Journal articles on the topic 'South Island (N.Z.)'

The Aderidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) of New Zeland are revised to include four genera and fourteen species. Three genera are described as new: one distributed throughout the Australasian region (Zenascus gen. n.) one endemic to the north and south islands of New Zealand (Transrenus gen. n.), and one that is endemic to the south island of New Zealand (Pseudozena gen. n.). Six species are also newly described (Pseudozena denticulata sp. n., Transrenus thulater sp. n., Zenascus roberti sp. n., Z. incensum sp. n., Z. elenae sp. n., Z. aurum sp. n.). All previously described New Zealand species of aderids contained in the preoccupied genus Xylophilus are transferred to the newly erected genus Zenascus, resulting in six new combinations (Z. antennalis (Broun), comb. n.; Z. coloratus (Broun), comb. n.; Z. luniger (Champion), comb. n.; Z. nitidus (Broun), comb. n.; Z. obscurus (Broun), comb. n.; Z. xenarthrus (Broun, 1910: 54), comb. n.). Holotype and lectotype designations are made or verified for all previously described species. The New Zealand species Xylophilus pictipes Broun is synonymized with Zenascus obscurus, syn. n. and Scraptogetus nigricans is synonymized with Scraptogetus anthracinus, syn. n. The Australian genus Pseudananca Blackburn 1893 is synonymized with the New Zealand genus Scraptogetus Broun, syn. n. Keys to the genera and species are included. Phenotypic characters previously employed in the higher classification of the Aderidae, including secondary sexually dimorphic characters, are discussed and a phylogenetic analysis for the ten New Zealand species of Zenascus is performed to reconstruct trait evolution in males, which display extreme dimorphic antennomere modifications.

A leaf curling disease was observed on 7% of tobacco plants during December 2005 in research plots in the Cangshan District of Fuzhou, Fujian, China. Tobacco plants were infested with Bemisia tabaci, suggesting begomovirus etiology. To identify possible begomoviruses, total DNA was extracted from four symptomatic leaf samples (F1, F2, F3, and F4). The degenerate primers PA and PB were used to amplify part of the intergenic region and AV2 gene of DNA-A-like molecules (3). A 500-bp DNA fragment was amplified by PCR from all four samples. The PCR products were cloned and sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. EF531601–EF531603 and EF527823). Alignment of the 500-bp sequences for the four isolates indicated that they shared 98.5 to 99.6% nt identity, suggesting that the plants were all infected by the same virus. Overlapping primers TV-Full-F (5′-GGATCCTCTTTTGAACGAGTTTCC-3′) and TV-Full-R (5′-GGATCCCACATGTTTAAAATAATAC-3′) were then designed to amplify the full-length DNA-A from sample F2. The sequence was 2,754 nucleotides long (GenBank Accession No. EF527823). A comparison with other begomoviruses indicated the F2 DNA-A had the highest nucleotide sequence identity (95.7%) with Ageratum yellow vein virus (AYVV; GenBank Accession No. X74516) from Singapore. To further test whether DNAβ was associated with the four viral isolates, a universal DNAβ primer pair (beta 01 and beta 02) was used (4). An amplicon of approximately 1.3 kb was obtained from all samples. The DNAβ molecule from F2 was then cloned and sequenced. F2 DNAβ was 1,345 nucleotides long (GenBank Accession No. EF527824), sharing the highest nucleotide sequence identity with the DNAβ of Tomato leaf curl virus (97.2%) from Taiwan (GenBank Accession No. AJ542495) and AYVV (88.8%) from Singapore (GenBank Accession No. AJ252072). The disease agent was transmitted to Nicotiana tabacum, N. glutinosa, Ageratum conyzoides, Oxalis corymbosa, and Phyllanthus urinaria plants by whiteflies (B. tabaci) when field infected virus isolate F2 was used as inoculum. In N. tabacum and N. glutinosa plants, yellow vein symptoms were initially observed in young leaves. However, these symptoms disappeared later during infection and vein swelling and downward leaf curling symptoms in N. tabacum and vein swelling and upward leaf curling in N. glutinosa were observed. In A. conyzoides, O. corymbosa, and P. urinaria plants, typical yellow vein symptoms were observed. The presence of the virus and DNAβ in symptomatic plants was verified by PCR with primer pairs TV-Full-F/TV-Full-R and beta 01/beta 02, respectively. The above sequence and whitefly transmission results confirmed that the tobacco samples were infected by AYVV. In China, Tobacco leaf curl Yunnan virus, Tobacco curly shoot virus, and Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus were reported to be associated with tobacco leaf curl disease (1,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of AYVV infecting tobacco in China. A. conyzoides is a widely distributed weed in south China and AYVV was reported in A. conyzoides in Hainan Island, China (2). Therefore, this virus may pose a serious threat to tobacco production in south China. References: (1) Z. Li et al. Phytopathology 95:902, 2005. (2) Q. Xiong et al. Phytopathology 97:405, 2007. (3) X. Zhou et al. Arch. Virol. 146:1599, 2001. (4) X. Zhou et al. J. Gen. Virol. 84:237, 2003.

Based upon external features of adults of the genus Zeanillus ten species are recognized, seven of which are new to science. Because of significant morphological differences, all species are arranged in four subgenera: the nominotypical subgenus Zeanillus, including Z. phyllobius (Broun), Z. punctigerus (Broun), and Z. nunni, new species (New Zealand, South Island, Otago, Trotters George); the monobasic subgenus Brounanillus, new subgenus, including Z. pallidus (Broun); the monobasic subgenus Nunnanillus, new subgenus, including Z. pellucidus, new species (New Zealand, South Island, Otago, Oamaru); and the most species-rich subgenus Otagonillus, new subgenus, including Z. brouni, new species (New Zealand, South Island, Otago, Oamaru), Z. lescheni, new species (New Zealand, South Island, Southland, Waikaia Forest), Z. carltoni, new species (New Zealand, South Island, Otago, Mount Watkin), Z. montivagus, new species (New Zealand, South Island, Otago, North Rough Ridge), and Z. nanus, new species (New Zealand, South Island, Otago, Waipori River Valley). Based on new morphological data, a redescription of genus, redescriptions of previously described species, and descriptions of all new taxa are given and a taxonomic key for all known species is provided. Maps of species distributions and illustrations of main taxonomic characters used in the text are also included. Some biogeographic/evolutionary aspects of Zeanillus origin and diversification are discussed.

Members of the genus Nerita are abundant components of the intertidal fauna in many parts of the world and yet Nerita taxonomy remains unsettled. Here, the relationships among black-shelled Nerita populations from Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, the Kermadec Islands and Easter Island are discussed. Four species are recognised: N. atramentosa Reeve, 1855 from the southern half of Australia; N. melanotragus E.A. Smith, 1884 from eastern Australia, northern New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island and the Kermadec Islands; N. morio (G. B. Sowerby I, 1833) from Easter Island and the Austral Islands; and N. lirellata Rehder, 1980 from Easter Island alone. These species are of great importance in studies of intertidal community structure and yet two of them have been consistently confused in the ecological and taxonomic literature. Moreover, the relationships among the species are not at all as implied by recent subgeneric classifications; it is argued that all four species should be placed in the subgenus Lisanerita Krijnen, 2002. The superficially similar N. picea Récluz, 1841 is not closely related. An accurate taxonomy of the genus will almost certainly require considerable genetic analysis. The nomenclature for each species is herein established by complete synonymies, and lectotypes for both N. atramentosa and N. melanotragus are selected.

Species of flightless litter ground beetles of the tribe Anillini, genus Nesamblyops, from the North Island and from the north-eastern part of the South Island are revised. Eight new species are described and one previously known species, Nesamblyops oreobius (Broun), is re-described. Nesamblyops oreobius, the only hitherto recorded species from the North Island, is most similar to the group of two new species from the South Island, N. confusus n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, Marlborough Sounds, Mount Stokes) and N. lescheni n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, Marlborough Sounds, D’Urville Island), based on the structure of the male genitalia. The second species of the genus known from the North Island, N. tararua n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, Wellington, Tararua Range) represents another lineage, based on the structure of the male genitalia, and is closely related to a group of three new species from the South Island, N. brouni n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, Canterbury, Southern Alps, Lewis Pass), N. distinctus n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, Marlborough, Richmond Range, Fabians Valley), and N. townsendi n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, Marlborough Sounds, Tennyson Inlet). Nesamblyops carltoni n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, Nelson, Richmond Range, Dun Mountain) and N. parvulus n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, Marlborough Sounds, Mount Stokes), both from the South Island occupy an isolated position among the examined species. All species are illustrated with digital images of habitus, body parts, and drawings of genitalia. Distribution maps for all species are also provided. Geographical evidence of Nesamblyops dispersal to the North Island is discussed, based on distributional data.

Climate change poses severe threats to developing countries. Scientists predict entire states (e.g. Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, and Maldives) will become inhabitable. People living in these states have to resettle to other countries. Media and politicians warn that climate change will trigger migration flows in dimensions unknown to date. It is feared that millions from developing countries overwhelm developed societies and increase pressures on anyway ailing social support systems destabilizing societies and becoming a potential source of conflict.Inhabitants of Pacific Islandsahave been mobile since the islands were first settled not longer than 3,500 years ago. Since then people moved around, expanded their reach, and traded with neighbouring tribes (and later countries). With the event of European powers in the 15thcentury independent mobility became restricted after the beginning of the 19thcentury. From the second half of the 19thcentury movements of people predominately served economic interests of colonial powers, in particular a huge colonial appetite for labour. After independence emigration from Pacific Island countries continued to serve economic interest of metropolitan countries at the rim of the Pacific Ocean, which are able to direct migration flows according to their economic requirements.If climate change resettlements become necessary in big numbers then Pacific Islanders do not want to become climate change refugees. To include environmental reasons in refugee conventions is not what Pacific Islanders want. They want to migrate in dignity, if it becomes unavoidable to leave their homes. There are good reasons to solve the challenges within Pacific Island societies and do not depend too much on metropolitan neighbours at the rim of the Pacific such as Australia, New Zealand and the USA. To rise to the challenge requires enhanced Pan-Pacific Island solidarity and South-South cooperation. This then would result in a reduction of dependencies. For metropolitan powers still much can be done in supporting capacity building in Pacific Island countries and helping the economies to proposer so that climate change migrants easier can be absorbed by expanding labour markets in Pacific Island countries.

Eight species of brachyuran decapod crustaceans are recorded from coastal outcrops of Island Sandstone between Perpendicular Point and Punakaiki, Westland, New Zealand. The fauna consists of three raninids—Laeviranina pororariensis (Glaessner), L. keyesi n. sp., Lyreidus bennetti n. sp.; two portunids—Rhachiosoma granuliferum (Glaessner), Pororaria eocenica Glaessner; a goneplacid—Carcinoplax temikoensis n. sp.; and two majids—Leptomithrax griffini n. sp., Notomithrax allani n. sp. Together, they form the most diverse brachyuran assemblage yet described from New Zealand. The decapods are preserved in unusual elliptical masses, with their long axes typically parallel to bedding, containing superbly preserved cuticle often surrounded by well-formed fecal pellets, probably of decapod origin. The accumulations are interpreted to be mechanical concentrations within depressions produced by decapods or associated spatangoid echinoids. Although seven of the species have been recorded only from the Island Sandstone, Rhachiosoma granuliferum (Glaessner) is now known to occur in the correlative deep-water facies of the Kaiata Formation in North Westland, as well as in the Tapui Sandstone, North Otago (middle Eocene), and from coeval rocks at Snowdrift Quarry, southeast Otago. The raninids suggest comparison with congeneric forms from Snowdrift Quarry and the Tapui Sandstone, as well as with the La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica. Based upon associated foraminiferans, a Kaiatan–Runangan (late Eocene) age is assigned to this fauna. The occurrences of Carcinoplax, Leptomithrax, and Notomithrax represent paleobiogeographic and stratigraphic records for the genera.

Study of petrological and geochemical characteristics of mantle peridotite xenoliths in Pliocene alkaline basalt in Nghia Dan (West Nghe An) was carried out. Rock-forming clinopyroxenes, the major trace element containers, were separated from the xenoliths to analyze for major, trace element and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions. The data were interpreted for source geochemical characteristics and geodynamic processes of the lithospheric mantle beneath the region. The peridotite xenoliths being mostly spinel-lherzolites in composition, are residual entities having been produced following partial melting events of ultramafic rocks in the asthenosphere. They are depleted in trace element abundance and Sr-Nd isotopic composition. Some are even more depleted as compared to mid-ocean ridge mantle xenoliths. Modelled calculation based on trace element abundances and their corresponding solid/liquid distribution coefficients showed that the Nghia Dan mantle xenoliths may be produced of melting degrees from 8 to 12%. Applying various methods for two-pyroxene temperature- pressure estimates, the Nghia Dan mantle xenoliths show ranges of crystallization temperature and pressure, respectively, of 1010-1044°C and 13-14.2 kbar, roughly about 43km. A geotherm constructed for the mantle xenoliths showed a higher geothermal gradient as compared to that of in the western Highlands (Vietnam) and a conductive model, implying a thermal perturbation under the region. The calculated Sm-Nd model ages for the clinopyroxenes yielded 127 and 122 Ma. 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A new lumbriculid worm, Rhynchelmis aleutensis, is described from streams on Adak Island, Alaska. The new species does not resemble other Alaskan or Siberian Rhynchelmis species. The paired spermathecal diverticula and the morphology of the male pores and atria suggest that it is more closely related to a species group known only from the western United States, south of Canada. The latter group has been associated with Sutroa Eisen, 1888.

The Korean species of Libnotes (Laosa) Edwards, 1926 and L. (Libnotes) Westwood, 1876 from Jeju Island are taxonomically revised. L. (Laosa) charmosyne (Alexander, 1958) and L. (Libnotes) divaricata (Alexander, 1924) are new records for South Korea and L. (Libnotes) byersiana n. sp. is described. An identification key for all Korean Libnotes, redescriptions and illustrations of the three currently known Jeju species are presented.

Swiss needle cast is a foliar disease of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) that results in premature foliage loss and reduced growth. The causal fungus, Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii, was first detected in New Zealand in 1959 and spread throughout the North and South Islands over the following decades. The contemporary genetic structure of the N. gaeumannii population in New Zealand was assessed by analyzing 468 multilocus SSR genotypes (MLGs) from 2,085 N. gaeumannii isolates collected from 32 sites in the North and South Islands. Overall diversity was lower than that reported from native N. gaeumannii populations in the northwestern United States, which was expected given that N. gaeumannii is introduced in New Zealand. Linkage disequilibrium was significantly higher than expected under random mating, suggesting that population structure is clonal. Populations of N. gaeumannii in the North and South Islands were weakly differentiated, and the isolates collected from sites within the islands were moderately differentiated. This suggests that gene flow has occurred between the N. gaeumannii populations in the North and South Islands, and between the local N. gaeumannii populations within each island. Eighteen isolates of N. gaeumannii Lineage 2, which has previously been reported only from western Oregon, were recovered from two sites in the North Island and four sites in the South Island. The most likely explanation for the contemporary distribution of N. gaeumannii in New Zealand is that it was introduced on infected live seedlings through the forestry or ornamental nursery trade, as the fungus is neither seed borne nor saprobic, and the observed population structure is not consistent with a stochastic intercontinental dispersal event.

Paralamyctes (Paralamyctes) rahuensis n. sp. is endemic to the Buller area of South Island, New Zealand. Cladistic analysis of morphological characters indicates closest relations to P. (P.) harrisi Archey, 1922, from North Island, and P. (P.) monteithi Edgecombe, 2001, from Queensland, Australia.

Etheophanus Broun is considered a molytine based on the form of the pharyngeal plate, presence of a small spiculum relictum in the male, and presence of a pair of small internal apodemes on the antero-lateral corners of the 5th abdominal ventrite of the female. Examination of primary type specimens and newer material confirm one new species Etheophanus kuscheli sp. n. and two synonomies (Etheophanus nitidellus Broun, 1923 [= Etheophanus obscurus Broun, 1923] and Etheophanus striatus Broun, 1910 [=Etheophanus punctiventris Broun, 1914]). Generic and species diagnoses, a key to the species, and lectotype designations for three species are included. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on a combined analysis of the nuclear 28S rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I genes confirmed the status of E. kuscheli and a species complex, the E. nitidellus/E. optandus clade distributed in the southern portion of the South Island. The relationship E. pinguis [northern North Island] (E. striatus [southern North Island, northern South Island] (E. kuscheli [northwestern South Island] (E. nitidellus, E. optandus [southwestern North Island]) corresponds to geographic patterns found in other beetle lineages. Etheophanus striatus is composed of three lineages, one widespread in the north and south islands and two allopatric populations in the northwest South Island. The E. nitidellus/E. optandus complex includes four distinct lineages, one restricted to Fiordland, the other three sympatric in the region affected by the Haast Corridor.

Thirty-seven adult female moose ( Alces alces) from 2 distinct but adjacent populations in Elk Island National Park (EINP), Alberta, Canada (19 in north EINP and 18 in south EINP), were fitted with mortality-sensing VHF radio-collars, and radio signals were acquired daily to ascertain mortality status. At capture, serum, whole blood, and feces were collected; pregnancy was determined; teeth were aged by visual inspection; and a portion of liver was assessed by ultrasound examination. Postmortem examination was conducted on 20 suitable carcasses. Clinical pathological abnormalities, including eosinophilia, polycythemia, elevated levels of liver enzymes in serum, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell distribution, and liver damage as seen in ultrasound images occurred only in moose from north EINP. Infected moose had 4.7 ± 4.8 Fascioloides magna flukes per liver (mean ± SD). The proportion of moose pregnant at capture was similar in both populations (74% in north EINP, 61% in south EINP). Proportional mortality was significantly higher in moose from the north (68%) than the south (32%). Fascioloides magna was associated as a cause of death in 7 of 14 (50%) moose in the north where cause of death was determined, while predation ( n = 1), acute toxemic syndrome ( n = 3), dystocia ( n = 1), and roadkill and undetermined causes ( n = 3) were additional causes of mortality. F. magna was associated with poor body condition and was a major cause of mortality in north EINP but not south EINP, despite very similar habitat and proximity, suggesting a significant role for these flukes in affecting health and viability of naturally infected moose populations.

Data collected on four large-scale surveys around the subantarctic island of South Georgia provide information on the variability in the distribution of chlorophyll and inorganic nutrients during the austral summer and winter. During three summer surveys, surface water cholorophyll and nutrient concentrations were highly patchy over scales ranging from a few to hundreds of kilometres. The highest measurement of chlorophyll a was 8 mg m−3 and a wide range of nutrient concentrations were found; 5–32 mmol m−3 NO3−N, 1.1–2.2 mmol m−3 PO4−P and 8–60 mmol m−3 Si(OH)4−Si. In winter, chlorophyll and nutrient levels were far more uniform, with chlorophyll concentrations lower and nutrient concentrations generally higher than in summer. The spatial variability in nutrient concentrations was due to a variety of factors acting over a range of scales, however biological processes appeared most important in creating the mesoscale patchiness around the island. Although phytoplankton abundance and nutrient concentrations were not directly correlated, the scales of variability were clearly similar.

A new genus Troglocoelotes Z. Zhao & S. Li gen. n. from South China is described with the type species T. yumiganensis Z. Zhao & S. Li sp. n. (♂♀) and eight additional species: T. bailongensis Z. Zhao & S. Li sp. n. (♀), T. banmenensis Z. Zhao & S. Li sp. n. (♀), T. liangensis Z. Zhao & S. Li sp. n. (♂♀), T. nongchiensis Z. Zhao & S. Li sp. n. (♀), T. qixianensis Z. Zhao & S. Li sp. n. (♂♀), T. proximus (Chen, Zhu & Kim, 2008) comb. n. (♀), T. tortus (Chen, Zhu & Kim, 2008) comb. n. (♂♀) and T. yosiianus (Nishikawa, 1999) comb. n (♀). All species are cave dwellers and not found outside of caves. New combinations are all ex-Draconarius Ovtchinnikov, 1999. DNA barcodes are provided for all species.

Five species of the genus Multitestis are described, figured or discussed: Multitestis pyriformis from Platax orbicularis off Lizard Island, northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia and Platax teira off New Caledonia; Multitestis coradioni n. sp. (syn. Multitestis pyriformis Machida, 1963 of Bray et al. (1994)) from Coradion chrysozonus off Heron Island, which differs from M. pyriformis in its oval body-shape, the more posteriorly situated testicular fields and larger eggs, Multitestis elongatus from Platax pinnatus off Lizard Island, Multitestis magnacetabulum from P. teira off Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and New Caledonia, Multitestis paramagnacetabulum n. sp. from P. orbicularis off Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia, which differs from M. magnacetabulum in the more posteriorly situated testicular fields.

: Anoles are regarded as important models for understanding dynamic processes in ecology and evolution. Most work on this group has focused on species in the Caribbean Sea, and recently in mainland South and Central America. However, the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) is home to seven species of anoles from three unique islands (Islas Cocos, Gorgona, and Malpelo) that have been largely overlooked. Four of these species are endemic to single islands (Norops townsendi on Isla Cocos, Dactyloa agassizi on Isla Malpelo, D. gorgonae and N. medemi on Isla Gorgona). Herein, we present a phylogenetic analysis of anoles from these islands in light of the greater anole phylogeny to estimate the timing of divergence from mainland lineages for each species. We find that two species of solitary anoles (D. agassizi and N. townsendi) diverged from mainland ancestors prior to the emergence of their respective islands. We also present population-wide morphological data suggesting that both display sexual size dimorphism, similar to single-island endemics in the Caribbean. All lineages on Isla Gorgona likely arose during past connections with South America, and ecologically partition their habitat. Finally, we highlight the importance of conservation of these species and island fauna in general.

Two new species of Mycetophilidae (Diptera), Clastobasis subalternans sp. n. and Phthinia kurilensis sp. n. are described from Kunashir I. (South Kuril Is.). Their relationships with other species of Clastobasis Skuse and Phthinia Winnertz are briefly discussed.

Two new species of Mycetophilidae (Diptera), Clastobasis subalternans sp. n. and Phthinia kurilensis sp. n. are described from Kunashir I. (South Kuril Is.). Their relationships with other species of Clastobasis Skuse and Phthinia Winnertz are briefly discussed.

Seasonal movements and foraging areas of postbreeding (n = 9) and postmoulting (n = 3) adult southern elephant seal females from Marion Island were studied using Geolocation Time-depth Recorders. Movements were classified into three phases – an outbound transit phase, distant foraging phase, and an inbound transit phase. The longest residence time of postbreeding females during their foraging migrations was in areas at the outer edge of their feeding range (± 1460 km) both to the north and south of the island, largely within inter-frontal zones south of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF) and between the Sub-Tropical Convergence (STC) and the Sub-Antarctic Front (SAF). Postmoulting females travelled further afield (2122–3133 km distant) to the APF, to inter-frontal zones south of the APF (within the pack ice outer edge), as well as to the Antarctic Continental Shelf. This study provides additional information on the putative function of dive types in relation to the movement phases of elephant seal females from Marion Island. The relative frequency of assumed ‘foraging’, ‘exploratory’ and ‘transit’ dive types, as well as the duration and location of the different phases of movement suggest two seasonal foraging strategies. Sea floor topography could possibly cue the transit phases of both postbreeding and postmoulting females from Marion Island.

A morphologically distinct subspecies of black-footed rock-wallaby (Petrogale lateralis pearsoni), is naturally found only on North Pearson Island (~160 ha) in the Investigator Group, SA, where it was isolated by rising sea levels ~10 500 years ago. Subsequent translocations have seen additional populations established on Middle-South Pearson Island (~53 ha) in 1960 and Wedge Island (96 ha) in 1975. We have used 10 hypervariable microsatellite loci to examine the levels of genetic diversity in the endemic (n = 38) and translocated (n = 45–77) P. l. pearsoni populations compared with mainland P. lateralis populations (n = 19–52). Results show that all sampled P. l. pearsoni populations have very low levels of genetic diversity (A = 1.5–1.9; HE = 0.02–0.13) compared with mainland populations (A = 3.5–12.7; HE = 0.54–0.87). Intriguingly, more diversity was detected in the translocated Middle-South Pearson population than in its source population from North Pearson Island. In contrast, the Wedge Island population was almost monomorphic. Overall, the severe loss of genetic diversity (up to 98%) in P. l. pearsoni populations appears to result from random genetic drift on a small isolated population, exacerbated by some subsequent one-off translocation events. Although additional supplementary translocations are recommended to enhance genetic diversity, populations of P. l. pearsoni are likely to remain inherently vulnerable to extinction and therefore of special conservation concern.

New Mollusca from the shallow marine, highly fossiliferous Wangaloa Formation of southeastern Otago, South Island, New Zealand, are described. This paper reports three new species and one new genus: Leionucula palaioanaxea n. sp. of the Nuculidae, Pyropsis zinsmeisteri n. sp. of the Tudiclidae, and Wangacteon grebneffi n. gen. and sp. of the Acteonidae. These taxa represent new records in New Zealand of apparently endemic taxa. The molluscan fauna of the Wangaloa Formation is important in the understanding of Paleogene biogeography of the Southern Hemisphere and changes in faunal composition of the Cretaceous–Tertiary Gondwana Realm. Genus- and species-level endemism in the “Wangaloan” fauna is marked and is probably a reflection of “greater New Zealand” 's geographic and genetic isolation during the Paleocene. Although deposits containing early Paleogene Mollusca are generally rare in the Southern Hemisphere, comparisons of known Gondwana molluscan taxa and those of similar age in the Northern Hemisphere indicate that the Mollusca of the Wangaloa Formation have Early Paleocene affinities. Microfossil evidence, in addition, supports an Early Paleocene age for the fauna. However, an uppermost Cretaceous age is indicated for the basal part of the Wangaloa Formation stratigraphically below the shell beds, but the K–T boundary has yet to be located.

The New Zealand endemic alpine genus Notothlaspi comprises three species from the South Island mountains. Notothlaspi australe and the newly described N. viretum occur on rock bluffs and outcrops and their associated stony soils. Notothlaspi australe occurs in Nelson, Marlborough and north Westland, northern South Island, and N. viretum is endemic to the highest peaks of Red Hills, Marlborough, where it occurs on ultramafic soils. Notothlaspi viretum is segregated from the sympatric N. australe by its numerous, closely placed rosettes that form compact cushions and the leaves are linear to linear-narrowly lanceolate. These two species are distinguished from the scree-specialist, rosette forming, monocarpic N. rosulatum by their perennial growth habit, forming cushions with branched stems, narrower leaves, axillary and solitary flowers, and smaller silicles. Notothlaspi rosulatum is known from Nelson, Westland, Marlborough, Canterbury and Otago. Notothlaspi rosulatum var. hursthousei and N. notabilis are treated as synonyms of N. rosulatum, and N. australe var. stellatum is placed as a synonym of N. australe. All names are typified and a key is provided.

Australian sea lions consume prey in highly productive foraging grounds and defaecate nutrients on land. The resident population of 1100 Australian sea lions contributes 3800 (±80) kg N year–1 into Seal Bay Conservation Park, Kangaroo Island, South Australia. If this population were to decline in abundance the nitrogen availability and coastal productivity of Kangaroo Island may be reduced.

Mecodema (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Broscini) is a hyperdiverse endemic New Zealand genus of ground beetles with only a few geographically widespread species found throughout the two main islands, as well as many offshore islands. Using specimens from a number of private and institutional collections, in addition new specimens were acquired by extensive pitfall trapping, we describe or redescribe all of the known North Island Mecodema species. Additionally, we redescribe three South Island species from the former genus Metaglymma, as morphological evidence shows that these species are nested within Mecodema. Species descriptions are formed by using 128 morphological characters, which include external characters, as well as both male and female internal structures. There are four new combinations: Mecodema antarctica comb. n., M. aberrans comb. n., M. moniliferum comb. n. and M. tibiale comb. n. We synonymise M. occiputale under Mecodema curvidens, and M. sulcatum under Mecodema oblongum, and reinstate M. scitulum Broun (northwest Hunua Range, Auckland). Twenty four new species are described: Mecodema argentum sp. n., M. atuanui sp. n., M. dunnorum sp. n., M. genesispotini sp. n., M. godzilla sp. n., M. jacinda sp. n., M. kipjac sp. n., M. kokoroiho sp. n., M. mohi sp. n., M. ngaiatonga sp. n., M. ngaitahuhu sp. n., M. papake sp. n., M. perexiguus sp. n., M. rusticulus sp. n., M. temata sp. n., M. teparawhau sp. n., M. teroroa sp. n., M. tewhara sp. n., M. tuhoe sp. n., M. undecimus sp. n., M. wharekahika sp. n., M. xylanthrax sp. n., M. yconomus sp. n., M. zonula sp. n. North Island regional species endemism is very high in Northland (15/16 endemic species), with species becoming more widespread in the southern regions, e.g. Wellington only has two endemic species from a total of eight species. This research increases the total number of described Mecodema species to 102, and will allow a modern taxonomic framework for completion of the revision of the South Island species.

Ulleung Island, a large stratovolcano, is located in the western part of the Japan Sea (East Sea), 130 km off the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula. The Ulleung-Oki (U-Oki) is a widely distributed tephra in and around the Japan Sea, and has an age of 10.7 cal ka BP obtained from the Lake Suigetsu data set (central Japan). Of the 7 tephra layers (U-7 to -1) on the island, the pumiceous U-4, U-3, and U-2 tephra layers are petrochemically and petrographically similar to the U-Oki tephra. To determine the eruption ages of 3 tephra layers on Ulleung Island, we conducted radiocarbon dating for 5 soil and 2 charcoal samples. Although the soil samples have the C/N ratios from 5 to 10, the obtained 14C dates are still consistent with the tephra stratigraphy of the island. The calibrated 14C dates for the U-4, U-3, and U-2 tephras are 11 cal ka BP, 8.3 or 9 cal ka BP, and 5.6 cal ka BP, respectively, indicating that the explosive eruptions occurred in the island with a time interval of 2000 to 3000 yr during the period of the early to middle Holocene. Based on our chronology, the U-4 tephra is most likely correlated with the U-Oki tephra.

The genus Zorion Pascoe (Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae), commonly known as flower longhorn beetle, is endemic to New Zealand where it is widely distributed on the main and some offshore islands. A taxonomic revision of Zorion adults is given, including a description and illustrations of the genus. The previously known species Z. batesi Sharp, Z. guttigerum (Westwood), Z. minutum (Fabricius), and Z. opacum Sharp are redescribed; Z. castum Broun is synonymised with Z.guttigerum. Lectotypes are designated here for Z. guttigerum and Z. opacum. Six new species are described, Z. angustifasciatum sp. nov. from Three Kings Islands, Z. australe sp. nov. from South Island, Z. dugdalei sp. nov. from Poor Knights Island, Z. kaikouraiensis sp. nov. from the Kaikoura region, Z. nonmaculatum sp. nov. from D’Urville Islands, and Z. taranakiensis sp. nov. from the Taranaki region. The species Z. exiguum Gmelin has been excluded from the study because neither the original description nor the holotype could be located. A key to all ten species is included and diagnostic elytral spot patterns are illustrated. Biological information presented is based on publications, collecting records and our observations. A distribution map for all species is included and species distribution is discussed in relation to New Zealand’s biogeographical history.

Lombok Island is located in the Nusatenggara region, which is considered as one of the most active seismic parts of Indonesia. The determination of seismicity is crucial to the island, since Lombok Island is a relatively dense populated small island. Earthquakes that occurred around the island were generated by southern subduction mega-thrust and northern back-arc thrust. Mostly, distributions are concentrated on the north-west and south-east parts of Lombok Island. Probabilistic data analysis of 309 earthquake events during the period of 1973 - 2017 results in the Gutenberg-Richter parameters (a and b) of 3.62 and-0.53 indicating medium to high seismic activities. The Joyner-Boore attenuation relation seems to be suitable for seismic characteristics of the island. The reconstruction of tectonic setting indicates that the Benioff zone may develop at the depths of 150 km beneath the island causing horizontal tectonic forces working within the direction of N 171 °E - N 351 °E. This could create a strike-slip fault on the crustal basement within the NE - SW direction.

Paradeontacylix godfreyi n. sp. (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) is described from the heart of wild yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833, collected near Port Augusta, northern Spencer Gulf, South Australia. One specimen of P. godfreyi was also collected from the heart of a single wild specimen of S. lalandi captured near Killarney, Victoria. Paradeontacylix godfreyi is distinguished from other species in the genus by a combination of morphological characters including the shape and number of posterior tegumental spines, the number of rows of tegumental spines along the ventral body margin, the maximum number of marginal tegumental spines per row, the number of testes and the extent of the testicular field. Comparisons are made with a Paradeontacylix sp. collected from the heart of wild Samson fish, S. hippos Günther, 1876 from Greenly Island, South Australia and from the heart of wild S. lalandi from Killarney, Victoria. We also document a new host record for P. sanguinicoloides McIntosh, 1934 from the heart of wild S. hippos from Greenly Island, South Australia. The importance of determining potential intermediate hosts for Paradeontacylix species in relation to South Australian S. lalandi aquaculture is discussed.

A comparison of body size and flipper size was carried out on green turtle (Chelonia mydas) hatchlings produced from natural nests at two beaches on Ascension Island, South Atlantic and one beach in northern Cyprus in the Mediterranean (N=18 nests; N=180 hatchlings). Hatchlings from Ascension Island were significantly larger and heavier than hatchlings in Cyprus, a likely consequence of maternal size effects. Incubation temperature appeared to influence body size of hatchlings on Ascension Island with higher temperatures producing smaller hatchlings. Both hind and fore-flipper area scaled positively with body size. In proportion to body size, hind-flipper area appears relatively consistent among the Atlantic populations but is smaller than hatchlings measured in Hawaii.

New species of desmosomatid isopods from Admiralty Bay, King George IslandTwo new species of desmosomatid isopods,Eugerdella margaretaesp. n. andEugerdella celatasp. n. are described from Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetlands. Information is added to the original description ofEugerdella falklandica(Nordenstam, 1933) based on re-examination of the holotype. Both new species are similar toE. falklandica, for example by the body shape, the shape of pleotelson and presence of rows of four horn-like spines on the head. They are distinguished fromE. falklandicaby the number of setae on pereopod articles.Eugerdella celatasp. n. is distinguished by the presence of ventral spines on pereonites 1-4.

To date, Forinus Kurbatov included only two species, known to occur in the Russian Far East: Primorye and Kunashir Island of the Kuril archipelago. Forinus mirus sp. n. is described, based on specimens collected on the subtropical island of Okinawa Island, Japan, ~2,000 km south of the nearest previously known locality of this genus. Morphological structures of the new species are illustrated in detail and remarks on the primary diagnostic feature of the tribe Trichonychini, the sternite IX with the unpaired median penial plate, is discussed.

ABSTRACT On Bird Island, South Georgia, albatrosses (n = 140), penguins (n = 100), and fur seals (n = 206) were sampled for Campylobacter jejuni. C. jejuni subsp. jejuni was recovered from three macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus). These isolates, the first reported for the subantarctic region, showed low genetic diversity and high similarity to Northern Hemisphere C. jejuni isolates, possibly suggesting recent introduction to the area.

Stolzia vietnamensis sp. n. is described from South Vietnam (Dong Nai Province). New species similar to S. flavomaculata (Willemse, 1939) from Dinding Island (Malaysia), S. hainanensis (Tinkham, 1940) and S. jianfengensis Zheng et Ma, 1989 from Hainan Island (China) but differs by color of hind tibiae and by light brown hind femur and disc of pronotum. This is first record of the genus Stolzia Willemse, 1930 from mainland Asia.

Strongylidium koreanum n. sp., a new soil ciliate from Jeju Island, South Korea, is described based on live observations, protargol impregnation, and molecular analysis of the 18S rRNA gene sequence. It is characterized by the following morphological features: cell outline more or less fusiform, posterior end broader than anterior end; grayish under low magnification; cortical granules absent; 23–32 adoral membranelles; three enlarged frontal cirri; buccal cirrus and postoral ventral cirrus present; 27–42 left and 15–28 right ventral cirri; 23–36 left and 30–46 right marginal cirri; three dorsal kineties; three caudal cirri; and two macronuclear nodules with two or three micronuclei. Phylogenetic analyses show that Strongylidium is monophyletic.

SUMMARYYellow-eyed penguins on Stewart Island were identified with a Leucocytozoon spp. of a novel lineage in association with a high regional incidence of chick mortality (n=32, 100% mortality) during the November 2006 to January 2007 breeding season. Fourteen chicks from Stewart Island were examined post-mortem and histologically for Leucocytozoon infection. In addition, a survey of blood to detect Leucocytozoon spp. infections using PCR was performed on 107 yellow-eyed penguins from 4 distinct nesting areas on the South Island (Oamaru, Otago Peninsula, and Catlins) (n=95), and Stewart Island (n=12). The results of the study revealed that 2 of the 14 (14%) chicks necropsied showed severe, disseminated megaloschizont formation in the liver, spleen, lung, kidney and other tissues characteristic of leucocytozoonosis. Eighty-three percent (83%) of blood samples collected from Stewart Island penguins contained Leucocytozoon DNA, whereas samples from the 3 other nesting areas were negative for the blood parasite. Leucocytozoon spp. DNA sequences isolated from blood and tissues of adults (n=10) and chicks (n=7) were similar and grouped with other published Leucocytozoon spp. sequences but in a distinct cluster together with closely related isolates from a Western march harrier (Circus aerginosus) and common loon (Gavia immer). These findings suggest that yellow-eyed penguins on Stewart Island are infected with a regionally isolated, host-specific Leucocytozoon spp. which may contribute to the high chick mortality observed during this period.

Shield-backed katydids of tribe Arytropteridini Caudell, 1908 are recorded for the first time in Madagascar. The new genus Toliaridectes n. gen. is proposed to include three new species from the south west of the island: Toliaridectes meridionalis n. gen. n. sp., Toliaridectes wendenbaumi n. gen. n. sp. and Toliaridectes antsycurvis n. gen. n. sp.. Elements of biology of Toliaridectes n. gen. are given and the call of Toliaridectes antsycurvis n. gen. n. sp. is described. The taxonomic position of Arytropteridini is discussed.

Population structure and life history of the mysid Neomysis nigra Nakazawa, 1910 were studied on Jeju Island, South Korea. N. nigra was collected monthly from a shallow embayment of Jeju Island from May 2013 to May 2014. Temperature and salinity were measured during the sampling. The carapace length (CL) of N. nigra was measured. Life stages were divided into six categories and embryos in the marsupium were classified by developmental stages. During the study period, water temperatures ranged from −0.3 to 35.7°C. The CL of females was larger than that of males. The mean CL of adults was negatively correlated with water temperature. CL values in winter and spring were higher than those in summer and autumn. Brooding females and juveniles were found all year round. The abundance of juveniles was relatively higher in May, July, December, and February than in other months. The number of embryos in the marsupium increased with increasing female size. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the populations of N. nigra have four major spawning groups in a year and reproduce all year round.

A new species of the family Derbidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea), Kamendaka jejuensis sp. n. is described from the Jeju Island, South Korea. Morphological information is provided based on male and female specimens. A key to the species of Korean Kamendaka is also presented.