) anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic and negative (positive) anomalies in the tropical South Atlantic. Austral summer and autumn composites for extremes in the Southern Oscillation (El Niño or La Niña) and independently for north/south dipole pattern (warm or cold) of the SST anomalies in the tropical Atlantic present values (magnitude and sign) consistent with those found in previous works on the relationship between Amazon rainfall variations and the SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic. However, austral summer and autumn composites for the years with simultaneous occurrences of El Niño and warm north/south dipole of the SST anomalies in the tropical Atlantic show negative precipitation anomalies extending eastward over the center-eastern Amazon. This result indicates the important role played by the tropical Atlantic in the Amazon anomalous rainfall distribution.
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Gordon, Arnold L., and Kathryn T. Bosley. "Cyclonic gyre in the tropical South Atlantic." Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 38 (1991): S323—S343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0198-0149(12)80015-x.
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Muñoz, Ernesto, Wilbert Weijer, Semyon A. Grodsky, Susan C. Bates, and Ilana Wainer. "Mean and Variability of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean in the CCSM4*." Journal of Climate 25, no. 14 (July 15, 2012): 4860–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00294.1.
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Abstract This study analyzes important aspects of the tropical Atlantic Ocean from simulations of the fourth version of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4): the mean sea surface temperature (SST) and wind stress, the Atlantic warm pools, the principal modes of SST variability, and the heat budget in the Benguela region. The main goal was to assess the similarities and differences between the CCSM4 simulations and observations. The results indicate that the tropical Atlantic overall is realistic in CCSM4. However, there are still significant biases in the CCSM4 Atlantic SSTs, with a colder tropical North Atlantic and a hotter tropical South Atlantic, that are related to biases in the wind stress. These are also reflected in the Atlantic warm pools in April and September, with its volume greater than in observations in April and smaller than in observations in September. The variability of SSTs in the tropical Atlantic is well represented in CCSM4. However, in the equatorial and tropical South Atlantic regions, CCSM4 has two distinct modes of variability, in contrast to observed behavior. A model heat budget analysis of the Benguela region indicates that the variability of the upper-ocean temperature is dominated by vertical advection, followed by meridional advection.
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Rodrigues, Regina R., Reindert J. Haarsma, Edmo J. D. Campos, and Tércio Ambrizzi. "The Impacts of Inter–El Niño Variability on the Tropical Atlantic and Northeast Brazil Climate." Journal of Climate 24, no. 13 (July 1, 2011): 3402–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3983.1.
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Abstract In this study, observations and numerical simulations are used to investigate how different El Niño events affect the development of SST anomalies in the Atlantic and how this relates to the Brazilian northeast (NE) precipitation. The results show that different types of El Niño have different impacts on the SST anomalies of the equatorial and tropical South Atlantic but a similar SST response in the tropical North Atlantic. Strong and long (weak and short) El Niños with the main heating source located in the eastern (central) Pacific generate cold (warm) anomalies in the cold tongue and Benguela upwelling regions during boreal winter and spring. When the SST anomalies in the eastern equatorial and tropical South Atlantic are cold (warm), the meridional SST gradient across the equator is positive (negative) and the ITCZ is not allowed (allowed) to move southward during the boreal spring; as a consequence, the precipitation is below (above) the average over the NE. Thus, strong and long (weak and short) El Niños are followed by dry (wet) conditions in the NE. During strong and long El Niños, changes in the Walker circulation over the Atlantic and in the Pacific–South Atlantic (PSA) wave train cause easterly wind anomalies in the western equatorial Atlantic, which in turn activate the Bjerknes mechanism, establishing the cold tongue in boreal spring and summer. These easterly anomalies are also responsible for the Benguela upwelling. During short and weak El Niños, westerly wind anomalies are present in the western equatorial Atlantic accompanied by warm anomalies in the eastern equatorial and tropical South Atlantic; a positive phase of the South Atlantic dipole develops during boreal winter. The simulations highlight the importance of ocean dynamics in establishing the correct slope of the equatorial thermocline and SST anomalies, which in turn determine the correct rainfall response over the NE.
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Seager, Richard, Naomi Naik, Walter Baethgen, Andrew Robertson, Yochanan Kushnir, Jennifer Nakamura, and Stephanie Jurburg. "Tropical Oceanic Causes of Interannual to Multidecadal Precipitation Variability in Southeast South America over the Past Century*." Journal of Climate 23, no. 20 (October 15, 2010): 5517–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3578.1.
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Abstract Observations, atmosphere models forced by historical SSTs, and idealized simulations are used to determine the causes and mechanisms of interannual to multidecadal precipitation anomalies over southeast South America (SESA) since 1901. About 40% of SESA precipitation variability over this period can be accounted for by global SST forcing. Both the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans share the driving of SESA precipitation, with the latter contributing the most on multidecadal time scales and explaining a wetting trend from the early midcentury until the end of the last century. Cold tropical Atlantic SST anomalies are shown to drive wet conditions in SESA. The dynamics that link SESA precipitation to tropical Atlantic SST anomalies are explored. Cold tropical Atlantic SST anomalies force equatorward-flowing upper-tropospheric flow to the southeast of the tropical heating anomaly, and the vorticity advection by this flow is balanced by vortex stretching and ascent, which drives the increased precipitation. The 1930s Pampas Dust Bowl drought occurred, via this mechanism, in response to warm tropical Atlantic SST anomalies. The atmospheric response to cold tropical Pacific SSTs also contributed. The tropical Atlantic SST anomalies linked to SESA precipitation are the tropical components of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. There is little evidence that the large trends over past decades are related to anthropogenic radiative forcing, although models project that this will cause a modest wetting of the climate of SESA. As such, and if the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation has shifted toward a warm phase, it should not be assumed that the long-term wetting trend in SESA will continue. Any reversal to a drier climate more typical of earlier decades would have clear consequences for regional agriculture and water resources.
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Cabré, A., J. L. Pelegrí, and I. Vallès‐Casanova. "Subtropical‐Tropical Transfer in the South Atlantic Ocean." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 124, no. 7 (July 2019): 4820–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019jc015160.
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Córdova, Mario, Rolando Célleri, and Aarnout van Delden. "Dynamics of Precipitation Anomalies in Tropical South America." Atmosphere 13, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060972.
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In this study, precipitation in Tropical South America in the 1931–2016 period is investigated by means of Principal Component Analysis and composite analysis of circulation fields. The associated dynamics are analyzed using the 20th century ERA-20C reanalysis. It is found that the main climatic processes related to precipitation anomalies in Tropical South America are: (1) the intensity and position of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ); (2) El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO); (3) the meridional position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which is found to be related to Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies; and (4) anomalies in the strength of the South American Monsoon System, especially the South American Low-Level Jet (SALLJ). Interestingly, all of the analyzed anomalies are related to processes that operate from the Atlantic Ocean, except for ENSO. Results from the present study are in agreement with the state of the art literature about precipitation anomalies in the region. However, the added strength of the longer dataset and the larger study area improves the knowledge and gives new insights into how climate variability and the resulting dynamics are related to precipitation in Tropical South America.
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Kishcha, P., A. M. da Silva, B. Starobinets, C. N. Long, O. Kalashnikova, and P. Alpert. "Meridional distribution of aerosol optical thickness over the tropical Atlantic Ocean." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 16 (September 10, 2014): 23309–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-23309-2014.
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Abstract. Previous studies showed that, over the global ocean, there is hemispheric asymmetry in aerosols and no noticeable asymmetry in cloud fraction (CF). In the current study, we focus on the tropical Atlantic (30° N–30° S) which is characterized by significant amounts of Saharan dust dominating other aerosol species over the North Atlantic. Over a limited area such as the tropical Atlantic, our study showed that strong meridional asymmetry in dust aerosols was accompanied by meridional CF asymmetry, by contrast to the global ocean. During the 10 yr study period (July 2002–June 2012), NASA Aerosol Reanalysis (aka MERRAero) showed that, when the meridional asymmetry in dust aerosol optical thickness (AOT) was the most pronounced (particularly in July), dust AOT averaged separately over the tropical North Atlantic was one order of magnitude higher than dust AOT averaged over the tropical South Atlantic. In the presence of such strong meridional asymmetry in dust AOT in July, CF averaged separately over the tropical North Atlantic exceeded CF averaged over the tropical South Atlantic by 20%. In July, along the Saharan Air Layer, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) CF data showed significant cloud cover (up to 0.8–0.9), which contributed to above-mentioned meridional CF asymmetry. Both Multi-Angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) measurements and MERRAero data were in agreement on seasonal variations in meridional aerosol asymmetry. Meridional asymmetry in total AOT over the Atlantic was the most pronounced between March and July, when dust presence over the North Atlantic was maximal. In September and October, there was no noticeable meridional asymmetry in total AOT over the tropical Atlantic.
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Haarsma, Reindert J., Edmo Campos, Wilco Hazeleger, and Camiel Severijns. "Influence of the Meridional Overturning Circulation on Tropical Atlantic Climate and Variability." Journal of Climate 21, no. 6 (March 15, 2008): 1403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1930.1.
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Abstract The influence of the meridional overturning circulation on tropical Atlantic climate and variability has been investigated using the atmosphere–ocean coupled model Speedy-MICOM (Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model). In the ocean model MICOM the strength of the meridional overturning cell can be regulated by specifying the lateral boundary conditions. In case of a collapse of the basinwide meridional overturning cell the SST response in the Atlantic is characterized by a dipole with a cooling in the North Atlantic and a warming in the tropical and South Atlantic. The cooling in the North Atlantic is due to the decrease in the strength of the western boundary currents, which reduces the northward advection of heat. The warming in the tropical Atlantic is caused by a reduced ventilation of water originating from the South Atlantic. This effect is most prominent in the eastern tropical Atlantic during boreal summer when the mixed layer attains its minimum depth. As a consequence the seasonal cycle as well as the interannual variability in SST is reduced. The characteristics of the cold tongue mode are changed: the variability in the eastern equatorial region is strongly reduced and the largest variability is now in the Benguela, Angola region. Because of the deepening of the equatorial thermocline, variations in the thermocline depth in the eastern tropical Atlantic no longer significantly affect the mixed layer temperature. The gradient mode remains unaltered. The warming of the tropical Atlantic enhances and shifts the Hadley circulation. Together with the cooling in the North Atlantic, this increases the strength of the subtropical jet and the baroclinicity over the North Atlantic.
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Fröhlich, Luise, Peter Knippertz, Andreas H. Fink, and Esther Hohberger. "An Objective Climatology of Tropical Plumes." Journal of Climate 26, no. 14 (July 12, 2013): 5044–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00351.1.
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Abstract The first global objective climatology of tropical plumes (TPs), obtained from a novel algorithm based on gridded 10.8-μm brightness temperatures Tb, is presented for 1983–2006. TPs are defined as continuous cloud bands (>2000 km) crossing 15°N or 15°S with Tb anomalies of less than −20 K and a lifetime of at least 3 h. A minimum length-to-width ratio of 3 filters out elongated features. Numbers of identified TPs are sensitive to the chosen thresholds but not their geographical distribution and seasonal cycle. TPs are an important indicator of tropical–extratropical interactions with impacts on radiation and moisture. TP occurrence during boreal winter is largely confined to oceanic regions with main maxima over the South Pacific and South Atlantic as well as the eastern North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The geographical distribution during boreal summer is similar, but with lower frequencies, except for monsoon-influenced regions. Interannual variations over the Indo-Pacific region are strongly related to El Niño. TPs often develop downstream of extratropical upper-level troughs propagating into low latitudes, particularly over the wintertime eastern North Pacific and North Atlantic, but also in regions where mean upper-level easterlies do not generally favor equatorward Rossby wave propagation. Synoptic-scale variations in the quasi-permanent cloud bands associated with the South Pacific and South Atlantic convergence zones frequently produce TP-like anomalies, which are climatologically associated with downstream upper-level troughs. Some regions also feature TPs associated with mesoscale tropical disturbances. The new TP algorithm will serve as a basis for more in-depth studies in the future.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "South Tropical Atlantic"
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Chen, Gao. "A study of tropospheric photochemistry in the subtropical/tropical North and South Atlantic." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25887.
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Núñez-Riboni, Ismael. "Lagrangian circulation and transports of the Antarctic intermediate water in the south and tropical Atlantic." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=980259916.
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Junior, Edmundo Camillo dos Santos. "Foraminíferos planctônicos em resposta às mudanças oceanográficas no Atlântico Tropical oeste durante os últimos 30.000 anos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21133/tde-25062008-135452/.
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As assembléias dos foraminíferos planctônicos fósseis de dois testemunhos amostrados do Atlântico tropical oeste representativo dos últimos 30.000 anos foram analisadas junto com estimativas de paleotemperatura superficial e ∂18O e ∂13C do foraminífero planctônico Globigerinoides ruber \'branca\'. Estes resultados mostraram que durante o Último Máximo Glacial e durante os eventos de resfriamento de curta duração Heinrich 1 and Younger Dryas o Atlântico tropical oeste manteve altas paleotemperaturas superficiais. Este estudo sugere que durante este período o Atlântico tropical oeste ocorreu uma acumulação de sal e clor nesta porção do Atlântico como conseqüência do enfraqueciemnto do transporte de calor e sal através do equador. Ao final destes eventos a intensificação do transporte de calor e sal foi restabelecido, baixando a temperatura superficial aos valores conhecidos atuamente. Este estudo sugere que o Atlântico tropical oeste atuou como um reservatório de calor e sal durante a deglaciação.The planktonic foraminiferal assemblages of two piston cores from western tropical Atlantic covering the last 30,000 years have been analysed together with paleoceanographic ANN sea surface temperature reconstruction and ?18O and ?13C of the shallow dwelling planntonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber \'white\'. These proxies reveal that during the Last Glacial Maximum and during the Heinrich 1 and Younger Dryas cold events, the western tropical experienced warm periods. This study suggest that during these warm intervals a pronounced accumulation of heat and salt occurred at western tropical Atlantic, as a result of cross-equatorial heat and salt transport decrease. At the end of these events, the intensification of cross-equatorial heat and salt transport cooled and freshened the western tropical surface waters. This study suggests the western tropical Atlantic served as a heat and salt reservoir during deglaciation.
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Brizotti, Ingrid. "Análise do Balanço de Calor através da superfície no Atlântico Tropical Sul por satélites." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21132/tde-22092009-141045/.
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O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a variabilidade das componentes do balanço de calor pela superfície no Atlântico Sul, entre 5oS e 30oS e para o período entre 2000 a 2004, através da combinação de dados provenientes de múltiplos satélites. Com isso, visamos verificar se os processos de troca de calor no oceano são dominados por variabilidade de larga escala e interanual. Os dados de temperatura da superfície do mar, vapor d\'água integrado e precipitação são provenientes do satélite de microondas do Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Os dados de vento são obtidos pelo escaterômetro QuikSCAT e estimativas de radiação de ondas curtas e ondas longas são distribuídas pelo projeto Surface Radiation Budget. Utilizamos o algoritmo desenvolvido por Liu et. al. (1979) para o cálculo do fluxo de calor latente e sensível. Para obtermos uma determinação mais precisa dos fluxos turbulentos, utilizamos o algoritmo de Fairall et. al. (1996), onde estimamos a correção de Webb para o calor latente e o calor sensível devido à chuva. Analisamos as variáveis medidas e estimadas em termos da média, anomalia e diagramas de espaço-tempo (Hovmöller). As estimativas de balanço de calor pela superfície mostram que o Atlântico Sul perde calor para a atmosfera, principalmente na forma de calor latente, ao sul de 7oS. Em média, o máximo de perda de calor de -100W/m2 ocorre entre 12oS e 17oS. O balanço de calor é notadamente marcado por um forte ciclo sazonal, onde a amplitude anual chega a 250W/m2. A anomalia do balanço de calor apresenta correlações significativas com fenômenos remotos em escalas interanuais, indicando a estabelecimento de teleconexões rápidas através da atmosfera.The objective of this study is to investigate the variability of the surface heat budget components in the tropical South Atlantic, between 5oS and 30oS and for the period between 2000 and 2005, through a methodology based on a multi--satellite approach. We aim to verify if the heat exchange processes in the ocean are dominated by large scale and interannual variability. The sea surface temperature, integrated water vapor and precipitation data are obtained by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) microwave satellite. Wind vectors are measured by the QuikSCAT scatterometer satellite and the estimates of the shortwave and longwave radiation are distributed by the Surface Radiation Budget projetct. We used the algorithm developed by Liu79 et. al. (1979) to estimate the latent and sensible heat fluxes. To obtain a more precise estimation of the turbulent fluxes, we used an algorithm developed by Fairall et. al. (1996), where the Webb correction for the latent heat flux and the sensible heat flux due to the rainfall were included in the calculations. The results were analized in terms of the mean, anomaly, and space--time (Hovmöller) diagrams. The estimates of the surface heat balance showed that the South Atlantic loses heat to the atmosphere, mostly in the form of latent heat fluxes, south of 7oS. On average, there is a maximum in heat loss of -100W/m2 between 12oS e 17oS. The net surface heat flux has a strong seasonal cycle, with an amplitude of about 250W/m2. The surface energy balance shows significant correlations with remote phenomena at interannual scales indicating the establishment of rapid teleconnections through the atmosphere.
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Souza, Rosane Salache de. "Determinantes geopol?ticos e diplom?ticos das rela??es comerciais entre Brasil e ?frica (1964-2007)." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2009. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/511.
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Previous issue date: 2009-06-09The formulation and improvement of Brazilian foreign politics requires the development of a world regionalization from a perspective of national Brazilian interests. Thus, we attempt to determine the correlation between the Brazilian geopolitical thinking inherited from the military period and the volume / nature of the economic flows between Brazil and Africa, especially regarding the behavior of Brazilian foreign trade with African countries. In practice, there is the emergence of trade relations with countries located in an arc outside the more traditional Atlantic, although it still appears in broad focus. This new regionalization of trade Brazil ? Africa, especially for goods of higher technological content, you still need to show some survival guide for new long-term diplomatic actions.
A formula??o e aperfei?oamento da pol?tica externa brasileira exige a elabora??o de uma regionaliza??o mundial a partir de uma perspectiva dos interesses nacionais brasileiros. Desta forma, busca-se determinar a correspond?ncia entre o pensamento geopol?tico brasileiro herdado do per?odo militar e o volume/natureza dos fluxos econ?micos entre Brasil e ?frica, especialmente no que se refere ao comportamento do com?rcio exterior brasileiro com os pa?ses africanos. Na pr?tica, nota-se a emerg?ncia de rela??es comerciais com pa?ses localizados em um arco mais externo ao tradicional arco atl?ntico, embora este ?ltimo ainda apare?a em amplo destaque. Essa nova regionaliza??o dos fluxos comerciais Brasil ? ?frica, com destaque para mercadorias de maior conte?do tecnol?gico, ainda precisa comprovar certa perenidade para balizar novas a??es diplom?ticas de longo prazo.
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Zhang, Yancheng [Verfasser], Gerold [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Wefer, and Dierk [Gutachter] Hebbeln. "Impact of millennial-scale Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) changes on tropical South American precipitation during the last glacial period / Yancheng Zhang ; Gutachter: Gerold Wefer, Dierk Hebbeln ; Betreuer: Gerold Wefer." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1116600102/34.
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Pereira, Nair Emmanuela da Silveira. "Análise de parâmetros hidrodinâmicos e da clorofila a no Atlântico Sul e Tropical a partir de modelagem numérica e observações remotas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21135/tde-26092013-190725/.
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Foi realizado um estudo com dados físicos em superfície provenientes de implementação do modelo numérico POM e dados de clorofila a do sensor MODIS, no Atlântico Sul e Tropical, tendo como finalidade analisar as variações espaciais de suas correlações. O modelo hidrodinâmico foi submetido a uma validação com dados do Projeto PIRATA e do sensor MODIS, obtendo-se resultados satisfatórios, principalmente em superfície. A clorofila a apresenta altos valores de correlação com variáveis físicas em superfície, porém esses valores são influenciados pela presença dos sinais anual e semianual nas séries temporais. Consequentemente, as análises foram desenvolvidas após a remoção desses sinais das séries. As correlações cruzadas entre as variáveis físicas e clorofila a tiveram valores altos em módulo apresentando, de maneira geral, padrão espacial característico de correlações negativas no interior do Giro Subtropical e positivas nas demais regiões para temperatura e salinidade em superfície e elevação do nível do mar. Esse padrão espacial é mais evidente para elevação e temperatura em superfície, apresentando defasagem no tempo de resposta biológica de quase zero no interior do Giro Subtropical e Equador, com predomínio de atrasos nessa resposta nas demais regiões. A covariância cruzada foi calculada para alguns pontos ao longo do meridiano de 20ºW, para elevação de superfície e temperatura, verificando-se concordância com os resultados obtidos pela correlação cruzada. A análise espectral dessa covariância salientou a ocorrência de alguns sinais, dentre eles os sinais com períodos de 3,5 e 0,7 anos (que provavelmente estão associados aos fenômenos ENSO) e o período de 0,33 anos (que pode estar relacionado a ressonâncias do sinal anual). A assinatura desses sinais apresentou variabilidade latitudinal.A study was performed with physical data at the surface produced by the implementation of the numerical model POM and chlorophyll a data from the MODIS sensor, in the Tropical and South Atlantic, with the aim of to analyze the spatial variations of their correlations. The hydrodynamic model was subjected to a validation with data of Project PIRATE and MODIS sensor, obtaining satisfactory results, especially at the surface. The chlorophyll a values have high correlation with physical variables at the surface, but these values are influenced by the presence of annual and semiannual signals in the time series. Then, the analyses were carried out after removal of these signals from the series. The cross-correlations between physical variables and chlorophyll a had high magnitudes showing, in general, characteristic spatial pattern of negative correlations within the Subtropical Gyre and positive in other regions, for surface temperature and salinity and sea surface level. This spatial pattern is most evident in surface elevation and temperature, presenting lag in the biological response time nearly zero within the Subtropical Gyre and Equator, with a predominance of delays of the responses in other regions. The cross-covariance is calculated for several points along the meridian of 20º W for surface elevation and surface temperature, verifying agreement with the results obtained by the cross correlation. Spectral analysis of this covariance shows the occurrence of some signals, including signals with periods of 3.5 and 0.7 years (which are probably associated with ENSO phenomena) and the period of 0.33 years (that can be related to resonances of the annual signal). The signature of these signals showed latitudinal variability.
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Gramcianinov, Carolina Barnez. "Changes in South Atlantic Cyclones due Climate Change." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14133/tde-03122018-151737/.
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Cyclones distribution and intensities impact directly on human activities, mainly due to their associated intense precipitation and winds. The main aim of this thesis is to understand changes in the cyclones originated in the South Atlantic focusing on their genesis and intensifying mechanisms. Cyclones are identified and tracked based on the relative vorticity field at 850 hPa computed from the winds. The characteristics of the cyclones are obtained by diagnostic variables sampled within a radial distance from each cyclone center and to produce a spatial distribution of the cyclone properties at the time of genesis. Also, cyclone centered composites are used to analyze the cyclone structure and the evolution of cyclones during their genesis. The climatology of cyclones was done using NCEP-CFSR and shows four main cyclogenesis regions in the South Atlantic Ocean: on the Southern Brazilian coast (SE-BR, 30°S), over the continent near the La Plata river discharge region (LA PLATA, 35°S), on the southeastern coast of Argentina (ARG, 40°S-55°S) and on the Southeastern Atlantic (SE-SAO, centered at 55°S and 10°W). To access changes in cyclone development, we used the CMIP5 HadGEM2-ES historical experiment (1980-2005) and RCP8.5 future projection (2074-2099). The HadGEM2-ES can represent the main South Atlantic characteristics of cyclones according to NCEP-CFSR climatology. However, there is an underestimation in cyclone frequency in the equatorward side of the storm track, particularly in the LA PLATA region. The HadGEM2-ES RCP8.5 future projection shows a general decrease of approximately 10% of cyclogenesis in the South Atlantic domain, which is mainly related to the poleward shift of the storm track. However, LA PLATA region presents a slight increase in its cyclogenetic activity (6.1 and 3.6%), in the summer and winter, respectively). The increase in genesis at 30°S over the continent is associated with the strengthening of the upper-level jet and the increase of warm and moisture advections at the same location. The enhance in the moisture transport from the tropics is also related to the intensification of the cyclone in the domain, mainly northward of 35°S. Finally, a downscaling using WRF was performed in an attempt to improve the climate model resolution. However the downscaling produces less and weaker cyclones in the NCEP-CFSR and HadGEM2-ES runs. The only region that presented an improvement was LA PLATA, due to the better representation of local features related to orography and moisture processes. The downscaled HadGEM2-ES RCP8.5 also shows an increase in cyclogenesis in the LA PLATA region and other locations. The HadGEM2-ES RCP8.5 projection and its downscaling shows that the cyclogenesis in some locations of South America is increasing, mainly due to the increase in the low-level moisture content and the strengthening of the equatorward flank of the upper-level jet. The cyclones in this locations will be slightly intense (between 20°S and 30°S) and will affect a narrow area close to the South American coast.A distribuição e intensidade dos ciclones afeta diretamente as atividades humanas devido a precipitação e fortes ventos associados a esses sistemas. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é entender as mudanças nos ciclones gerados no Atlântico Sul devido às mudanças climáticas, focando em seus mecanismos geradores e intensificadores. Os ciclones foram identificados e rastreados utilizando a vorticidade relativa em 850hPa, calculada a partir do campo de ventos horizontal. Também foram usadas composições centradas para a análise da estrutura e evolução dos ciclones durante seu desenvolvimento. A climatologia de ciclones feita com o NCEP-CFSR mostra quatro regiões ciclogenéticas principais no Oceano Atlântico Sul: na costa sul do Brasil (SE-BR, 30°S), sobre o continente próximo da desembocadura do Rio da Prata (LA PLATA, 35°S), na costa sudeste da Argentina (ARG, 40°S-55°S) e no Sudeste do Atlântico (SE-SAO, centrada em 55°S, 10°W). Para analisar as mudanças no desenvolvimento dos ciclones, nós utilizamos os experimentos histórico (1980-2005) e RCP8.5 (2074-2099) do HadGEM2-ES (CMIP5). O HadGEM2-ES é capaz de reapresentar as principais características dos ciclones do Atlântico Sul, quando comparado à climatologia. No entanto, existe uma subestimativa do número de ciclones no lado equatorial da região de máxima atividade ciclônica, principalmente na região LA PLATA. A projeção futura HadGEM2-ES no cenário RCP8.5 mostra uma redução de aproximadamente 10% na ciclogêneses no domínio do Atlântico Sul, principalmente associada ao deslocamento em direção ao polo da região de máxima atividade ciclônica. Porém, a região LA PLATA apresenta um pequeno aumento em sua atividade ciclogenética (6.1 e 3.6%), no verão e inverno, respectivamente). O aumento na ciclogênese em 30°S está associada ao fortalecimento do jato de altos níveis e ao aumento da advecção quente e de umidade nessa localidade. O aumento do transporte de umidade dos trópicos está associado também à intensificação dos ciclones observada na projeção futura, principalmente ao norte de 35°S. Por fim, uma regionalização com o modelo WRF foi usada para melhorar a resolução do modelo climático. Porém, as simulações regionais subestimaram os ciclones em número e intensidade. A única região que em as regionalizações apresentaram melhor desempenho foi a LA PLATA, devido a uma melhor representação de feições locais associadas a orografia e processos úmidos. A regionalização do cenário futuro RCP8.5 também apresentou aumento da ciclogênese do LA PLATA, mas para o inverno. Tanto a projeção RCP8.5 do HadGEM2-ES quanto sua regionalização mostram que a ciclogênese em algumas regiões da América do Sul está aumentando, principalmente devido ao aumento de umidade em baixos níveis da atmosfera e fortalecimento do lado ramo equatorial do jato de altos níveis. Os ciclones nessas localidades serão intensos (entre 20°S e 30°S) e tendem a afetar uma região mais próxima à costa.
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Kao, Duan-Jyu, and 高端鞠. "Decadal Variations in the South Pacific and Linkages to the Tropical Atlantic." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92191850493662089590.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
大氣科學研究所
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Hsu and Chen (2011) suggested that the decadal rainfall variability along the Western Pacific coast during July-October was found associated with the SST variability in the Western South Pacific, which is called the SPDO. The SPDO index is highly correlated with SST not only in Western South Pacific but also in other ocean basins such as the tropical Atlantic. Tropical Atlantic was about one year ahead of Western South Pacific in 1975-1994. Does “tropical Atlantic leading Western South Pacific” imply that tropical Atlantic will impact Western South Pacific through a process similar to Atmosphere Bridge? This study applied the regression analysis and verified with couple model, to understand the relationship between tropical Atlantic and Western South Pacific, and the reason can lead to the SST decadal variability in Western South Pacific. Combine the results of observation data analysis and model simulation. The low-level convergence anomaly occurred over the positive SSTA in tropic Atlantic and divergence anomaly occurred at about 120oW in Southern Hemisphere through an east-west vertically overturning circulation, and then the air-sea interaction caused anticyclone in the Western South Pacific. Concluding remarks from observation data analysis: The anticyclone in the Western South Pacific caused the Western South Pacific warm through the joint process of latent heat flux and ocean Ekman pumping. Therefore, the Western South Pacific was connected to the tropical Atlantic by atmospheric-ocean coupling process in these two regions.
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Núñez-Riboni, Ismael [Verfasser]. "[Lagrangian circulation and transports of the Antarctic intermediate water in the south and tropical Atlantic] / Ismael Núñez-Riboni." 2005. http://d-nb.info/980259916/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "South Tropical Atlantic"
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Dimethylsulfide oxidation over the tropical South Atlantic: OH and other oxidants. [Palo Alto, Calif.]: Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, 1994.
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Dimethylsulfide oxidation over the tropical South Atlantic: OH and other oxidants. [Palo Alto, Calif.]: Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, 1994.
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W, Talbot R., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Chemical characteristics of continental outflow over the tropical South Atlantic Ocean from Brazil and Africa. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.
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J, Jacob D., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Origin of ozone NO[subscript x] in the tropical troposphere: A photochemical analysis of aircraft observations over the South Atlantic basin. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.
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J, Jacob D., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Origin of ozone NO[subscript x] in the tropical troposphere: A photochemical analysis of aircraft observations over the South Atlantic basin. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.
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Charles, Birkeland, and COMAR (Project), eds. Comparison between Atlantic and Pacific tropical marine coastal ecosystems: Community structure, ecological processes, and productivity : results and scientific papers of a Unesco/COMAR workshop, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji, 24-29 March 1986. Paris: COMAR, Unesco, 1988.
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Brazil/U.S. Workshop on Physical Oceanography (1987 Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory). Brazil/U.S. Workshop on Physical Oceanography Held on 3-6 August 1987. Durham, NH: Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, 1987.
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Veblen, Thomas, Kenneth Young, and Antony Orme. The Physical Geography of South America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195313413.001.0001.
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The Physical Geography of South America, the eighth volume in the Oxford Regional Environments series, presents an enduring statement on the physical and biogeographic conditions of this remarkable continent and their relationships to human activity. It fills a void in recent environmental literature by assembling a team of specialists from within and beyond South America in order to provide an integrated, cross-disciplinary body of knowledge about this mostly tropical continent, together with its high mountains and temperate southern cone. The authors systematically cover the main components of the South American environment - tectonism, climate, glaciation, natural landscape changes, rivers, vegetation, animals, and soils. The book then presents more specific treatments of regions with special attributes from the tropical forests of the Amazon basin to the Atacama Desert and Patagonian steppe, and from the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Pacific coasts to the high Andes. Additionally, the continents environments are given a human face by evaluating the roles played by people over time, from pre-European and European colonial impacts to the effects of modern agriculture and urbanization, and from interactions with El Niño events to prognoses for the future environments of the continent.
Book chapters on the topic "South Tropical Atlantic"
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Barreiro, Marcelo, Alessandra Giannini, Ping Chang, and R. Saravanan. "On the Role of the South Atlantic Atmospheric Circulation in Tropical Atlantic Variability." In Earth's Climate, 143–56. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/147gm08.
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Villamayor, Julián. "Atlantic Control of the Late 19th Century Sahel Humid Period." In Influence of the Sea Surface Temperature Decadal Variability on Tropical Precipitation: West African and South American Monsoon, 179–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20327-6_7.
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da Silva, Marcus Adonai Castro, and André Oliveira de Souza Lima. "Diversity and Prospection of South Atlantic Ocean Microorganisms." In Diversity and Benefits of Microorganisms from the Tropics, 105–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55804-2_6.
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Furley, Peter A. "Tropical Forests of the Lowlands." In The Physical Geography of South America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195313413.003.0017.
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Most of South America lies within the tropics, and lowland tropical ecosystems make up the majority of its landscapes. Although there is great concern for the Amazon ecosystem, the largest of the world’s tropical forests, there are many other fascinating and in some cases more endangered types of lowland forest. Such forests may be defined as lying below 1,000 m above sea level, although it is difficult to set arbitrary limits (Hartshorn, 2001). The two main lowland moist evergreen forests are the Hylea (a term coined by Alexander von Humboldt to denote rain forests of the Amazon Basin) and the much smaller Chocó forest on the Pacific coast between Panama and Ecuador. Two related yet distinctive types of forest are the Mata Atlântica or Atlantic moist evergreen forest and the Mata Decidua or dry deciduous forest, including the caatinga woodland, which is both deciduous and xerophytic (Rizzini et al., 1988). The latter two formations are among the most threatened of all South American forests. Lowland forests vary from dense and multilayered to open and single-layered, from evergreen to deciduous, and from flooded or semi-aquatic to near-arid. Tree heights range from 30 to 40 m with emergent trees reaching over 50 m, to forests where the tallest trees barely attain 20 m (Harcourt and Sayer, 1996; Solorzano, 2001). However, because of its extent and importance, Amazonia will form the principal focus of this chapter. Amazonia covers a vast area (>6 × 106 km2) and contains some 60% of the world’s remaining tropical forest. The Amazon and Orinoco basins influence not only regional climates and air masses, but also atmospheric circulation patterns both north and south of the Equator. The sheer size and diversity of Amazonia exhausts a normal repertoire of grandiose adjectives. The Amazon may or may not be the longest river in the world but it is by far the greatest in terms of discharge, sending around one fifth of the world’s fresh water carried by rivers to the oceans(see chapter 5; Eden, 1990; Sioli, 1984). The drainage basin is twice as large as any other of the world’s catchments.
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Morioka, Yushi, Francois Engelbrecht, and Swadhin Kumar Behera. "Interannual-to-decadal variability and predictability in South Atlantic and Southern Indian Oceans." In Tropical and Extratropical Air-Sea Interactions, 221–35. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818156-0.00004-6.
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Mitchell, Peter. "South America I: Caribbean Deserts and Tropical Savannahs." In Horse Nations. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198703839.003.0012.
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These two quotations, dating to within almost a decade of each other, refer to very different parts of South America, the first the La Guajira Peninsula at its northern tip, the second the savannahs of the Gran Chaco at its very heart. The Wayúu, dwelling in the first, had no direct connection with the Mbayá of whom Dobrizhoffer wrote here (though he is more famous for his work on their cousins, the Abipones). Nevertheless, both regions shared aspects of their respective experiences of colonial intrusion and settlement: the frequent adoption not just of horses but also of other exotic species like cattle and sheep; Spanish use of missionaries to try and pacify their Indigenous inhabitants; and the fact that the latter could play off one European power, or Spanish province, against another, thereby maintaining their own freedom of action. Aiding the Native peoples in this was their geographically, politically, and economically marginal position with respect to the main foci of colonial power in the Andes and along the Atlantic. Spain began exploiting Venezuela’s pearl fisheries as early as 1508, even settling on the mainland from 1522, but the real impetus to conquest in South America came only with Francisco Pizarro’s invasion of the Inka Empire in 1533. The highlands of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia (the latter never part of Inka domains), the lowlands between them and the Pacific Ocean, the northern half of Chile, and the northwestern corner of Argentina all passed quickly—if not always easily—under Spanish control. So too did parts of Paraguay, settled by following rivers inland from the Atlantic. Portugal, on the other hand, secured for herself the coast of Brazil, eventually expanding her reach across virtually the entire Amazon Basin. Horses were as much a part of the conquistadores’ repertoire in South America as in Mexico. They sowed panic when Pizarro first confronted Inka troops at Cajamarca in 1533, but Native American surprise and fear did not last. Inka armies quickly devised tactics to neutralize the effects of horses on the battlefield in vain efforts to expel the invader.
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Garreaud, René D., and Patricio Aceituno. "Atmospheric Circulation and Climatic Variability." In The Physical Geography of South America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195313413.003.0010.
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Regional variations in South America’s weather and climate reflect the atmospheric circulation over the continent and adjacent oceans, involving mean climatic conditions and regular cycles, as well as their variability on timescales ranging from less than a few months to longer than a year. Rather than surveying mean climatic conditions and variability over different parts of South America, as provided by Schwerdtfeger and Landsberg (1976) and Hobbs et al. (1998), this chapter presents a physical understanding of the atmospheric phenomena and precipitation patterns that explain the continent’s weather and climate. These atmospheric phenomena are strongly affected by the topographic features and vegetation patterns over the continent, as well as by the slowly varying boundary conditions provided by the adjacent oceans. The diverse patterns of weather, climate, and climatic variability over South America, including tropical, subtropical, and midlatitude features, arise from the long meridional span of the continent, from north of the equator south to 55°S. The Andes cordillera, running continuously along the west coast of the continent, reaches elevations in excess of 4 km from the equator to about 40°S and, therefore, represents a formidable obstacle for tropospheric flow. As shown later, the Andes not only acts as a “climatic wall” with dry conditions to the west and moist conditions to the east in the subtropics (the pattern is reversed in midlatitudes), but it also fosters tropical-extratropical interactions, especially along its eastern side. The Brazilian plateau also tends to block the low-level circulation over subtropical South America. Another important feature is the large area of continental landmass at low latitudes (10°N–20°S), conducive to the development of intense convective activity that supports the world’s largest rain forest in the Amazon basin. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation phenomenon, rooted in the ocean-atmosphere system of the tropical Pacific, has a direct strong influence over most of tropical and subtropical South America. Similarly, sea surface temperature anomalies over the Atlantic Ocean have a profound impact on the climate and weather along the eastern coast of the continent. In this section we describe the long-term annual and monthly mean fields of several meteorological variables.
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Colares, Carolina, Ana Letícia Carracena, Beatriz Monteiro Lima, Carlos Vinícius S. Gomes, Gabriel Khattar, Luiz Felipe L. da Silveira, Ricardo F. Monteiro, and Margarete V. Macedo. "Tropical Mountaintop Insects Imperiled by Climate Change: The Case of the South American Atlantic Rainforest." In Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-821139-7.00169-0.
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Barker, Graeme. "Weed, Tuber, and Maize Farming in the Americas." In The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199281091.003.0012.
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The American continent extends over 12,000 kilometres from Alaska to Cape Horn, and encompasses an enormous variety of environments from arctic to tropical. For the purposes of this discussion, such a huge variety has to be simplified into a few major geographical units within the three regions of North, Central, and South America (Fig. 7.1). Large tracts of Alaska and modern Canada north of the 58th parallel consist of tundra, which extends further south down the eastern coast of Labrador. To the south, boreal coniferous forests stretch eastwards from Lake Winnipeg and the Red River past the Great Lakes to the Atlantic, and westwards from the slopes of the Rockies to the Pacific. The vast prairies in between extend southwards through the central United States between the Mississippi valley and the Rockies, becoming less forested and more open as aridity increases further south. South of the Great Lakes the Appalachian mountains dominate the eastern United States, making a temperate landscape of parallel ranges and fertile valleys, with sub-tropical environments developing in the south-east. The two together are commonly referred to as the ‘eastern Woodlands’ in the archaeological literature. On the Pacific side are more mountain ranges such as the Sierra Nevada, separated from the Rockies by arid basins including the infamous Death Valley. These drylands extend southwards into the northern part of Central America, to what is now northern Mexico, a region of pronounced winter and summer seasonality in temperature, with dryland geology and geomorphology and xerophytic vegetation. The highlands of Central America, from Mexico to Nicaragua, are cool tropical environments with mixed deciduous and coniferous forests. The latter develop into oak-laurel-myrtle rainforest further south in Costa Rica and Panama. The lowlands on either side sustain a variety of tropical vegetation adapted to high temperatures and frost-free climates, including rainforest, deciduous woodland, savannah, and scrub. South America can be divided into a number of major environmental zones (Pearsall, 1992). The first is the Pacific littoral, which changes dramatically from tropical forest in Colombia and Ecuador to desert from northern Peru to central Chile. This coastal plain is transected by rivers flowing from the Andes, and in places patches of seasonal vegetation (lomas) are able to survive in rainless desert sustained by sea fog.
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A. Harris, Stuart. "Causes and Mechanisms of Global Warming/Climate Change." In The Nature, Causes, Effects and Mitigation of Climate Change on the Environment. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101416.
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Comparison of the average mean surface air temperature around the world during 1951–1978 with that for 2010–2019 shows that the bulk of the warming is around the North Atlantic/Arctic region in contrast to the Antarctic ice sheet. Obviously, the temperature change is not global. Since there is a substantial difference between solar heat absorption between the equator and the poles, heat must be moving to the North Pole by surface ocean currents and tropical cyclones. The cold, dry Arctic air coming from Siberia picks up heat and moisture from the open oceans, making the sea water denser so that the warm water sinks slowly down to c. 2000 m. A deep-water thermohaline flow (THC) transports the excess hot (c. 18°C) water south to Antarctica. It is replaced by a cold (c. 2°C) surface water from that area. The latter quickly cool western Europe and Siberia, and glaciers start to advance in Greenland within about 10 years. The THC flow decreases in Interglacials, causing the increased build-up of heat in the Northern Hemisphere (c. 60% currently stored in the Atlantic Ocean), and the ice cover in the Arctic Ocean thaws. Several such cycles may take place during a single major cold event.
Conference papers on the topic "South Tropical Atlantic"
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Filho, Josafat, Ricardo Meireles, and Michelangelo da Silva. "Methodological development and identification of Oceanic processes from the Seismic Oceanography in Tropical West South Atlantic." In International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society&Expogef. Brazilian Geophysical Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/16cisbgf2019.175.
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Guedes, Pedro. "Healing Modern Architecture’s Break with the Past: Musings around Brazilian Fenestration." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a3990prwvx.
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This paper focuses on the role of Brazilian architects in emancipating Modern Architecture from overly limiting orthodoxies. In particular, this study follows direct, if weak influences across the Pacific to Australia and stronger ones across the South Atlantic to Southern Africa, where Brazilian ideas found fertile ground without being filtered through Northern Hemisphere mediations. Official delegations of architects from Australia and South Africa went to Brazil seeking inspiration and transferable ideas achieved mixed success. Central to the theme of this essay is a recently discovered and unpublished manuscript. It is the work of Barrie Biermann who, upon graduation from the University of Cape Town sailed across to Brazil in 1946 to gain first-hand knowledge of the architecture that had achieved worldwide renown through the 1943 Brazil Builds exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York (MoMA). Biermann’s close observations and discussions with several of Brazil’s leading architects helped him develop a fresh narrative that placed recent developments in a continuum linked to Portuguese colonial architecture that had taken lessons from the ‘East’. Published in a very abridged form in a professional journal in 1950, it lost much of the charm of the original, which, in addition to imaginative theoretical speculation, is enriched by evocative, atmospheric sketches, water colours and photographs. This study shows that South-South connections were quite independent and predated the influence of ‘scientific’ manuals of ‘how-to build in the tropics’ that proliferated from metropolitan centres in the mid-1950s, preparing for decolonization but perhaps also motivated by ambitions of engendering other forms of dependence. Brazilian ideas and examples of built work played an important role in bringing vitality to some of the architectures of Africa. They also engaged with crucial issues of identity and the production of buildings celebrating values beyond the utilitarian.
Reports on the topic "South Tropical Atlantic"
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Nadal-Caraballo, Norberto, Madison Yawn, Luke Aucoin, Meredith Carr, Jeffrey Melby, Efrain Ramos-Santiago, Fabian Garcia-Moreno, et al. Coastal Hazards System–Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands (CHS-PR). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46200.
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The South Atlantic Coastal Study (SACS) was completed by the US Army Corps of Engineers to quantify storm surge and wave hazards allowing for the expansion of the Coastal Hazards System (CHS) to the South Atlantic Division (SAD) domain. The goal of the CHS-SACS was to quantify coastal storm hazards for present conditions and future sea level rise (SLR) scenarios to aid in reducing flooding risk and increasing resiliency in coastal environments. CHS-SACS was completed for three regions within the SAD domain, and this report focuses on the Coastal Hazards System–Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands (CHS-PR). This study applied the CHS Probabilistic Coastal Hazard Analysis (PCHA) framework for quantifying tropical cyclone (TC) responses, leveraging new atmospheric and hydrodynamic numerical model simulations of synthetic TCs developed explicitly for the CHS-PR region. This report focuses on documenting the PCHA conducted for CHS-PR, including the characterization of storm climate, storm sampling, storm recurrence rate estimation, marginal distributions, correlation and dependence structure of TC atmospheric-forcing parameters, development of augmented storm suites, and assignment of discrete storm weights to the synthetic TCs. As part of CHS-PR, coastal hazards were estimated for annual exceedance frequencies over the range of 10 yr⁻¹ to 10⁻⁴ yr⁻¹.
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Torres, Marissa, Norberto Nadal-Caraballo, and Alexandros Taflanidis. Rapid tidal reconstruction for the Coastal Hazards System and StormSim part II : Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41482.
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This Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note (CHETN) describes the continuing efforts towards incorporating rapid tidal time-series reconstruction and prediction capabilities into the Coastal Hazards System (CHS) and the Stochastic Storm Simulation System (StormSim). The CHS (Nadal-Caraballo et al. 2020) is a national effort for the quantification of coastal storm hazards, including a database and web tool (https://chs.erdc.dren.mil) for the deployment of results from the Probabilistic Coastal Hazard Analysis (PCHA) framework. These PCHA products are developed from regional studies such as the North Atlantic Coast Comprehensive Study (NACCS) (Nadal-Caraballo et al. 2015; Cialone et al. 2015) and the ongoing South Atlantic Coast Study (SACS). The PCHA framework considers hazards due to both tropical and extratropical cyclones, depending on the storm climatology of the region of interest. The CHS supports feasibility studies, probabilistic design of coastal structures, and flood risk management for coastal communities and critical infrastructure. StormSim (https://stormsim.erdc.dren.mil) is a suite of tools used for statistical analysis and probabilistic modeling of historical and synthetic storms and for stochastic design and other engineering applications. One of these tools, the Coastal Hazards Rapid Prediction System (CHRPS) (Torres et al. 2020), can perform rapid prediction of coastal storm hazards, including real-time hurricane-induced flooding. This CHETN discusses the quantification and validation of the Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) tidal constituent database (Szpilka et al. 2016) and the tidal reconstruction program Unified Tidal analysis (UTide) (Codiga 2011) in the Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands (PR/USVI) coastal regions. The new methodology discussed herein will be further developed into the Rapid Tidal Reconstruction (RTR) tool within the StormSim and CHS frameworks.