Journal articles on the topic 'South Pacific space'
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Alford, Matthew H., Jennifer A. MacKinnon, Robert Pinkel, and Jody M. Klymak. "Space–Time Scales of Shear in the North Pacific." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 10 (October 2017): 2455–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0087.1.
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AbstractThe spatial, temporal, and directional characteristics of shear are examined in the upper 1400 m of the North Pacific during late spring with an array of five profiling moorings deployed from 25° to 37°N (1330 km) and simultaneous shipboard transects past them. The array extended from a regime of moderate wind generation at the north to south of the critical latitude 28.8°N, where parametric subharmonic instability (PSI) can transfer energy from semidiurnal tides to near-inertial motions. Analyses are done in an isopycnal-following frame to minimize contamination by Doppler shifting. Approximately 60% of RMS shear at vertical scales >20m (and 80% for vertical scales >80 m) is contained in near-inertial motions. An inertial back-rotation technique is used to index shipboard observations to a common time and to compute integral time scales of the shear layers. Persistence times are O(7) days at most moorings but O(25) days at the critical latitude. Simultaneous shipboard transects show that these shear layers can have lateral scales ≥100 km. Layers tend to slope downward toward the equator north of the critical latitude and are more flat to its south. Phase between shear and strain is used to infer lateral propagation direction. Upgoing waves are everywhere laterally isotropic. Downgoing waves propagate predominantly equatorward north and south of the critical latitude but are isotropic near it. Broadly, results are consistent with wind generation north of the critical latitude and PSI near it—and suggest a more persistent and laterally coherent near-inertial wave field than previously thought.
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YAOITA, Kiho, and Noriaki NISHIYAMA. "LIVING SPACE OF A MODERN TOWN IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 79, no. 695 (2014): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.79.163.
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Garabedian, Michael. "“You’ve Got to Be Carefully Taught”: American Special Collections Library Education and the Inculcation of Exclusivity." RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rbm.7.1.257.
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One might well ask what Rodgers and Hammerstein have to do with rare books and manuscripts, or what they might have to do with special collections library education and exclusivity. This is not so easily explained, even if one happens to be familiar with “You've Got to Be Carefully Taught,” the antepenultimate song from Rodgers and Hammerstein's 1949 musical South Pacific. For those who don't know South Pacific, I'm afraid space constraints do not allow for a plot summary. Suffice it to say that near the end of act two, Lieutenant Joe Cable sings “You've Got to Be Carefully Taught,” . . .
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Wild, Ashley, Zhi-Weng Chua, and Yuriy Kuleshov. "Evaluation of Satellite Precipitation Estimates over the South West Pacific Region." Remote Sensing 13, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 3929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193929.
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Rainfall estimation over the Pacific region is difficult due to the large distances between rain gauges and the high convection nature of many rainfall events. This study evaluates space-based rainfall observations over the South West Pacific Region from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s (JAXA) Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), the USA National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), the Climate Hazards group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG). The technique of collocation analysis (CA) is used to compare the performance of monthly satellite precipitation estimates (SPEs). Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) was used as a reference dataset to compare with each SPE. European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts’ (ECMWF) ERA5 reanalysis was also combined with Soil Moisture-2-Rain–ASCAT (SM2RAIN–ASCAT) to perform triple CA for the six sub-regions of Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Solomon Islands, Timor, and Vanuatu. It was found that GSMaP performed best over low rain gauge density areas, including mountainous areas of PNG (the cross-correlation, CC = 0.64), and the Solomon Islands (CC = 0.74). CHIRPS had the most consistent performance (high correlations and low errors) across all six sub-regions in the study area. Based on the results, recommendations are made for the use of SPEs over the South West Pacific Region.
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VISO, R., R. LARSON, and R. POCKALNY. "Tectonic evolution of the Pacific–Phoenix–Farallon triple junction in the South Pacific Ocean." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 233, no. 1-2 (April 30, 2005): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.004.
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Kupriyanov, A. V. "The Concept of the Indo-Pacific Region in the Works of Indian Political Scientists." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 13, no. 3 (August 20, 2020): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-3-3.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of Indian approaches to maritime spaces and the evolution of perception of the regional space by the Indian expert and political community. The author points out sub‑imperial stage, when India was seen as the dominant force in the region and the center of the sub‑empire inside the British Empire; the period of the Cold War, when India focused on strengthening its position in the international arena by building ties with African and Middle Eastern countries, while paying attention to maintaining the status quo in South Asia; and the period after the end of the Cold War, when India rethought its strategic priorities and developed original approach to the division of the regional space. The author offers his own version of the division of the space of the Indo‑Pacific region, based on the approach of the Indian scientist K.R. Singh, who proposed at one time the spatial division of the Indian Ocean region; this option allows to take into account the difference in the attitude of Indian political elites to various subregions and highlight the reasons why this difference arose.
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Roe, John H., Stephen J. Morreale, Frank V. Paladino, George L. Shillinger, Scott R. Benson, Scott A. Eckert, Helen Bailey, et al. "Predicting bycatch hotspots for endangered leatherback turtles on longlines in the Pacific Ocean." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1777 (February 22, 2014): 20132559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2559.
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Fisheries bycatch is a critical source of mortality for rapidly declining populations of leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea . We integrated use-intensity distributions for 135 satellite-tracked adult turtles with longline fishing effort to estimate predicted bycatch risk over space and time in the Pacific Ocean. Areas of predicted bycatch risk did not overlap for eastern and western Pacific nesting populations, warranting their consideration as distinct management units with respect to fisheries bycatch. For western Pacific nesting populations, we identified several areas of high risk in the north and central Pacific, but greatest risk was adjacent to primary nesting beaches in tropical seas of Indo-Pacific islands, largely confined to several exclusive economic zones under the jurisdiction of national authorities. For eastern Pacific nesting populations, we identified moderate risk associated with migrations to nesting beaches, but the greatest risk was in the South Pacific Gyre, a broad pelagic zone outside national waters where management is currently lacking and may prove difficult to implement. Efforts should focus on these predicted hotspots to develop more targeted management approaches to alleviate leatherback bycatch.
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Cullen, Trevor. "Press Coverage of AIDS/HIV in the South Pacific: Short-term View of a Long-term Problem." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 9, no. 1 (September 1, 2003): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v9i1.1118.
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Newspaper editors need to play their part in tackling the emerging HIV/AIDS epidemic in the South Pacific region as they have enormous influence and can make a difference. They can help challenge public opinion on HIV/AIDS that is often based on ignorance, fear and prejudice, and also step up coverage and allocate more space for information about prevention.
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GARIN, Artyom A. "AUKUS AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC: FOREIGN POLICY AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS FOR AUSTRALIA." Southeast Asia: Actual Problems of Development, no. 1 (54) (2022): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2022-1-1-54-223-233.
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The United States, the UK and Australia continue to enhance defence cooperation in the dual space of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. These powers announced the establishing of a trilateral security pact AUKUS on September 15, 2021. The U.S. will transfer nuclear submarine technology to Australia but the nature of AUKUS implies a broader technological interaction between the parties. Despite the Anglosphere's attempts to indicate that their actions aren't directed against any power, all their actions reveal intensifying rivalry with the People's Republic of China (PRC). This article examines the nature of AUKUS and the reasons for its appearance. Special attention is paid to the influence of the alliance on the Fifth Continent's defense capabilities and its domestic policy dimension. At the same time, the author analyzes the impact of AUKUS on Australia's relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and Oceania.
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Stein, Carol A., and Dallas H. Abbott. "Heat flow constraints on the South Pacific Superswell." Journal of Geophysical Research 96, B10 (1991): 16083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jb00774.
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HU-DEHART, EVELYN. "Chinatowns and Borderlands: Inter-Asian encounters in the diaspora." Modern Asian Studies 46, no. 2 (March 2012): 425–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000965.
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AbstractThis paper explores two dynamic places and spaces in the Americas, destination of several Asian diasporas—the Chinese, Japanese, and South Asian—as contact and exchange zones. One would be the ethnic enclaves commonly called ‘Chinatowns’, which stretch over time from the early sixteenth century to the present, and over space from Manila in the Spanish empire across the Pacific to all over the Americas. These Chinatowns, imagined and real and riddled with stereotypes, are well-known tropes on the American landscapes, and need no further preliminary introduction; they are also firmly located within fixed national (or colonial) entities.The second space has not been historically associated with Asian diasporas in the Americas, although well known for different reasons. Here I refer to ‘borderlands’, the overlapping space between, over, and above two political national boundaries or borders, in particular the US-Mexican and US-Canadian borderlands, both, coincidentally, clearly marked and delineated by the mid-nineteenth century (1848 and 1846 respectively). Furthermore, as these two transnational/transborder regions are also trans-Pacific, their recognition as an integral part of Asian diasporas is belated and overdue. To make the case further, the study of Asians in the Americas has revealed that Asian migrants, labour, and capital have been historically drawn to these borderlands because they represent dynamic zones of economic development, first in the heyday of maturing American capitalism at the turn of the twentieth century, and again in the glaring eye of current late-capitalist globalization. In other words, Asians have amassed on both sides of these borders for over 100 years, where they have become adept at multiple border crossings, both trans-Pacific and transnational.
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Robertson, Andrew W., and Carlos R. Mechoso. "Circulation Regimes and Low-Frequency Oscillations in the South Pacific Sector." Monthly Weather Review 131, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 1566–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175//2548.1.
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Abstract The characteristics of subseasonal circulation variability over the South Pacific are examined using 10-day lowpass-filtered 700-hPa geopotential height NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. The extent to which the variability in each season is characterized by recurrent geographically fixed circulation regimes and/or oscillatory behavior is determined. Two methods of analysis (a K-means cluster analysis and a cross-validated Gaussian mixture model) both indicate three to four geographically fixed circulation regimes in austral fall, winter, and (to some extent) spring. The spatial regime structures are found to be quite similar in each season; they resemble the so-called Pacific–South American (PSA) patterns discussed in previous studies and often referred to as PSA 1 and PSA 2. Oscillatory behavior is investigated using singular spectrum analysis. This identifies a predominantly stationary wave with a period of about 40 days and a spatial structure similar to PSA 1; it is most pronounced in winter and spring and exhibits a noticeable eastward drift as it decays. The power spectrum of variability is otherwise well approximated by a red spectrum, together with enhanced broader-band 15–30-day variability. The results presented herein indicate that low-frequency variability over the South Pacific is not dominated by a propagating wave whose quadrature phases are PSA 1 and PSA 2, as hitherto described. Rather, it is found that the variability is well described by the occurrence of three to four geographically fixed circulation regimes, with a (near) 40-day oscillation that is predominantly stationary in space. The potential subseasonal predictability implied by this duality is discussed. Only during austral spring is a strong correlation found between El Niño and the frequency of occurrence of the circulation regimes.
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Méndez, César, Matthieu Carré, Antonio Maldonado, Roxana Seguel, and Donald Jackson. "Site Context and the Spatial Organization of a Late Holocene Coastal Hunter-Gatherer Campsite in North-Central Chile, South America." Latin American Antiquity 31, no. 4 (September 18, 2020): 765–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2020.60.
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We explored the site context of a late Holocene shell midden on the coast of Los Vilos in north-central Chile (31°51′ S, South America) to better understand the spatial organization of short-term, small-sized hunter-gatherer campsites. The Dunas de Agua Amarilla (LV 007) site comprises 14 separate surf clam refuse deposits. Extensive stratigraphic excavations of the shell middens and the areas free of residue allowed interpretation of potential activity areas bounded by hearths, the shell middens, and a possible dwelling space. Late Holocene campsites in the area correspond to brief occupational events framed within littoral residential mobility, in which predictable coastal resources became a staple for groups residing and circulating over long periods in the area. Data on shell midden composition and the spatial distribution of site features shed light on the organizational dynamics of dwelling and activity spaces of coastal hunter-gatherers of the South Pacific.
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LI, Nan. "China’s Naval Leadership Reshuffle, Evolving Maritime Strategy and Professionalisation." East Asian Policy 09, no. 03 (July 2017): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930517000265.
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Appointing a naval officer to command the Southern Theatre indicates the relative importance of the South China Sea to the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), mainly in terms of its strategic location and its deep depth, immense space and unfettered transit to the Western Pacific for operating PLA Navy’s strategic nuclear submarines and major surface ships. For the reshuffling of naval leadership, functional and technical expertise-based, or professional criteria may play a primary role.
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Zhang, L., H. Liao, and J. Li. "Impact of the Southeast Asian summer monsoon strength on the outflow of aerosols from South Asia." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 1 (January 25, 2010): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-277-2010.
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Abstract. We chose a relatively weak Southeast Asian summer monsoon (SEASM) year (1998) and a relatively strong year (2002) to examine the impact of the monsoon strength on the transport of organic carbon (OC) aerosol emitted from the South Asia (75°–105° E, 10°–25° N) by using the global 3-D chemical transport model GEOS-Chem driven by the assimilated meteorological fields. Simulated surface layer concentrations and column burdens of OC indicate that OC levels are much higher in the weak SEASM year 1998 than in the strong SEASM year 2002. The sensitivity experiments with global OC emissions turned off except those over the South Asia show that OC aerosol emitted from South Asia contributes to 50–70% of OC mass over southern China and 20–50% of OC over the western North Pacific between 850 hPa and 400 hPa in 1998. The outflow of OC from the South Asia is larger in 1998 than in 2002. Three factors contribute to the larger buildup of summer time OC in the weak SEASM year of 1998. The first is the weakened summer monsoon rainfall over the Southeast Asia that leads to less wet deposition and higher OC concentrations. The second is the enhancement of deep convection in the western Indian continent and the weakened upward lifting over the western North Pacific. The last and the most important factor is the abnormal circulation in the lower and middle troposphere that contributes to the long-range transport of OC from South Asia to Southern China and the western North Pacific.
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Разжигаева, Н. Г., Л. А. Ганзей, Т. А. Гребенникова, В. Б. Базарова, П. С. Белянин, М. С. Лящевская, Т. Р. Макарова, Л. М. Мохова, Н. И. Белянина, and Т. В. Корнюшенко. "Paleogeographical Researches in Pacific Geographical Institute." Tihookeanskaia geografiia, no. 2(6) (June 21, 2021): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35735/tig.2021.6.2.002.
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Представлены результаты работы лаборатории палеогеографии и геоморфологии ТИГ ДВО РАН в 2017–2020 гг. Приведены новые данные по изучению развития материковых и островных геосистем юга Дальнего Востока и реакции их компонентов на короткопериодные климатические изменения позднего плейстоцена–голоцена. Палеоэкологические изменения с высоким временным разрешением восстановлены в среднегорье Восточного Сихотэ-Алиня. Новые данные получены по развитию геосистем побережья Японского моря, определена роль зональных и азональных природных факторов в их развитии. Выделены этапы развития ландшафтов платобазальтового рода. Реконструированы обстановки осадконакопления и формирования пойменных ландшафтов Приханкайской равнины. Сделаны детальные реконструкции хода развития островных ландшафтов для юга Приморья. Для юга Дальнего Востока проведен синтез изменений ландшафтов в последнее интенсивное потепление – малый оптимум голоцена (VII–XIII вв.). Проанализировано проявление природных катастроф и их пространственно-временной масштаб. Продолжены работы, направленные на оценку цунамиопасности на побережье восточного Приморья. Для Курильских островов выделены наиболее сильные цунами, которые могут быть рассмотрены как кандидаты в мегацунами. Внимание уделено трансформации ландшафтов при освоении территории юга Дальнего Востока древним человеком. Геоархеологические исследования проводились также во внутриконтинентальных районах (Западное Забайкалье, Восточная Монголия). The authors present the results of the researches of the laboratory of paleogeography and geomorphology of PGI FEB RAS in 2017–2020. New data include the study of the development of continental and island geosystems of the South Far East and the response of their components to short-term climate changes in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene. Paleoecological changes with a high temporal resolution have been restored in the middle mountains of the Eastern Sikhote-Alin. New data were obtained on the development of geosystems of the coast of the Sea of Japan, the role of zonal and azonal natural factors in their development was determined. The stages of development of landscapes of the platobasalt genus are highlighted. The conditions of sedimentation and formation of floodplain landscapes of the Khanka Lake plain were reconstructed. Detailed reconstructions of the island landscapes development for the south of Primorye have been made. For the south of the Far East, a synthesis of landscape changes in the last intense warming – Medieval Warm Period of the Holocene (VII-XIII centuries) was made. The manifestation of natural disasters and their space-time scale were analyzed. The investigations aimed at assessment of the tsunami hazard on the coast of eastern Primorye were continued. For the Kuril Islands, the most powerful tsunamis have been identified, which can be considered as candidates for megatsunami. Transformation of landscapes and a human impact on landscapes were also discussed. Geoarchaeological studies were also carried out in the intra-continental regions (Western Transbaikalia, Eastern Mongolia).
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Ashneel Sharan. "Analyzing the Effects of Geomagnetic Storms on the F2-region Ionosphere in South Pacific Region." Geomagnetism and Aeronomy 62, no. 6 (December 2022): 802–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0016793222060147.
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Murray, Kim. "The Law Relating to Satellite Navigation and Air Traffic Management Systems – A View From The South Pacific." Journal of Navigation 53, no. 2 (May 2000): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300008766.
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This is an updated and revised version of a paper originally presented to a CNS/ATM Forum of representatives from the States, airlines and air traffic service provider organisations of the Pacific region meeting in Sydney, Australia on 16 April 1998. The Forum was organised under the auspices of the Australian and New Zealand Divisions of the Royal Aeronautical Society.There are many legal issues involved in the provision and use of new technology based on satellite navigation and communications in Air Traffic Management Systems. These include aspects of international space law, international air law and domestic state law. Spanning these aspects are regional provisions and the role of ICAO. This paper considers these issues with particular reference to the Pacific region, which is in the lead in adopting the new technology, and concludes that much of the existing law applies, but that new law is also required if the legal framework is to keep pace with introduction of the new technology.
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Goodman, Paul J., Wilco Hazeleger, Pedro de Vries, and Mark Cane. "Pathways into the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent: A Trajectory Analysis*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 2134–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2825.1.
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Abstract A time-dependent trajectory algorithm is used to determine the sources of the Pacific Ocean Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) in a global climate model with ¼° (eddy permitting) resolution and forced with realistic winds. The primary sources and pathways are identified, and the transformation of properties in temperature/salinity space is explored. An estimate for the quantity of recirculation, a notoriously difficult property to estimate from observational data, is given. Over two-thirds of the water in the Pacific EUC at 140°W originates south of the equator; 70% of the EUC is ventilated outside of the Tropics (poleward of 13°S or 10°N): three-quarters of these extratropical trajectories travel through the western boundary currents between their subduction and incorporation into the EUC, and one-fifth of the extratropical trajectories enter and leave the tropical band at least once before entering the EUC.
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Hayward, Bronwyn. "Let's Talk about the Weather: Decentering Democratic Debate about Climate Change." Hypatia 23, no. 3 (September 2008): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2008.tb01206.x.
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In this paper, Bronwyn Hayward, a New Zealander, explores Iris Marion Young's argument for decentered deliberation in the context of climate change debate in the South Pacific. Young's criticisms of a centered approach to local planning are examined. Hayward supports Young's argument for decentered deliberation and her concept of ‘linkage’ as a criterion of good decentered democracy. Local forums are identified as essential sites of struggle against injustice. Decentered democracy is strengthened when multiple linkages connect heal forums across time and space.
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Bieli, Melanie, Suzana J. Camargo, Adam H. Sobel, Jenni L. Evans, and Timothy Hall. "A Global Climatology of Extratropical Transition. Part I: Characteristics across Basins." Journal of Climate 32, no. 12 (May 23, 2019): 3557–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0518.1.
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AbstractThe authors present a global climatology of tropical cyclones (TCs) that undergo extratropical transition (ET). ET is objectively defined based on a TC’s trajectory through the cyclone phase space (CPS), which is calculated using storm tracks from 1979–2017 best track data and geopotential height fields from reanalysis datasets. Two reanalyses are used and compared for this purpose, the Japanese 55-yr Reanalysis and the ECMWF interim reanalysis. The results are used to study the seasonal and geographical distributions of storms undergoing ET and interbasin differences in the statistics of ET occurrence. About 50% of all TCs in the North Atlantic and the western North Pacific undergo ET. In the Southern Hemisphere, ET fractions range from about 20% in the south Indian Ocean and the Australian region to 45% in the South Pacific. In the majority of ETs, TCs become thermally asymmetric before forming a cold core. However, a substantial fraction of TCs take the reverse pathway, developing a cold core before becoming thermally asymmetric. This pathway is most common in the eastern North Pacific and the North Atlantic. Different ET pathways can be linked to different geographical trajectories and environmental settings. In ETs over warmer sea surface temperatures, TCs tend to lose their thermal symmetry while still maintaining a warm core. Landfalls by TCs undergoing ET occur 3–4 times per year in the North Atlantic and 7–10 times per year in the western North Pacific, while coastal regions in the Australian region are affected once every 1–2 years.
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Bravo, Luisa, and Mirko Guaralda. "An open access forum for the discussion and advancement of research about public space." Journal of Public Space 1, no. 1 (October 16, 2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/jps.v1i1.3.
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The discourse about public spaces is generally dominated by exempla coming mainly from Europe and North America, where in the 1960s and 1970s main theories about use and navigation of the built environment have been developed. If on one side cases from these cultural areas are more accessible, on the other side interesting and relevant experiences are today developed all over the world, starting with the innovative and highly socially relevant intervention in South American cities. New types of public spaces are also emerging in the Asia-Pacific region, due to the digital revolution, or in Africa, in consideration of the massive urbanisation this continent is undergoing.Whilst there are several dedicated publications to cities, urban morphologies, urban dynamics and urban design, a forum where to discuss and share research, experiences and projects about public space so far was not provided in a structured and clear way.The Journal of Public Space aims to be the first international, open access journal, integrally dedicated to the discussion of public space in all its different forms and incantations. The objective is to provide a platform where academics and practitioners can share ideas and debate publics breaking traditional disciplinary boundaries. We are willing to engage also artists, to provide a different point of view.
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Gertseva, Vladlena, Sean E. Matson, and Jason Cope. "Spatial growth variability in marine fish: example from Northeast Pacific groundfish." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 6 (February 17, 2017): 1602–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx016.
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Abstract Marine fish populations exist in a complex environment, with oceanographic and fisheries factors affecting their dynamics. It has been shown that life history characteristics of marine fish vary in space and time. We examined spatial variability in growth of eight groundfish species in the Northeast Pacific Ocean to identify shared spatial patterns and hypothesize about common mechanisms behind them. Growth parameters were estimated in different areas over the latitudinal range of the species, and several hypotheses were tested as to how these parameters vary along the US west coast. Clear differences in spatial growth variability emerged among the species examined. Shelf species exhibit the highest growth rate between Cape Blanco and Cape Mendocino, which may, in part, be attributed to area-specific upwelling patterns in the California Current ecosystem, when nutrient-rich deep water is brought to the surface south of Cape Blanco and is uniquely distributed throughout this area, providing favourable conditions for primary productivity. Slope species showed a cline in asymptotic size (L∞), with L∞ increasing from south to north. This cline, previously attributed to fishery removals, also fits a specific case of the widely described Bergmann’s rule, and we explore specific potential ecological mechanisms behind this relationship.
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WHITE, WILLIAM T., PETER R. LAST, and JOHN D. STEVENS. "Cirrhigaleus australis n. sp., a new Mandarin dogfish (Squaliformes: Squalidae) from the south-west Pacific." Zootaxa 1560, no. 1 (August 27, 2007): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1560.1.2.
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A new species of Mandarin dogfish, Cirrhigaleus australis n. sp., is described based on specimens from southeastern Australia. Australian populations were previously considered to be conspecific with Cirrhigaleus barbifer from the western North Pacific and Indonesia, but recent investigations revealed that the two forms differ in morphology and in the structure of the CO1 gene. Cirrhigaleus australis has a smaller eye, shorter dorsal-caudal space, and smaller pectoral fins and dorsal fins and spines. These species are clearly separable from the only other congener, C. asper, and all other members of the family Squalidae, by the possession of a greatly produced barbel on their anterior nasal flap. The new species occurs in temperate waters of eastern Australia, and possibly New Zealand.
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JOB, BRIAN L. "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Dilemmas of Middle Powers." Issues & Studies 56, no. 02 (June 2020): 2040008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1013251120400081.
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“Middle powers,” variously defined, have served relevant and significant roles in the post-WWII regional and global orders, facilitated by structural conditions of “long peace” among great powers and proactive leadership by and among creative middle powers. Within the complex Asia-Pacific security order, “middle powers” such as Australia, Canada, and South Korea have had the “space” to engage the non-like minded and advance multilateralism with security guarantees from the US. However, Beijing and Washington today are eliminating this space and its associated choices for middle-power diplomacy by increasingly characterizing their rivalry as a confrontation of “existential threats” between incompatible “civilizations” and securitizing trade and technology. China and the US are each selectively ignoring or purposely eroding key aspects of a rules-based international order. This paper highlights the dilemmas of South Korea, Australia, and Canada, middle powers who have found themselves individually and collectively “stuck” facing contradictory global and regional policy choices.
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Stuck, J., A. Güntner, and B. Merz. "ENSO impact on simulated South American hydro-climatology." Advances in Geosciences 6 (February 20, 2006): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-6-227-2006.
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Abstract. The variability of the simulated hydro-climatology of the WaterGAP Global Hydrology Model (WGHM) is analysed. Main object of this study is the ENSO-driven variability of the water storage of South America. The horizontal model resolution amounts to 0.5 degree and it is forced with monthly climate variables for 1961-1995 of the Tyndall Centre Climate Research Unit dataset (CRU TS 2.0) as a representation of the observed climate state. Secondly, the model is also forced by the model output of a global circulation model, the ECHAM4-T42 GCM. This model itself is driven by observed monthly means of the global Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) and the sea ice coverage for the period of 1903 to 1994 (GISST). Thus, the climate model and the hydrological model represent a realistic simulated realisation of the hydro-climatologic state of the last century. Since four simulations of the ECHAM4 model with the same forcing, but with different initial conditions are carried out, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) gives an impression of the impact of the varying SST on the hydro-climatology, because the variance can be separated into a SST-explained and a model internal variability (noise). Also regional multivariate analyses, like Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) and Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) provide information of the complex time-space variability. In particular the Amazon region and the South of Brazil are significantly influenced by the ENSO-variability, but also the Pacific coastal areas of Ecuador and Peru are affected. Additionally, different ENSO-indices, based on SST anomalies (e.g. NINO3.4, NINO1+2), and its influence on the South American hydro-climatology are analysed. Especially, the Pacific coast regions of Ecuador, Peru and Chile show a very different behaviour dependant on those indices.
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Mayes, Catherine L., Lawrence A. Lawver, and David T. Sandwell. "Tectonic history and new isochron chart of the south Pacific." Journal of Geophysical Research 95, B6 (1990): 8543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb095ib06p08543.
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Sampaio, Cláudio L. S., Ricardo J. Miranda, Rodrigo Maia-Nogueira, and José De Anchieta C. C. Nunes. "New occurrences of the nonindigenous orange cup corals Tubastraea coccinea and T. tagusensis (Scleractinia: Dendrophylliidae) in Southwestern Atlantic." Check List 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.3.528.
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The genus Tubastraea, with natural occurrence in the Pacific Ocean, was reported for the first time in Brazil along the coast of Rio de Janeiro. Since then it has also been reported in other sites along the south and southeast Brazilian coasts in oil platforms and rocky shores. We describe for the first time the occurrence of Tubastraea tagusensis and T. coccinea in the Northeastern coast of Brazil. The corals were found in the state of Bahia, sitting on shipwrecks, marina jetties as well as occupying space on a coral reef.
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Shirley, Ian. "The Global Recession: Its Impact in Asia and the Pacific." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 24, no. 3 (May 2009): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690940902895653.
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The relationship between local economic development and the global economy is a dynamic process that differs in space and time and from country to country. Nowhere are these differences more evident than within the Asian and Pacific region—a region of contrasts. It is a region that contains nine of the so called ‘least developed’ countries and more than 50 per cent of the world's poor. It hosts Japan, which emerged as a major economic power in the 1960s and 1970s, to be followed a short time later by the ‘tiger’ economies of South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore. More recently, the region's development has been dominated by the emerging global powers of China, India and Brazil. The contrasting characteristics and performance of these nations becomes even more graphic when the focus centres on the metropolitan cities of the region, including Mumbai, Shanghai, Apia, Melbourne, Kuala Lumpur, Santiago and Auckland (Shirley, 2008).
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Nguyen, Chinh Thai, Seun Temitope Oluwadare, Nhung Thi Le, Mahdi Alizadeh, Jens Wickert, and Harald Schuh. "Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Ionospheric Irregularities Derived from Regional and Global ROTI Maps." Remote Sensing 14, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14010010.
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Major advancements in the monitoring of both the occurrence and impacts of space weather can be made by evaluating the occurrence and distribution of ionospheric disturbances. Previous studies have shown that the fluctuations in total electron content (TEC) values estimated from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations clearly exhibit the intensity levels of ionospheric irregularities, which vary continuously in both time and space. The duration and intensity of perturbations depend on the geographic location. They are also dependent on the physical activities of the Sun, the Earth’s magnetic activities, as well as the process of transferring energy from the Sun to the Earth. The aim of this study is to establish ionospheric irregularity maps using ROTI (rate of TEC index) values derived from conventional dual-frequency GNSS measurements (30-s interval). The research areas are located in Southeast Asia (15°S–25°N latitude and 95°E–115°E longitude), which is heavily affected by ionospheric scintillations, as well as in other regions around the globe. The regional ROTI map of Southeast Asia clearly indicates that ionospheric disturbances in this region are dominantly concentrated around the two equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crests, occurring mainly during the evening hours. Meanwhile, the global ROTI maps reveal the spatial and temporal distributions of ionospheric scintillations. Within the equatorial region, South America is the most vulnerable area (22.6% of total irregularities), followed by West Africa (8.2%), Southeast Asia (4.7%), East Africa (4.1%), the Pacific (3.8%), and South Asia (2.3%). The generated maps show that the scintillation occurrence is low in the mid-latitude areas during the last solar cycle. In the polar regions, ionospheric irregularities occur at any time of the day. To compare ionospheric disturbances between regions, the Earth is divided into ten sectors and their irregularity coefficients are calculated accordingly. The quantification of the degrees of disturbance reveals that about 58 times more ionospheric irregularities are observed in South America than in the southern mid-latitudes (least affected region). The irregularity coefficients in order from largest to smallest are as follows: South America, 3.49; the Arctic, 1.94; West Africa, 1.77; Southeast Asia, 1.27; South Asia, 1.24; the Antarctic, 1.10; East Africa, 0.89; the Pacific, 0.32; northern mid-latitudes, 0.15; southern mid-latitudes, 0.06.
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Kumar, Sarwan, Sushil Kumar, and Abhikesh Kumar. "Earthquakes associated subionospheric VLF anomalies recorded at two low latitude stations in the South Pacific region." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 229 (March 2022): 105834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2022.105834.
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Chiang, John C. H., Shih-Yu Lee, Aaron E. Putnam, and Xianfeng Wang. "South Pacific Split Jet, ITCZ shifts, and atmospheric North–South linkages during abrupt climate changes of the last glacial period." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 406 (November 2014): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.09.012.
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Toggweiler, J. R., K. Dixon, and W. S. Broecker. "The Peru upwelling and the ventilation of the south Pacific thermocline." Journal of Geophysical Research 96, no. C11 (1991): 20467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jc02063.
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Kuleshov, Y., F. Chane Ming, L. Qi, I. Chouaibou, C. Hoareau, and F. Roux. "Tropical cyclone genesis in the Southern Hemisphere and its relationship with the ENSO." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 6 (June 24, 2009): 2523–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-2523-2009.
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Abstract. Tropical cyclogenesis climatology over the South Indian and South Pacific Oceans has been developed using a new tropical cyclone (TC) archive for the Southern Hemisphere, and changes in geographical distribution of areas favourable for TC genesis related to changes in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases have been investigated. To explain these changes, large-scale environmental variables which influence TC genesis and development such as sea surface temperatures (SSTs), relative humidity in mid-troposphere, vertical wind shear and lower tropospheric vorticity have been examined. In the South Indian Ocean, reduction of TC genesis in the western part of the basin and its increase in the eastern part as well as displacement of the area favourable for TC genesis further away from the equator during La Niña events compared to El Niño events can be explained by changes in geographical distribution of relative humidity and vorticity across the basin as primary contributors; positive anomalies of SSTs observed during La Niña seasons in the eastern part of the basin additionally contribute to enhanced cyclogenesis near the Western Australia. In the South Pacific Ocean, changes in geographical distribution of relative humidity and vorticity appear to be the key large-scale environmental factors responsible for enhanced TC genesis in the eastern (western) part of the basin as well as for the northeast (southwest) shift of points of cyclogenesis during El Niño (La Niña) events, with vertical wind shear and SSTs as additional contributing large-scale environmental variables.
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Urban, Matthias, Hugo Reyes-Centeno, Kate Bellamy, and Matthias Pache. "The areal typology of western Middle and South America: Towards a comprehensive view." Linguistics 57, no. 6 (November 18, 2019): 1403–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0032.
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Abstract Against a multidisciplinary background this contribution explores the areal typology of western Middle and South America. Based on a new language sample and a typological questionnaire that is specifically designed to bring some of the poorly documented and extinct languages into the debate, we explore the areal distribution of 77 linguistic traits in 44 languages. While one of the goals of the present article is to provide a general up-to-date view of the areal patterning of these traits on a large scale, we also explore a number of specific questions in more detail. In particular, we address the relationship between known language areas like Mesoamerica and the Central Andes with their respective peripheries, the possibility of detecting an areal-typological signal that predates the rise of these linguistic areas, and, finally, the question of linguistic convergence along the Pacific coast. We find that, while the languages of the Mesoamerican periphery are rather diffuse typologically, the structural profiles of the Central Andean languages are embedded organically into a more general cluster of Andean typological affinities that alters continuously as one moves through geographical space. In different ways, the typological properties of the peripheral languages may reflect a situation that goes back to time depths which are greater than that of the emergence of the Mesoamerican and Central Andean linguistic areas. Finally, while we can confirm typological affinities with Mesoamerica for some languages of coastal South America, we do not find support for large-scale linguistic convergence on the Pacific coast.
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Maughan, Steven S. "Sisters and Brothers Abroad: Gender, Race, Empire and Anglican Missionary Reformism in Hawai‘i and the Pacific, 1858–75." Studies in Church History 54 (May 14, 2018): 328–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2017.18.
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British Anglo-Catholic and high church Anglicans promoted a new set of foreign missionary initiatives in the Pacific and South and East Africa in the 1860s. Theorizing new indigenizing models for mission inspired by Tractarian medievalism, the initiatives envisioned a different and better engagement with ‘native’ cultures. Despite setbacks, the continued use of Anglican sisters in Hawai‘i and brothers in Melanesia, Africa and India created a potent new imaginative space for missionary endeavour, but one problematized by the uneven reach of empire: from contested, as in the Pacific, to normal and pervasive, as in India. Of particular relevance was the Sandwich Islands mission, invited by the Hawaiian crown, where Bishop T. N. Staley arrived in 1862, followed by Anglican missionary sisters in 1864. Immensely controversial in Britain and America, where among evangelicals in particular suspicion of ‘popish’ religious practice ran high, Anglo-Catholic methods and religious communities mobilized discussion, denunciation and reaction. Particularly in the contested imperial space of an independent indigenous monarchy, Anglo-Catholics criticized what they styled the cruel austerities of evangelical American ‘puritanism’ and the ambitions of American imperialists; in the process they catalyzed a reconceptualized imperial reformism with important implications for the shape of the late Victorian British empire.
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Korneev, Konstantin A. "Geopolitical and Economic Backgrounds for Japan’s Participation in International Associations at the Present Stage." RUDN Journal of Political Science 23, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2021-23-2-215-224.
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Japan is one of the undisputed economic leaders in the Asia-Pacific region, despite the fact that in a number of macroeconomic indicators (for example, in nominal GDP) it gave the primacy to China in the late 2000s. Nevertheless, the positions of Japanese financial and industrial groups in the automotive and shipbuilding sectors, information technology, telecommunications systems, and power equipment manufacturing are still strong in the world markets. Tokyo also feels confident in the international political space - most regional problems are solved with the active participation of Japan. Accordingly, the Japanese government has all the possibilities to conduct a clear and consistent foreign policy with a maximum consideration for its own interests, as well as it has opportunities to attract a wide range of overseas partners to mutually beneficial cooperation within the framework of multilateral agreements. However, nowadays in the Asia-Pacific markets, Japanese corporations face increasing competition from Chinese and South Korean companies, which forces Japan to take into account new geopolitical situations and strive to softly promote its vision of regional development. The purpose of the study is to analyze Japans approaches to participation in current international associations and to assess the overall impact of these approaches on the geopolitical and economic space of the Asia-Pacific region. The research methodology is based on the apparatus of social sciences (comparative analysis, content analysis, economic and statistical analysis, synthesis, historical and logical methods), and is supplemented by a systematic approach to the research topic through the search and interpretation of the appropriate information.
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Roshni, Rita, Surendra Prasad, and Jagdish Bhati. "Enhancing leafy foods’ intake for optimal nutrition and human security in the South Pacific." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 32, no. 1 (2014): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp14004.
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In the Pacific Island countries (PICs) major nutritional problems are under-nutrition and micronutrient deficiencies due to low dietary intake of leafy foods. Edible leaves of food crops are some of the inexpensive abundant sources of protein, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins and fibres. In high natural calamity-prone areas, such as PICs, people frequently remain cut-off from the external sources of food for many days and they mainly survive on leafy food material available in their surroundings. This study investigated about what leafy foods are available in Fiji, which of these are commonly consumed by people and which of these are not used. This study is based on primary data obtained by a household sample survey on a structured questionnaire by personal interview method. The study revealed that a rich variety of leafy foods are available and known to people in Fiji. However, out of twenty six leafy foods listed only ten are regularly consumed by majority of the people. A small proportion of households have used up to five leafy foods i.e. underutilization. However, there are several known leafy foods (eleven) which no one has tried i.e. such leafy foods have not been utilized. The respondents reported many constraints in improving their intakes of leafy foods: (i) higher prices of leafy foods in the market; (ii) lack of space to grow own leafy foods in their backyards; (iii) lack of knowledge about how to prepare delicious dishes out of many leafy foods material; (iv) lack of information about the nutritional value of some of the leafy crops. Hence, to popularize the consumption of underutilized or not-utilized local leafy food crops, there is a need to generate more information on nutritional aspects of those leafy food crops and disseminate it to the people.
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Pavia, Frank J., Robert F. Anderson, Erin E. Black, Lauren E. Kipp, Sebastian M. Vivancos, Martin Q. Fleisher, Matthew A. Charette, et al. "Timescales of hydrothermal scavenging in the South Pacific Ocean from 234Th, 230Th, and 228Th." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 506 (January 2019): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.10.038.
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Xie, Ruifang C., Mark Rehkämper, Patricia Grasse, Tina van de Flierdt, Martin Frank, and Zichen Xue. "Isotopic evidence for complex biogeochemical cycling of Cd in the eastern tropical South Pacific." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 512 (April 2019): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.02.001.
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Klinkhammer, G., and A. Hudson. "Dispersal patterns for hydrothermal plumes in the South Pacific using manganese as a tracer." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 79, no. 3-4 (September 1986): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(86)90182-2.
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Pichat, Sylvain, Wafa Abouchami, and Stephen J. G. Galer. "Lead isotopes in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific record Quaternary migration of the South Westerlies." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 388 (February 2014): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.11.035.
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Magnusdottir, Gudrun, and Chia-Chi Wang. "Intertropical Convergence Zones during the Active Season in Daily Data." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 2425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2518.1.
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Abstract Synoptic-scale variability of vorticity structures in the lower troposphere of the tropics is analyzed in 23 yr of daily averaged high-resolution reanalysis data. The vorticity structures can be divided into zonally elongated vorticity strips, classified as intertropical convergence zones (ITCZs), and more localized maxima, termed westward-propagating disturbances. A composite of such variability is presented for the east to central Pacific and for the east Atlantic/Africa region, both in summer. The composite in the east Pacific is zonally elongated and ITCZ-like, propagating westward over a number of days before dissipating. The spatial structure of the vorticity strip shows the characteristic cyclonic tilt into the latitudinal direction with time that is also seen in modeling experiments. The composite over the Atlantic/Africa region shows two active regions that are correlated on synoptic time scales. The disturbances in the southern region are better developed and longer lasting, even though the time and space scales are smaller than over the east Pacific. Overall, variability over the Atlantic is consistent with variability due to African easterly waves. The double ITCZ in spring in the east Pacific is different from the few earlier studies available. It is stronger south of the equator and located at 10°S, which is farther poleward than earlier studies have indicated. The northern branch that is weak in comparison is located at 5°N. The two branches of the double ITCZ tend to appear in tandem on the 2-week time scale.
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Chen, Baode, Xin Lin, and Julio T. Bacmeister. "Frequency Distribution of Daily ITCZ Patterns over the Western–Central Pacific." Journal of Climate 21, no. 17 (September 1, 2008): 4207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli1973.1.
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Abstract This study attempts to explore a comprehensive and compact approach for delineating the multiscale and multivariate characteristics of the ITCZ over the western–central Pacific based on daily satellite observations of precipitation, SSTs, and surface winds. Essentially six distinct ITCZ spatial patterns—namely, the north, south, equator, double, full, and weak—are identified according to the daily percentage coverage of deep convection within different latitudinal bands on and off the equator over the western–central Pacific. The evolving structure of the ITCZ over the western–central Pacific is investigated with a focus on the transient statistical characteristics. The relationship between these daily ITCZ patterns and SSTs, and near-surface winds, is also examined. The north (37%), south (24%), and weak (24%) ITCZs represent the three major ITCZ daily patterns over the western–central Pacific, and combined they account for almost 85% of the total number of days within a 10-yr period. The other three ITCZ patterns, namely, the equator (3%), double (6%), and full (5%) ITCZs, occur infrequently. The climatology of the ITCZ, such as monthly, seasonal, and annual means, can be approximately determined by how often and intense these ITCZ daily spatial patterns occur within a specified period. Taking the long-term mean statistics for each ITCZ daily type into account, the double ITCZ deep convection typically observed over the western–central Pacific in monthly, seasonal, and annual mean plots appears to be mainly associated with the frequent occurrence of the north and south ITCZ patterns, instead of the double ITCZ pattern in which an ITCZ appears on each side of the equator simultaneously on a daily basis. Consistent with the strong seasonality in their frequency of occurrence, the three major ITCZ patterns indicate a dominant correspondence with the seasonal meridional migration of warm SSTs. In contrast, the three less frequent ITCZ patterns show a close relationship with the positive or negative SST anomaly over the equatorial central and eastern Pacific, namely, the extension and retraction of the equatorial cool tongue and its strength. Surface wind divergence/convergence does not show any distinct patterns for these ITCZ spatial patterns, suggesting that little relationship between low-level convergence and precipitation can be discerned from daily data. As an application of the method proposed, the frequency distribution of daily ITCZ patterns, as derived from a recent version of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) general circulation model (GCM), is evaluated against observations. Preliminary comparisons indicate that the GEOS-5 GCM is capable of simulating the correct ITCZ spatial patterns, but their occurrence frequencies can be further improved, in particular, the weak ITCZ and the patterns with fewer occurrences, which may be associated with significantly different control mechanisms and/or feedbacks.
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Satyamurty, P., M. da Silva Teixeira, and C. Klug Padilha. "Warm and Dry Spells (WDS) in Austral Winter over Central South America." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 5 (June 4, 2007): 1049–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-1049-2007.
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Abstract. The horizontal and vertical structure of unusually warm and dry spells (WDS) over the central parts of South America during the winter and post-winter months (JJAS) are studied. During WDS the mean temperature and humidity anomalies over central Brazil are about +4.1°C and −13.2%, respectively. The mean duration of WDS is 11 days and their mean frequency is less than one per year during the months of JJAS. Apparently, WDS have no preference for the phase of ENSO. Widespread and persistent subsidence in the middle troposphere is observed in tropical Brazil during WDS, which renders the lower tropospheric air warm and dry. The negative anomalies of the specific humidity are observed to be associated with the subsidence regions. A strong, slow moving ridge in the eastern South Pacific and a low-pressure center in northern Argentina are important surface characteristics during the WDS. A more detailed investigation of two specific WDS events, a strong event (August–September 1999) and a moderate one (June 2002), shows a blocking-like situation in the 500-hPa geopotential and surface pressure fields in the Pacific. The South Atlantic subtropical high somewhat approaches the continent. Strong northerlies over the central and eastern parts of Brazil are also observed in the lower troposphere. During WDS the regional circulation acquires summertime characteristics, except for the absence of precipitation, and the circulation in the meridional plane is in the opposite sense from the Hadley circulation. A frontal system, supported by a 500-hPa trough, advances into central Brazil, causing the dissipation of the anomalous situation.
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Funk, Chris C., and Andrew Hoell. "The Leading Mode of Observed and CMIP5 ENSO-Residual Sea Surface Temperatures and Associated Changes in Indo-Pacific Climate*." Journal of Climate 28, no. 11 (May 27, 2015): 4309–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00334.1.
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Abstract SSTs in the western Pacific Ocean have tracked closely with CMIP5 simulations despite recent hiatus cooling in the eastern Pacific. This paper quantifies these similarities and associated circulation and precipitation variations using the first global 1900–2012 ENSO-residual empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of 35 variables: observed SSTs; 28 CMIP5 SST simulations; Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) 25-, 70-, and 171-m ocean temperatures and sea surface heights (SSHs); and Twentieth Century Reanalysis, version 2 (20CRv2), surface winds and precipitation. While estimated independently, these leading EOFs across all variables fit together in a meaningful way, and the authors refer to them jointly as the west Pacific warming mode (WPWM). WPWM SST EOFs correspond closely in space and time. Their spatial patterns form a “western V” extending from the Maritime Continent into the extratropical Pacific. Their temporal principal components (PCs) have increased rapidly since 1990; this increase has been primarily due to radiative forcing and not natural decadal variability. WPWM circulation changes appear consistent with a Matsuno–Gill-like atmospheric response associated with an ocean–atmosphere dipole structure contrasting increased (decreased) western (eastern) Pacific precipitation, SSHs, and ocean temperatures. These changes have enhanced the Walker circulation and modulated weather on a global scale. An AGCM experiment and the WPWM of global boreal spring precipitation indicate significant drying across parts of East Africa, the Middle East, the southwestern United States, southern South America, and Asia. Changes in the WPWM have tracked closely with precipitation and the increase in drought frequency over the semiarid and water-insecure areas of East Africa, the Middle East, and southwest Asia.
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Hazra, Abheera, and V. Krishnamurthy. "Space–Time Structure of Diabatic Heating in Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillation." Journal of Climate 28, no. 6 (March 13, 2015): 2234–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00280.1.
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Abstract The space–time structure of the leading monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) in three-dimensional diabatic heating is studied. Using the ERA-Interim data of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, the diabatic heating data were constructed by the residual method of the thermodynamic equation. The MISO was extracted by applying multichannel singular spectrum analysis on the daily anomalies of three-dimensional diabatic heating over the South Asian monsoon region for the period 1979–2011.The diabatic heating MISO has a period of 45 days, and exhibits eastward propagation in the equatorial Indian and Pacific Oceans and northward propagation over the entire monsoon region. The horizontal structure shows a long tilted band of heating anomalies propagating northeastward. The period, horizontal pattern, and propagation properties of the diabatic heating MISO are similar to those found in precipitation, outgoing longwave radiation, and circulation in earlier studies. The vertical structure of the diabatic heating MISO indicates deep columns, with maximum values at about 450 hPa, propagating northeastward. The vertical structure of the heating anomalies has good correspondence with that of the moisture anomalies but with a phase difference. The moisture anomalies lead the heating anomalies and may provide a preconditioning process for the propagation mechanism. The temperature anomalies also show oscillatory behavior corresponding to the diabatic heating MISO but the phase difference between the two varies from region to region.
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Bourgain, P., J. C. Gascard, J. Shi, and J. Zhao. "Large-scale temperature and salinity changes in the upper Canadian basin of the Arctic Ocean at a time of a drastic Arctic Oscillation inversion." Ocean Science Discussions 9, no. 3 (May 10, 2012): 2001–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-9-2001-2012.
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Abstract. Between 2008 and 2010, the Arctic Oscillation index over Arctic regions shifted from positive values corresponding to more cyclonic conditions prevailing during IPY period (2007–2008) to extremely negative values corresponding to strong anticyclonic conditions in 2010. In this context, we investigated the recent large scale evolution of the upper Western Arctic Ocean based on temperature and salinity summertime observations collected during icebreaker campaigns and from Ice-Tethered Platforms (ITP) drifting across the region in 2008 and 2010. Particularly, we focused on (1) the freshwater content which was extensively studied during previous years, (2) the Near Surface Temperature Maximum due to incoming solar radiation and (3) the water masses advected from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans into the deep Arctic Ocean. The observations revealed a freshwater content change in the Canadian basin during this time period. South of 80° N, the freshwater content increased, while north of 80° N, less freshening occurred in 2010 compared to 2008. This was more likely due to the strong anticyclonicity characteristic of a low AO index mode that enhanced both a wind-generated Ekman pumping in the Beaufort Gyre and a diversion of the Siberian rivers runoff toward the Eurasian basin at the same time. The Near Surface Temperature Maximum due to incoming solar radiation was almost 1 °C colder in the Southern Canada basin (south of 75° N) in 2010 compared to 2008 which contrasted with the positive trend observed during previous years. This was more likely due to higher summer sea ice concentration in 2010 compared to 2008 in that region, and surface albedo feedback reflecting more sun radiation back in space. The Pacific waters were also subjected to strong spatial and temporal variability between 2008 and 2010. In the Canada basin, both Summer and Winter Pacific waters influence increased between 75° N and 80° N. This was more likely due to a strong recirculation within the Beaufort Gyre. In contrast, south of 75° N, the PaW influence decreased indicative of the fact that they were not responsible for the freshening already mentioned, due to other sources. In addition, in the vicinity of the Chukchi Sea, both Summer and Winter Pacific waters were significantly warmer in 2010 than in 2008 as a consequence of a general warming trend of the Pacific waters entering in the deep Arctic Ocean since 2008. Finally, the warm Atlantic water remained relatively stable between 2008 and 2010 in the Canadian basin despite strong atmospheric shift, probably because of large time lag response. Atlantic water variability resulting from the presence of a warm "pulse-like" event in this region since 2005 was still noticeable even if a cooling effect was observed at a rate of 0.015 °C yr−1 between 2008 and 2010 in that region.
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Taschetto, A. S., and I. Wainer. "The impact of the subtropical South Atlantic SST on South American precipitation." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 11 (November 10, 2008): 3457–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-3457-2008.
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Abstract. The Community Climate Model (CCM3) from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is used to investigate the effect of the South Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on interannual to decadal variability of South American precipitation. Two ensembles composed of multidecadal simulations forced with monthly SST data from the Hadley Centre for the period 1949 to 2001 are analysed. A statistical treatment based on signal-to-noise ratio and Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) is applied to the ensembles in order to reduce the internal variability among the integrations. The ensemble treatment shows a spatial and temporal dependence of reproducibility. High degree of reproducibility is found in the tropics while the extratropics is apparently less reproducible. Austral autumn (MAM) and spring (SON) precipitation appears to be more reproducible over the South America-South Atlantic region than the summer (DJF) and winter (JJA) rainfall. While the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) region is dominated by external variance, the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) over South America is predominantly determined by internal variance, which makes it a difficult phenomenon to predict. Alternatively, the SACZ over western South Atlantic appears to be more sensitive to the subtropical SST anomalies than over the continent. An attempt is made to separate the atmospheric response forced by the South Atlantic SST anomalies from that associated with the El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Results show that both the South Atlantic and Pacific SSTs modulate the intensity and position of the SACZ during DJF. Particularly, the subtropical South Atlantic SSTs are more important than ENSO in determining the position of the SACZ over the southeast Brazilian coast during DJF. On the other hand, the ENSO signal seems to influence the intensity of the SACZ not only in DJF but especially its oceanic branch during MAM. Both local and remote influences, however, are confounded by the large internal variance in the region. During MAM and JJA, the South Atlantic SST anomalies affect the magnitude and the meridional displacement of the ITCZ. In JJA, the ENSO has relatively little influence on the interannual variability of the simulated rainfall. During SON, however, the ENSO seems to counteract the effect of the subtropical South Atlantic SST variations on convection over South America.
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Yaremchuk, Max, Julian McCreary, Zuojun Yu, and Ryo Furue. "The South China Sea Throughflow Retrieved from Climatological Data*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 753–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3955.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The salinity distribution in the South China Sea (SCS) has a pronounced subsurface maximum from 150–220 m throughout the year. This feature can only be maintained by the existence of a mean flow through the SCS, consisting of a net inflow of salty North Pacific tropical water through the Luzon Strait and outflow through the Mindoro, Karimata, and Taiwan Straits. Using an inverse modeling approach, the authors show that the magnitude and space–time variations of the SCS thermohaline structure, particularly for the salinity maximum, allow a quantitative estimate of the SCS throughflow and its distribution among the three outflow straits. Results from the inversion are compared with available observations and output from a 50-yr simulation of a highly resolved ocean general circulation model. The annual-mean Luzon Strait transport is found to be 2.4 ± 0.6 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). This inflow is balanced by the outflows from the Karimata (0.3 ± 0.5 Sv), Mindoro (1.5 ± 0.4), and Taiwan (0.6 ± 0.5 Sv) Straits. Results of the inversion suggest that the Karimata transport tends to be overestimated in numerical models. The Mindoro Strait provides the only passage from the SCS deeper than 100 m, and half of the SCS throughflow (1.2 ± 0.3 Sv) exits the basin below 100 m in the Mindoro Strait, a result that is consistent with a climatological run of a 0.1° global ocean general circulation model.