Journal articles on the topic 'South Stafford'
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Southgate, R., G. Allan, and B. Ostendorf. "An examination of the Stafford Smith - Morton ecological model: a case study in the Tanami Desert, Australia." Rangeland Journal 28, no. 2 (2006): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj06022.
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The pattern of substrate, climatic, vegetation and fire features in the Tanami Desert were considered in relation to the ecological model for arid Australia proposed by Stafford Smith and Morton. The nature and accuracy of spatial data used to describe and quantify the pattern of the landscape features were also examined. Components of the ecological model were accurately reflected in the study area. For example, substrates identified as the most productive amounted to less than 8% of the region, and there was substantial spatial and interannual variation in rainfall. However, a strong climatic gradient was also evident in the study area, a feature not accommodated for in the model proposed by Stafford Smith and Morton. Vegetative ground and shrub cover decreased from north to south and was strongly associated with increasing aridity and lower maximum and minimum temperatures. Spinifex (Triodia spp.) cover showed a curvilinear response. The spatial data for both substrate and fire history were reasonably accurate (around 90%) when compared with ground-truthed data, and is considered suitable to reflect ecological pattern and process in the Tanami Desert. Both the adequacy of the ecological model and accuracy of spatial data are important issues to consider before the development of statistical modelling for prediction of species distribution.
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Chinyamurindi, Willie Tafadzwa, Clifford Kendrick Hlatywayo, Tatenda Shaleen Mhlanga, Chioneso Show Marange, and Tarisai Chikungwa-Everson. "Career decision-making amongst high school learners: A descriptive-exploratory study from South Africa." Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences 16, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v16i1.5516.
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The study examined factors influencing career decisions using a sample of high school learners in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. A mixed-method approach was utilised. In the quantitative phase of the study, a sample of 536 high school learners in South Africa filled out the Career Interest Inventory (Fisher & Stafford, 1999) in understanding factors that influence career decisions. Phase two sought to understand qualitatively how the identified factors from phase one influence the enactment of career decisions using focus groups with 60 learners drawn from the sample in phase one. Results from phase one showed that learners' career decisions were highly influenced by academic experiences and self-efficacy, parents, teachers, and peers, respectively. Learners perceived ethnic-gender expectations and negative social events as having low levels of influence when making career decisions. Female learners are significantly more highly influenced by parents, teachers, academic experiences, and self-efficacy than their male counterparts. Findings also reveal not only the complexity but also the sense-making that occurs when making career decisions. Implications are made based on these findings.
Keywords: Career counselling, career decisions, career development, high school learners;
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Fanning, D. S., Cary Coppock, Z. W. Orndorff, W. L. Daniels, and M. C. Rabenhorst. "Upland active acid sulfate soils from construction of new Stafford County, Virginia, USA, Airport." Soil Research 42, no. 6 (2004): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03085.
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This paper reports on a situation where severe active acid sulfate soils were brought into existence by the construction of a new (opened in 2002) airport in Stafford County, VA, approximately 60 km south-west of Washington, DC. About 290 ha of new land surface was brought into existence that consisted of both scalped land surfaces on steep slopes, and spoil (fill), some of which was graded to provide level land surfaces for paved runways. Over 150 ha of ultra acidic (pH <3.5 at soil surface) post-construction acid sulfate soils remained barren for over 2 years before the acid sulfate soil situation was properly recognised. Construction took place in an originally dissected landscape with about 30 m of local relief. The construction was designed to balance the cut and fill areas so that soil materials would not need to be taken from the area or brought to it from other locations. This resulted in some deep cuts (scalped surfaces) in the higher parts of the landscapes, which retained slopes of about 25%. Great difficulty was encountered in establishing vegetation on these surfaces. The exposed sulfidic materials were dense, commonly on steep slopes, and developed low pHs, some <pH 2, after exposure. After a dry period in the autumn of 2001, sulfuric horizons crusted over with bitter hydrated sulfate salt minerals had formed in the surface of sulfidic materials originally exposed in 1999. By X-ray diffraction, halotrychite, Fe2+Al2(SO4)4.22H2O, was identified as a main white salt mineral and copiapite group minerals, e.g. Al2/3Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2.20H2O for aluminocopiapite, were identified as a yellow salt minerals. Information about, and photographs of, the site, soils, and drainage waters are presented, including examples of deleterious environmental impacts. Intensive reclamation/revegetation measures were initiated in 2002. These involved the application of high rates of lime stabilised biosolids (sewage sludge) incorporated to a depth of about 0.15 m to neutralise acidity and add organic matter and nutrients to the soils. These measures permitted the establishment of acid- and salt-tolerant grasses on the acid sulfate soils and caused dramatic increases in pH and drops in Fe and Al levels in stream waters leaving the site. However, they also caused initial large increases in ammonia/ammonium-N in the waters and subsequent increases in NO3-N in the waters. Experience with this and other similar sites demonstrates the need for engineers involved with earth-moving construction activities to be educated in the principles of acid sulfate soils so that the number of such disturbances that result in the creation of active acid sulfate soils can be lessened or, preferably, eliminated. Plans for recognition and reclamation of acid sulfate soil situations should be built into the construction plans and designs when it is necessary to disturb sulfidic materials.
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Hassanine, Read. "Trematodes from Red Sea fishes: Prosteganoderma brayi gen. nov., sp. nov. (Zoogonidae Odhner, 1902) and Forticulcita mugilis sp. nov. (Haploporidae Nicoll, 1914)." Helminthologia 44, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-007-0029-1.
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AbstractSpecimens of the fishes Scarus ghobban Forsskål (Scaridae) and Crenimugil crenilabis Forsskål (Mugilidae) were caught in the Red Sea off the coast of Sharm El-Sheikh, South Sinai, Egypt. Ten (20 %) and 15 (50 %) of these fishes, respectively, were found to harbour intestinal trematodes. Scarus ghobban was parasitised by Prosteganoderma brayi gen. nov., sp. nov. (Zoogonidae) and C. crenilabis by Forticulcita mugilis sp. nov. (Haploporidae). Prosteganoderma gen. nov. is similar to Steganoderma Stafford, 1904, but clearly differs from it and from all the other genera of the subfamily Lepidophyllinae Stossich, 1903 in having a large ventral sucker surrounded by a large prominent fleshy fold of the body wall and a pre-testicular uterus. Forticulcita mugilis sp. nov. is similar to F. glabra Overstreet, 1982, the type and the only species of the genus, but clearly differs in having a larger body size, a longer forebody, an intestinal bifurcation in the middle of the body, subequal gonads, Laurer’s canal opening dorsally at a considerable distance posterior to the testis and a much larger egg size.
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Liu, Fei, and Yongsheng Han. "Mechanical Behavior and Impact Resistance Tendency of Coal Mass with Different Water Content." Geofluids 2022 (April 16, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9128287.
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As a major hidden danger of mine safety production, the impact resistance tendency of rock seriously restricts the safety and high yield of coal mine. At the same time, as one of the puzzles of rock mechanics, it has been perplexing many domestic and foreign scholars since the recorded rock burst in South Stafford coal mine in 1738. At present, this research is relatively weak; so, it is different for economic and social benefits. The study of the impact resistance law and the antishock measures of water-bearing rocks are extremely meaningful. In order to deeply explore the impact resistance law of rock with different water content and the antishock support measures after roadway excavation, based on the previous research results of the previous research, the impact tendency of different coal samples was firstly tested by coal uniaxial compression experiment, judging and then calculating the damage characteristics of rock with different water content according to the obtained data, as one of the judgment basis of the impact law of coal mine. Secondly, according to the experimental data, the energy evolution characteristics are calculated and analyzed with the graph. Finally, the impact tendency of the rock under different moisture conditions is obtained.
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Leventhal, F. M. "“A Tonic to the Nation”: The Festival of Britain, 1951." Albion 27, no. 3 (1995): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051737.
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No event of the post-Second World War decade in Britain is recalled as affectionately or enveloped in such an aura of nostalgia as the Festival of Britain, a five-month series of cultural events and exhibits, with its centerpiece at the South Bank in London. But the Festival dear to the recollections of those growing up during and after the war diverged sharply from the original conception of its progenitors.In 1943 the Royal Society of the Arts, partly responsible for the Great Exhibition of 1851, suggested to the government that an international exhibition along similar lines be staged in 1951 to commemorate the earlier event. To propose a celebratory occasion in 1943 was an act of faith that the war would not only end successfully, but that Britain would have recovered sufficiently by 1951 to warrant such a demonstration. In September 1945, with the war over and Labour in power, Gerald Barry, the editor of the News Chronicle, addressed an open letter to Stafford Cripps, then President of the Board of Trade, advocating a trade and cultural exhibition in London as a way of commemorating the centenary of the Crystal Palace. Such an exhibition would advertise British products and display British prowess in design and craftsmanship. He favored a site in the center of London, such as Hyde Park or Battersea, either of which would provide ample space for such an exhibition. What prompted these suggestions was the need to provide practical help to British commerce at a time when it was clearly under pressure shifting from wartime controls to peacetime competition.
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Delvi, A., L. Blake, A. Lapraik, and G. Lewis. "An Evaluation of Mental Health Professionals’ Confidence in Performing Perinatal Assessments & The Need for the Development of an Assessment Tool." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S850—S851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2204.
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Introduction Clinicians often do not have experience assessing perinatal patients unless they work as part of a perinatal team. Informal feedback points to a lack of confidence in performing perinatal assessments. Objectives The aim of the project was to assess clinicians’ confidence in performing perinatal assessments in outpatient and inpatient settings including the Emergency Department. Additionally, we wanted to assess whether access to a perinatal assessment tool was beneficial. We hypothesise that clinicians lack confidence in performing perinatal assessments and would benefit from using a perinatal assessment tool. Methods We designed a survey of 10 questions assessing the above. The survey was sent out to psychiatric trainees and nurses at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. The participant’s confidence in completing perinatal assessments in various settings was assessed using a 5 point Likert scale. Results 52 responses were received. 50% of participants felt not so confident in performing perinatal assessments in the outpatient setting. 40.38%(n=21) of participants felt not so confident in exploring the mother and foetal relationship. 71.15% (n=37) of participants felt that they would benefit from additional teaching with 48.1% of participants citing that they would benefit from access to an assessment tool. Conclusions As predicted, the results of the survey show that clinicians lack confidence in performing perinatal assessments. Therefore, we have commenced work on modifying the existing Stafford Interview. This is a structured interview that explores the obstetric and psycho-social background and psychiatric complications of pregnancy. The survey is due to be replicated in other project locations to allow transcultural comparison. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Pryor, Kenneth L., Tyler Wawrzyniak, and Da-Lin Zhang. "The College Park, Maryland, Tornado of 24 September 2001." Geosciences 9, no. 10 (October 22, 2019): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9100452.
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The 24 September 2001 College Park, Maryland, tornado was a long-track and strong tornado that passed within a close range of two Doppler radars. It was the third in a series of three tornadoes associated with a supercell storm that developed in Stafford County, Virginia, and initiated 3–4 km southwest of College Park and dissipated near Columbia, Howard County. The supercell tracked approximately 120 km and lasted for about 126 min. This study presents a synoptic and mesoscale overview of favorable conditions and forcing mechanisms that resulted in the severe convective outbreak associated with the College Park tornado. The results show many critical elements of the tornadic event, including a negative-tilted upper-level trough over the Ohio Valley, a jet stream with moderate vertical shear, a low-level warm, moist tongue of the air associated with strong southerly flow over south-central Maryland and Virginia, and significantly increased convective available potential energy (CAPE) during the late afternoon hours. A possible role of the urban heat island effects from Washington, DC, in increasing CAPE for the development of the supercell is discussed. Satellite imagery reveals the banded convective morphology with high cloud tops associated with the supercell that produced the College Park tornado. Operational WSR-88D data exhibit a high reflectivity “debris ball” or tornadic debris signature (TDS) within the hook echo, the evolution of the parent storm from a supercell structure to a bow echo, and a tornado cyclone signature (TCS). Many of the mesoscale features could be captured by contemporary numerical model analyses. This study concludes with a discussion of the effectiveness of the coordinated use of satellite and radar observations in the operational environment of nowcasting severe convection.
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Fiedel, Stuart J., and Yaroslav V. Kuzmin. "Is More Precise Dating of Paleoindian Expansion Feasible?" Radiocarbon 52, no. 2 (2010): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200045380.
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Recent efforts to precisely date the florescence of the Clovis culture in North America have been hampered by both practical and theoretical problems: 1) The era of Clovis expansion (about 11,200–10,700 BP or 13,200–12,700 cal BP) coincides with the gap between the anchored central European tree-ring sequence (back to 12,400 cal BP) and the floating Bølling-Allerød sequence; 2) Clovis seems to immediately precede the onset of the Younger Dryas (YD) stadial. The “black mats” of the US Southwest appear to mark the regional occurrence of this climatic downturn. However, the timing and means of long-distance propagation of this climatic event are not yet well understood. Greenland ice cores (GISP2, GRIP, and NGRIP) remain poorly synchronized, with a discrepancy of 100 to 250 yr for the date of onset (as late as 12,700 cal BP, or as early as 12,950 cal BP); 3) The YD onset was accompanied by a rapid drop of radiocarbon ages from 11,000 to 10,600 BP in less than a century. The mechanism causing this was probably a change in overturning circulation in the North Atlantic. Do variable Clovis ages, often from what appear to be single-occupation contexts, reflect this “cliff” effect, slightly earlier minor reversals during the late Allerød, or simply the practical limitations of precision of the 14C method? 4) Dates for Fishtail or Fell I sites (with fluted, stemmed points) in southern South America are statistically indistinguishable from Clovis dates in North America. Does this imply very rapid population expansion, diffusion of tool-making techniques through long-established local populations (as argued by Waters and Stafford 2007), or abnormally large interhemispheric 14C offsets? 5) Are recent ostensibly high-precision collagen-derived dates for Paleoindian-associated fauna (e.g. horse and mammoth) reliable? Are interlaboratory blind tests of the new filtration processes necessary?
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Sobuwa, Simpiwe. "SAJPEC: A new dawn for pre-hospital emergency care in South Africa." South African Journal of Pre-hospital Emergency Care 1, no. 1 (2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.24213/1-1-4167.
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The South African pre-hospital setting has made remarkable progress since the development of emergency care short courses more than three decades ago. The profession has moved from boxtype ambulances staffed with ambulance drivers to well-equipped emergency response vehicles and ambulance aircraft staffed with paramedics with professional degrees.1 Paramedics are now in a position to enroll for a Doctoral degree in emergency medical care or equivalent, a first for the African continent.1 Having paramedics with postgraduate qualifications means that there is an opportunity for research output emanating from their research projects. It is against this backdrop that a working group of the Emergency Care Society of South Africa conceptualized the idea of the South African Journal of Pre-hospital Emergency Care (SAJPEC).
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Bakre, Olayemi, and Kabir Abdul-Kareem. "Upscaling the South African Health Sector through the Integration of Skilled Migrants." African Journal of Inter/Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51415/ajims.v1i1.819.
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Considering the skills shortages in the South African health sector, this study explores the possibility of integrating foreign medical doctors into the under-staffed South African health sector. In achieving this aim, semi-structured interviews were conducted amongst 37 medical doctors, alongside three business entities who recruit skilled migrants. More so, textual analysis and review of audited documents in alignment with this papers theme are reviewed. The study emphasises that no assertive policies or stratagem have been enacted or devised by the South African government or non-governmental entities in integrating such foreign doctors. In furtherance to this, no comprehensive documentation of migrants’ competence has been considered at the port of entry by the Department of Home Affairs which, on its own, represents a missed opportunity. As an agendum to integrating foreign medical doctors regionally, nationally, or locally, the study advocates a comprehensive compilation of migrants’ skills, competence, and qualifications at the port of entries. Such useful data will not only be used for decisive policies but could also be used to integrate, relocate, or mix-match skilled migrants into the under-staffed South African health sector, or integrate them into regions across the globe where their services are needed.
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Bakre, Olayemi, and Kabir Abdul-Kareem. "Upscaling the South African Health Sector through the Integration of Skilled Migrants." African Journal of Inter/Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51415/ajims.v1i1.819.
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Considering the skills shortages in the South African health sector, this study explores the possibility of integrating foreign medical doctors into the under-staffed South African health sector. In achieving this aim, semi-structured interviews were conducted amongst 37 medical doctors, alongside three business entities who recruit skilled migrants. More so, textual analysis and review of audited documents in alignment with this papers theme are reviewed. The study emphasises that no assertive policies or stratagem have been enacted or devised by the South African government or non-governmental entities in integrating such foreign doctors. In furtherance to this, no comprehensive documentation of migrants’ competence has been considered at the port of entry by the Department of Home Affairs which, on its own, represents a missed opportunity. As an agendum to integrating foreign medical doctors regionally, nationally, or locally, the study advocates a comprehensive compilation of migrants’ skills, competence, and qualifications at the port of entries. Such useful data will not only be used for decisive policies but could also be used to integrate, relocate, or mix-match skilled migrants into the under-staffed South African health sector, or integrate them into regions across the globe where their services are needed.
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Vu, Anh Quy Tung. "Organizational structure and operations of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces (1955-1963)." Science and Technology Development Journal 18, no. 3 (August 30, 2015): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i3.847.
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The Republic of Vietnam Military Forces (RVNMF) is a product of the neocolonialism and the US war in South Vietnam. It is organized, staffed, well-equipped in a modern way to carry out combat operations with the US military. After understanding its organization and activities in the period 1955-1963, the author gives out some explanation for the failure of the US in the neocolonialism war in South Vietnam which is actually a military defeat.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 61, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 55–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002056.
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-Sidney W. Mintz, Mats Lundahl, The Haitian economy: man, land and markets. New York: St. Martins Press, 1983. 290 pp.-Regine Altagrace Latortue, Léon-Francois Hoffmann, Essays on Haitian Literature. Washington D.C.: Three Continents Press, 1984. 184 pp.-Robert Forster, Lieutenant Howard, The Haitian journal of lieutenant Howard, York Hussars, 1796-1798. Edited with an introduction by Roger Norman Buckley. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985. liv + 194.-David Bray, Bernardo Vega, Los Estados Unidos y Trujillo, año 1930. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicano, 1986. 2 vols. xi + 1120 pp.-David Bray, Bernardo Vega, Los Estados Unidos y Trujillo, año 1947. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1984. 2 vols. xi + 1018 pp.-David Bray, Bernardo Vega, Nazismo, fascismo y falangismo en la Republica Dominicana. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1985. 415 pp.-Tony Thorndike, Bruce J. Calder, The impact of intervention: The Dominican Republic during the US occupation of 1916-1924. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984. 358 pp.-Marcella M. Little, Jacques Barbier ,The North American role in the Spanish imperial economy 1760-1819. Manchester, England, 1984: Manchester University Press. pp. 232., Allan J. Kuethe (eds)-Janette Forte, Peter Riviere, Individual and society in Guiana: a comparative study of Amerindian social organisation. Cambridge, London, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. 127 pp.-Stephen D. Glazier, Jay D. Dobbin, The Jombee dance of Montserrat: a study of trance ritual in the West Indies. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1986. 202 pp.-Robert J. Stewart, Stephen D. Glazier, Marchin' the Pilgrims home: leadership and decision-making in an Afro-Caribbean faith. Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press, 1983. xv + 165 pp.-Sidney M. Greenfield, Karen Fog Olwig, Cultural adaptation and resistance on St. John: three centuries of Afro-Caribbean life. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1985. xii + 226 pp.-Adam Kendon, William Washabaugh, Five fingers for survival. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, Inc., 1986. xiv + 198 pp.-Evelyne T. Menard, Carnot (F. Moloen), Alors ma chére...Propos d'un musicien guadeloupéen recueillis et traduits par Marie-Céline Lafontaine. Paris: Editions Caribéennes, 1986. 159 pp.-Sally Price, Suzanne Slesin ,Caribbean style. Authors include Daniel Rozensztroch. Photographs by Gilles de Chabaneix. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1985. 290 pp., Stafford Cliff, Jack Berthelot (eds)-Allison Blakely, Gert Oostindie ,In het land van de overheerser. Deel II. Antillianen en Surinamers in Nederland, 1634/1667-1954. Dordrecht (Holland) and Providence RI (U.S.A.): Foris Publications, 1986. xi + 255 pp., Emy Maduro (eds)-Rosemarijn Hoefte, E. van de Boogaart ,Overzee: Nederlandse koloniale geschiedenis, 1590-1975. Haarlem: Fibula-van Dishoek, 1982. 291 pp., P.J. Drooglever et al (eds)-Frederick J. Conway, P.I. Gomes, Rural development in the Caribbean. London: C. Hurst and Company. New York: St. Martins Press, 1985. xxi + 246 pp.-Steve M. Slaby, Charles Edquist, Capitalism, socialism and technology: a comparative study of Cuba and Jamaica. London: Zed Books Ltd., 1985. xiii + 182 pp.-Joan D. Mandle, June Nash ,Women and social change in Latin America. South Hadley, Mass.: Bergin and Garvey Publishers, 1986. 372 pp., Helen Safa (eds)-Bonham C. Richardson, Michael L. Conniff, Black labor on a white canal: Panama, 1904-1981. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985. xv + 221 pp.-Brackette F. Williams, Stephen Glazier, Caribbean ethnicity revisited. A special edition of Ethnic Groups, International periodical of ethnic studies. New York, London, Paris, Montreaux, Tokyo: Gordon Breach Science Publishers, 1985. 164 pp.-Gert J. Oostindie, Frauke Gewecke, Die Karibik; zur Geschichte, Politik und Kultur einer Region. Frankfurt/M: Verlag Klaus Dieter Vervuert 1984. 165 pp.
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Quah, Jon S. T. "Learning from Singapore’s effective anti-corruption strategy." Asian Education and Development Studies 6, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-07-2016-0058.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain why Singapore has succeeded in curbing corruption and to recommend three measures for enhancing South Korea’s anti-corruption strategy. Design/methodology/approach The paper compares the contextual differences between Singapore and South Korea before analysing Singapore’s effective anti-corruption strategy and identifying the weaknesses of South Korea’s anti-corruption strategy. Findings Singapore’s success in minimising corruption is the result of its government’s strong political will and the adequate budget, personnel and operational autonomy given to the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau to enable it to enforce the anti-corruption laws impartially. To improve South Korea’s anti-corruption strategy, the Korea Anti-Corruption Agency should be established and adequately staffed and funded to investigate corruption cases. Those found guilty of corruption offences should be punished according to the law, without suspending their jail sentences or being pardoned by the president. Finally, the existing public outreach anti-corruption programmes should be evaluated to identify their weaknesses and improve their effectiveness. Originality/value This paper recommends three measures for South Korean policy-makers to improve their anti-corruption strategy by learning from Singapore’s success.
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Willis, Eileen. "Benchmarking working time in health care: the case of Excelcare." Australian Health Review 25, no. 3 (2002): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah020134.
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In the 2000-2004 Enterprise Bargaining round between the Australian Nursing Union and the South Australian state government, it was agreed that public hospitals would be staffed according to Excelcare timings or benchmarks. Excelcare is a computerised workload produce that measures the number of hours and minutes needed to perform a range of nursing tasks for patients on a given ward. This brought into sharp relief disagreements between the various parties over Excelcare timings, but more importantly, it illustrates the unions' strategic use of the Enterprise Bargaining process to de-intensify nursing labour.
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Boland, Cathy. "‘Walking my baby back home’ - Policy and Practice in Health Services and Single Parent Families." Children Australia 15, no. 4 (1990): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200003114.
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The position of single parent families in Australia is examined from a historical perspective, and this is a prelude to a discussion of service provision in maternity hospitals and Baby Health Centres in New South Wales, which are now staffed under the auspices of the Community Health Program. The paper is concerned with issues raised by criteria used to predict child abuse. These criteria are examined from two methodological perspectives; the first applies to the welfare critiques of social control to health service delivery, and the second is an epidemiological critique that notes an extremely high error rate in predicting child abuse at one maternity hospital.Some data from the New South Wales Maternal/Perinatal Statistics Collection on low birthweight and hospital status is used to discuss some implications of this critique related to service delivery and social class of both providers and recipients of health services.
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Ainsworth, Frank, and John Berger. "Family Inclusive Child Protection Practice: The History of the Family Inclusion Network and Beyond." Children Australia 39, no. 2 (May 21, 2014): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2014.1.
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This article records briefly the history of the Family Inclusion Network as an organisation that promotes family inclusive child protection practice. Since its inception in Queensland in 2006, Family Inclusion Network organisations have been formed elsewhere and now exist in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales. In 2010, developments at a national level saw the formation of the Family Inclusion Network Australia. Most organisations are incorporated and some have achieved charitable status. Each organisation endorses a common set of aims and objectives. There are, however, differences in terms of whether state or territory organisations accept government funding or not, are staffed by professionals or rely entirely on volunteer personnel, and have a capacity or otherwise to provide direct casework services to parents. Some state organisations focus on information and advice services, and legislative and policy reform efforts. All have telephone advice lines and a webpage presence. This article also focuses on a code of ethics for child protection practice and on the contribution parents can make to child protection services, and their rights to do so.
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Rankin, Lenita, Justine Bush, and Hannah Wilson. "Assistant Psychologists’ experience of a reflective practice group in an Older People’s Psychology Service." FPOP Bulletin: Psychology of Older People 1, no. 130 (April 2015): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsfpop.2015.1.130.37.
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The SEPT Older People’s Psychology Service serves a population of approximately 120,000 older people and is delivered from five bases in South Essex, each staffed by one Clinical Psychologist and one Assistant Psychologist. The Assistant Psychologists are employed on a 12-month fixed-term contract. Every six weeks the Assistants meet for a reflective practice group facilitated by a designated qualified Clinical Psychologist in the team. The group is two hours long and involves one of the Assistants presenting a case study upon which the group reflects. Case presentations have included discussions of neuropsychological assessments and therapeutic work on both an individual and group basis. This is followed by a discussion of a journal article or book chapter relevant to the delivery of psychological services to older people.
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Ahn, Lee-Su. "A study on the training and legalization of physician assistants." Wonkwang University Legal Research Institute 27 (June 30, 2022): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22397/bml.2022.27.5.
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Every year, South Korean medical field is undergoing significant shortage of residents, especially in the field of surgery. Therefore, hospitals hire physician assistants(PA) to cover for short-staffed physicians and increase the quality of medical care. PA’s perform medical checkups, surgery assistance, prescription, anesthesia, and directing nurses to aid physicians. Foreign nations like the United States and Canada produce highly skilled PA’s via official PA training programs and standardized license exams, and PA’s are allowed to perform limited medical practice. However in South Korea, lack of legal basis for PA’s eligibility, training program, and range of allowed medical practice causes social problems like unlicensed medical care and medical accident. South Korea’s objective for PA program is significantly different from that of the United States and Canada. In those countries, purpose of PA is to aid and cover for primary care, whereas South Korean PA program is used for remedying surgeon shortage problem and hospitals’ business purposes, such as cost reduction and treatment time saving. This study criticizes implementing a new occupational field based on foreign PA policy will cause numerous problems and limits due to the difference of purpose. Therefore, establishing a new management& operating system for medical support persons considering patient safety, supply of health medical manpower, medical field requirements and characteristics of different medical institutions will be a realistic solution. Tasks for PA’s should be categorized and trained accordingly so that PA’s quality increases. Also, appropriate reward system, athority, and eligibility of PA’s are required according to their experience and ability. Registered nurse(RN) in South Korea is recognized as professional medical personnels that went through systematic education. This study suggests improvising RN program and utilizing it will be a efficient and realistic alternative solution for this problem.
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Abas, Melanie, Jane Vanderpyl, Trix Le Prou, Rob Kydd, Brian Emery, and Siale Alo Foliaki. "Psychiatric Hospitalization: Reasons for Admission and Alternatives to Admission in South Auckland, New Zealand." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 5 (October 2003): 620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01229.x.
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Objective: To describe reasons for admission and alternatives to admission in a government funded acute inpatient unit. Method: Reasons for admission and alternatives to admission were rated for a consecutive sample of 255 admissions to an acute psychiatric unit in Auckland, using interviews with staff and case note review. Result: Most patients had a functional psychosis and were admitted involuntarily. Forty percent came from areas of marked social deprivation. The major reasons for admission were for reinstatement of medication (mainly linked to non-concordance with prescribed medication), intensive observation, risk to self and risk to others. Only 12% of admissions could have been diverted, of whom most would have required daily home treatment. For those still admitted at 5 weeks, 26% could have been discharged, mainly to 24 h nurse-staffed accommodation. If the alternatives had all been available, simulated bed-day savings were 11 bed years per year. Simulated bed day savings were greater through implementing early discharge than by diverting new admissions. Conclusion: Greater availability of assertive community treatment and of interventions to improve medication concordance may have prevented a small number of admissions. For patients admitted longer than 5 weeks, it appeared that greater availability of 24 h nursestaffed accommodation would have allowed considerable bed-day savings.
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Van Der Post, W. Z., T. J. De Coning, and E. V. D. M. Smit. "The relationship between organisational culture and financial performance: Some South African evidence." South African Journal of Business Management 29, no. 1 (March 31, 1998): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v29i1.768.
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Although statistical evidence seems to be lacking. it is at present widely acknowledged that organisational culture has the potential of having a significant effect on organisational performance. An analysis of sustained superior financial performance of certain American organisations has attributed their success to the culture that each of them had developed. It has been proposed that these organisations are characterised by a strong set of core managerial values that define the ways in which they conduct business. how they treat employees, customers, suppliers and others. Culture is to the organisation what personality is to the individual. It is a hidden but unifying force that provides meaning and direction and has been defined as the prevailing background fabric of prescriptions and proscriptions for behaviour, the system of beliefs and values and the technology and task of the organisation together with the accepted approaches to these. Recent studies have indicated that corporate culture has an impact on a firm's long-term financial performance: that corporate culture will probably be an even more important factor in determining the success or failure of firms in the next decade; that corporate cultures that inhibit long-term financial performance are not rare and that they develop easily. even in firms that are staffed by reasonable and intelligent people; and that corporate cultures, although difficult to change, can be made more performance enhancing. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the statistical relationship between organisational culture and financial performance.
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Dale, Jane C., and David A. Novis. "Outpatient Phlebotomy Success and Reasons for Specimen Rejection." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 126, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2002-126-0416-opsarf.
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Abstract Objectives.—To determine the rate with which blood collection is successful on the initial phlebotomy encounter, the rate with which laboratory personnel judge specimens unsuitable for analysis, and the practice characteristics associated with fewer unsuccessful collections and fewer rejected specimens. Design.—Clinical laboratories participating in the College of American Pathologists Q-Probes laboratory improvement program prospectively characterized the outcome of outpatient phlebotomies for 3 months or until 20 unsuccessful phlebotomy encounters occurred. By questionnaire, participants provided information about test ordering, patient preparation, and specimen collection. Setting and Participants.—Institutions in the United States (n = 202), Canada (n = 4), Australia (n = 3), and South Korea (n = 1). Main Outcome Measures.—Percentage of successful encounters and percentage of unsuitable specimens. Results.—Of 833289 encounters, 829723 were successful. Phlebotomies were unsuccessful because patients were not fasting as directed (32.2%), phlebotomy orders were missing information (22.5%), patients specimens were difficult to draw (13.0%), patients left the collection area before specimens were collected (11.8%), patients were improperly prepared for reasons other than fasting (6.3%), patients presented at the wrong time (3.1%), or for other reasons (11.8%). Only 2153 specimens (0.3%) were unsuitable; these samples were hemolyzed (18.1%), of insufficient quantity (16.0%), clotted (13.4%), lost or not received in the laboratory (11.5%), inadequately labeled (5.8%), at variance with previous or expected results (4.8%), or unacceptable for other reasons (31.1%). Facilities staffed by laboratory-administered phlebotomists reported higher success rates than facilities staffed by nonlaboratory-administered phlebotomists (P = .002). Conclusions.—Most outpatient phlebotomy encounters are successful and result in specimens suitable for laboratory analysis.
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Starr, Nichole, Sarah Carpenter, Melissa Carvalho, Aileen Souza, Robin Chin, George Kasotakis, and Mengistu Worku. "Diagnosis and management of surgical disease at Ethiopian health centres: cross-sectional survey of resources and barriers to care." BMJ Open 9, no. 10 (October 2019): e031525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031525.
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ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to characterise the resources and challenges for surgical care and referrals at health centres (HCs) in South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia.SettingEight primary HCs in South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia.ParticipantsEight health officers and nurses staffing eight HCs completed a survey.DesignThe study was a survey-based, cross-sectional assessment of HCs in South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia and data were collected over a 30-day period from November 2014 to January 2015.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSurvey assessed human and material resources, diagnostic capabilities and challenges and patient-reported barriers to care.ResultsEight HCs had an average of 18 providers each, the majority of which were nurses (62.2%) and health officers (20.7%). HCs had intermittent availability of clean water, nasogastric tubes, rectal tubes and suturing materials, none of them had any form of imaging. A total of 168 surgical patients were seen at the 8 HCs; 58% were referred for surgery. Most common diagnoses were trauma/burns (42%) and need for caesarean section (9%). Of those who did not receive surgery, 32 patients reported specific barriers to obtaining care (91.4%). The most common specific barriers were patients not being decision makers to have surgery, lack of family/social support and inability to afford hospital fees.ConclusionsHCs in South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia are well-staffed with nurses and health officers, however they face a number of diagnostic and treatment challenges due to lack of material resources. Many patients requiring surgery receive initial diagnosis and care at HCs; sociocultural and financial factors commonly prohibit these patients from receiving surgery. Further study is needed to determine how such delays may impact patient outcomes. Improving material resources at HCs and exploring community and family perceptions of surgery may enable more streamlined access to surgical care and prevent delays.
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Bolt, Maxim. "‘Creature of statute’: Legal bureaucracy and the performance of professionalism in Johannesburg." Critique of Anthropology 42, no. 4 (November 21, 2022): 419–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x221139163.
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South Africa’s Master of the High Court administers property inheritance. Described as a ‘creature of statute’, and staffed by legally trained officials, the law takes centre-stage. Focusing on Johannesburg, the Master’s biggest and busiest branch, this article examines how law is performed in bureaucratic encounters, and how this shapes the everyday relations that make legal bureaucrats as middle-class professionals. Middle-class status is performed in the very enactment of a professional system, inflected by the racialised positioning of a new post-apartheid generation of largely black officials. Formal qualifications facilitate forms of distinction that maintain both prestige and everyday roles. Yet this is fraught. The Master and its administrators are positioned between post-apartheid potential and apartheid legal legacies; between transformation and a still racialised society; between professional ideal as legal bureaucrats and the career possibilities of a more lawyerly legal world.
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Lasalvia, Antonio, Mirella Ruggeri, Maria Angela Mazzi, and Rosa Bruna Dall'Agnola. "The perception of needs for care in staffand patients in community-based mental health services. The South-Verona Outcome Project 3." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 102, no. 5 (November 2000): 366–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102005366.x.
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Smale, E., S. McDonald, N. Maha, and S. Short. "Management of Ménière's disease in general practice: adherence to the UK National Health Service ‘Prodigy’ guidelines." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 122, no. 8 (November 27, 2007): 780–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215107000850.
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AbstractIntroduction:Dizziness is a common presenting complaint in primary healthcare. One differential diagnosis is Ménière's disease. The UK National Health Service ‘Prodigy’ guidelines have been produced to help healthcare professionals to diagnose and manage Ménière's disease. The aim of this audit was to consider how Ménière's disease is managed in general practice, and to assess how well general practitioners adhere to the Prodigy guidelines.Materials and methods:We identified general practices near the Torbay region of south Devon which had a ‘TQ’ postcode. There were 41 practices, staffed by a total of 203 general practitioners. We wrote to each general practitioner, asking them to fill in a questionnaire regarding Ménière's disease. Our practice response rate was 68 per cent and our individual rate 43 per cent.Results:The mean correct answer rate was >50 per cent. The respondents achieved this despite few being aware of any formal guidelines, and none being aware of the Prodigy guidelines.Conclusion:Detailed knowledge of Ménière's disease was uncommon, and formal guidelines were not frequently consulted.
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Mojapelo, Samuel Maredi. "Challenges in establishing and maintaining functional school libraries: Lessons from Limpopo Province, South Africa." Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 50, no. 4 (October 12, 2016): 410–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961000616667801.
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Most governments, particularly in poor and developing African countries, are hesitant to pledge themselves through a legislated school library policy to roll out an active and sustainable library and information service for their schools to improve the quality of education. In South Africa, providing schools with a well-resourced and well-staffed library and information service is even more challenging because of the inheritance of the apartheid education system prior to 1994. The article is limited to just one part of a research project which investigated the resource provision in public high schools in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The purpose of the study was to investigate challenges that negatively affect the establishment and sustainability of an active and vigorous library and information service for all schools in Limpopo Province. The study was largely quantitative, blended with triangulation of both quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data from the principals or teacher-librarians at schools, while an interview schedule was used to collect qualitative data from education officials through face-to-face interviews. The findings established that there are daunting challenges which hinder effective establishment and maintenance of functional school library and information service. The national Department of Basic Education has a responsibility to ensure that school library policy is formulated, endorsed and implemented as a matter of urgency. The Government should also fast-track rural development to enable teachers and learners, particularly those in historically disadvantaged rural black communities, to access library materials in other amenities.
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Keller, Linda M., Kathryn J. Maloney, Matthew A. Lazzara, David E. Mikolajczyk, and Stefano Di Battista. "An Investigation of Extreme Cold Events at the South Pole." Journal of Climate 35, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 1761–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-21-0404.1.
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Abstract From 5 July to 11 September 2012, the Amundsen–Scott South Pole station experienced an unprecedented 78 days in a row with a maximum temperature at or below −50°C. Aircraft and ground-based activity cannot function without risk below this temperature. Lengthy periods of extreme cold temperatures are characterized by a drop in pressure of around 15 hPa over 4 days, accompanied by winds from grid east. Periodic influxes of warm air from the Weddell Sea raise the temperature as the wind shifts to grid north. The end of the event occurs when the temperature increase is enough to move past the −50°C threshold. This study also examines the length of extreme cold periods. The number of days below −50°C in early winter has been decreasing since 1999, and this trend is statistically significant at the 5% level. Late winter shows an increase in the number of days below −50°C for the same period, but this trend is not statistically significant. Changes in the southern annular mode, El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and the interdecadal Pacific oscillation/tripole index are investigated in relation to the initiation of extreme cold events. None of the correlations are statistically significant. A positive southern annular mode and a La Niña event or a central Pacific El Niño–Southern Oscillation pattern would position the upper-level circulation to favor a strong, symmetrical polar vortex with strong westerlies over the Southern Ocean, leading to a cold pattern over the South Pole. Significance Statement The Amundsen–Scott South Pole station is the coldest Antarctic station staffed year-round by U.S. personnel. Access to the station is primarily by airplane, especially during the winter months. Ambient temperature limits air access as planes cannot operate at minimum temperatures below −50°C. The station gets supplies during the winter months if needed, and medical emergencies can happen requiring evacuations. Knowing when planes would be able to fly is crucial, especially for life-saving efforts. During 2012, a record 78 continuous days of temperatures below −50°C occurred. A positive southern annular mode denoting strong westerly winds over the Pacific Ocean and a strong polar vortex over the South Pole contribute to the maintenance of long periods of extremely cold temperatures.
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Onambele, Luc, Wilfrido Ortega-Leon, Sara Guillen-Aguinaga, Maria João Forjaz, Amanuel Yoseph, Laura Guillen-Aguinaga, Rosa Alas-Brun, Alberto Arnedo-Pena, Ines Aguinaga-Ontoso, and Francisco Guillen-Grima. "Maternal Mortality in Africa: Regional Trends (2000–2017)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 13146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013146.
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Background: United Nations Sustainable Development Goals state that by 2030, the global maternal mortality rate (MMR) should be lower than 70 per 100,000 live births. MMR is still one of Africa’s leading causes of death among women. The leading causes of maternal mortality in Africa are hemorrhage and eclampsia. This research aims to study regional trends in maternal mortality (MM) in Africa. Methods: We extracted data for maternal mortality rates per 100,000 births from the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) databank from 2000 to 2017, 2017 being the last date available. Joinpoint regression was used to study the trends and estimate the annual percent change (APC). Results: Maternal mortality has decreased in Africa over the study period by an average APC of −3.0% (95% CI −2.9; −3,2%). All regions showed significant downward trends, with the greatest decreases in the South. Only the North African region is close to the United Nations’ sustainable development goals for Maternal mortality. The remaining Sub-Saharan African regions are still far from achieving the goals. Conclusions: Maternal mortality has decreased in Africa, especially in the South African region. The only region close to the United Nations’ target is the North African region. The remaining Sub-Saharan African regions are still far from achieving the goals. The West African region needs more extraordinary efforts to achieve the goals of the United Nations. Policies should ensure that all pregnant women have antenatal visits and give birth in a health facility staffed by specialized personnel.
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Zhang, Qinglin, Baojuan Huai, Michiel R. van den Broeke, John Cappelen, Minghu Ding, Yetang Wang, and Weijun Sun. "Temporal and Spatial Variability in Contemporary Greenland Warming (1958–2020)." Journal of Climate 35, no. 9 (May 1, 2022): 2755–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-21-0313.1.
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Abstract In this study, 2-m or near-surface air temperature (T2m) products from atmospheric reanalysis ERA5 and the regional climate model RACMO2.3p2 over Greenland are compared with observations from staffed stations and Automated Weather Stations (AWS). The results show the following: 1) Greenland experienced decadal periods of both cooling and warming during 1958–2020, with an inflection point around the mid-1990s, and no significant warming after ∼2005 except in the north and northeast. 2) In the full time series, the magnitude of the warming increases gradually from south to north, with peak warming found along the northeastern coast. 3) The most intense warming occurred in autumn and winter, notably in the northeast. 4) The correlations of T2m with the large-scale circulation indices NAO and GBI are highly significant, but they gradually weaken from southwestern to northeastern Greenland. Under the background of Greenland rapidly warming, the shift from positive to negative NAO (negative to positive GBI) is critical to the sudden warming in Greenland since the mid-1990s.
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van Niekerk, Sjan-Mari, Sureshkumar Kamalakannan, Gakeemah Inglis-Jassiem, Maria Yvonne Charumbira, Silke Fernandes, Jayne Webster, Rene English, Quinette A. Louw, and Tracey Smythe. "Towards universal health coverage for people with stroke in South Africa: a scoping review." BMJ Open 11, no. 11 (November 2021): e049988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049988.
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ObjectivesTo explore the opportunities and challenges within the health system to facilitate the achievement of universal health coverage (UHC) for people with stroke (PWS) in South Africa (SA).SettingSA.DesignScoping review.Search methodsWe conducted a scoping review of opportunities and challenges to achieve UHC for PWS in SA. Global and Africa-specific databases and grey literature were searched in July 2020. We included studies of all designs that described the healthcare system for PWS. Two frameworks, the Health Systems Dynamics Framework and WHO Framework, were used to map data on governance and regulation, resources, service delivery, context, reorientation of care and community engagement. A narrative approach was used to synthesise results.ResultsFifty-nine articles were included in the review. Over half (n=31, 52.5%) were conducted in Western Cape province and most (n=41, 69.4%) were conducted in urban areas. Studies evaluated a diverse range of health system categories and various outcomes. The most common reported component was service delivery (n=46, 77.9%), and only four studies (6.7%) evaluated governance and regulation. Service delivery factors for stroke care were frequently reported as poor and compounded by context-related limiting factors. Governance and regulations for stroke care in terms of government support, investment in policy, treatment guidelines, resource distribution and commitment to evidence-based solutions were limited. Promising supporting factors included adequately equipped and staffed urban tertiary facilities, the emergence of Stroke units, prompt assessment by health professionals, positive staff attitudes and care, two clinical care guidelines and educational and information resources being available.ConclusionThis review fills a gap in the literature by providing the range of opportunities and challenges to achieve health for all PWS in SA. It highlights some health system areas that show encouraging trends to improve service delivery including comprehensiveness, quality and perceptions of care.
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Simpson, Susan Genevieve, Shirley Rochford, Andrew Livingstone, Sandra English, and Carly Austin. "Tele-web Psychology in Rural South Australia: The Logistics of Setting Up a Remote University Clinic Staffed by Clinical Psychologists in Training." Australian Psychologist 49, no. 4 (July 21, 2014): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ap.12049.
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Netshakhuma, Nkholedzeni Sidney. "Exploration role of volunteerism on the digitisation project: case of the office of the premier in Mpumalanga province, South Africa." Collection and Curation 40, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cc-12-2019-0048.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the role of volunteerism during the digitisation project by the Office of the Premier in Mpumalanga with a view recommending the best practice. Design/methodology/approach The empirical data was collected through the semi-structured qualitative interviews with the records manager and ten volunteer archivists employed by the Office of the Premier. Findings Local pupils within the Mpumalanga province were recruited to participate in the digitisation project as a form of youth empowerment. The Mpumalanga Provincial Archives was not involved in the digitisation project to ensure that all digitisation specification was in line with the requirement of the provincial archives. Furthermore, a lack of resources to implement the digitisation project was cited as the main stamping block for the successful implementation of the project. Research limitations/implications This paper is limited to the Office of the premier, in the Mpumalanga province. Practical implications Archivists interested in recruiting volunteers on a digitisation project can use this paper to understand the benefits and cost of volunteer labor before putting volunteer projects into practice. Social implications The success of a digitisation project depends on the involvement of the Mpumalanga Provincial archives. Originality/value This paper presents a unique case study in South Africa of a digitisation project staffed with volunteers in the office of the Premier.
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Siegloff, L., L. Cusack, P. Arbon, A. Hutton, and L. Mayner. "(A109) Health Workforce and Disaster Preparedness of Rural Hospitals." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s30—s31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11001117.
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Following the devastating March 2009 Victorian bushfire disaster in rural areas of Australia, authorities reviewed strategies designed to protect communities during periods of extreme fire risk. New policy and regulation were introduced and designed to ensure that small rural communities were protected and prepared to confront a wildfire emergency during days of extreme heat or bushfire risk weather. As a result on days of declared ‘catastrophic’ bushfire weather conditions government agencies in South Australia have implemented a policy for schools (including pre-schools) to be temporarily closed. On these days community members are advised to evacuate early to safe regional centres, and to limit travel on country roads. The WADEM Guidelines for Disaster Evaluation and Research demonstrate that Basic Societal Functions (BSFs), such as education, health, transport and others, are interconnected and interdependent. For example in small rural communities in South Australia people may have a number of important roles including being parents, volunteers of emergency services while also being employed as staff of local hospitals. This project reviewed the impact of school closures and other protective measures on the availability of the rural nursing workforce and on rural hospitals. Rural hospitals in Australia are staffed, on average, by 2–8 nurses, service very small communities and are separated by great distances. As a result, small changes in the absentee rate for nurses can have a significant impact on the operation of these hospitals. This paper will argue that policy changes in other sectors, such as education, can impact on societal activities such as childcare, volunteer emergency service work, and hospital staffing, in ways that may not be anticipated unless the impact on all Basic Societal Functions are considered by policymakers.
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Milde, Michael. "Real Respect for the Rule of Law." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 12, no. 2 (July 1999): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900002265.
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Judging the Judges, Judging Ourselves is an excellent book for at least three reasons. First, it is a critically engaged, firsthand account of a unique legal and political event: the inquiry by South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission into the operation of that country’s legal system under Apartheid. Second, it develops an extended argument for a challengingly normative conception of the rule of law, complete with compelling practical illustrations of what can happen if officials charged with maintaining the integrity of a legal system adopt a less substantive standard. And third, the book is well written and a pleasure to read.South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) represents an unusual attempt to confront, acknowledge and overcome the devastating injustice, violence and hatred generated during the Apartheid era. What makes it unusual is the conscious decision to set aside demands for retributive justice. Instead, by exposing abuses and violations of human rights, and then compensating victims and pardoning confessed perpetrators, the TRC aimed to establish a framework in which former antagonists could set aside adversarial postures and work together to create a new, integrated and just South Africa. Whether this laudable experiment will succeed remains to be seen.What was clear early on was that the TRC could not hope to complete its task if it did not investigate the performance of the legal system and the legal profession under the Apartheid regime. Apartheid was a social and political construct that systematically denied basic human rights to the vast majority of South Africa’s population on the basis of race. A substantial amount of state violence was required to secure this result. But it is a singular, remarkable fact that the racial divide was maintained by a legal system which in many respects resembled its counterparts in liberal democratic societies where the courts actively and successfully protect civil liberties. What is particularly striking is that gross human rights violations were permitted, even approved, by legal institutions that appeared to respect such fundamental legitimacy-conferring principles as the rule of law and judicial independence. Equally troubling is the observation that the system was staffed by functionaries many of whom had unimpeachable credentials as advocates of human rights. So how could this justice system have produced such iniquitous results?
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Doblecki-Lewis, Susanne, Erin Kobetz, John Byrne2; Stefani Butts, Marco Torrealba, Katie Klose, Angela McGaugh, Connor Shatz, et al. "1965. PrEP On the Go! Implementation Mobile PrEP, STI, and HIV Prevention Services in South Florida." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz359.142.
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Abstract Background Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) can reduce HIV incidence when implemented effectively for people who are at highest risk of HIV infection. However, access to and uptake of PrEP remains suboptimal among priority populations such as black and Hispanic/Latino men who have sex with men (MSM). We established mobile HIV prevention/PrEP services delivered with cancer screening services through the Sylvester Gamechanger vehicle. We describe demographics, utilization, and early retention in PrEP care delivered through this model. Methods We selected four local HIV high-incidence areas where PrEP services were lacking, to locate the clinic. The vehicle, staffed by a medical provider, HIV/PrEP counselor, and cancer educator, returned to each site regularly. In addition to self-referrals, Prevention305, a community-based organization, developed focused patient recruitment through social media. Services were provided at no cost. Normative demographics, risk behavior, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and early-maintenance-in-care data were collected. Descriptive statistics were compiled using SPSS. Results From October 2018 to April 2019 services were provided to 229 clients. Of these, 168 (73.7%) sought PrEP. Of PrEP clients, 125 (74.4%) identified as White/Hispanic, 6 (3.5%) as Black/Hispanic, 6 (3.5%) as White/non-Hispanic, 11 (6.5%) as Black/non-Hispanic, and 19 (11.3%) as other; 124 (73.8%) were foreign-born; 159 (94.9%) of PrEP clients identified as MSM. Six (3.5%) PrEP-seeking clients were HIV positive at baseline. Of these, 2 were identified as acute/early infections. An initial PrEP prescription was filled by 166 (98.8%). Of the 77 clients seen within the initial 3 months of operation and due for follow-up assessment, 55 (71.4%) completed a follow-up visit. Overall, 45 (26.6%) PrEP clients had positive STI results (gonorrhea, chlamydia, or syphilis) at baseline. Nine (16.3%) clients returned positive STI results at their follow-up visit. Conclusion Implementation of mobile HIV prevention services including PrEP is feasible and is effective in engaging Hispanic/Latino immigrant MSM. High demand for services is noted and plans are underway to increase capacity and outreach to other highly affected groups. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.
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Patterson, Paul. "Bringing a Client Focus to International Marketing: A Change Management Case Study." Journal of Management & Organization 6, no. 2 (March 2000): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200005411.
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AbstractConsumers the world over are becoming more homogeneous thanks to the unifying forces of travel, media, technology, information transfer and the like. Furthermore, today customers have higher expectations than ever before regarding the quality of service they should receive from a wide range of service organisations (professional as well as non-professional). As customers are increasingly exposed to world best practice in a wide range of service industries, expectations spiral upwards. Slow, discourteous, unresponsive and unprofessional service will no longer be tolerated - but especially when the service is highly customised, complex, costly and high involvement, professional service.Few, if any, studies have examined service quality issues for professional services in an international context. Hence, this case study documents the problems experienced by the Australian Trade Commission's (Austrade) Bangkok, Thailand Post in providing a level of service consistent with clients' (and senior managements') expectations, the steps taken to overcome these long standing service quality shortcomings, as well as the key lessons to be learnt from the process. Today Austrade provides a professional consulting service and thus possesses similar characteristics to many professional service firms (project management, engineering consulting, general management consulting, etc.) and thus the lessons from this successful change management program may be generalisable to other professional services. Furthermore, the lessons should prove invaluable for Australian firms operating in South-East Asia staffed by expatriates and local nationals.
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Patterson, Paul. "Bringing a Client Focus to International Marketing: A Change Management Case Study." Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 6, no. 2 (March 2000): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2000.6.2.44.
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AbstractConsumers the world over are becoming more homogeneous thanks to the unifying forces of travel, media, technology, information transfer and the like. Furthermore, today customers have higher expectations than ever before regarding the quality of service they should receive from a wide range of service organisations (professional as well as non-professional). As customers are increasingly exposed to world best practice in a wide range of service industries, expectations spiral upwards. Slow, discourteous, unresponsive and unprofessional service will no longer be tolerated - but especially when the service is highly customised, complex, costly and high involvement, professional service.Few, if any, studies have examined service quality issues for professional services in an international context. Hence, this case study documents the problems experienced by the Australian Trade Commission's (Austrade) Bangkok, Thailand Post in providing a level of service consistent with clients' (and senior managements') expectations, the steps taken to overcome these long standing service quality shortcomings, as well as the key lessons to be learnt from the process. Today Austrade provides a professional consulting service and thus possesses similar characteristics to many professional service firms (project management, engineering consulting, general management consulting, etc.) and thus the lessons from this successful change management program may be generalisable to other professional services. Furthermore, the lessons should prove invaluable for Australian firms operating in South-East Asia staffed by expatriates and local nationals.
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Bradley, Patrick J. "A study of a provincial ear, nose and throat service in a British city prior to the National Health Service: Nottingham and South Nottinghamshire (1886–1947)." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 135, S1 (July 9, 2021): S1—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215121000943.
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AbstractBackgroundIt was in twentieth-century Britain that the two distinct surgical disciplines, otology and laryngology, became united under the title oto-laryngology. Aural departments were established in general hospitals in the hands of specialists long before throat departments. The development and politics of the specialty occurred in London, while provincial services commenced in the early eighteenth century, with ophthalmologists, setting up a clinic or dispensary, progressing onto a hospital.MethodsThe following resources were used: the Nottinghamshire Archives; Manuscripts and Special Collections at the University of Nottingham Libraries and The Local Studies Library, Nottingham Central Library.ResultsThe Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose was established in 1886, staffed by part-time general practitioners. The Nottingham Children's Hospital appointed two qualified surgeons in the 1910s and subsequently the General Nottingham Hospital appointed them as honorary assistant surgeons. Both hospitals provided access to beds, not available to the Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose. Following The Education Act of 1907, Nottingham created a School Health Services. By the 1920s, Nottingham had four institutions providing clinical and surgical ENT services. The National Hospitals Survey conducted in 1945 recommended that the Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose be closed and amalgamated with The General Hospital Nottingham.ConclusionThe General Hospital Nottingham was slow to create a service for the diagnosis and treatment of ENT diseases and disorders, but established a Departmental Service by 1927. The surgical staffing was common to all four of the ENT services from mid-1930.
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Chu, Long, R. Quentin Grafton, and Tom Kompas. "What vaccination rate(s) minimize total societal costs after ’opening up’ to COVID-19? Age-structured SIRM results for the Delta variant in Australia (New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia)." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 6 (June 14, 2022): e0000499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000499.
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Using three age-structured, stochastic SIRM models, calibrated to Australian data post July 2021 with community transmission of the Delta variant, we projected possible public health outcomes (daily cases, hospitalisations, ICU beds, ventilators and fatalities) and economy costs for three states: New South Wales (NSW), Victoria (VIC) and Western Australia (WA). NSW and VIC have had on-going community transmission from July 2021 and were in ‘lockdown’ to suppress transmission. WA did not have on-going community transmission nor was it in lockdown at the model start date (October 11th 2021) but did maintain strict state border controls. We projected the public health outcomes and the economic costs of ‘opening up’ (relaxation of lockdowns in NSW and VIC or fully opening the state border for WA) at alternative vaccination rates (70%, 80% and 90%), compared peak patient demand for ICU beds and ventilators to staffed state-level bed capacity, and calculated a ‘preferred’ vaccination rate that minimizes societal costs and that varies by state. We found that the preferred vaccination rate for all states is at least 80% and that the preferred population vaccination rate is increasing with: (1) the effectiveness (infection, hospitalization and fatality) of the vaccine; (2) the lower is the daily lockdown cost; (3) the larger are the public health costs from COVID-19; (4) the higher is the rate of community transmission before opening up; and (5) the less effective are the public health measures after opening up.
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Popovic-Filipovic, Slavica. "Elsie Inglis (1864-1917) and the Scottish women’s hospitals in Serbia in the Great War. Part 1." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 146, no. 3-4 (2018): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh170704167p.
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The news about the great victories of the Gallant Little Serbia in the Great War spread far and wide. Following on the appeals from the Serbian legations and the Serbian Red Cross, assistance was arriving from all over the world. First medical missions and medical and other help arrived from Russia. It was followed by the medical missions from Great Britain, France, Greece, The Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, America, etc. Material help and individual volunteers arrived from Poland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Norway, India, Japan, Egypt, South America, and elsewhere. The true friends of Serbia formed various funds under the auspices of the Red Cross Society, and other associations. In September 1914, the Serbian Relief Fund was established in London, while in Scotland the first units of the Scottish Women?s Hospitals for Foreign Service were formed in November of the same year. The aim of this work was to keep the memory of the Scottish Women?s Hospitals in Serbia, and with the Serbs in the Great War. In the history of the Serbian nation during the Great War a special place was held by the Scottish Women?s Hospitals - a unique humanitarian medical mission. It was the initiative of Dr. Elsie Maud Inglis (1864-1917), a physician, surgeon, promoter of equal rights for women, and with the support of the Scottish Federation of Woman?s Suffrage Societies. The SWH Hospitals, which were completely staffed by women, by their participation in the Great War, also contributed to gender and professional equality, especially in medicine. Many of today?s achievements came about thanks to the first generations of women doctors, who fought for equality in choosing to study medicine, and working in the medical field, in time of war and peacetime.
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Popovic-Filipovic, Slavica. "Elsie Inglis (1864-1917) and the Scottish women’s hospitals in Serbia in the Great War. Part 2." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 146, no. 5-6 (2018): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh170704168p.
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The news about the great victories of the Gallant Little Serbia in the Great War spread far and wide. Following on the appeals from the Serbian legations and the Serbian Red Cross, assistance was arriving from all over the world. First medical missions and medical and other help arrived from Russia. It was followed by the medical missions from Great Britain, France, Greece, the Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, America, etc. Material help and individual volunteers arrived from Poland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Norway, India, Japan, Egypt, South America, and elsewhere. The true friends of Serbia formed various funds under the auspices of the Red Cross Society, and other associations. In September 1914, the Serbian Relief Fund was established in London, while in Scotland the first units of the Scottish Women?s Hospitals for Foreign Service were formed in November of the same year. The aim of this work was to keep the memory of the Scottish Women?s Hospitals in Serbia and with the Serbs in the Great War. In the history of the Serbian nation during the Great War, a special place was held by the Scottish Women?s Hospitals ? a unique humanitarian medical mission. It was the initiative of Dr. Elsie Maud Inglis (1864?1917), a physician, surgeon, promoter of equal rights for women, and with the support of the Scottish Federation of Woman?s Suffrage Societies. The Scottish Women?s Hospitals, which were completely staffed by women, by their participation in the Great War, also contributed to gender and professional equality, especially in medicine. Many of today?s achievements came about thanks to the first generations of women doctors, who fought for equality in choosing to study medicine, and working in the medical field, in time of war and peacetime.
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McLARNON, JOHN M. "Pie in the Sky vs. Meat and Potatoes: The Case of Sun Ship's Yard No. 4." Journal of American Studies 34, no. 1 (April 2000): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875899006271.
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In the spring of 1942, the Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company was gearing up for the most productive three years in its history. With the United States at war, the demand for transport ships would soon propel the Chester-based shipyard to a position of unmatched prominence in the industry – a remarkable development for a concern that was originally conceived as a support subsidiary for its parent, the Sun Oil Company. Twenty-six years earlier, Joseph N. Pew, the younger of two brothers who oversaw the fortunes of Sun Oil, had suggested the creation of a shipyard to build tankers needed to carry the products of Sun's Marcus Hook (Pa.) refinery. He and his older brother J. Howard acquired the old Merchant's Shipyard, hired cousin John G. Pew as president, and began building tankers.By the end of 1943, Sun Ship boasted 35,000 employees, approximately half of whom were black. More than one third of the black employees worked in the company's No. 4 facility, a yard intended by the Pews to be staffed completely by black workers. Yard No. 4 presented blacks with another instance of a recurring dilemma: should they postpone the goal of full integration for the sake of economic improvement, or should they forgo the opportunity to improve their vocational expertise and economic condition for the ultimate goal of total equality in a fully integrated society? Such a goal seemed, on the eve of the Second World War, nearly as remote as it had been at the close of the Civil War. Jim Crow ruled throughout the South. The North lacked Jim Crow laws, but discrimination and segregation were the norm rather than the exception. “What have Negroes to fight for?” A. Philip Randolph demanded in 1942. “If you haven't got democracy yourself, how can you carry it to somebody else?”
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Bennister, Mark. "Book Review: Anne Tiernan, Power Without Responsibility: Ministerial Staffers in Australian Governments from Whitlam to Howard. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 2007. $34.95. x + 283 pp. ISBN 978 0 868 40981 8." Party Politics 15, no. 6 (October 23, 2009): 766–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068809345365.
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Salmi, Issa. "The Lived Experience of Nurses Working in Cardiology Services with Online Continuing Professional Programs in Advancing their Specialized Clinical Practice: Phenomenology Study Methodology." Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions 4, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2641-0419/102.
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Introduction: Nurses should be committed to undertake continuing professional development (CPD) courses to advance nursing practice and guarantee lifelong learning. Online CPD programs may allow nurses to fulfil the demand for specialty competency. Aim: This study focuses on utilising online (CPD) activities to develop cardiac nurses’ ability to perform advanced clinical skills. Method: The study was conducted in one of the largest accredited teaching hospitals in South Australia. The department is staffed by a specialised multi-professional team, some of whom have completed specialised cardiac post-graduation diploma courses in order to meet the complex needs of cardiac patients. To keep the team abreast of the latest developments in practice, the in-service education department at local study setting runs several CPD programs for the cardiology department via varied learning modes, such as online CPD programs, classroom learning and bedside-based learning. The nursing team maintains advanced clinical skills through online CPD, orientation programs, and in-service classroom-based courses. Regarding online CPD courses, electrocardiography interpretation and underwater sealing draining management courses are mandatory courses which all registered nurses must complete while working in medical or surgical cardiac wards. Results: The interview process was conducted in five stages: 1. Determining the type of the interview where in such types of qualitative studies the researcher should focus on the fundamental question of the phenomenological inquiry throughout the unstructured, in-depth interview process. 2. Making initial contact where the researcher established a rapport with the participant and prepared them mentally by giving them the participant information sheet. 3. Context of the interview where interviews be conducted in a quiet room in the School of Nursing in order to maintain participant privacy and anonymity, participants requested to conduct the interviews in their work setting. Nonetheless, the researcher ensured that participant privacy and anonymity was upheld. 4. Selecting the lived experience where Each participant was interviewed once. Interview duration was 15 to 30 minutes. The interviews started with a grand tour question. Grand tour questions are very broad questions asked by the interviewer at the early stage of an interview to obtain a description of the event or experience. 5. All interviews were concluded by thanking the participant and offering them the choice to have a copy of their interview transcript to verify what they had said. The researcher wrote an interview summary after listening to the interviews on the same day. The summary was prepared to help the researcher evaluate the amount of data gathered and identify whether the point of data saturation was reached. In addition, writing the summary helped the researcher reflect on the interview and gain an understanding of the participant experience Conclusion This study explained the process of data collection, describing the setting, nature of participants and process of data collection using phenomenological interview. As the human experience is complex, gathering in-depth data should be systematic to ensure that the researcher has obtained the most sufficient data to explore the essence of the experience.
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Townsend, Margaret A., and David P. Young. "Factors Affecting Nitrate Concentrations in Ground Water in Stafford County, Kansas." Current Research in Earth Sciences, January 1, 1995, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/cres.v0i238.11844.
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Nitrate contamination of the Great Bend Prairie aquifer in south-central Kansas is more pronounced at shallower than at deeper portions of the aquifer. Factors influencing the occurrence of nitrate in the shallow ground water include irrigation-well density, subsurface clay lenses, and land-use practices. Ground-water samples were taken from 42 wells, including deep (irrigation) wells and shallow (domestic and stock) wells. Except for one well with an anomalously high concentration due to a point source, nitrate-N concentrations of sampled wells ranged from 1.3 to 13.3 mg/L with a mean of 5.4 mg/L and a median of 4.7 mg/L. Statistical analyses indicate that shallow ground water is more susceptible to contamination than deeper ground water and that lower nitrate-N concentrations are probable in wells with a greater thickness of clay above the well screen. Irrigation-well density showed a statistically significant positive correlation with nitrate-N concentrations of shallow wells. No significant difference in nitrate-N concentrations was found to result from the two irrigation methods (flood versus center-pivot) used in the area. Nor were there significant differences in nitrate-N concentrations between sandy and loamy soils. Land-use practices and subsurface stratigraphy may be better indicators of potential nitrate contamination than the surface soils.
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Townsend, Margaret A., and David P. Young. "Factors Affecting Nitrate Concentrations in Ground Water in Stafford County, Kansas." Current Research in Earth Sciences, January 1, 1995, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/cres.v0i238.11844.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrate contamination of the Great Bend Prairie aquifer in south-central Kansas is more pronounced at shallower than at deeper portions of the aquifer. Factors influencing the occurrence of nitrate in the shallow ground water include irrigation-well density, subsurface clay lenses, and land-use practices. Ground-water samples were taken from 42 wells, including deep (irrigation) wells and shallow (domestic and stock) wells. Except for one well with an anomalously high concentration due to a point source, nitrate-N concentrations of sampled wells ranged from 1.3 to 13.3 mg/L with a mean of 5.4 mg/L and a median of 4.7 mg/L. Statistical analyses indicate that shallow ground water is more susceptible to contamination than deeper ground water and that lower nitrate-N concentrations are probable in wells with a greater thickness of clay above the well screen. Irrigation-well density showed a statistically significant positive correlation with nitrate-N concentrations of shallow wells. No significant difference in nitrate-N concentrations was found to result from the two irrigation methods (flood versus center-pivot) used in the area. Nor were there significant differences in nitrate-N concentrations between sandy and loamy soils. Land-use practices and subsurface stratigraphy may be better indicators of potential nitrate contamination than the surface soils.
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Zhou, Jing, Tianbing Wang, Igor Belenkiy, Timothy Craig Hardcastle, Jean-Jacques Rouby, Baoguo Jiang, Demetrios Demetriades, et al. "Management of severe trauma worldwide: implementation of trauma systems in emerging countries: China, Russia and South Africa." Critical Care 25, no. 1 (August 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-021-03681-8.
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AbstractAs emerging countries, China, Russia, and South Africa are establishing and/or improving their trauma systems. China has recently established a trauma system named “the Chinese Regional Trauma Care System” and covered over 200 million populations. It includes paramedic-staffed pre-hospital care, in-hospital care in certified trauma centers, trauma registry, quality assurance, continuous improvement and ongoing coverage of the entire Chinese territory. The Russian trauma system was formed in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Pre-hospital care is region-based, with a regional coordination center that determines which team will go to the scene and the nearest hospital where the victim should be transported. Physician-staffed ambulances are organized according to three levels of trauma severity corresponding to three levels of trauma centers where in-hospital care is managed by a trauma team. No national trauma registry exists in Russia. Improvements to the Russian trauma system have been scheduled. There is no unified trauma system in South Africa, and trauma care is organized by public and private emergency medical service in each province. During the pre-hospital care, paramedics provide basic or advanced life support services and transport the patients to the nearest hospital because of the limited number of trauma centers. In-hospital care is inclusive with a limited number of accredited trauma centers. In-hospital care is managed by emergency medicine with multidisciplinary care by the various specialties. There is no national trauma registry in South Africa. The South African trauma system is facing multiple challenges. An increase in financial support, training for primary emergency trauma care, and coordination of private sector, need to be planned.
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Watson, James L. "Guarding the Shoreline: Oyster Farming, Salt Production, and Fishing Along the South China Coast (1667–1978)." Journal of Chinese History, September 3, 2021, 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jch.2021.8.
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Abstract This article explores the shoreline industries (oysters, salt, fish, lime) that emerged along the Laufaushan coast in Hong Kong's New Territories, in the period 1667 to 1978. The shoreline in question was controlled by a local security force, staffed by young men from a nearby lineage. The study draws on ethnographic research carried out by the author and local documents (of village and government origin) gathered on site.