Journal articles: 'South Red Sea'

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Abdelmoaty, Samir. "Workshop explores Red Sea region." Leading Edge 38, no. 5 (May 2019): 400–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle38050400.1.

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When you select the right subject to be discussed by the right experts in the right place, you will get fantastic results. That is what the SEG Middle East Advisory Committee has done by forming an outstanding Technical Committee chaired by Maurice Nessim, president of WesternGeco, and Mohamed Abdel Azim, chairman of the South Valley Egyptian Petroleum Holding Company (GANOPE).

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Tsvieli, Y., and A. Zangvil. "Synoptic climatological analysis of Red Sea Trough and non-Red Sea Trough rain situations over Israel." Advances in Geosciences 12 (October 15, 2007): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-12-137-2007.

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Abstract. Winter (October to April) rainfall in Israel is caused mostly by migrating Mediterranean cyclones but certain rain situations are accompanied by a low pressure trough extending northward from the southern Red Sea towards the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) and the Levant. This system, the Red Sea Trough (RST) is one of the most frequent surface atmospheric circulation patterns over the southeastern Mediterranean, but most of the RSTs are not accompanied by rain. This paper presents a synoptic climatological comparative analysis between rain situations associated with RSTs, and those not connected with RSTs (non-RST rain, NRR). The RST situations were identified objectively with the aid of a new algorithm applied to the GEOS-1 reanalysis gridded data set from NASA, for the period of March 1985–November 1995. Results show that RST rain is accompanied by a relatively narrow 500-hPa trough, located west of the Israeli coast-line and characterized by a deep southward penetration, while Non-RST-associated rain (NRR) is accompanied by a wider upper trough, located over the Israeli coast-line with a shallower southward penetration. We found a south-southwesterly wind vector anomaly at 200 hPa over Israel during RST rains, while during NRRs a similar wind vector anomaly pattern is observed east of Israel. There is a divergence center over, or a few degrees east of Israel during RST rains, while NRR is associated with a divergence value of nearly zero over Israel and a maximum divergence center located east of Israel. The moisture flux during NRR at 700 and 900 hPa is from the Mediterranean, while during RST rain there is a south-westerly moisture flux at 700 hPa from equatorial Africa to Israel and vicinity. A steeper temperature lapse-rate between 950–500 hPa was found during RST rain compared with NRR, resulting from a combination of cooling aloft together with heating near the surface.

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Wang, YingMin, Qiang Xu, Dong Li, JianHui Han, Ming Lü, YongFeng Wang, WeiGuo Li, and HaiRong Wang. "Late Miocene Red River submarine fan, northwestern South China Sea." Chinese Science Bulletin 56, no. 14 (May 2011): 1488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-011-4441-z.

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Righton, David, Jeremy Kemp, and Rupert Ormond. "Biogeography, Community Structure and Diversity of Red Sea and Western Indian Ocean Butterflyfishes." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 76, no. 1 (February 1996): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400029167.

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Patterns of variation in the assemblage structure of butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) of the Red Sea and western Indian Ocean have been compared. There is a lower number of species in the Red Sea, a high proportion of which are endemic to the region, both features that have been attributed to the relatively recent origin of the Red Sea. In the Red Sea overall mean abundance of butterflyfish is greatest in the central part, decreasing both to north and south. Several species present in the southern Red Sea are absent from the north. By contrast, most western Indian Ocean species are widely distributed within the Indo-West Pacific. Comparative field studies in the northern Red Sea (Egypt) and western Indian Ocean (Kenya) showed that mean number of species was higher in the western Indian Ocean, but mean density of butterflyfishes was higher in the Red Sea. In both areas diversity of butterflyfish was related to mean substrate diversity (the number of coral growth forms). Mean spatial niche breadth of butterflyfish species was much higher in the Red Sea than in the western Indian Ocean, whereas the extent of microhabitat use was higher in the western Indian Ocean. It is suggested that these differences may be related to the more recent evolution of the Red Sea fauna.

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Abdulla, Cheriyeri P., Mohammed A. Alsaafani, Turki M. Alraddadi, and Alaa M. Albarakati. "Mixed layer depth variability in the Red Sea." Ocean Science 14, no. 4 (July 2, 2018): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-563-2018.

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Abstract. For the first time, a monthly climatology of mixed layer depth (MLD) in the Red Sea has been derived based on temperature profiles. The general pattern of MLD variability is clearly visible in the Red Sea, with deep MLDs during winter and shallow MLDs during summer. Transitional MLDs have been found during the spring and fall. The northern end of the Red Sea experienced deeper mixing and a higher MLD associated with the winter cooling of the high-saline surface waters. Further, the region north of 19° N experienced deep mixed layers, regardless of the season. Wind stress plays a major role in the MLD variability of the southern Red Sea, while net heat flux and evaporation are the dominating factors in the central and northern Red Sea regions. Ocean eddies and Tokar Gap winds significantly alter the MLD structure in the Red Sea. The dynamics associated with the Tokar Gap winds leads to a difference of more than 20 m in the average MLD between the north and south of the Tokar axis.

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Melnikova, Elena, and Natalya Kuzminova. "Influence of Abiotic Environmental Factors on the Growth Rate of Red Mullet." Croatian Journal of Fisheries 80, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cjf-2022-0009.

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Abstract A study of the interannual variability of the size-age composition of M. barbatus ponticus, inhabiting the south-western shelf of the Crimea, was carried out over a five-year period (between 2016 and 2020). The influence of habitat temperature on growth rate is considered. Equations obtained characterize the size-weight growth of M. barbatus ponticus. The influence of the sea temperature on the development of individuals is considered. It is shown that with an increase in the average annual water temperature, the average annual length (correlation coefficient r = 0.97), weight (r = 0.96) and condition factor (r = 0.93) of individuals increase. It was found that red mullet has a positive allometric growth in the study area. The analysis showed that there was a close correlation between changes in the average annual temperature and the allometric growth rate b (r = 0.97). The equations of length growth of M. barbatus ponticus showed retarded linear growth of the fish living on the south-western shelf of the Crimea in comparison with other areas, Sinop region (Black Sea) and the Aegean Sea. The comparison of the effect of temperature on the size and weight parameters of M. barbatus ponticus living in the south-eastern part of the Black Sea (Sinop region) and the Aegean Sea is carried out; general patterns and differences are noted.

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EL-SHATER, A., and M. ABOU-AUF. "Beachrock in South Jeddah, The Red Sea Coast of Saudi Arabia." Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Marine Sciences 6, no. 1 (1995): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/mar.6-1.5.

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Abdulla, Cheriyeri P., and Abdullah M. Al-Subhi. "Is the Red Sea Sea-Level Rising at a Faster Rate than the Global Average? An Analysis Based on Satellite Altimetry Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 3489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173489.

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Satellite altimetry sea-level data was taken for nearly three decades (1993–2020) and is used to understand the variability and associated dynamics in the Red Sea sea-level. Seasonally, the sea-level is higher during December–January and lower during August, with a consistent pattern from south to north. The interannual fluctuations in sea-level have a close agreement with the variability in the global climate modes, i.e., El-Nino Southern Oscillation events, East Atlantic-West Russian oscillation, and the Indian Ocean Dipole. The impact of the El-Nino Southern Oscillation mode on sea-level is higher than other climate modes. The Red Sea sea-level was seen to rise at a rate of 3.88 mm/year from 1993–present, which was consistent with the global rate of 3.3 ± 0.5 mm/year. However, a noticeably faster rate of 6.40 mm/year was observed in the Red Sea sea-level from 2000-present.

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Bland, Robert D. "“A GRIM MEMORIAL OF ITS THOROUGH WORK OF DEVASTATION AND DESOLATION”: RACE AND MEMORY IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE 1893 SEA ISLAND STORM." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 17, no. 2 (April 2018): 297–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781417000846.

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“‘A Grim Memorial of Its Thorough Work of Devastation and Desolation’: Race and Memory in the Aftermath of the 1893 Sea Island Storm” explores the political struggle that ensued in the aftermath of the August 1893 hurricane. The storm, which decimated the predominantly African American South Carolina Sea Islands, required a nine-month relief effort to assist the region's citizens in their time of need. Led by the American Red Cross, the relief effort became a new proxy for a long-standing debate over the legacy of Reconstruction and the meaning of black citizenship. This battle, waged by leaders in South Carolina's Democratic Party, Red Cross officials, writers in the national press, former abolitionists, and African Americans living in the South Carolina Sea Islands, exposed growing fissures in how Americans understood notions of charity and self-help. More than a battleground for still-nascent ideas of disaster relief, the political turmoil that followed the 1893 Sea Island Storm played a critical role in redefining the racial boundaries of the United States on the eve of the Jim Crow era.

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Yokkaichi, Yasuhiro. "The Maritime and Continental Networks of Kīsh Merchants under Mongol Rule: The Role of the Indian Ocean, Fārs and Iraq." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 62, no. 2-3 (March 18, 2019): 428–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341484.

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AbstractBased on a variety of literary and archaeological sources, notably the tariff lists produced in Rasulid Yemen, this study reconstructs the trade routes of the Kīsh merchants, demonstrating that the Persian Gulf route—between South and West India (Coromandel, Malabar, and Gujarat) and Iraq via the Persian Gulf—and the Red Sea route—between South and West India and Egypt via the Red Sea—were closely connected in the Mongol period. This not only manifests aspects of the proto-globalization in Mongol Eurasia but also argues against the supposed economic decline of post-1258 Baghdad and the economic centrality of Cairo in the post-Abbasid Muslim world.

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Hughes, Geraint Wyn ap Gwilym, and Robert S. Johnson. "Lithostratigraphy of the Red Sea Region." GeoArabia 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 49–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia100349.

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ABSTRACT The onshore and offshore Saudi Arabian Red Sea region contains a series of lithostratigraphic units that have not previously been formally defined and described. Based on an intensive study of the succession, a lithostratigraphic scheme is proposed in a lexicon format that integrates biostratigraphic, sedimentological, seismic and field studies from the Midyan Peninsula in the north, to the Jizan Coastal Plain in the south. In view of the economic aspect of the Neogene succession and greater accessibility to Neogene subsurface samples, emphasis has been placed on a revision of the Neogene lithostratigraphy. Resting upon Proterozoic Basement, the sedimentary succession was deposited during the Cretaceous to Pleistocene times. The oldest pre-rift Suqah Group nonconformably overlies the Proterozoic Basement and consists of Upper Cretaceous shales of the Adaffa Formation and Cretaceous to Palaeogene sandstones, shales and thin limestones of the Usfan Formation. A series of volcanics includes the early to middle Oligocene Matiyah Formation and the late Oligocene-early Miocene Jizan Group. The Neogene succession displays a great lithological diversity. The Tayran Group (Al Wajh, Musayr and Yanbu Formations) includes marginal marine siliciclastics of the Al Wajh Formation, and represents the earliest rift-associated sediments deposited during the earliest Miocene. These are conformably overlain by lower Miocene shallow-marine carbonates of the Musayr Formation. In some of the central Red Sea onshore basins, thick lower Miocene submarine evaporites of the Yanbu Formation were deposited under locally restricted conditions and form the third formation of the Tayran Group. Rapid subsidence during the early Miocene caused deposition of deep-marine, planktonic-foraminiferal mudstones and thick submarine fan sandstones of the Burqan Formation. Carbonates, marine mudstones and submarine evaporites of the Maqna Group (Jabal Kibrit and Kial Formations) unconformably overlie the Burqan Formation and were deposited during latest early Miocene to earliest middle Miocene. The Jabal Kibrit Formation consists of an anhydrite-carbonate facies, of which the carbonates form the Wadi Waqb Member. Siliciclastic facies of the Jabal Kibrit Formation are termed the Umm Luj Member. Above the Jabal Kibrit Formation, the Kial Formation is typified by interbedded anhydrites, calcareous siltstones and carbonates, and includes the Sidr, Nakhlah, Yuba, Rayaman and Sabya Members. Within the region, thick evaporites of the Mansiyah Formation were deposited extensively during the middle Miocene, and are overlain by poorly exposed sands, shales and thin anhydrite beds of the middle to upper Miocene Ghawwas Formation. The Lisan Group unconformably overlies the Ghawwas Formation and consists of coarse alluvial sands and gravels of possible Pliocene to Holocene age.

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Yuval, Boaz, Lee Sudai, and Yarden Ziv. "Abundance and Diversity of Holothuroids in Shallow Habitats of the Northern Red Sea." Journal of Marine Biology 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/631309.

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Holothuroid sea cucumbers are vital members of Coral Reefs and associated marine habitats and provide vital ecological services. In the southern regions of the Red Sea their populations have been decimated by overfishing. The main objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the northern part of the Red Sea serves as an ecological refuge for the species threatened farther to the south. Accordingly, populations of sea cucumbers in 4 shallow sites south of Eilat, Israel (29°33′00N 34°57′14E), were repeatedly surveyed from November 2013 to April 2014. Overall 11 species were observed in these shallow sites. Their abundance and diversity differed significantly between sites, but not temporally. In sites in marine protected areas, with an intact fringing reef, diversity was high, withHolothuria edulisandBohadschiasp. being the most common species. In areas with higher human use and characterized by rubble and scattered corals, diversity was low, andActinopyga bannwarthiwas the most common species. The observed abundance and diversity did not support the refuge hypothesis. These findings are discussed in relation to other surveys of abundance and diversity in similar habitats.

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Tsoi, K. H., K. Y. Ma, T. H. Wu, S. T. Fennessy, K. H. Chu, and T. Y. Chan. "Verification of the cryptic species Penaeus pulchricaudatus in the commercially important kuruma shrimp P. japonicus (Decapoda : Penaeidae) using molecular taxonomy." Invertebrate Systematics 28, no. 5 (2014): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is14001.

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The kuruma shrimp Penaeus japonicus Bate, 1888 (Decapoda : Penaeidae) is economically important in the global shrimp market. It was regarded as the only species in the subgenus Marsupenaeus. However, our previous molecular analyses revealed two cryptic species (Forms I and II) in this species complex. In this study, we confirm the phylogenetic relatedness between the two cryptic species; revise their taxonomic status; and review their range distribution. The name Penaeus pulchricaudatus Stebbing, 1914 (with type-locality off the eastern coast of South Africa), previously considered as a junior synonym of P. japonicus, is fixed for Form II through a neotype selection. P. japonicus (Form I) is only confined to the East China Sea (including Japan, its type-locality) and the northern South China Sea. P. pulchricaudatus is widely distributed in the South China Sea, Australia, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean, and the western Indian Ocean. Phylogenetic analysis shows that P. japonicus is genetically homogeneous yet P. pulchricaudatus exhibits a strong phylogeographical structure. The Mediterranean stock of P. pulchricaudatus originated from the Red Sea population, supporting the Lessepsian migration hypothesis. The presence of two closely related cryptic species in the P. japonicus species complex provides important insights into fishery management and aquaculture development.

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Delloro Jr., Emmanuel S., Ricardo P. Babaran, Arnold C. Gaje, Pearlyn T. Cambronero, Ulysses B. Alama, and Hiroyuki Motomura. "First record of slender red scad, Decapterus smithvanizi (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Carangidae), from the Philippines." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 51, no. 3 (September 9, 2021): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/aiep.51.63117.

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Ten specimens (187.3–226.9 mm standard length) of slender red scad, Decapterus smithvanizi Kimura, Katahira et Kuriiwa, 2013, previously reported from the Andaman Sea, South China Sea, Taiwan, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Pakistan, were collected off Iloilo (Panay Island), the Philippines. The presently reported specimens represent the first record of the species from the Philippines. A detailed description of the specimens is provided, with a comparison to other commonly-caught species of red-fin Decapterus in the area.

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Zhu, Mangzheng, Stephan Graham, and Tim McHargue. "The Red River Fault zone in the Yinggehai Basin, South China Sea." Tectonophysics 476, no. 3-4 (October 2009): 397–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.06.015.

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Liu, Jianbo, Yi Wang, Xiaole Zhang, and Jiayu Rong. "Early Telychian (Silurian) marine siliciclastic red beds in the Eastern Yangtze Platform, South China: distribution pattern and controlling factors." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 7 (July 2016): 712–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0209.

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The distribution pattern of early Telychian (turriculatus–crispus graptolite biozone) red beds in the Eastern Yangtze Platform of South China is reconstructed based on regional geologic data. The red beds are developed in three areas, which are separated by regions without red deposition. The distribution pattern indicates that the Cathaysian Oldland was the provenance of sediment rich in ferric oxides, which are essential for the formation of red beds. Silurian marine siliciclastic red beds, both in China and worldwide, tended to develop during times of relatively low sea level. Coeval hematitic oolites that formed far from the coast may record a change from reducing to oxidizing conditions in the ocean. Furthermore, it is likely that a fall in global sea level, a transition from reducing to oxidizing conditions in the ocean, and a cooling climate, all of which were closely related to the early Telychian Valgu Event, promoted the global development of marine red beds during this period.

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YOU, Ji. "China's Civil-Military Strategies for South China Sea Dispute Control." East Asian Policy 07, no. 02 (April 2015): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930515000203.

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China has become more assertive on its sovereignty claims. Such a change has long been campaigned by the People's Liberation Army (PLA), illustrating PLA's role in South China Sea (SCS) affairs. Beijing tries to strike a subtle balance between confrontation-aversion and being firm on China's core national interests embodied in its sovereignty claims. Under this civil-military convergence in Beijing's SCS policy, the PLA is supportive of pre-emptive measures within well pre-designed “red lines”.

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Joksimovic, A., S. Regner, and Z. Gacic. "Mortality of red mullet (Mullus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758) on the Montenegrin shelf (South Adriatic)." Archives of Biological Sciences 61, no. 3 (2009): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0903493j.

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Red mullet, Mullus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758, is an economically very important species in trawl fisheries in the Adriatic Sea. Material for analysis was collected from October 2002 until May 2004 with a bottom trawl net from commercial trawlers on the Montenegrin shelf. Mortality of this species was analyzed for the first time in this area, sepa?rately for males and females and for both sexes together. Until now, only the spatial distribution and catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of Mullus barbatus have been studied in Montenegrin waters. Estimated total mortality rates were Zmales = 0.653 and Zfemales = 0.712. The average mortality rate for both sexes was Z m+f = 0.749, while the natural mortality rate was Mm+f = 0.342. Values of Z in the Montenegrin shelf area are considerably lower than Z values for the Croatian and Italian parts of the Adriatic Sea, indicating that on the Montenegrin shelf fishing of this species is significantly less intensive than in other trawl-fishing areas of the Adriatic Sea.

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Christides, V. "THE HIMYARITE KINGDOM ON THE EVE OF AND AFTER THE ETHIOPIAN DOMINANCE IN THE SIXTH CENTURY A.D. IN THE MARTYRDOM OF ST. ARETHAS AND HIS COMPANIONS AND IN THE ACTS OF ST. GREGENTIUS." Journal for Semitics 24, no. 2 (November 17, 2017): 678–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1013-8471/3475.

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Based on two important hagiographical works written in Greek, the Martyrdom of St. Arethas and his companions and the Acts of St. Gregentius, the aim of this paper is to continue my preliminary study of the countries around the Red Sea in pre-Islamic times, especially in the sixth century A.D. The most valuable information in the Martyrdom concerns the hazardous voyage of the Ethiopian army from the main port of Adulis across the Red Sea to South Arabia (ca 525 A.D.). This work illuminates aspects of that expedition which do not appear in such detail in any other source. In addition, it describes the ports of the Red Sea in the sixth century, i.e., Klysma, Bereniki, Adulis, etc., corroborating the finds of archaeology and epigraphy. Concerning the controversial Acts of St. Gregentius, the present author has tried to discuss only some vital information reflecting the social structure of South Arabia during its Ethiopian occupation until the Persian conquest of it (ca 525 A.D. â€“ ca 570 A.D.), and attempted to trace the origin of just one law (the treatment of animals) among those supposedly imposed on the Himyarites by the so-called archbishop Gregentius.

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Winterbottom, Richard. "Revision of the congrogadid Haliophis (Pisces: Perciformes), with the description of a new species from Indonesia, and comments on the endemic fish fauna of the northern Red Sea." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-033.

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The genus Haliophis presently consists of two species, H. guttatus (Forsskål, 1755), and a new species from Bali, Indonesia. Descriptions, diagnoses, and a key are provided for these taxa. A step cline occurs in H. guttatus, which ranges from 15° S to 30° N in the western Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Populations from 27 to 30°N differ most from those in the southern Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, but less so from those south of the equator. The step occurs between 20 and 27° N, an area from which no specimens were located, and is congruent with the distributions of at least four other taxa of fishes as well as with several populational differences in other species. This indicates that these distributional patterns may form part of a generalized track, rather than being the result of ecophenotypic effects. In the Red Sea – northern Indian Ocean region, the most common distribution of endemic fishes includes both the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. This pattern was not apparent in populations of H. guttatus.

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Rzayeva, A. "Adaptations of Juniperus rufescens Link. Leaf’s in South Caucasus Mountains (Azerbaijan)." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/59/04.

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During scientific research in July-August 2019 between 40°53ʹN and 49°25ʹE widths in the Khizi territory (Azerbaijan), adaptations of the structure of the juniper leaves were studied. The leaves of the red juniper have a lancelet appearance and easily vary in different environmental conditions, for this reason we selected red juniper as the object of our studies and measured the length of leaves taken from different tiers. It was revealed that there is an inverse correlation between leaf lengths and altitude from the sea level.

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Gabric, A. J., R. Cropp, G. McTainsh, H. Butler, B. M. Johnston, T. O'Loingsigh, and Dien Van Tran. "Tasman Sea biological response to dust storm events during the austral spring of 2009." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 8 (2016): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14321.

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During the austral spring of 2009 several significant dust storms occurred in south-east Australia including the so-called ‘Red Dawn’ event in late September. Estimates of 2.5 Mt total suspended particulate sediment lost off the Australian coast in the 3000km long dust plume make it the largest off-continent loss of soil ever reported. Much of this material was transported over the coastline of New South Wales and into the adjacent Tasman Sea. Long-term model simulations of dust deposition over the south-west Tasman Sea suggest the amount deposited during the spring of 2009 was approximately three times the long-term monthly average. Previous satellite-based analyses of the biological response of Tasman Sea waters to dust-derived nutrients are equivocal or have observed no response. Satellite-derived surface chlorophyll concentrations in the southern Tasman during the spring of 2009 are well above the climatological mean, with positive anomalies as high as 0.5mgm–3. Dust transport simulations indicate strong deposition to the ocean surface, which during both the ‘Red Dawn’ event and mid-October 2009 dust storm events was enhanced by heavy precipitation. Cloud processing of the dust aerosol may have enhanced iron bioavailability for phytoplankton uptake.

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Ito, Takafumi, Yasutoshi Yoshiura, Takashi Kamaishi, Kazunori Yoshida, and Kazuhiro Nakajima. "Prevalence of red sea bream iridovirus among organs of Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata) exposed to cultured red sea bream iridovirus." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 2094–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.052902-0.

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Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) is a representative of the genus Megalocytivirus which causes severe disease to aquaculture fish, mainly in Japan and South-east Asia. However, information to assess the viral kinetics of RSIV in fish is limited since reports on experimental infection by the immersion route, which is the natural infection route, are scarce. In this study, a method to evaluate the titre of RSIV was first developed. Experimental infections were continuously performed using RSIV cell culture as the inoculum to juvenile Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata) (initial body weight 12.2 g) by immersion at three different concentrations. In addition, to investigate the prevalence of the virus among the organs of experimentally infected fish, viral DNA was measured at selected times by the real-time PCR method following viral inoculation by immersion. The developed titration method showed a 102 increase in sensitivity compared with the conventional method. We demonstrated that grunt fin cells can be used for continuous passage of RSIV. In the experimental infection, fish which were intraperitoneally injected with the RSIV cell culture or immersed with RSIV cell culture at 10−2 and 10−3 dilutions showed cumulative mortalities of 100 %. The results of measurements of the viral DNA of several organs from infected fish strongly suggest that the spleen is the target organ of RSIV in Japanese amberjack. Since the viral genome was detected from all the tested organs of two of five surviving fish which appeared to completely recover from the disease, it is suggested that these fish may become carriers.

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H.M.A.Eltayib, Sadam, El Sheikh M. Abdelrahman, Ali S. M. Ibrahim, and Omar A. O. Al-Imam. "Sedimentary environments and lithofacies distribution of zeit formation, red sea- Sudan." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v7i1.19712.

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The Sudanese red sea coastal plain is geologically characterized by Cenozoic siliciclastic and shallow marine rift related sedimentary se-quences. Pliocene-Pleistocene is represented by the thick older gravel unit and the emergent linear reef terraces. In this study, wire line logs besides the investigations of cutting samples were used to investigate the un cored facies successions, to detect changes in grain size distribution, lithology and sedimentary facies and hence to interpret depositional environment. Confirmation of the log behavior using the cores and the cutting samples was undertaken. Furthermore, core to gamma-ray and spontaneous potential log correlations were set up. The lithofacies association and the depositional patterns of Zeit Formation were controlled by allocyclic and autocyclic processes, which include tectonic, palaeo climatic as well as depositional mechanisms. The lithofacies Distribution of Lower Zeit Member shows the southwestern part of the area is dominated by terrestrial to marginal marine partly supra tidal domain where some channel feeders can support the sand distribution from south to north. The central part of the area is dominated by shallow marginal marine to partly supra-tidal domains. The Middle Zeit Member was dominated by marginal marine to supratidal domain. The Upper Zeit Member repeated pattern of facies distribution being similar to that of Middle Zeit, however the sandy facies influxes increased towards the S. Suakin, Digna- area, towards Bashayer area and Durwara area from south to north.

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Cao, Lei, Yong Liang Pang, and Nai Fa Liu. "Status of the Red-footed Booby on the Xisha Archipelago, South China Sea." Waterbirds 28, no. 4 (December 2005): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2005)28[411:sotrbo]2.0.co;2.

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Melville-Smith, R. "Movements of deep-sea red crab (Geryon maritae) off South West Africa/Namibia." South African Journal of Zoology 22, no. 2 (January 1987): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02541858.1987.11448036.

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Li, Mingtao, Haijun Song, Paul B. Wignall, Zhenbing She, Xu Dai, Huyue Song, and Qian Xiao. "Early Triassic oceanic red beds coupled with deep sea oxidation in South Tethys." Sedimentary Geology 391 (August 2019): 105519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2019.105519.

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MILLAR, A. "(Brongniartelleae, Ceramiales), a new red algal species from the Coral Sea, South Pacific." Cryptogamie Algologie 21, no. 2 (2000): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0181-1568(00)00110-0.

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Gab-Alla, Ali, Moustafa Fouda, and Waleed Morsy. "Ecology of Avicennia marina mangals along Gulf of Aqaba, South Sinai, Red Sea." Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2010.2063.

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Bawadekji, Abdulhakim, Kareem Tonbol, Nejib Ghazouani, Nidhal Becheikh, and Mohamed Shaltout. "General and Local Characteristics of Current Marine Heatwave in the Red Sea." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101048.

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In the ocean, heat waves are vital climatic extremes that can destroy the ecosystem together with ensuing socioeconomic consequences. Marine heat waves (MHW) recently attracted public interest, as well as scientific researchers, which motivates us to analyze the current heat wave events over the Red Sea and its surrounding sea region (Gulf of Aden). First, a comprehensive evaluation of how the extreme Red Sea surface temperature has been changing is presented using 0.25° daily gridded optimum interpolation sea surface temperature (OISST, V2.1) data from 1982 to 2020. Second, an analysis of the MHW’s general behavior using four different metrics over the study area, together with a study of the role of climate variability in MHW characteristics, is presented. Finally, the main spatiotemporal characteristics of MHWs were analyzed based on three different metrics to describe MHW’s local features. Over the studied 39 years, the current results showed that the threshold of warm extreme sea surface temperature events (90th percentile) is 30.03 °C, providing an additional average thermal restriction to MHW threshold values (this value is changed from one grid to another). The current analysis discovered 28 separate MHW events over the Red+, extending from 1988 to 2020, with the four longest events being chosen as a study case for future investigation. For the effect of climate variability, our results during the chosen study cases prove that ENSO and ISMI do not play a significant role in controlling MHW characteristics (except the MHW intensity, which has a clear relation with ENSO/ISMI) on Red+. Moreover, the chlorophyll concentration decreases more significantly than its climatic values during MHW events, showing the importance of the MHW effect on biological Red Sea features. In general, the MHW intensity and duration exhibit a meridional gradient, which increases from north to south over the Red Sea, unlike the MHW frequency, which decreases meridionally.

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Samkari, Abdulaziz, David W. Farris, and Haitham M. Baggazi. "Activation of Ad Damm shear zone, western Saudi Arabian margin, and its relation to the Red Sea rift system." Open Geosciences 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2022-0343.

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Abstract The Ad Damm shear zone (ADSZ) is a major mylonitic right-lateral structure that bounds the Jeddah terrane to the north from the Asir terrane to the south. High-resolution field mapping coupled with petrological and geochemical analyses indicate that Jeddah terrane is characterized by heterogeneous magmatism with extensive meta-basalt intruded by silicic plutons of varying size. South of the ADSZ, Asir terrane is characterized by larger scale granitic batholiths. A younger generation of Eocene–Miocene basaltic dikes cut the mylonitic shear zone at a high angle. Petrographic analyses of the ADSZ mylonitic rocks indicate dynamic recrystallization and grain-size reduction, suggesting high-temperature recrystallization. Field observations also found a lack of low-temperature fault zone rocks (e.g. gouge) except for isolated brittle slickensides. Spider diagrams of Jeddah, Asir terranes, and ADSZ rocks are characterized by an arc-related signature, which related to the amalgamation of Jeddah and Asir terranes and defined ADSZ as Neoproterozoic structure. In contrast, Eocene–Miocene basaltic dikes and southern basaltic flow are represented by a rift-related signature, which associated with the development of the Red Sea rift system. Offshore, south of the ADSZ, the Red Sea rift exhibits well-developed linear magnetic anomalies and large topographic escarpment perpendicular to the rift margin, but they are not present north of it. In addition, recent seismicity recorded along the ADSZ and differences in the crustal thickness and characteristics of Asir and Jeddah terranes, collectively, make ADSZ acted as an active crustal boundary and still influence the ongoing tectonic evolution of the Red Sea rift.

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Saleh, Salah, Oya Pamukçu, and Ladislav Brimich. "The major tectonic boundaries of the Northern Red Sea rift, Egypt derived from geophysical data analysis." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 47, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 149–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/congeo-2017-0010.

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AbstractIn the present study, we have attempted to map the plate boundary between Arabia and Africa at the Northern Red Sea rift region including the Suez rift, Gulf of Aqaba-Dead Sea transform and southeastern Mediterranean region by using gravity data analysis. In the boundary analysis method which was used; low-pass filtered gravity anomalies of the Northern Red Sea rift region were computed. Different crustal types and thicknesses, sediment thicknesses and different heat flow anomalies were evaluated. According to the results, there are six subzones (crustal blocks) separated from each other by tectonic plate boundaries and/or lineaments. It seems that these tectonic boundaries reveal complex structural lineaments, which are mostly influenced by a predominant set of NNW–SSE to NW–SE trending lineaments bordering the Red Sea and Suez rift regions. On the other side, the E–W and N–S to NNE–SSW trended lineaments bordering the South-eastern Mediterranean, Northern Sinai and Aqaba-Dead Sea transform regions, respectively. The analysis of the low pass filtered Bouguer anomaly maps reveals that the positive regional anomaly over both the Red Sea rift and South-eastern Mediterranean basin subzones are considered to be caused by the high density of the oceanic crust and/or the anomalous upper mantle structures beneath these regions whereas, the broad medium anomalies along the western half of Central Sinai with the Suez rift and the Eastern Desert subzones are attributed to low-density sediments of the Suez rift and/or the thick upper continental crustal thickness below these zones. There are observable negative anomalies over the Northern Arabia subzone, particularly in the areas covered by Cenozoic volcanics. These negative anomalies may be attributed to both the low densities of the surface volcanics and/or to a very thick upper continental crust. On the contrary, the negative anomaly which belongs to the Gulf of Aqaba-Dead Sea transform zone is due to crustal thickening (with limited heat flow values) below this region. Additionally in this study, the crustal thinning was investigated with heat flow, magnetic and free air gravity anomalies in the Northern Red Sea rift region. In fact, the crustal thinning of the study area was also proportional to the regions of observable high heat flow values. Finally, our results were found to be well correlated with the topography, free air, aeromagnetic and heat flow dataset profiles crossing most of the study area.

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Shin, Jisun, Keunyong Kim, Young Son, and Joo-Hyung Ryu. "Synergistic Effect of Multi-Sensor Data on the Detection of Margalefidinium polykrikoides in the South Sea of Korea." Remote Sensing 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11010036.

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Since 1995, Margalefidinium polykrikoides blooms have occurred frequently in the waters around the Korean peninsula. In the South Sea of Korea (SSK), large-scale M. polykrikoides blooms form offshore and are often transported to the coast, where they gradually accumulate. The objective of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of multi-sensor data for identifying M. polykrikoides blooms in the SSK from July 2018 to August 2018. We found that the Spectral Shape values calculated from in situ spectra and M. polykrikoides cell abundances in the SSK were highly correlated. Comparing red tide spectra from near-coincident multi-sensor data, remote-sensing reflectance (Rrs) spectra were similar to the spectra of in situ measurements from blue to green wavelengths. Rrs true-color composite images and Spectral Shape images of each sensor showed a clear pattern of M. polykrikoides patches, although there were some limitations for detecting red tide patches in coastal areas. We confirmed the complementarity of red tide data extracted from each sensor using an integrated red tide map. Statistical assessment showed that the sensitivity of red tide detection increased when multi-sensor data were used rather than single-sensor data. These results provide useful information for the application of multi-sensor for red tide detection.

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Jasiewicz, Jaroslaw. "Weichselian red tills in the Gardno Phase End Moraine (Dębina Cliff) – criteria for distinction, origin and stratigraphic position, and implications for the origin and course of the Baltic Ice Stream." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 56, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.56.4.04.

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Abstract. The paper presents the results of investigations of red tills from the South Baltic Middle Sea-Coast recorded in cliff exposures of Gardno Phase End Moraine. Distinctive features of these tills are: high percentage of Aland granitoids and porphyries identified in the 16-32 mm fraction, and large amounts of non-carbonate rocks, mostly red feldspars in relation to quartz, in the sandy fractions of 0,5-0,8 mm and 2-4 mm. Based on structural-textural features, the red till has been classified as flow till of local origin. The ice dynamism during Gardno Phase can be correlated with the Young Baltic Advance and most probably with the Belt Sea advance. On the basis of the petrographic properties of the Gardno red till and the results of radiocarbon dating, a new hypothesis regarding the origin, chronology and rate of flow of the Baltic Ice Stream is developed.

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López-Sandoval, Daffne C., Katherine Rowe, Paloma Carillo-de-Albonoz, Carlos M. Duarte, and Susana Agustí. "Rates and drivers of Red Sea plankton community metabolism." Biogeosciences 16, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 2983–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2983-2019.

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Abstract. Resolving the environmental drivers shaping planktonic communities is fundamental for understanding their variability, in the present and the future, across the ocean. More specifically, addressing the temperature-dependence response of planktonic communities is essential as temperature plays a key role in regulating metabolic rates and thus potentially defining the ecosystem functioning. Here we quantified plankton metabolic rates along the Red Sea, a uniquely oligotrophic and warm environment, and analysed the drivers that regulate gross primary production (GPP), community respiration (CR), and net community production (NCP). The study was conducted on six oceanographic surveys following a north–south transect along the Saudi Arabian coast. Our findings revealed that GPP and CR rates increased with increasing temperature (R2=0.41 and 0.19, respectively; p<0.001 in both cases), with a higher activation energy (Ea) for GPP (1.20±0.17 eV) than for CR (0.73±0.17 eV). The higher Ea for GPP than for CR resulted in a positive relationship between NCP and temperature. This unusual relationship is likely driven by the relatively higher nutrient availability found towards the warmer region (i.e. southern Red Sea), which favours GPP rates above the threshold that separates autotrophic from heterotrophic communities (1.7 mmol O2 m−3 d−1) in this region. Due to the arid nature, the basin lacks riverine and terrestrial inputs of organic carbon to subsidise a higher metabolic response of heterotrophic communities, thus constraining CR rates. Our study suggests that GPP increases steeply with increasing temperature in the warm ocean when relatively high nutrient inputs are present.

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Salem, Ahmed, Chris Green, Simon Campbell, J. Derek Fairhead, Lorenzo Cascone, and Lee Moorhead. "Moho depth and sediment thickness estimation beneath the Red Sea derived from satellite and terrestrial gravity data." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): G89—G101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0150.1.

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We sought to map the depth and density contrast of the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) across the Red Sea area and to model sedimentary thickness from gravity data. The gravity data that are used are a combination of satellite and terrestrial gravity data processed into a Bouguer anomaly grid. A 200-km low-pass filter was used to separate this grid into regional and residual gravity grids. We inverted the regional gravity grid to a Moho depth map based on a density contrast map that is constrained by published seismic results. The interpreted Moho is shallowest ([Formula: see text]) along the axis of the central Red Sea, [Formula: see text] along the axis to the south, and [Formula: see text] in the northern Red Sea. The depth increased to [Formula: see text] at the coast and 35–40 km in the adjacent continents. The residual gravity data provided insights into the tectonic fabric along the whole rift and provided a good correlation with magnetic lineaments where these are available. We used the complete Bouguer anomaly to model sedimentary thicknesses constrained by wells and the interpreted Moho. The modeling results are consistent with the presence of large-scale, ridge parallel tilted fault blocks forming subbasins with a maximum depth of about 6–7 km. Our models suggest that the northern Red Sea has an asymmetric basement surface with the western side deeper than the eastern side. The results indicate the presence of oceanic crust in the central and southern parts of the Red Sea, but not in the north. The very thin crust and interpreted oceanic crustal density in the central Red Sea suggest that this area is fully oceanic—although possibly quite young.

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Samin, Nian Wali, and Hemn Kamal Hamaamin. "The movement of the Arabian plate and its impact on the formation of superficial manifestations." Halabja University Journal 1, no. 1 (April 25, 2016): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32410/huj-10001.

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Arabian plate movement and its impact on the composition of the surface manifestations The surface of the earthis covered with several major and minor plates.These plates are in a continuousmovement of collision and .spacing.The Arabian plate is part of this process The Arabian plate is generallylocated in the North-East of the earth.More specifically,it is located between Eurasian and Anatolian plates from the north, the Indo-Australian plate from the East,the African and Indo-Australian plate from the south, and both the Red Sea .and the Mediterranean Seaform its western border Its extremepoints from the North to the South are about (341849 km) far from each other and from the East to the West are about (8162954km) .)far.Its total area is (1،222،222 km1 The Arabian Plate is in a continuous movement of an estimated (8-3cm) per yearfrom millions of years ago to the present time.The direction of its movement is North-East. The result of its collisionwith the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plate led to the formation of the Zagros mountain from the east and Taurus series from the north.This is accompanied by it spacing with the African Plate and the formation of the Red Sea which causes the formation of the volcanically active areas around the Red Sea, especially at the Strait of BabAL Mandeb and the Gulf of Aden. Finally,the movement of the Arabian plate is the main factor considered in the formation of surface and geomorphological manifestations of the area such as the composition of mountain series, volcanic peaks and the expansion of the Red Sea... etc.

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THIEME, PHILIPP, SERGEY V. BOGORODSKY, TILMAN J. ALPERMANN, ALAN K. WHITFIELD, RUI FREITAS, and JEAN-DOMINIQUE DURAND. "Contributions to the taxonomy of the mugilid genus Chelon Artedi (Teleostei: Mugilidae), with a major review of the status of C. persicus Senou, Randall & Okiyama, 1995." Zootaxa 5188, no. 1 (September 15, 2022): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5188.1.1.

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New data based on multigene phylogenetic analyses using the COI, 16S, and cytb genes and subsequent molecular species delimitation revealed that the mugilid genus Chelon contains 11 species. Of these, two species, Chelon sp. A and Chelon sp. B, remained unidentified in previous studies. While Chelon sp. B seemingly is a close relative to C. dumerili (Steindachner, 1870), no more detailed information were provided for Chelon sp. A which is present along the east coast of South Africa. Genetic analyses performed in this study, revealed that specimens from the Arabian/Persian Gulf and the Red Sea are nested within one genetic lineage alongside Chelon sp. A. Morphological, morphometric, and meristic analyses of specimens from all three areas demonstrated that they belong to Chelon persicus Senou, Randall & Okyiama, 1995. Chelon persicus was originally described in the genus Chelon but was later placed either in the genus Liza or Planiliza. However, results presented herein confirm its placement in Chelon and its distribution range is extended in the Western Indian Ocean from the type locality (Arabian/Persian Gulf) west to the Red Sea and south to South Africa. Further, the uncertain validity of the recently described Chelon caeruleus Deef, 2018 from the Mediterranean Sea and a previously proposed generic character distinguishing Chelon from Planiliza and Parachelon, the shape of the paired postzygapophyses of the second vertebra, are briefly discussed.

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Myoung, Se Hun, Jung-Goo Myoung, Laith A. Jawad, Maeng Jin Kim, and Joo Myun Park. "First report of abnormal body coloration in Sebastes koreanus (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Sebastinae)." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 52, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/aiep.52.89592.

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This study reports the first record of abnormal coloration in Sebastes koreanus Kim et Lee, 1994. The specimen (163.4 mm standard length and 197.3 mm total length) was collected from the Yellow Sea in South Korea in July 2021. The whole body of the specimens was red, and all fins also had red coloration while the slight dark red pattern under the eyes and dark spot on the opercula were similar to normal S. koreanus. It also showed a similar dotted pattern on the pectoral fins with a normal specimen.

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NILSSON, KARIN SARA, ANDREAS WALLBERG, and Ulf JONDELIUS. "New species of Acoela from the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and the South Pacific." Zootaxa 2867, no. 1 (May 5, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2867.1.1.

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Eight new species of Acoela are reported including the first Acoela recorded from New Caledonia and the first acoel described from volcanic carbon dioxide vents. Pharyngia furva gen. et sp.nov. (Isodiametridae) and Philactinoposthia brevis sp.nov. (Actinoposthiidae) from the Red Sea; Childia curinii sp.nov. (Childiidae), Philactinoposthia ischiae sp.nov. and Philactinoposthia multipunctata sp.nov. from the Mediterranean; Philactinoposthia novaecaledoniae sp.nov., Childia aculifera sp.nov. and Solenofilomorpha justinei sp.nov. (Solenofilomorphidae) from the South Pacific are described. Nucleotide sequences for the nuclear ribosomal 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and the mitochondrial COI genes were determined for the new species and used in a Bayesian molecular phylogenetic analysis.

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Durgaprasada Rao, N. V. N., and A. K. A. Behairy. "Intertidal conglomerate south of Yanbu — An episodic clastic deposit in the eastern Red Sea." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 58, no. 3-4 (March 1987): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(87)90061-7.

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Al-Amri, Abdullah M. S. "Seismicity of the south-western region of the Arabian Shield and southern red sea." Journal of African Earth Sciences 19, no. 1-2 (July 1994): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(94)90033-7.

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Walker, JS, DJ Shaver, BA Stacy, LJ Flewelling, MH Broadwater, and Z. Wang. "Brevetoxin exposure in sea turtles in south Texas (USA) during Karenia brevis red tide." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 127, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03194.

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ZAREI, FATAH, HAMID REZA ESMAEILI, KEYVAN ABBASI, MARCELO KOVAČIĆ, ULRICH K. SCHLIEWEN, and CAROL A. STEPIEN. "Gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae) of the oldest and deepest Caspian Sea sub-basin: an evidence-based annotated checklist and a key for species identification." Zootaxa 5190, no. 2 (September 28, 2022): 151–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.2.1.

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An evidence-based annotated checklist of gobiid species (Teleostei: Gobiidae) inhabiting the South Caspian Sea and its catchment area (i.e., the South Caspian Sea sub-basin) is compiled. The South Caspian Sea sub-basin gobiofauna currently comprises 38 confirmed species in 11 genera (i.e., 88.4% of the Caspian gobiofauna); the most diverse genus is Benthophilus (16 species, 42.1%), followed by Ponticola (seven species, 18.4%), and Neogobius (four species, 10.5%). Ten species (26.3%) are endemic to the South Caspian Sea sub-basin, another 21 species (55.3%) are endemic in the Caspian Sea basin as a whole, six (15.8%) are native to the Ponto-Caspian region, and one species (2.6%) is exotic. According to the current IUCN Red List, 24 species (64.9%) are listed as being of “Least Concern”, eight species (21.6%) are “Data Deficient”, and five species (13.5%) as “Not Evaluated”. Similar numbers of species are confirmed to inhabit the South Caspian Sea sub-basin waters of the three countries that border it: Iran harbors 25 species (nine genera), Azerbaijan has 28 species (10 genera), and Turkmenistan has 26 species (10 genera). The greatest known diversity of Benthophilus in South Caspian waters occurs in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan (11 species each), whereas Iranian waters harbor seven species. In comparison, Iran, with six out of eight species (75%), has the greatest diversity of Ponticola known from the Caspian Sea basin. Species richness and endemism of the Caspian Sea gobiid-fauna varies considerably with latitude: the North, Middle and South sub-basins respectively harbor 21, 31, and 37 native species, of which 0, 3, and 10 species are endemic in that sub-basin alone. The high species diversity and endemism of Gobiidae in the South Caspian Sea sub-basin may have resulted from: (i) greater ecological diversity compared to the northern Caspian Sea marine areas (e.g., water depths) that may have led to differential niche adaptation and adaptive radiation in the Benthophilus-Anatirostrum species flock, (ii) lower historical extinction rate compared to Caspian higher latitudes, which had greater exposure to the Pleistocene’s extreme climatic changes, (iii) geological history of freshwater habitats in the South Caspian Sea sub-basin that set the speciation and evolutionary stage for the genus Ponticola during these Pleistocene climatic oscillations, (iv) presently less limiting conditions compared to the North Caspian Sea, i.e., higher present winter minimum of water temperature and higher salinity, and (v) Iranian freshwater abundance, variability and habitat diversity. Contemporary gobiid diversity and endemism in the Caspian Sea basin suggests two higher-priority conservation areas: (i) freshwater habitats of the South Caspian Sea region in Iran and Azerbaijan, and (ii) shallow coastal and deep waters of the South and Middle Caspian Sea sub-basins. An identification key is provided for the updated gobiid species from the South Caspian Sea sub-basin.

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Alhassan, Abdullahi Bala, and Mohammed Othman Aljahdali. "Nutrient and physicochemical properties as potential causes of stress in mangroves of the central Red Sea." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 23, 2021): e0261620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261620.

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Mangrove ecosystems are some of the most productive and important sinks for sediment globally. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in possible causes of stress in mangroves, such as nutrient limitation, high salinity, solar radiation and temperature. We measured different factors casing stress and determined how they influenced oxidative stress and growth biomarkers in six study sites dominated by mangroves; Al Lith, South Jeddah, Dahban, Thuwal, Rabigh and Mastorah. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were recorded in water salinities and temperatures, nitrogen and phosphorus content in sediments, and antioxidant enzyme activities in different study sites. The highest salinity (40.75 ‰) and temperature (29.32°C) were recorded in the Rabigh mangrove stand, which corresponds to the lowest dissolved oxygen (5.21 mg/L). Total organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in sediment across the study areas were in the order Rabigh>Thuwal>Dahban>Al Lith>South Jeddah>Mastorah. Total nitrogen in mangrove leaves at Rabigh was the highest and about 1.3 times higher than the total nitrogen in South Jeddah mangrove ecosystem, very different from the ratio of total nitrogen in the sediments at Rabigh and South Jeddah mangrove ecosystems. The average values of δ13C (-17.60‰) and δ15N (2.84‰) in the six mangrove ecosystems, and the highest δ13C (-13.62‰) and δ15N (4.39‰) at Rabigh in the sediments suggest that nutrient input differed among study sites. Higher nutrient levels at Rabigh mangrove ecosystem were attributed to restricted circulation, camel grazing and land runoff with agricultural waste during seasonal flooding events. However, N limitation and possibly salinity contributed to stress in Al Lith, South Jeddah, Dahban, Thuwal, Rabigh, and Mastorah mangrove ecosystems. Salinity (r = 0.9012) contribute more to stress at Rabigh.

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Ghassabi, Zahra, Ebrahim Fattahi, and Maral Habibi. "Daily Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Their Influence on Dry/Wet Events in Iran." Atmosphere 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010081.

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Analyzing atmospheric circulation patterns characterize prevailing weather in a region. The method of principal component analysis and clustering was used to classify daily atmospheric circulation patterns. The average daily geopotential height of 500 hPa with 0.5° resolution of the ECMWF (1990–2019) were extracted from the Middle East. The S array was used to identify air types, and k-means clustering was used to classify daily air types. All days were divided into eighteen groups. Then, the surface maps and moisture flux divergence at the 850-hPa level of each pattern were studied. The, the connection between circulation patterns and precipitation occurrence is investigated by the PI index. The existence of a variety of precipitation and temperature regimes and consequent dry/wet periods is related to the type and frequency of the circulation patterns. In patterns with south to southwesterly currents, the low-pressure surface center extends from the south of the Red Sea to southern Turkey and is associated with the mid-level trough, where the moisture fluxes converge in the south of the Red Sea, southwest/south of Iran, and east of the Mediterranean Sea. Therefore, according to the intensity of the patterns, the most precipitation falls in the country’s western half, and the Zagros Mountain’s wind side. With the eastward movement of the Cyclonic patterns, the rainfall area extends to the eastern half of the country. With the pattern that the thermal low surface pressure extends to 35 °N latitude and is associated with the mid-level subtropical high, almost no rain occurs in the country.

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Yang, Bing, Po Hu, and Yijun Hou. "Observed Near-Inertial Waves in the Northern South China Sea." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 3223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163223.

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Characteristics of near-inertial waves (NIWs) induced by the tropical storm Noul in the South China Sea are analyzed based on in situ observations, remote sensing, and analysis data. Remote sensing sea level anomaly data suggests that the NIWs were influenced by a southwestward moving anticyclonic eddy. The NIWs had comparable spectral density with internal tides, with a horizontal velocity of 0.14–0.21 m/s. The near-inertial kinetic energy had a maximum value of 7.5 J/m3 and propagated downward with vertical group speed of 10 m/day. Downward propagation of near-inertial energy concentrated in smaller wavenumber bands overwhelmed upward propagation energy. The e-folding time of NIWs ranged from 4 to 11 days, and the larger e-folding time resulted from the mesoscale eddies with negative vorticity. Modified by background relative vorticity, the observed NIWs had both red-shifted and blue-shifted frequencies. The upward propagating NIWs had larger vertical phase speeds and wavelengths than downward propagating NIWs. There was energy transfer from the mesoscale field to NIWs with a maximum value of 8.5 × 10−9 m2 s−3 when total shear and relative vorticity of geostrophic currents were commensurate. Our results suggest that mesoscale eddies are a significant factor influencing the generation and propagation of NIWs in the South China Sea.

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BENZONI, FRANCESCA, and FABRIZIO STEFANI. "Porites fontanesii, a new species of hard coral (Scleractinia, Poritidae) from the southern Red Sea, the Gulf of Tadjoura, and the Gulf of Aden, and its phylogenetic relationships within the genus." Zootaxa 3447, no. 1 (August 31, 2012): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3447.1.4.

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A new zooxanthellate reef-dwelling scleractinian coral species, Porites fontanesii sp. nov. (Scleractinia, Poritidae), is de-scribed. The examined material was collected from the Southern Red Sea, the Gulf of Tadjoura, and the Gulf of Aden.Porites fontanesii sp. nov. was most frequently observed along the Yemen south Red Sea and the north-western Gulf ofAden coasts. Although a complete molecular phylogeny of Porites is not available yet, the relationships between P. fon-tanesii sp. nov. and twenty other species of the genus were explored through analysis of the available rDNA sequences.Porites fontanesii sp. nov. was seen to be a distinct species basal to, and well divergent from, one of the two main clades so far identified in the genus rDNA phylogeny.

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49

PREMCHAND, K., JS SASTRY, and CS MURTY. "Watermass structure in the western Indian Ocean- Part III: The spreading and transformation of Red Sea watermass." MAUSAM 37, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v37i3.2377.

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The structure of the Red Sea Watermass (RSW) is presented. The spread of this watermass is confined to 16 N In the Arabian Sea. The depth of occurrence of its core shallows as the watermass spreads zonally and deepens towards south In the Mozambique channel. The transformation of this watermass is more rapid In the Gulf of Aden due to vertical fixing. The southern boundary of this watermass is fixed at 10 S0 where the core of RSW comes In contact with the core, of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AIW) which results in the formation of an Isohaline layer due to isopycnal mixing. Further south this watermass shows an increase in its density and Its core is noticeable at lower steric levels. The occurrence of salinity minimum in the Somali basin has been attributed to the penetration of RSW into the Subtropical Subsurface Water overlying the Antarctic Intermediate Water mass.

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Schama, Renata, Michela Mitchell, and Antonio Mateo Solé-Cava. "Actinia ebhayiensis sp. nov., a new species of sea anemone (Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Actiniidae) from South Africa." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92, no. 5 (September 23, 2011): 885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315411001305.

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In this work we describe Actinia ebhayiensis sp. nov. from South Africa. The species is externally similar to the type species of the genus, Actinia equina, from which it can be distinguished by nematocyst and allozyme data. Actinia ebhayiensis has a smooth, red column, with well-delimited parapet leading to a deep fosse where conspicuous blue acrorhagi can be found. Tentacles and oral disc are crimson red, and the pedal disc has a lighter pink colour. The microbasic p-mastigophores and b-mastigophores of the mesenterial filaments of the new species are significantly smaller than those of A. equina. Actinia ebhayiensis can also be clearly distinguished from other species of the genus in nematocyst measurements, genetic data and muscle morphology.

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Journal articles on the topic 'South Red Sea'

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