Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'South Island'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: South Island.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'South Island.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Mojzisek, Jan, and n/a. "Precipitation variability in the South Island of New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Geography, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070503.151144.
Full textAbstract:
Precipitation is one of the atmospheric variables that characterize the climate of a region. The South Island of New Zealand (SI of NZ) has an unusually large number of distinct regional climates and its climatic diversity includes the coldest, wettest, driest and windiest places in New Zealand. This thesis focuses on identifying precipitation trends and rainfall fluctuations for the SI of NZ.
First, homogeneity of 184 precipitation series is assessed with the combination of three homogeneity tests (Standard Normal Homogeneity Test, Easterling & Peterson test, Vincent�s Multiple Linear Regression). More than 60% of tested time series are found to contain at least one inhomogeneity. About 50% of the inhomogeneities can be traced to information in the station history files with nearly 25% of all inhomogeneities caused by the relocation of the precipitation gauge.
Five coherent precipitation regions are defined by the Principal Component Analysis. The objective of identifying the periods of water deficit and surplus in spatial and temporal domains is achieved by using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The SPI series (for 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 months time scales) are calculated for each region and used for analysis of dry and wet periods. Clear differences in the frequency, length and intensity of droughts and wet periods were found between individual regions. There is a positive (i.e. increase in wet periods) trend in SPI time series for the North, Westland and Southland regions during the 1921-2003 period at all times scales, and a negative trend for Canterbury during the same period. The results show longer wet periods than dry periods at all time scales.
Extreme heavy precipitation, which causes floods, is the most common type of natural disaster accounting for about 40% of all natural disasters worldwide. A set of ten extreme indices is calculated for 51 stations throughout the South Island for the period 1951-2003. The west-east division is found to be the dominant feature of extreme precipitation trends for all extreme indices with more frequent and more intense extreme precipitation in the west/southwest and with a declining trend in the east. The significant decrease in extreme precipitation frequency was detected in Canterbury with 3 days less of precipitation above the long-term 95th percentile by 2003 as compared to 1951.
The variability of precipitation, expressed by the SPI, is correlated with local New Zealand atmospheric circulation indices and large-scale teleconnections. The precipitation variability in the South Island is governed largely by the local circulation characteristics, mainly the strength and position of the westerly flow. The increase in precipitation in the West and SouthEast is associated with enhanced westerlies. The correlations between New Zealand�s circulation indices and regional SPI are seasonally robust. The SouthEast region exhibits a strong relationship with the Southern Oscillation Index on seasonal and annual time scales,and with Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation at the decadal scale. The predictability of seasonal precipitation one season ahead is very limited.
2
Bourne, Stephen James. "Distributed deformation of the South Island of New Zealand." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360205.
Full text
3
Plagmann, Manfred. "Mesospheric winds above the South Island of New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6097.
Full textAbstract:
This project involved the comparison of horizontal winds from three different techniques in the upper mesosphere, lower thermosphere region at 80-105 km and the characterization of the ability of the Fabry-Perot technique to observe gravity waves in the airlow layers. The wind measurements for the comparison were obtained by three independent ground-based techniques, a meteor radar (MR), a medium frequency radar (MF) and an optical Fabry-Perot spectrometer (FPS). All three instruments are located on the South Island of New Zealand.
The optical winds were derived from night-time observations of the Doppler shifts in the mesospheric 840 nm hydroxyl emission near 87 km and the lower thermospheric 557.7 nm atomic oxygen emission at about 95 km height. The radar winds were obtained using a partial reflection medium frequency radar operating at 2.4 MHz and a meteor radar operating at 26.2 MHz with a pulse repetion rate of 379 Hz.
The initial comparisons were made for 5 consecutive nights during May 1997. As a consequence of the results obtained the comparison of the FPS/MR combination were extended to 80 nights in the period encompassing May 1997 to April 1995. Dates considered suitable were those exhibiting no cloud and low magnetic activity.
A very good correlation was observed between the FPS and MR winds for the 5 consecutive days and, albeit to a lesser degree, in the complete data set of 80 days. The good correlation between the FPS and the MR was used to determine the monthly mean height of the hydroxyl and the atomic oxygen layer over the period between May 1997 to April 1995. The result shows an annual variation in the height of the hydroxyl layer with the lower height during early summer and little variation in the height of the atomic oxygen layer.
The study of the detectability of the gravity waves in the FPS wind measurements reveals that waves from the part of the gravity wave spectrum which shows the most activity can only, if at all, be detected with a strongly attenuated amplitude. With knowledge of the gravity wave detect ability of the FPS, signatures of very long wavelength gravity waves were sought in the available data set. On many nights signatures of wave activity which could be related to gravity waves were found. The attempt to use the MR data set to aid in the determination of the wavelength of those waves was of limited success.
4
Solani, Noel Lungile Zwelidumile. "Memory and representation: Robben Island Museum 1997-1999." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2000. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=init_9418_1178281992.
Full textAbstract:
The notion of what constitutes a nation has been a subject of many debates. The nation, like individual is the culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice and devotion. The post aprtheid project of reconciliation in South Africa is part of this desire to live together as citizens of one country irrespective of past differences. This desire transforms itself to cultural institutions like museums or rather cultural institutions represents this desire in a more systematic way in the post apartheid South Africa as they seek to transform.
5
Ebbett, R. L. "The ecology of lowland totara in South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Forestry, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4833.
Full textAbstract:
Historically, lowland totara was a common forest tree throughout much of lowland
New Zealand but is now confined to small, mainly protected, areas usually as the
dominant species in mixed podocarp forest with matai and kahikatea. Lowland
podocarp forest has suffered the most extensive reduction of all New Zealand
forest types, with only circa 1% of the original forest cover remaining. The lowland
totara dominated stands remaining therefore represent an highly fragmented
population with relatively few individuals, making the collection of large data sets
difficult. Sample sizes are small in some stands due to the limited area of to tara
dominated forest (circa 1 hectare).
The present study aims to describe the natural extent of lowland totara forest,
document its reduction and current status, and to provide for the long-term
survival of this species in the now fragmented forest environment.
Literature relating to the ecology of Podocarpus totara is reviewed with respect to
vegetative morphology and growth, reproductive biology, timber properties and·
utilisation, and population dynamics. The ecological niche of lowland totara is
defined, examining site characteristics and soil type. The distribution of lowland
totara dominated stands is a function of several interlinked site characteristics such
as climate, landform, drainage, disturbance regime, soil type, and altitude.
Lowland totara appears to be confined to semi-fertile or fertile soils which are the
result of landform and disturbance e.g. flood events on a river plain.
Stand descriptions identify lowland totara forest as ranging from pure totara, to
totara - matai, to totara - matai - kahikatea, to dense mixedpodocarps. The relative
proportions of totara, matai, and kahikatea appear to be due to edaphic features
such as fertility and drainage. In dense mixed podocarp forest, totara is confined in
small populations to optimal sites such as terraces and ridges.
The podocarps have differing nutrient, light, and disturbance regime requirements
and these factors work together to partition the environment into optimal areas for
the regeneration and persistence of each species. Totara dominated stands require
high light to initiate and capture a high fertility site, and relatively free-draining
ABSTRACT 3
fertile soils to remain dominant. Sub-optimal totara sites will see the dominance of
other species such as rimu. Totara and kahlkatea dominate in catastrophically
disturbed areas, miro responds to medium levels of disturbance such as tree fall,
and rimu dominates in areas subject to continual disturbance such as canopy
collapse.
Regeneration of lowland totara dominated forest is seen to be a consequence of
seedling dispersal to preferred microsites, and disturbance history. The broad scale
forest pattern is detennined by the level of disturbance and the finer scale pattern
of tree distribution is a result of light levels, parent and perch trees, and edaphic
properties. There is no evidence that totara dominated stands are older than first
generation, indicating that periodic catastrophic regeneration is required to reinitiate
stands. The alteration of the natural disturbance regime by humans may
pose problems for the future of lowland totara.
There is no evidence that totara forest regenerates under a senescing totara canopy.
Presently protected areas are therefore likely to undergo floristic composition
change away from totara/matai/kahlkatea in the absence of disturbance. A
landscape management plan is proposed as a mechanism for appropriate land use
using ecological principles at catchment scale and to provide adequate areas for the
long-term survival of totara dominated forest in a fragmented landscape.
New Zealand's natural environment has been radically altered with the invasion of
humans, introduced weeds and pests, and alteration of the natural disturbance
regime. Restoration and revegetation are therefore options for the future survival of
lowland totara in a fragmented landscape. Silvicultural plantations can provide
timber (to tara heartwood being highly prized), income, and seed sources for
regeneration. Land values such as water and soil quality will also benefit from
artificial plantations. Stand spacing and age structure is described and can be used
in the future when revegetation projects have the aim of approximating natural
stands.
6
Randall, Paul M. "Pollen dispersal across the Southern Alps, South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Botany, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6812.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this research was to improve the understanding of modern pollen deposition in central South Island in order to interpret Quaternary pollen profiles. This was accomplished by examining the results from a chain of pollen traps (exposed for one year), moss polsters collected along a transect from Westland across the Southern Alps to Canterbury (with and without addition of exotic spores to facilitate 'absolute' counting) and three short peat monoliths. The role of topography, vegetation type and weather patterns were also briefly assessed. The results were analysed by means of principal components and cluster analyses to identify the respective contribution of different pollen taxa. The conclusions are: 1. Trap and polster results are broadly comparable. 2. With exceptions, caused by local effects such as fire and contributions by adjacent vegetation and taxa introduced since 1850, the monolith profiles show little change over the period studied. 3. Forest sites in Westland were dominated by pollen of local podocarps (Dacrydium cupressinum, Prumnopitys) and broadleaved angiosperm species (Metrosidieros, Quintinia, Weinmannia). Nothofagus fusca type pollen dominates within the beech forest areas, but drops to about 10% a short distance from the forest edge. Poaceae pollen shows low frequencies in forested sites, but dominates in grass/scrubland areas. 4. Sites above the treeline on the Main Divide shows proportionately high counts of exogenous Podocarpaceae pollen. However, the high counts involve no 'real' increase in regional deposition.
7
Kaustrater, Maria Elisabeth. "Maori and Pakeha : the quest for identity in Aotearoa/New Zealand." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248006.
Full text
8
Didier, Brian John. "The scars of piety : Islam and the dynamics of religious dispute on Androth Island, South India." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273405.
Full text
9
Fransner, Oscar. "Geophysical Mapping around Björkö Island in Lake Mälaren, South central Sweden." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för geologiska vetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-90529.
Full textAbstract:
The former Viking settlement Birka is located on Björkö Island in Lake Mälaren, the third largest lake in Sweden. Birka is a well-known archeological site that onshore has been carefully examined. The lake floor of the waters surrounding the island has been less investigated but has a great potential to host not yet discovered archeological objects from this former hub for seafarers. Therefore, a geophysical survey including multibeam sonar mapping and subbottom profiling was carried out mainly along the shores of western Björkö Island. Processing and analysis of these collected data form the basis of this thesis. The main aims of this study are to produce a suite of geological maps and stratigraphic profiles that are used to geologically interpret the uppermost sediment stratigraphy and the bathymetry of the area. In addition, the processed data are investigated for archeological objects. The result shows that the acoustic records of the sediment stratigraphy reaches back to glacial clay formed as a consequence of the retreat of the Late Weichselian ice sheet, and that the uppermost sediment units probably are from the time after the isolation of Lake Mälaren from the Baltic Sea. The bathymetry and backscatter results have revealed that this relatively shallow study area contains several objects that potentially could be of interest from an archeological point of view. These objects include several unidentified objects in the Björkö strait and two unregistered shipwrecks where ground truthing data need to be collected to determine their respective origin.
10
Stephenson, Wayne J. "Development of shore platforms on Kaikoura Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4383.
Full textAbstract:
Shore platforms on the Kaikoura Peninsula have been examined to determine the roles of marine and sub aerial weathering processes in platform evolution. Erosion was measured to assess rates of development and processes of erosion. Lowering rates on platforms are presented from two years of monitoring using a traversing micro-erosion meter. Cliff retreats were calculated using aerial photographic interpretation. Marine processes were investigated by using deep water wave data, by measuring waves on shore platforms and by analysing measured tidal data. Weathering processes were investigated using tidal data, climate data, the Schmidt Hammer test, and a laboratory experiment on wetting and drying.
Lowering rates over two years ranged from 0.07 to19.80mm, and annual rates ranged from 0.154 to 9.194mm/yr. Rates of erosion varied with lithology and the type of platform. Erosion on Type A mudstone platforms was 1.98mm/yr; on Type B mudstone platforms erosion was 0.733mm/yr; and on limestone platforms it was 0.88mm/yr. The grand mean lowering rate for all shore platforms was 1.13mm/yr. These rates fall in the middle of the range of published rates from previous studies at Kaikoura and at locations around the world. For the first time, erosion data from a traversing micro-erosion meter were presented as volumes of material eroded. The total volume of rock eroded from study sites having, each with an area of 45.4cm2 , ranged from 1.20 to 92.50cm3. A significant finding was that rock surfaces swell up as indicated by a rise in surface level rather than lowering from erosion. The maximum measured swelling was 8.90mm. At some measurement sites as much as 90 per cent of measurements showed swelling over a period of 98 days. Values for erosion and swelling were higher during summer months. Both erosion and swelling were shown to be statistically related to season, suggesting that weathering is the group of processes causing both erosion and swelling. Summer provides better conditions for wetting and drying, which is thought to be the most important weathering process on shore platforms. Horizontal retreat rates were calculated over 52 years for cliffs, beaches and lagoon deposits backing shore platforms at Kaikoura, these ranged from 0.05 to 0.91m/yr.
Investigation of marine processes showed that the deep water wave environment off the Kaikoura Peninsula is very energetic, but the amount of wave energy delivered to platforms is very low. A comparison of deep water wave energy flux with wave energy flux at the landward cliff of platforms, showed that there was a reduction by as much as five orders of magnitude. An analysis of the role of breaking waves revealed that these were ineffective as an erosional agent because the depth of water offshore causes breaking well before waves arrive on platform surfaces. Shear stresses and dynamic forces under waves were calculated from waves measured on shore platforms. This showed that these forces never exceeded the compressive strength the platform rocks at Kaikoura. It was concluded that wave forces are not directly capable of causing erosion.
Evidence of weathering on shore platforms came from a number of distinctive surface morphologies on platforms: honeycombs, salt crystal growths, water layer weathering; and slaking. Schmidt Hammer test data showed: firstly, that weathering had occurred; and secondly, that rock strength was reduced through weathering by as much as 50 per cent. Weathering processes on shore platforms rely on repeated wetting and drying, and for this reason the number of wetting and drying cycles was estimated. The number of cycles ranged from 104 to 379 per year, the variation was due to tidal influences and the growth of algae during winter months. At elevations low in the tide range fewer cycles occurred; the greatest number occurring between the peaks of spring and neap tides, where rainfall adds to the number. Most cycles were estimated to occur between 0.6 and 0.9m above mean sea level on the more landward margins of platforms. It was at these elevations and locations that the highest rates of erosion were measured. Laboratory experiments on wetting and drying showed that only one cycle was needed to cause erosion.
Waves were shown not to cause erosion, while sub aerial weathering does. Statistical analysis showed significant relationships between erosion, and wetting and drying and elevation. Based on these results it was concluded that the development of shore platforms at Kaikoura relies on weathering resulting from repeated wetting and drying. This is contrary to recent work which proposed that shore platforms result from marine erosion. Published mathematical models of shore platform development were found to be invalid at Kaikoura, because they were designed on the assumption that platforms are indeed wave cut features. This assumption is incorrect for shore platform development at Kaikoura. An empirical model is presented to explain platform evolution and the differences in platform morphology. A separation between platform types is presented based on the ability of weathering to cause erosion and on compressive strength. This is contrary to a published demarcation between types based on the erosive force of waves and on compressive strength. The type of equilibrium that platforms tend towards is considered. It is proposed that there are two ways to consider equilibrium. First, platforms may be lowered to an as-yet-unidentified elevation; this was viewed as being a static form of equilibrium. Secondly, platforms may continuously widen because weathering is an ongoing process. It was proposed that there is no equilibrium width for shore platforms.
11
Rose, Robert Vaughan. "Quaternary geology and stratigraphy of North Westland, South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6474.
Full textAbstract:
Infrared stimulated luminescence ages are presented from the North Westland
region, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand. These ages span much of the
last interglacial-glacial cycle from 123.3 ± 12.7 ka to 33.6 ± 3.6 ka. Coverage
is extended to c. 14 ka via cosmogenic isotope dating.
A new Quaternary stratigraphy and Marine Isotope Stage correlation is
proposed for the on-shore glacial-interglacial fluvioglacial, fluvial and marine
terrace sequence. The new model incorporates previously published
luminescence and radiocarbon ages. It necessitates reinterpretation of the
evolution of the climate in North Westland for the period from 123 ka to 14
ka. Reinterpretation of fossil pollen and plant macrofossil records implies a
period of probable near-interglacial climate in North Westland during the
early to middle portion of Marine Isotope Stage 3. It also implies the
presence in North Westland of raised marine terraces dating from this Isotope
Stage.
In addition it is concluded that during the period from c.60 ka to c.50 ka
podocarp dominated forest was widespread in the lowland portion of
Westland. Between Okarito and Westport Dacrydium cupressinum and
Nestegis were ubiquitous components of this forest. This finding aligns the
Marine Isotope Stage 3 climate of North Westland nicely with that of other
parts of New Zealand where good records exist for this period.
12
Prior, D. J. "Deformation processes in the Alpine Fault mylonites, South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384072.
Full text
13
Endicott, Phillip. "Ancient DNA and human population genetics in island South East Asia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670170.
Full text
14
Menzies, Catriona Dorothy. "Fluid flow associated with the Alpine Fault, South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/351800/.
Full text
15
Sandberg, Rory Nimmo. "The response of biological communities to natural and anthropogenic habitat fragmentation in South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95460.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Habitat fragmentation through the loss and modification of natural ecosystems poses a serious threat to biodiversity globally. Mechanisms and ecological implications of fragmentation have been extensively studied, yet new and meaningful insights continue to be produced. The highly diverse and ecologically complex fynbos shrubland communities that occur in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa are amongst the most threatened by habitat fragmentation by urban, agricultural and silvicultural land uses and to the spread of invasive alien plants. Fynbos vegetation communities are fire-adapted and exploit the post-fire regeneration niche. Natural stochasticity in the fire regime means that these communities are temporally unstable; a factor that allows for the coexistence of such extreme diversity. Few studies have attempted to assess the influence of habitat fragmentation on this stochasticity, or to investigate the response of biological communities to the conditions that result. It is unknown whether this temporal instability will lead to delayed extinctions in fragmented communities, thus generating extinction debt. South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos occurs as a unique landscape mosaic of both insular and extensive habitats, suited to study through an island biogeography framework. Vegetation community stability was assessed through the comparison of historic and recent data sets. The responses of local vegetation and avifaunal communities to habitat fragmentation were assessed and compared on the basis of their differing motility. The unique habitat configurations also allowed for the investigation of extinction debt in the local communities and provided an opportunity to assess the influence of the surrounding matrix on species persistence and on connectivity in the artificial fragments. Data were analysed through simple regression analyses, modified Chi-squared tests and through ordination analyses. Ultimately the value of the artificial habitat fragments for the conservation of biological communities was assessed. Stability was observed in the vegetation species-area relationship for the natural islands and the mainland sites over twenty-two years. Smaller islands were found to receive fewer fires than large islands and the mainland. This consistently over-extended fire-return interval reduces the stochasticity of the local fire regime causing stable yet depauperate vegetation communities to result. Vegetation communities in the artificial fragments were found to hold area-related extinction debt, possibly due to the relatively long-term demographic turnover that typically occurs in fynbos. Avifaunal communities varied in their response to fragmentation relative to the vegetation. Birds – being motile – were found to be unaffected by isolation distance or surrounding matrix type – their response due more to changes experienced in the vegetation community than to geographic constraints. Fynbos-typical birds responded to the post-fire age of vegetation. Frugivorous birds and the matrix-habitat edge were identified as sources of alien and non-fynbos plant species that colonise the artificial fragments, potentially reducing the quality of these habitats for avifauna. Fragmented communities of South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos have the potential to function as biological reserves. This potential can be realised through the implementation of a fire regime that acknowledges the stochasticity required by the vegetation, the frequency required by the vegetation and the avifauna, and the practicality required by surrounding anthropogenic land-uses.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Habitat-fragmentering, deur die verlies en verandering van natuurlike ekosisteme, hou 'n ernstige bedreiging in vir biodiversiteit wêreldwyd. Meganismes en ekologiese implikasies van die fragmentering is al breedvoerig bestudeer, maar nuwe en betekenisvolle insigte word voortaan vervaardig. Die hoogs diverse en ekologies komplekse fynbos-struikveld gemeenskappe wat in die Kaapse Floristiese Streek van Suid-Afrika voorkom, word meeste bedreig deur habitat-fragmentering deur verstedeliking, landbou en houtteeltkundige grondgebruike en die verspreiding van indringerplante. Fynbos gemeenskappe is aangepas tot vuur en die uitbuiting van post- vuur herlewing nis. Natuurlike stogastisiteit in die vuur-bedeling beteken dat hierdie gemeenskappe tydelik onstabiel word, 'n faktor wat die mede-bestaan van uiterste diversiteit moontlik maak. Min studies het al die invloed van habitat-fragmentering op hierdie stogastisiteit ondersoek, of die reaksie van biologiese-gemeenskappe tot die voortspruitende omstandighede. Dit is onbekend of die tydelike onstabiliteit sal lei tot vertraagde uitsterwing in gefragmenteerde gemeenskappe, dus genereer uitsterwings-skuld. Suid Outeniqua Sandsteen Fynbos kom as 'n unieke landskap mosaïek van beide die eilande en uitgebreide habitatte voor, geskik om deur 'n eiland biogeografie raamwerk bestudeer te word. Plant-gemeenskappe se stabiliteit is bestudeer deur die vergelyking van historiese en onlangse data stelle. Die reaksies van die plaaslike plantegroei en voëllewe gemeenskappe tot hul habitat is bestudeer en vergelyk op grond van hul verskillende beweeglikheid. Die unieke habitat konfigurasies het ook toegelaat vir die ondersoek van uitsterwings-skuld in die plaaslike gemeenskappe en 'n geleentheid gebied om die invloed van die omliggende habitat-matriks op spesies volharding en op konneksie in die kunsmatige fragmente te bepaal. Die data is ontleed deur middel van eenvoudige regressie analises, aangepasde Chi -kwadraat toetse en deur koördinerings ontledings. Ten einde die waarde van die kunsmatige habitat fragmente vir die bewaring van biologiese gemeenskappe te bepaal. Stabiliteit in die plantspesies-area verhouding vir die natuurlike eilande en die vasteland van webwerwe oor twee en twintig jaar was waargeneem. Kleiner eilande het minder brande aangeneem as groot eilande en die vasteland. Hierdie herhaalde oor-uitbrei over-extended vuur-interval het die stogastisiteit verminder van die plaaslike vuur-bedeling wat stabiele tog spesie-arme plantegroei gemeenskappe veroorsaak het. Plantegroei gemeenskappe in die kunsmatige fragmente is bevind om spesie- area -verhouding uitsterwings-skuld te bevat, moontlik as gevolg van die relatiewe lang termyn demografiese omset wat tipies voorkom in fynbos. Voëllewe gemeenskappe het gewissel in hul reaksie tot die fragmentering relatief tot die plantegroei. Voëls – weens hul beweeglikheid – blyk om nie beinvloed te word deur isolasie afstand of omliggende habitat-matriks tipe nie - hul reaksie blyk meer asgevolg van veranderinge wat ervaar word in die plantegroei gemeenskap as geografiese beperkinge. Fynbos-tipiese voëls reageer op die post- vuur ouderdom van plantegroei. Vrugte-etende voëls en die habitat-matriks rand is geïdentifiseer as bronne van uitheemse en nie-fynbos plantspesies wat die kunsmatige fragmente koloniseer, wat potensieel die kwaliteit van hierdie habitatte vir voëls verminder. Gefragmenteerde gemeenskappe van Suid Outeniqua Sandsteen Fynbos het die potensiaal om as biologiese reserwes te funksioneer. Hierdie potensiaal kan verwesenlik word deur die implementering van 'n vuur-bedeling wat erkenning verleen aan die stogastiesiteit vereis deur die plantegroei, die frekwensie wat deur die plantegroei en die voëllewe vereis word , en die praktiese vereistes van die omliggende menslike grondgebruike.
16
Ralph, Mark Shaun. "Aspects of the breeding biology of the African penguin on Bird Island, Algoa Bay." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/840.
Full textAbstract:
It is important to the survival of the Africa Penguin (Spheniscus demersus) population that breeding at the nest site is successful and that large numbers of chicks are fledged into the breeding population. Nest distribution on Bird Island is not random and locality preferences for breeding exist. Although it seems that sufficient area exists on Bird Island for penguin nests, it can hardly be considered as suitable to optimise breeding. During prolonged heat conditions, breeders relocated to nest sites that were sheltered. Nests that were below ground in burrows was the only habitat that did not suffer nest desertion whilst all the other habitat types (including those that were sheltered) experienced 2-3 fold declines in nest numbers. Nests density and the selection of suitable nest sites are significantly influenced by the stage of breeding that the majority of birds are in, yet nests that are shaded, well-ventilated and protected seem to be the most preferred sites for breeding. Adults that attempt to breed are considered then to be in a healthy condition and will usually lay a double clutch (Randell 1983). The frequency of double clutches being laid during the peak breeding attempt was significantly higher compared to the replacement one. Breeding failure was fairly similar to breeding success during the incubation stage for nests with double clutches however, was substantially higher in single clutches. The growth rate of chicks was best fit to the von Bertalanffy growth curve in 90 percent of the cases. The overall growth rate of chicks from double broods was faster than from single broods, however was not significant. A-chicks maitain a high growth rate until they fledged. Yet, the sibling B-chick recorded the lowest growth rate of the successfully fledged chicks and up to until day 30 recorded a similar weight to those chicks that failed to fledge. Contrary to findings of Randall (1983), chicks from single broods delayed fledging, recorded lowest overall growth rates and experienced the greatest weight loss of all groups, yet fledged successfully. In order for chicks to fledge successfully, they needed to obtain a weight of 1060 g before day 30.5 in their growth cycles to avoid death due to startvation later on. Single chicks that are raised from a double cluth, fledged more other than chicks raised from a single clutch. Unfit or ill-adapted breeders that are marginal in the capabilities of raising offspring, already manifest in a small clutch size and offspring unable to obtain adequate weights during the initial stages of growth.
17
Edwards, Rhys Ivor Brian. "The adaptive reuse of the former Thesen Island power station : a case study." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2540.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MTech (Architectural Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.In the developed Western world, the need to preserve buildings, including industrial buildings, is well established, and the many charters that exist for guidance for preservation of the built environment point to the necessity of preservation. It can be posited that many of South Africa buildings with industrial architectural heritage are being lost either through neglect, obsolescence, demolition or vandalisation. At an international conference, David Worth, the sole South African representative for the International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage (TICCIH), stated that South Africa‟s industrial heritage has been neglected by the public, by professionals and academics, and by commercial and political interests. Läuferts and Mavunganidze make the point that South Africa continues to lag behind other countries in the preservation of and declaration of its industrial heritage. The purpose of this research was to investigate if adaptive reuse is a successful strategy to preserve industrial architectural heritage in South Africa. A further aim was to investigate whether adaptive reuse can be considered sustainable or „green‟ (in terms of the UN‟s sustainable development goals)
18
Michel, Pascale, and n/a. "Habitat selection in translocated bird populations : the case study of Stewart Island robin and South Island saddleback in New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Zoology, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070118.143501.
Full textAbstract:
The choice of a place to live and reproduce is crucial for species� survival in providing them with adequate resources and shelter from predators or climatic conditions. Determining habitat suitability in endangered species is important for the success of translocation as a conservation tool. In addition, understanding mechanisms (source/sink system versus ecological traps) that drive habitat selection in translocated animals may be critical to population viability. In New Zealand, where ecosystems are highly vulnerable to extinction, habitat restoration on predator-free off-shore islands is an important recovery tool. Therefore, there is a need to understand the relationship between the establishment of the translocated populations and the characteristics of their new environment.
Previous research indicated that re-introduced populations of Stewart Island robin (Petroica australis rakiura - Toutouwai) and South Island saddleback (Philesternus carunculatus carunculatus - Tieke) on Ulva Island (Stewart Island), New Zealand, showed preferences for coastal habitats that were characterized by low-lying dense vegetation and open ground cover. In this study, we further investigated territorial establishment in these two populations since re-introduction and looked at how birds utilised the landscape. I hypothesised that sites colonised soon after re-introduction were of high quality and later on, birds moved into unsuitable habitats. I defined habitat quality at a micro-scale in terms of vegetation structure, nest characteristics and food availability. I modeled bird presence and nesting success in relation to habitat components to determine factors in the environment that influenced breeding site selection and contributed to successful nesting in these two species. I discussed results in comparison to similar bird-habitat models developed for the South Island saddleback population on Motuara Island (Marlborough Sounds) and examined explanatory variables in each model.
Translocated birds in the three studied populations first established territories in coastal scrub, and in the following years moved into larger coastal forest stands. Although vegetation structure was the primary variable explaining site selection in these populations, vegetation composition should still be considered important as it dictated the suitability of nesting substrate and the availability of food items. There was no evidence that first-colonised areas were more suitable habitats, and I concluded that these cases could not be used as examples of ecological traps. Instead, results suggested that with increased density robins and saddlebacks on Ulva have more recently settled in sites less suitable to nesting and foraging, thus underlying a source/sink structure. However, the sparse distribution of food items on Motuara contributed to a lack of territorial behavior and environmental effect on breeding success; therefore a source/sink system could not be confirmed in this population. I recommended that future translocation sites give preference to mixed-size stands with broadleaved species that are characterised by dense canopy below 4 m height and with suitable cavities in live trees. Lastly, due to robins� and saddlebacks� attraction to conspecifics and their territorial behavior, resources evenly distributed across the landscape could also increase their survival and reproductive success.
19
Green, David Bruce. "Foraging ecology of Cape Gannets (Morus Capensis) at Bird Island, Algoa Bay." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020790.
Full textAbstract:
The Cape gannet has undergone considerable population change and redistribution over the past 50 years. This has been linked to shifts in the abundance and distribution of their dominant prey, sardine and anchovy. Five breeding colonies, along the west coast of Southern Africa, have shown rapid population declines as a result of reduced prey availability. In contrast, a single colony (Bird Island, Algoa Bay) on the south coast of South Africa has, over the same period, grown fivefold and now supports approximately two thirds of the total population. Due to its conservation importance, and isolation from other breeding localities, it is important to assess the health of the Bird Island colony, and determine how foraging distribution relates to the environment to evaluate current measures of protection. This was achieved through two related studies; a long-term dietary analysis spanning 34 years, and a spatial foraging study, which related three years of tracking data to estimates of prey availability, oceanographic features and marine protected areas (MPAs). The results of the dietary study showed that the dietary constituents of Cape gannets breeding at Bird Island have remained similar over the last three decades, but the importance of sardine and anchovy has increased significantly. For sardine, in particular, this reflects an increased availability of this species (as deduced from hydroacoustic surveys) within the foraging range of the Bird Island colony. The dietary abundance of anchovy was found to be negatively correlated with that of sardine. Surprisingly,.the dietary abundance of anchovy was also negatively correlated with estimates of its availability based on acoustic surveys. The latter is likely to be due to sardine being a preferred prey item. Recent decreases in the dietary contribution of sardine (since 2005) suggest that this species is becoming less available to gannets, with profound implications in terms of nutrient gain associated with foraging. However, this has been mediated by an increase in the dietary contribution of anchovy, which now accounts for the vast majority of prey taken. Spatially, the foraging range of the Bird Island colony expanded during the three years of study, indicating an increase in effort. This increase was likely in an effort to track a distributional change of sardine and anchovy, which showed an apparent westward shift during the study period. There was, however, no evidence of birds tracking features associated with high productivity. This may have been partly due to anomalously warm conditions during the summer of 2012/2013, in which an absence of coastal upwelling prevented surface cooling. Nonetheless, low sea surface temperatures and high chlorophyll a concentrations do not seem to be reliable indicators of important Cape gannet foragingareas. Foraging effort was largely concentrated outside of MPAs, indicating that the current MPA network provides little protection for foraging gannets. This could change with the additional protection of the proposed Greater Addo Elephant National Park MPA expansion, as prey species are allowed to recover following the removal of fishing pressure. Overall, the colony appears to be in good condition as the diet is still dominated by live prey items, and the foraging range remains smaller than many of the colonies along the west coast. However, it is important that monitoring be continued, in particular with respect to changes in the availability of sardine and anchovy. Long-term shifts of these species out of the colony‘s foraging range could negatively influence the population in the future. This might be worsened by interspecific competition for prey resources. Considering the conservation importance of this population, maintenance of healthy prey stocks within the home range of breeding Cape gannets should be prioritised in order to prevent declines similar to those observed at west coast colonies.
20
Fehrenbacher, Fairlight Marie. "Predicting shoreline change due to nearshore dredging at Folly Island, South Carolina." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21527.
Full text
21
Cushen, Jason R. A., and n/a. "Images of the interior : landscape perceptions of the South Island high country." University of Otago. Department of Geography, 1997. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070530.151028.
Full textAbstract:
How individuals perceive their environment determines how they relate to and interact with it. This research takes a specific landscape, the South Island high country, and identifies and evaluates how it is perceived. It is evident that the way in which individuals perceive landscape reflects not only their physical enviroment, but their culture. Culture gains even greater importance in this process, when one considers the perceptions of community and society.
Landscape perception concerns how individuals view and interact with their environment. It is the initial step in developing opinions and positions on issues relating to a specfic area. Experience of, and participation are identified as crucial components of the perception process. Those who indicated they were actively involved in the high country were more likely to have richer and more acute perceptions of the area than those who were not so involved. The latter group tended to reflect the imagery of the media and other sources.
Current perceptions of the high country were found to be oriented around images of pastoral farming, wilderness experience, recreation and tourism activity. The location of the high country, as perceived by respondents, centred on the lakes district of inland Otago and South Canterbury. Where survey respondents resided was clearly of influence on their perceived high country.
While the perceived high country reflected much of the historical imagery, it also reflected socioeconomic change in the area. The move from pastoralism to recreation and tourism was apparent, as was resistance by the public to alienation of high country land through sale of Crown land to overseas interests and its use in Treaty settlements. There was general acceptance, especially amongst experts, that change in the area (lease reorganisation and economic activity in particular) will have an important impact on landuse and how the public perceives the high country.
The future of the high country is seen by lay-person and expert alike as lying with the expansion of tourism and recreation. This will see more people visiting and living in the area. All interviewees agreed that pastoral farming will play a decreasing role in the area and that a greater diversity of landuse and, in turn, perceptions of the high country will result from these shifts.
22
Wirtz, Peter D. "The quaternary geology of the American River area, Kangaroo Island, South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbw799.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (B. Sc.(Hons.))--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1995.Australian National Grid Reference Penneshaw Sheet (SI 53) 6246-I 1: 50 000. One col. folded map in pocket, inside back cover. Includes bibliographical references.
23
Millikan, Michael I. "The quaternary geology of the Pelican Lagoon area, Kangaroo Island, South Australia /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09S.B/09s.bm654.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (B. Sc.(Hons.))--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1995.Australian National Grid Reference Penneshaw Sheet (SI 53) 6426-I 1: 50 000. Includes bibliographical references.
24
Byrne, Amanda J. "Effects of population bottlenecks on the South Island robin, Petroica australis australis." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Zoology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6897.
Full textAbstract:
In New Zealand, birds and other endangered animals are routinely transferred to offshore islands for conservation purposes. Such transfers typically involve only a small number of individuals and thus the effects of a population bottleneck on the 'fitness' of these organisms is of great interest to conservation biologists. In 1973, two populations of the South Island robin, Petroica australis australis, were established on Motuara and Allports Islands from outbred populations on Nukuwaiata Island and Kaikoura, respectively. The effect of these population bottlenecks on fitness related traits in the South Island robin is the subject of this thesis.
Reproductive success is an important measure of individual fitness. I measured hatch rate, number of fledged young, and in some instances, number of young that reach independence. The inbred robin population on Motuara Island was found to have lower clutch size, fewer clutches per season, and lower hatching success compared to mainland outbred populations.
The study of fluctuating asymmetry has generated increased enthusiasm over the last few decades as a potential tool for examining the overall stability of a population. Numerous studies have found that individuals exhibiting a higher level of heterozygosity usually have lower fluctuating asymmetry. The results of my study provide no evidence to support this association. Thus, the application of fluctuating asymmetry measurements as an easily interpretable conservation tool may not be useful in all situations.
There are two main theories on how bird song might evolve in island populations. First, founder effects may constrain song structure and lead to a reduction in song variation. Second, weaker selective pressures for species-specific signals may lead to an increase in song variation. Song variation in the inbred robin population on Motuara Island seems to support the predictions of the second hypothesis. Since the initial transfer, robins on Motuara Island have increased their song variability.
Overall, the low hatching success obtained from the South Island robin population on Motuara Island shows that population bottlenecks have a detrimental effect on individual fitness in the robin. However, fluctuating asymmetry measures, which might provide a quick estimate of the 'health' of a population, offered no evidence of detrimental effects. Consequently, there is a need to examine more than one population parameter when drawing conclusions about the effects of population bottlenecks and inbreeding.
25
Anthony, Melissa K. "Ecology of streams contaminated by acid mine drainage, near Reefton, South Island." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Zoology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7025.
Full textAbstract:
Physico-chemical conditions of surface and hyporheic receiving waters were investigated in relation to invertebrate community structure, and epilithic algal production, at ten stream sites near Reefton, South Island. Physico-chemical conditions, benthic and hyporheic faunas and epilithic algal production were sampled over a 12 month period from March 1998 to February 1999. Stream water pH ranged from 2.9 (strongly mine-affected sites) to 7.1 (control sites) with acid mine drainage-affected streams also having little or no measurable alkalinity and high conductivity, reflecting high concentrations of metal ions. Concentrations of total iron and total dissolved aluminium were elevated at low pH.
All streams with pH > about 4.5, had similar species richness and densities of invertebrates. In terms of numbers of species and individuals, the Plecoptera was the best represented insect order, followed by Trichoptera and Diptera at these sites. However, below pH 4.5, where concentrations of Fe were> 0.8 mg L-¹ and A1 > 0.4 mg L-¹ reductions in species richness and abundance were found and faunas were numerically dominated by Diptera, mainly Chironomidae. The presence of crustaceans, arthropods generally considered to be intolerant of acidic conditions, at nine of the ten sites, including those affected by acid mine drainage is noteworthy and consistent with the theory that many New Zealand streams invertebrates tolerate a wide range of physico-chemical conditions. In the laboratory, three species of insect tolerated higher concentrations of iron and lower pH than would be predicted from field surveys.
Epilithic algal biomass was lowest at the most acidic sites (pH < 4.5) where metal
Concentrations were elevated and precipitates prevented the attachment of algae to solid surfaces and may have inhibited photosynthesis. The greater species richness of streams with pH > 4.5 reflects the greater diversity of habitats and food resources available, in addition to their more equable water chemistry.
Lastly, the chemistry of hyporheic water samples was very similar to that of surface waters and furthermore, surface sediment and hyporheic faunas had much in common. However, the diversity of the hyporheos was lower, and Crustacea, followed by Diptera and Plecoptera dominated at all hyporheic sites. The notable and distinguishing feature of the hyporheic faunas was the strong representation of harpacticoid copepods.
The findings of this study indicate that not only are many New Zealand stream invertebrates found in both hyporheic and surface sediments, but at least on the West Coast of the South Island, they are also tolerant of low pH and elevated concentrations of iron and aluminium.
26
Duller, Geoffrey Alastair Thomas. "Luminescence chronology of raised marine terraces, south-west North Island, New Zealand." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242769.
Full text
27
Jordan, Amanda Shrader. "Faith in Action: The First Citizenship School on Johns Island, South Carolina." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1964.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the first Citizenship School, its location, participants, and success. Johns Islanders, Esau Jenkins, Septima Clark, Myles Horton, Bernice Robinson, and the Highlander Folk School all collaborated to create this school. Why and how this success was reached is the main scope of this manuscript. Emphasis is also placed on the school's impact upon the modern Civil Rights Movement. Primary sources such as personal accounts, manuscripts, and archive collections were examined. Secondary sources were also researched for this manuscript. The conclusion reached from these sources is that faith was the driving force behind the success of the Citizenship School. The schools unlocked the chains of political, social, and economic disenfranchisement for Gullah Islanders and African Americans all over the South, greatly affecting the outcome of the Civil Rights Movement. African Americans, who had once been forced into second-class citizenship, now through faith and the vote, obtained first-class citizenship.
28
Jewell, Oliver Joseph David. "Foraging ecology of white sharks Carcharodon carcharias at Dyer Island, South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30926.
Full textAbstract:
Dyer Island is thought to host one of the most abundant populations of
white sharks on the planet; this is often credited to the large (55 – 60,000) Cape fur
seal colony at Geyser Rock. Yet relatively little work has ever been produced from
the area. This may be attributed to the harshness in its location as a study site, exposed
to wind and swell from west to east which limits research periods. This study
accounts for over 220 hrs of manual tracking at Dyer Island with a further 68 added
from the inshore shallow areas of the bay. Sharks focused their movements and
habitat use to reefs or channels that allowed access to Cape fur seals. Movement-
Based Kernel Estimates (MKDE) were used to compute home range estimates for
shark movements through and around the heterogeneous structures of Dyer Island and
Geyser Rock. Inshore two core areas were revealed, one being the major reef system
at Joubertsdam and the other at a kelp reef where the tracked shark had fed on a Cape
fur seal. At Dyer Island one core area was identified in a narrow channel, ‘Shark
Alley’, here a second tracked shark foraged for entire days within meters of rafting
Cape fur seals.
Rate of Movement (ROM) and Linearity (LI) of tracks were low during daytime and
movements were focused around areas such as Shark Alley or other areas close to the
seal colony before moving into deeper water or distant reefs with higher rates of ROM
and LI at night. If moonlight was strong foraging would take place to the south of
Geyser Rock but with higher ROM and LI than observed during the day. Foraging
patterns in this study contrast studies from other sites in South Africa and home range
and activity areas were comparatively much smaller than observed in Mossel Bay. It has been established that several known white sharks forage at Dyer Island and the
other studied aggregation sites, such differences in foraging would suggest that they
are able to adapt their foraging behaviour to suit the environment they are in; making
them site specific in their foraging ecology.
Both satellite and acoustic telemetry are revealing aggregation hotspots of white
sharks in South Africa. It is important that such information is used to assist the
recovery of the species which has been protected since 1991, yet is rarely considered
in planning of coastal developments.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Zoology and Entomology
MSc
Unrestricted
29
Cox, John. "The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Bow Island Formation, South-west Alberta." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1993. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU052782.
Full textAbstract:
Sediment of the Upper Albian Bow Island Formation in the subsurface of south-west Alberta were deposited in a foreland basin setting proximal to the western margin of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. The formation can be divided into three lithostratigraphic units based on wireline log and core data. The 'Lower' Bow Island Formation, which directly overlies Mannville Group sediments, is composed of numerous stacked, upward-coarsening, shelf-shoreface successions and ranges in thickness from 130 to 420 feet. The 'Middle' Bow Island Formation comprises 20 to 300 feet of coastal-plain sediments which are laterally equivalent to, and also overlie, the 'Lower' Bow Island Formation. 'Upper' Bow Island sediments range up to 102 feet in thickness. They are composed of marginal-marine deposits with occasional thick sandstone/conglomerate development. Facies analysis allows the formation to be divided into three facies associations corresponding to the three stratigraphic divisions. The Shelf-Shoreface Facies Association comprises the 'Lower' Bow Island Formation. Upward-coarsening successions consist of mudstones, sandy mudstones, muddy sandstones and variably-bedded sandstones with occasional bentonite beds. Such deposits are typical of a progradational, wave-dominated, shelf-shoreface setting. The Coastal-Plain Facies Association comprises the 'Middle' Bow Island Formation. Vari-coloured mudstones were laid down in a coastal floodplain environment and commonly exhibit pedogenic alteration. The mudstones are cut by sharp-based sandstones deposited in meandering fluvial channels and crevasse-splay environments. The Transgressive Facies Association comprises the 'Upper' Bow Island Formation and is sub-divided into three Complexes: the Estuarine Channel Complex; the Embayment Complex and the Shelf-Shoreface Complex.
30
Tongkaw, Aumnat. "Multi-perspective integration of ICT's into island schools in South-West Thailand." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/multiperspective-integration-of-icts-into-island-schools-in-southwest-thailand(62a9b1b1-7000-4dbd-9624-7cef012b82df).html.
Full textAbstract:
The major part of the island school groups in South-West Thailand is comprised of remote areas, which are under development and lack facilities and basic needs. Most people on the islands are poor Thai gypsies living in temporary shelters or small boats. They have distinctively different origins, cultures and languages. Developing the infrastructures in this area is a low priority on the government's list. Only a marginal percentage of the budget is being spent in the development of gypsy people, especially on their education. This has in turn become a major hurdle for the acceptance and implementation of the new Information Communication and Technology (ICT) in the island school's group sector. The schools generally have an inappropriate infrastructure, inadequate teachers and huge limitations in education resources. ICT implementation has been carried out by the Ministry Of Education (MOE) to assist in teaching, learning and school administration. In examining the ways in which ICT integration has been administered and used in island schools, the study investigated the roles of two different levels of the educational system: 1) The Satun Education Service Area (Satun ESA), located on the mainland; and 2) an island school group, located in the Andaman sea. The Linstone's Multiple Perspectives Model provided a framework for data collection and the organisation of results in a qualitative study. Data was collected by interviewing the Director of the Office of Satun Educational Service Area, the head teachers, teachers, parents and students in the island schools. Data from interviews, observations and documents was analysed using a template analysis approach (King, 2004). The findings of this study were interpreted in three dimensions: ICT benefits, ICT barriers and ICT sustainability. Sustainability is key to the effectiveness of a remote ICT project. Therefore, it is important to understand the concepts and categories associated with ICT project sustainability in rural areas. The categories of sustainability, including infrastructure, policies, politics, culture, management, human resources, co-operation and finance factors, need to be considered in the implementation of ICT projects in island schools or other projects in remote areas. The outcome of this study is a framework that clarifies the process of effective ICT implementation in the island context, which provides an additional valuable source of knowledge for local education policy makers in Thailand and other developing countries.
31
Mortimer, Elizabeth. "Phylogeny of Ameronothroidea in the south polar region and the phylogeography of selcted species on sub-antarctic Marion Island." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21744.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sub-Antarctic islands represent the only mid to high latitude terrestrial biomes in the Southern Hemisphere. These islands have various geological origins and histories, well-preserved terrestrial ecosystems and high levels of species endemism. In an attempt to understand the evolution and biogeography of terrestrial taxa in the South Polar Region, the first broad-scale molecular phylogeny was constructed for the unique terrestrial group, the ameronothroid mites (genus Halozetes (Oribatida)), collected from sub-Antarctic and Maritime Antarctic localities. Phylogenetic analyses based on a combined mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI)) and nuclear (histone-3 (H3)) sequence dataset indicated that the evolution of these mites were habitat specific (i.e. intertidal, supralittoral and terrestrial). Notwithstanding criticisms levelled against a molecular clock, the mites were evolutionary young (<10myo), contrary to their status as an ancient group predating Gondwana fragmentation. Biogeographic analyses indicated a complex pattern mainly sculpted by multiple independent dispersal events across the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone similar to previous findings for other marine and terrestrial taxa. Also, the molecular phylogeny displayed considerable discourse with contemporary taxonomy suggesting the need for taxonomic revisions and reassessment of morphological characters. Sub-Antarctic Marion Island, the larger of the two islands comprising the Prince Edward Island archipelago (PEI), has experienced extensive glaciation and volcanism. To assess the impact of historical events (volcanism (including recent eruptions) and glaciation) and contemporary mechanisms (gene flow) on the genetic spatial distribution of species from Marion Island, two mite species namely Eupodes minutus (Prostigmata) and Halozetes fulvus (Oribatida) as well as a single plant species, Azorella selago (Apiaceae), were selected as model organisms. For independent phylogeographic analyses, mitochondrial sequence data (COI) were obtained for both mite species, while chloroplast sequence (trnH-psbA) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data were generated for the cushion plant, A. selago. Since A. selago is typified by two growth forms namely discrete cushions and continuous mats, it was essential to examine the growth dynamics prior to phylogeographic analyses. The sequence and fragment data indicated that both mite and plant species were significantly substructured across Marion Island. Manual comparisons indicated unique populations on the western (Kaalkoppie for H. fulvus, La Grange Kop for E. minutus and Mixed Pickle for A. selago), eastern (Bullard Beach for H. fulvus and Kildalkey Bay for E. minutus), northern (Middelman and Long Ridge for H. fulvus) and southern side (Grey Headed for H. fulvus and Watertunnel for A. selago) of the island. Importantly, the western side had unique localities for all species. Interestingly, based on the H. fulvus data, the western populations were relatively young, characterized by high migration rates, small effective (female) population sizes with no isolation-by-distance. The opposite scenario was found for the eastern populations. This spatial genetic structure described for species on Marion Island can be ascribed to both historical events and environmental conditions. These areas with their unique genetic composition are of special conservational concern; consequently this research will contribute to an active management plan for PEI, South Africa’s only Special Nature Reserve.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sub-Antarktiese eilande verteenwoordig die enigste terrestriële bioom in die middel tot hoër breedtegrades van die Suidelike Halfrond. Hierdie eilande besit ‘n verskeidenheid van geologiese oorspronge en geskiedenisse, goed-bewaarde terrestriële ekosisteme en hoë vlakke van endemisme. In ‘n poging om die evolusie en biogeografie van terrestriële taksa in die Suid Pool Area te verstaan, is die eerste grootskaalse molekulêre filogenie saamgestel vir ‘n unieke terrestriële groep, die ameronothoïed miete (genus Halozetes (Oribatida: Ameronothroidea)), vanaf menigte sub-Antarktiese en Maritime Antarktiese lokaliteite. Filogenetiese analises gebaseer op die saamgestelde mitochondriale (sitokroom oksidase subeenheid I (COI)) en nukluêre (histoon-3 (H3)) basispaarvolgordes het aangedui dat die evolusie van hierdie miete habitat spesifiek is (m.a.w inter-gety, supralitoraal en terrestrieël). Ongeag die kritiek teenoor ‘n molekulêre klok, is hierdie miete evolusionêr jonk (<10mjo), wat teenstrydig is met hulle status as ‘n antieke groep wat terugdateer voor Gondwana fragmentasie. Biogeografiese analises het ‘n komplekse patroon aangedui wat grotendeels gekarakteriseer word deur menigte onafhanklike verspreidingsgebeurtenisse bo-oor die Antarktiese Polêre Frontale Zone, wat ooreenstemmend is met vorige bevindinge vir ander mariene en terrestriële taksa. Die molekulêre filogenie het ook aansienlik verskil van die tradisionele taksonomie, dus is taksonomiese aanpassings en herklassifisering van morfologiese karakters noodsaaklik. Sub-Antarktiese Marion Eiland, die groter eiland van die Prins Edward eilandgroep (PEI), het uitermate glasiasie en vulkanisme ondervind. Om die impak van historiese gebeurtenisse (vulkanisme (insluitend onlangse uitbarstings) en glasiasie) en kontemporêre meganismes (geenvloei) op die genetiesgespasieërde verspreiding van spesies vanaf Marion Eiland te bepaal, was twee mietspesies naamlik Eupodes minutus (Prostigmata) en Halozetes fulvus (Oribatida) asook ‘n enkele plantspesie, Azorella selago (Apiaceae), gekies as model organismes. Vir onafhanklike filogeografiese analises, was die mitochondriale basispaarvolgorde (COI) vir beide mietspesies bepaal, terwyl chloroplast basispaarvolgorde (trnH-psbA) asook geamplifiseerde fragmentlengte polimorfisme (AFLP) data gegenereer was vir die kussingplant, A. selago. Aangesien A. selago gekenmerk word deur twee groeivorme, naamlik diskrete kussings en aaneenlopende matte, was dit noodsaaklik om eers die groeidinamika van die plant te ondersoek alvorens ‘n filogeografiese studie kon geskied. Die basispaarvolgordebepalings en fragmentdata het aangedui dat beide mietspesies sowel as die plantspesie betekenisvolle substruktuur vertoon regoor Marion Eiland. Informele vergelykings het unieke populasies aangedui op die westelike (Kaalkoppie vir H. fulvus, La Grange Kop vir E. minutus en Mixed Pickle vir A. selago), oostelike (Bullardstrand vir H. fulvus en Kildalkeybaai vir E. minutus), noordelike (Middelman en Long Ridge vir H. fulvus) en suidelike kant (Grey Headed vir H. fulvus en Watertunnel vir A. selago) van die eiland. Die westelike kant besit dus unieke lokaliteite vir al die spesies. Interressantheidhalwe het die H. fulvus data getoon dat die westelike populasies relatief jonk is en gekarakteriseer word deur hoë migrasiesyfers en klein effektiewe (vroulike) populasiegroottes met geen isolasie-oor-afstand nie. Die resultate vir die populasies aan die oostelike kant van die Marion Eiland was presies teenoorgesteld. Dié beskryfde substruktuur vir die spesies op Marion Eiland is afkomstig van beide historiese gebeurtenisse asook omgewingstoestande. Hierdie areas met hul unieke genetiese samestelling, is belangrik vir natuurbewaring. Hierdie navorsing sal bydra tot die bestuursriglyne van PEI, Suid Afrika se enigste Spesiale Natuurreservaat.
32
Rishworth, Gavin Midgley. "Time-activity budgets of cape gannets (Morus Capensis) at Bird Island, Algoa Bay." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021046.
Full textAbstract:
For several decades now, seabirds have been considered to be useful indicators of the state of their prey resources because of how they reflect lower-level trophic variability through proxies such as diet or behaviour. However, collection of appropriate data is often challenging in the marine environment because of logistical or financial constraints. In this study, time-activity budgets were studied in the Cape gannet (Morus capensis), a seabird which has been advocated as a potential bioindicator for local epipelagic prey. VHF transmitters attached to PVC leg-rings were fitted to 50 adult breeding pairs during the 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 breeding seasons at Bird Island, Algoa Bay, to determine whether an automated method of continuously collecting time-activity budget data can replace conventional laborious direct observations. To validate that the foraging trip duration data generated from the automated method was a reflection of foraging effort, Time-Depth Recorders (TDRs) were simultaneously equipped to birds with VHF transmitters for three weeks. In order to assess the influence of factors other than prey availability on parent time-activity budgets, sex, chick age and body condition were measured. Additionally, chick growth and survival were recorded in order to investigate the gender-specific effects of parental time-activity budget variability on these parameters. Attachment of VHF transmitters to leg-rings of adult Cape gannets had no observable negative effects on the adults or their chicks in terms of adult body condition, nest attendance and foraging trip durations, or chick growth and survival. Furthermore, the frequency distribution of behaviour bout (foraging trip and nest attendance) durations was no different between automated and directly observed data. However, the automated method did record shorter behaviour bouts, largely attributed to the increased likelihood of direct observations missing birds returning briefly to their nests during older chick provisioning. Additionally, foraging trip duration was highly correlated to foraging effort in terms of time spent resting on the sea surface, flying and diving. The automated method therefore appears to be a good reflection of direct nest attendance observations and foraging effort. Cape gannet time-activity budgets were related to chick age and parental sex. Especially as chicks neared fledging, females spent significantly longer periods of time foraging than males, with males consequently provisioning their chicks more often. Furthermore, adults departing their nests earlier spent more time away from the nest foraging as more same-day daylight hours were available. Chick growth was a function of parent foraging trip duration and associated prey delivery rates. Chick survival was most strongly affected by the amount of time which chicks were left unattended by both parents and consequently exposed to predation by kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) or to adverse weather conditions. Additionally, for females (but not males) there appeared to be a trade-off between foraging trip duration and chick survival. The Cape gannet appears to demonstrate a strategy whereby the costs of reproduction to the female are shifted towards male-dominated chick provisioning as the chick nears fledging. Drivers of time-activity budget variability such as chick age and parental sex therefore need to be considered if using data on foraging trip duration as a proxy of foraging effort and prey availability.
33
Noda, Atsushi, Mamoru Adachi, and Motohiro Tsuboi. "Alkali feldspar granite clasts from Jurassic conglomerate, Murihiku Terrane, South Island, New Zealand." Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Nagoya University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/2850.
Full text
34
Day, Nicola J. "Two decades of vegetation change across tussock grasslands in New Zealand's South Island." Master's thesis, Lincoln University. Bio-Protection and Ecology Division, 2008. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20080304.145252/.
Full textAbstract:
New Zealand's South Island tussock grasslands have been highly modified by human activities, including burning, grazing and introductions of exotic plants for pastoralism. Studies suggest that tussock grasslands are degraded, in that native species have declined, and exotic species have increased in both diversity and abundance. These trends are primarily thought to be related to the impacts of grazing and subsequent grazing removal. Few studies have assessed long-term changes that have occurred in tussock grasslands, and those that have are generally limited to one particular location. This thesis aimed to investigate temporal changes in community structure in tussock grasslands, and relate these changes to environmental variables and land tenure. Data were used from 90 permanently-marked vegetation transects, which were set up on 19 geographically widespread properties in areas of tussock grassland across Canterbury and Otago in the South Island of New Zealand. The transects were on land in both conservation and pastoral tenure. Each transect was 100 m, and consisted of 50 0.25 m² quadrats. The transects were measured between 1982 and 1986 (first measurement), were re-measured between 1993 and 1999 (second measurement) and again between 2005 and 2006 (third measurement). A total of 347 vascular species were observed over the 90 transects and three measurement times. Species richness declined between the first and second measurements (first time interval), and increased between the second and third measurements (second time interval), at both the small (quadrat) and large (transect) scales. Both native and exotic species declined in mean quadrat species richness during the first time interval, and then increased during the second time interval. Changes in mean quadrat species richness were similar on transects in both conservation and pastoral tenure. Multivariate analysis of species' occurrences in quadrats identified a long gradient in species composition for these 90 transects. Four key plant communities were identifed along this gradient and differed in their mean elevation: (1) Highly-modified pastoral community, (2) Short-tussock grassland community, (3) Tall-tussock grassland community, (4) Alpine mat-forming species community. A detailed investigation into temporal changes that occurred on 53 transects that occurred in short- and tall-tussock grassland communities showed that changes in species composition were not consistent over time. Transects on different properties changed in species composition by different amounts. Specifically, in ordination space, transects on two properties changed in composition significantly more than transects on one other property. The property that a transect was on also affected the way that it changed in composition, i.e. native species were more likely to have increased on transects on some properties. Transects in conservation tenure did not change in species richness or composition differently from those in pastoral tenure. Considering that many native plants in tussock grasslands are relatively slow-growing, and that these areas have been grazed and burned for more than a century, we may expect it to be some time before we can detect differences in vegetation dynamics on conservation land from that on pastoral land. The changes in the community structure of these tussock grasslands were related to a combination of environmental factors, such as soil chemistry, climate, and management factors. This study has allowed greater understanding of vegetation change in tussock grasslands, and demonstrates the importance of long-term ecological monitoring in making reliable and accurate predictions about landscape-scale changes in tussock grassland community structure.
35
Ates, Serkan. "Grazing management of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in South Island (New Zealand)." Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1338.
Full textAbstract:
This study consisted of two sheep grazed dryland pasture experiments. Experiment l compared sheep production from 3-year-old cocksfoot based pastures grown in combination with white, Caucasian, subterranean or balansa clover with a ryegrass-white clover pasture and a pure lucerne forage. Sheep liveweight gain per head from each pasture treatment and the pure lucerne stand was recorded in the 2006/07 and 2007/08 seasons. The cocksfoot-subterranean clover pasture provided equal (381 kg LW/ha in 2006) or higher (476 kg LW/ha in 2007) animal production in spring and gave the highest total animal production (646 kg LW/ha) averaged across years of the five grass based pastures. However, total annual liveweight production from lucerne was higher than any grass based pasture mainly due to superior animal production during summer when lucerne provided 42-85% higher animal production than any of the grass based pastures. In Experiment 2, the effect of stocking rate (8.3 (low) and 13.9 (high) ewes + twin lambs/ha) and time of closing in spring on lamb liveweight gain, pasture production and subterranean clover seedling populations was monitored over 2 years for a dryland cocksfoot-subterranean clover and ryegrass-subterranean clover pasture in Canterbury. In both years, twin lambs grew faster (g/head/d) in spring at low (327; 385) than high (253; 285) stocking rate but total liveweight gain/ha (kg/ha/d) was greater at high (7.26; 7.91) than low (5.43; 6.38) stocking rate. Ewes also gained 0.5 and 1.5 kg/head at the low stocking rate in 2006 and 2007 respectively but lost 0.2 kg/head in 2006 and gained 0.3 kg/head at high stocking rate in 2007. Mean subterranean clover seedling populations (per m²) measured in autumn after grazing treatments in the first spring were similar at both low (2850) and high (2500) stocking rate but declined with later closing dates in spring (3850, 2950, 2100 and 1700 at 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks after first visible flower). Seedling populations measured in autumn after grazing treatments in the second spring were also unaffected by stocking rate (low 1290, high 1190) but declined with later closing dates in spring (1470, 1320 and 940 at 3, 5 and 8 weeks after first flowering, respectively). The effect of stocking rate and closing dates in spring on pasture and clover production in the following autumn was similar to the effects on seedling numbers in both years. However, clover production in the following spring was unaffected by stocking rate or closing date in the previous year at the relatively high seedling populations generated by the treatments. This was presumably due to runner growth compensating for lower plant populations in pastures that were closed later in spring. Subterranean clover runner growth in spring may not compensate in a similar manner if seedling numbers in autumn fall below 500/m². Mean annual dry matter production from cocksfoot and ryegrass pastures grown with and without annual clovers pasture production ranged from 6.4 to 12.4 t DM/ha/y but stocking rate (8.3 vs. 13.9 ewes/ha) during spring did not affect annual pasture production. Pastures overdrilled with annual clovers yielded 23-45% more dry matter production than pastures grown without annual clovers. The study confirms the important role of subterranean clover in improving pasture production and liveweight gains of sheep in dryland cocksfoot and ryegrass pastures. Lowering stocking rate from 13.9 to 8.3 ewes/ha was a less effective method of increasing seed production of subterranean clover in dryland pastures although it did lead to increased liveweight gain per head.
36
Dundas, Kate Forrest. "An all-hazards vulnerability assessment of Arthur's Pass township, South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1721.
Full textAbstract:
Arthur’s Pass township, located close to the Main Divide of the central Southern Alps, is highly exposed to natural hazards and has been affected by hazard events since it was founded in 1906. The village is a small alpine township, with a permanent resident population of approximately 54. Its location within the Arthur’s Pass National Park and on the main road between the east and west coasts of the South Island makes it popular with tourists, trampers, climbers and skiers, which can expand the local population to up to 500 people. Its position on the Bealey River floodplain within a highly dynamic tectonic and geomorphic environment makes it vulnerable to earthquakes, landslides, rockfalls, debris flows, heavy rain and snow, river flooding and riverbed erosion. Previous investigations on natural hazards in the area are limited to the Otira Gorge and State Highway 73, with little focus on hazards affecting the village area. Natural hazard events are persistent and frequent in the Arthur’s Pass region and the village is susceptible to being isolated from external resources during and after a disaster, making it necessary for the village to be self-sufficient during a large-scale disaster. The hazards were identified and analysed using aerial photographs and satellite images, historical data, supported by in-field reconnaissance at various times of the year to record seasonal changes. Hazard mapping used the same methods to illustrate the spatial and volumetric hazard changes over a range of time scales; >2% annual probability of occurrence (0-50 years recurrence interval), 2%-0.2% annual probability of occurrence (50-500 years recurrence interval) and <0.2% annual probability of occurrence (500+ years recurrence interval). The hazard maps show that that most hazards are not restricted to a specific temporal or spatial scale, and that they are often interdependent. It is difficult to determine the precise effects that climate change and global warming will have on natural hazards, but they are expected to increase the unpredictability of hazard events and alter weather patterns significantly in the long-term. A visitor questionnaire undertaken in the village indicated that many visitors do not regard the hazards as severe enough to represent a legitimate threat; hence the public perceptions of natural hazards are affecting the vulnerability of the village. Additionally, many people do not feel confident that they would know what to do if a disaster did occur in the village. This level of awareness can be improved by providing more information to visitors and displaying details on emergency procedures. The village does not currently have an emergency plan that specifies particular preparedness and response procedures; it relies heavily on a plan adapted from Mt. Cook/Aoraki village. Current emergency management in the village could be improved by the production of an emergency plan specifically for the region, the use of education schemes and information sessions, and the installation of warning signs. The provision of this detailed hazard investigation and hazard maps is intended to assist emergency managers to identify, prioritise, mitigate the hazards to reduce the vulnerability of the village to natural hazards in the short- and long-terms.
37
Brown, Michael James. "The health effects of PM₁₀ air pollution in Reefton, South Island New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2607.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to assess the health effects of PM₁₀ air pollution in Reefton which is located on the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand. Two principle objectives were investigated to achieve the overall aim. Firstly, whether there is a link between PM₁₀ exposure and increased respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions in Reefton. Secondly, the evaluation of whether PM₁₀ pollution exacerbates selected health symptoms associated with PM₁₀ exposure among study participants during a short term cohort study within Reefton. To address the first research objective, data for respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions were collected and comparisons were made with past-till-present PM₁₀ levels monitored in Reefton. The second research objective was carried out during a four week period in July 2008 in Reefton. A total of 78 people from the general population participated whereby they recorded their daily health status in a symptoms diary. Symptoms monitored included phlegm build-up, coughing, breathing problems, wheezing, throat discomfort, and eye irritation. Associations between PM₁₀ exposure and exacerbation of health symptoms among participants were examined through statistical analysis. Results showed no clear link between PM₁₀ exposure and increased respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions. The lack of association could be attributed to the limited amount of PM₁₀ data available for comparison, along with the low number of hospital admissions in Reefton due to the towns’ small population. Conversely, several associations were observed between PM₁₀ exposure and specific health symptoms among study participants. Associations were frequently small and positive while several reached statistical significance. In conclusion, PM₁₀ air pollution in Reefton could not be linked with an increase in respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions, however it was associated with the exacerbation of several health symptoms known to be aggravated by exposure to PM₁₀.
38
Saunders, Jeffrey Keith. "The petrology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Riwaka Complex, South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ34224.pdf.
Full text
39
Thompson, Gary M. "The geochemistry and petrogenesis of Rarotonga, an ocean island in the South Pacific." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0004/NQ36213.pdf.
Full text
40
O'Callaghan, Joshua George. "Petrogenesis of the Kangaroo Island dykes South Australia : a geochemical and isotopic investigation /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbo151.pdf.
Full text
41
Yun, Kyoim. "Performing the sacred political economy and shamanic ritual on Cheju island, South Korea /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3278198.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. Folklore and Ethnomusicology, 2007.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-09, Section: A, page: 4015. Advisers: Richard Bauman; Roger L. Janelli. Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 7, 2008).
42
Jacques, Kathleen. "Community Contexts of Bilingual Education:A Study of Six South Island Primary School Programmes." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Education, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/818.
Full textAbstract:
Community Contexts of Maori-English Bilingual Education is a multi-case study of six primary school bilingual programmes located throughout the South Island. These six programmes comprised the total number of programmes officially designated by the (former) Department of Education as bilingual and which were administered from the Southern Regional Office of the Department. Each of these programmes employed the services of a kaiarahi reo and had been in operation for at least one school year at the beginning of Term I, 1989. The focus of the study is the interlocking sociocultural and pedagogical contexts which affect, and which, in turn, are affected by the recent inclusion of Maori as a language of instruction within the New Zealand public school system. The material presented in this report resulted from quantitative and qualitative study over an eighteen month period commencing in February, 1989. Data collection techniques included interviews, classroom observations and questionnaire surveys which were used to compile base-line data on the numbers and backgrounds of pupils enrolled in the programmes, classroom practices, perceptions of parents and school staff and outcomes of the programmes. The research also included a number of interviews with affiliated personnel such as Kohanga Reo parents and staff, local kaumatua, and officials from the Ministry and Department of Education. A number of issues are covered in the study; including the rationales for establishing programmes, staffing policies and procedures, resource allocation, bilingual teaching methodology, the range and depth of bilingual and bicultural innovation, community involvement and levels of satisfaction and concern with the programmes.
43
Hemmingsen, Maree A. "Reduction of greywacke sediments on the Canterbury Bight Coast, South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4377.
Full textAbstract:
The coastline of the Canterbury Bight between Timaru and the southern end of Kaitorete Barrier is in long term erosion. Paradoxically, alluvial cliffs and several large, braided rivers drain from the rapidly eroding Southern Alps into the Canterbury Bight, transporting indurated sandstone of the Torlesse Supergroup, or greywacke, to the coast. Catchment specific sediment yields average 1856 ± 261 t km-2yr-1 compared with the world average of 182 t km-2yr-1 and are among the highest known specific sediment yields in the world. The large sediment loads from these Canterbury rivers are comprised predominantly of fine sediments as suspended load (more than 90%), with only a small proportion of coarse bedload (less than 10%), which is reflected in the nature of the mixed sand and gravel beaches. The Canterbury coastline is apparently abundantly supplied with sediment, which is transported northward forming Kaitorete Barrier. However, since the 1950's there has been very little accumulation of sediment against Banks Peninsula at the downdrift end. Previous research suggested that sediment is lost from the beaches due to abrasion.
Abrasion has been used as both a generic term and to describe a specific process of mechanical reduction. However, it is not the only process that causes sediment particle change. For this reason, the term reduction is preferred to describe the overall change to sediment particles, and abrasion is simply one process of reduction. Reduction includes both physical and chemical processes operating concurrently.
This thesis examines reduction and its impact on the mixed sand and gravel beaches of the Canterbury Bight. To do this, sediments were collected from 55 field sites along the Canterbury Bight and three series of tumbler experiments were carried out in the laboratory using a concrete mixer. Series One, identified the significant variables for the study of reduction. Other studies have considered sediment particle size a significant indicator of the rate of reduction, however, results showed that larger sizes did not always have the higher reduction rates. These experiments identified other areas that required further investigation, including sediment lithology due to the variations in reduction rates between sites, shape and variations in the quality of sediment at the coast and also suggested chemical weathering was important.
Series Two investigated the significance of textural mix to reduction, and results showed that textural mix was a more important indicator of loss than sediment size alone. Other influences identified as significant to the reduction of sediments included lithology, where variations of sediment particles provided some explanation for variations in reduction rates between sites. Shape was investigated, but results were inconclusive as to the significance of this variable to reduction. The dominance of shapes on Canterbury Bight beaches also showed that, unlike other mixed sediment beaches, there was no zonation across the beach profile.
Series Three investigated the significance of chemical weathering. Weathered and unweathered material was compared to establish the significance of the quality of sediments to reduction. The depth of weathering rinds was found to be a significant indicator of the quality of sediments, where weathered material showed greater losses than unweathered material when tumbled.
Having identified the significant variables for reduction, it was possible to develop numerical models that allowed for the application of the laboratory results in the field. A textural mix model was developed based on the textural mix of sediments. Results confirmed a high variability in reduction rates along the Canterbury Bight.
A sediment transport model, calibrated to 20 years of hindcast data, was developed to establish the distance travelled by sediment within the swash zone of these mixed sand and gravel beaches. A tracer experiment made it possible to establish the actual rate of sediment transport based on the movement of the faster pebbles in a sample.
By combining both the textural mix model and the sediment transport model it was possible to develop a sediment displacement model. This is a predictive model and provides an estimate of the amount of time it would take for the displacement of sediment from one section of beach to another. It works on the premise that what is not lost to reduction is moved by longshore sediment transport.
Finally, the thesis suggested that there was a paradox, with large braided rivers and sediments from the alluvial cliffs providing sufficient sediment to renourish the coast, yet there is very little accumulation of sediment against Banks Peninsula. So why is the coast from Timaru to Taumutu eroding? The answer is sediment displacement, where both the processes of reduction and longshore sediment transport are moving and removing the sediments from the coastal system.
44
Schulte, Daniel. "Kinematics of the Paparoa Metamorphic Core Complex, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5459.
Full textAbstract:
The Paparoa Metamorphic Core Complex developed in the Mid-Cretaceous due to continental extension conditioning the crust for the eventual breakup of the Gondwana Pacific Margin, which separated Australia and New Zealand. It has two detachment systems: the top-NE-displacing Ohika Detachment at the northern end of the complex and the top-SW-displacing Pike Detachment at the southern end of the complex. The structure is rather unusual for core complexes worldwide, which are commonly characterised by a single detachment system. Few suggestions for the kinematics of the core complex development have been made so far. In this study structural-, micrographic- and fission track analyses were applied to investigate the bivergent character and to constrain the kinematics of the core complex. The new results combined with reinterpretations of previous workers’ observations reveal a detailed sequence of the core complex exhumation and the subsequent development.
Knowledge about the influence and the timing of the two respective detachments is critical for understanding the structural evolution of the core complex. The syntectonic Buckland Granite plays a key role in the determination of the importance of the two detachment systems. Structural evidence shows that the Pike Detachment is responsible for most of the exhumation, while the Ohika Detachment is a mere complexity. In contrast to earlier opinions the southwestern normal fault system predates the northeastern one. The Buckland Pluton records the ceasing pervasive influence of the Pike Detachment, while activity on the Ohika Detachment had effect on the surface about ~8 Ma later.
Most fission track ages are not related to the core complex stage, but reflect the younger late Cretaceous history. They show post core complex burial and renewed exhumation in two phases, which are regionally linked to the development of the adjacent Paparoa Basin and the Paparoa Coal Measures to the southwest and to the inception of seafloor spreading in the Tasman Sea in a larger context.
45
沈儀芝 and Ne-chi Alice Shing. "Actual effect of implementation of Hong Kong Island south sewerage master plan (SMP)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43893697.
Full text
46
Atkinson, Angus. "The ecology and distribution of zooplankton around the island of South Georgia, Antarctica." Thesis, Open University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254381.
Full text
47
Shing, Ne-chi Alice. "Actual effect of implementation of Hong Kong Island south sewerage master plan (SMP)." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17665875.
Full text
48
Guha, Swagata. "Ground penetrating radar response to thin layers examples from Waites Island, South Carolina /." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000593.
Full text
49
Kollar, Sarah Elizabeth. "A condition assessment of the Old Island at Magnolia Cemetery, Charleston, South Carolina." Connect to this title online, 2009. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1249065627/.
Full text
50
Thompson, Gary M. "The geochemistry and petrogenesis of Rarotonga, an ccean island in the South Pacific /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 1998. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,49388.
Full text